The fur of E. major is identified as uniform and dark, blackish brown. Like most other fruit bats of this genus, the muzzle is long, slender, and slightly decurved. The tongue is also very long and slender, and protrudes from the mouth. Both characteristics help to pick up nectar and pollen, the main source of food. The cheek teeth are reduced in size. Overall, the bats from the subfamily Pteropodidae are characterized by long, needle-like canines, which are strongly curved outwards in the lower jaw. The upper incisors are small and they project forward slightly and are separated from each other by small gaps. The dental formula is unknown but the dental formula for most Pteropodidae is 2/2, 1/1, 3/3, 2/3. The tail is usually very short, averaging 18 mm, and the ear length averages 21 mm. The forearm (length outside of the elbow to the outside of wrist in a bent wing) averages from 71 mm to 80 mm. Another distinguishing characteristic is the lack of a claw on the second digit of the wing, which is usually present in Pteropodidae. Although there is no information about sexual dimorphism, the closest relative of E. major is E. spelaea, which is known to be sexually dimorphic; males are generally larger than females.
Average mass: 91 g.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Not much is known about the specific plants E. major feeds on, but it is known that its natural foods appear to be mainly made up of pollen and nectar.
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen
Primary Diet: herbivore (Nectarivore )
They serve a role in the pollination of their host plants.
Ecosystem Impact: pollinates
There is little available information on the benefits of this species to humans except as a pollinator.
There are no known adverse effects of E. major on humans.
This species is not threatened and there is no evidence of serious threats to the population. On the other hand, its subspecies E. m. robusta is identified as rare. It is believed that this rarity may have been caused by deforestation, because E. major is strongly association with primary forests. This species may be threatened but it is difficult to know because it is so rare. It is believed that even without protection, they will continue to survive with low numbers as long as there are undisturbed cave roosts available.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient
There is little available information on the way this species communicates how it perceives the environment. In general, members of the family Pteropodidae have large, well-developed eyes, and therefore perceive their environment visually. Most species of this family are also known to locate their food by smell.
Communication Channels: visual
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
The distribution of Eonycteris major includes the Philippines through Borneo. In Borneo, there are scattered records from most areas including Kota Kinabalu and Ranau in Sabah. It is also found in Gunung Dulit and Kuching in Sarawak, Kutai in East Kalimantan, and upper Sungai Tengah in South Kalimantan. The only area it is not found is in Central and West Kalimantan. In the Philiippines, the distribution includes Biliran, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Maripipi, Mindanao, Negros, and Siargao.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
The roosting habitat of E. major usually includes caves and hollow trees. The subspecies E. m. robusta may be dependent upon primary forest as well as caves and has been taken from near sea level to 1100m.
Range elevation: 0 to 1100 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Other Habitat Features: caves
There is little available information on studies of the lifespan of this species either in the wild or in captivity.
There is little available information on the predators of this species or the adaptations it has to avoid such predators.
There is little available information on mating systems in Eonycteris major.
There is no information about reproductive behavior in E. major but there is some information on its closest relative, E. spelaea. The females have been found to be polyestrous and pregnancies that begin during later stages of lactation are successive. The gestation period is a little bit longer than six months but can be as long as 200 days. Generally females have one young per litter, and rarely two. The young are attached to the nipple for about 4 to 6 weeks and weaning occurs after 3 months. They reach sexual maturity after one year in females and after two years in males.
Breeding interval: There is little information, but in their relative E. spelaea, the breeding happens year round and peaks throughout the year.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
There is little available information on the parental investment of E. major, but observations of their relative E. spelaea show that the young take hold of a nipple shortly after parturition. For 4 to 6 weeks, the young stay firmly attached as the female flies around. The young can make short flights on their own after 4 to 6 weeks and weaning occurs three months later.
Parental Investment: pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
El ratpenat nectarívor de Borneo (Eonycteris major) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Brunei, Indonèsia i Malàisia. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos primaris i secundaris, on nia a coves calcàries. Es desconeix si hi ha amenaces significatives per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]
El ratpenat nectarívor de Borneo (Eonycteris major) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Brunei, Indonèsia i Malàisia. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos primaris i secundaris, on nia a coves calcàries. Es desconeix si hi ha amenaces significatives per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.
Kaloň dlouhonosý (Eonycteris major) je jeden z nejmenších druhů kaloňů žijící v pralesních oblastech severní Austrálie, v Bruneji, Indonésii, Malajsii a na Filipínách. Měří pouze okolo 5 cm, v rozpětí 15 až 20 cm.
Kaloň dlouhonosý žije velmi skrytě, osaměle nebo v malých skupinách, často v korunách stromů. Živí se především květním nektarem, pylem a někdy také měkkými tropickými plody. K tomu má dobře přizpůsobenou morfologii - vystouplou čelistní část lebky kuželovitého tvaru, drobné zuby a velmi dlouhý vysunovací jazyk opatřený zvláštními papilami. Podobně jako kolibříci má schopnost vznášet se na místě třepotavým letem; při získávání potravy současně opyluje květy. Na kaloních závisí opylování asi tří tisíců druhů - např. divoké banánovníky, agave, mangovníky a řada stromů kvetoucích na koncových větvích jejichž výrazně vonící květy se otvírají pouze v noci.
Kaloň dlouhonosý (Eonycteris major) je jeden z nejmenších druhů kaloňů žijící v pralesních oblastech severní Austrálie, v Bruneji, Indonésii, Malajsii a na Filipínách. Měří pouze okolo 5 cm, v rozpětí 15 až 20 cm.
Kaloň dlouhonosý žije velmi skrytě, osaměle nebo v malých skupinách, často v korunách stromů. Živí se především květním nektarem, pylem a někdy také měkkými tropickými plody. K tomu má dobře přizpůsobenou morfologii - vystouplou čelistní část lebky kuželovitého tvaru, drobné zuby a velmi dlouhý vysunovací jazyk opatřený zvláštními papilami. Podobně jako kolibříci má schopnost vznášet se na místě třepotavým letem; při získávání potravy současně opyluje květy. Na kaloních závisí opylování asi tří tisíců druhů - např. divoké banánovníky, agave, mangovníky a řada stromů kvetoucích na koncových větvích jejichž výrazně vonící květy se otvírají pouze v noci.
Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund (Eonycteris major) ist eine Art in der Familie der Flughunde, die endemisch auf Borneo vorkommt.[1] Auf den Mentawai-Inseln gefundene ähnliche Flughunde sind vermutlich große Exemplare des Kleinen Langzungenflughundes.[2]
Mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 124 bis 130 mm, einer Schwanzlänge von 18 bis 27 mm, einer Unterarmlänge von 61 bis 85 mm und einem Gewicht von 91 bis 98 g ist die Art der größte Vertreter der Gattung Höhlen-Langzungenflughunde. Sie hat etwa 20 mm lange Ohren und zirka 15 mm lange Hinterfüße. Allgemein sind Männchen etwas größer als Weibchen. Verglichen mit dem Kleinen Langzungenflughund hat die Art eine längere Schnauze. Das schwarzbraune Fell ist auf der Bauchseite etwas heller. Der Kopf ist durch dunkelbraune, an den Spitzen abgerundete Ohren und durch große Augen mit einer rotbraunen Regenbogenhaut gekennzeichnet. Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund hat schwarzbraune Flughäute. Eine Kralle am zweiten Finger sowie doppelte Analdrüsen sind nicht vorhanden. Im Gebiss sind die oberen Schneidezähne klein und dreieckig. Die Art besitzt große obere und kleine untere Eckzähne, wobei letztere nach vorn gebogen sind.[3]
Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund kommt vermutlich auf der gesamten Insel vor. Er lebt im Flachland und im Gebirge bis 1100 Meter Höhe. Die Art hält sich im Tiefland in Wäldern mit Flügelfruchtgewächsen sowie in Bergwäldern auf. Sie besucht gelegentlich Plantagen mit Bananen, Durianbäumen[3] oder Ölpalmen.[2]
Die nachtaktiven Tiere ruhen am Tage in Kalksteinhöhlen oder gelegentlich in Baumhöhlen. Sie teilen sich ihre Schlafplätze mit dem Kleinen Langzungenflughund und Geoffroys Flughund. Der Flug findet vermutlich in Höhe der Baumkronen statt.[2] Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund ernährt sich von Nektar und Pollen verschiedener Pflanzen. Am Schwanz eines Exemplars befanden sich mehrere Ohrwürmer, die sich vermutlich von Parasiten des Flughundes ernährten. Zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten liegen keine Angaben vor.[3]
Der Bestand der Art ist durch mehrere Faktoren gefährdet. Kalksteinabbau im Umfeld der Höhlen und Sammler von Guano stören die Tiere an ihren Ruheplätzen. Die Umwandlung des Waldes zu Ölpalmenplantagen verringern den Zugang zu Nahrungsquellen. Einige Exemplare fallen der Jagd für den lokalen Fleischmarkt zum Opfer. Die IUCN schätzt, dass die Gesamtpopulation in den 13 Jahren (3 Generationen) vor 2013 mit 25 bis 29 Prozent sank. Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund wird deshalb als „potenziell gefährdet“ (Near Threatened) gelistet.[2]
Verbreitungsgebiet des Borneo-Langzungenflughunds Der Borneo-Langzungenflughund (Eonycteris major) ist eine Art in der Familie der Flughunde, die endemisch auf Borneo vorkommt. Auf den Mentawai-Inseln gefundene ähnliche Flughunde sind vermutlich große Exemplare des Kleinen Langzungenflughundes.
The greater nectar bat or greater dawn bat (Eonycteris major) is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Its range is limited and includes Luzon to Maripipi in the Philippines and scattered parts of Borneo including Tuaran and Ranau in Sabah; Bau, Kuching and Bintulu in Sarawak.[2][3]
All E. major were mist-netted in sites associated with flowering banana plants (Musa species) found on the edge between primary forest and open or secondary habitats. An individual that was netted and banded at 22:05 on 5 July 1996 was recaptured in another net the following night at 18:50 about 30 m away. This may suggest of stable food resources at the edge or lack of feeding sites elsewhere. The area surrounding Tawau Park is covered oil palm plantations or disturbed habitats. This species usually roosts in caves and hollow trees, but there is little other information on the ecology of this species .[3]
At Tawau Hills in Sabah, a pregnant female had a forearm length of 81 millimetres (3.2 in) and weighed 103 grams (3.6 oz), another female weighed 94 grams (3.3 oz) while a lactating female with a forearm length of 78 millimetres (3.1 in) weighed 87.5 grams (3.09 oz). The measurements were consistent with those reported previously elsewhere.[3]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The greater nectar bat or greater dawn bat (Eonycteris major) is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Its range is limited and includes Luzon to Maripipi in the Philippines and scattered parts of Borneo including Tuaran and Ranau in Sabah; Bau, Kuching and Bintulu in Sarawak.
Eonycteris major Eonycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Eonycteris major Eonycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Il pipistrello mattutino maggiore (Eonycteris major Andersen, 1910) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico del Borneo[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni con lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 81 e 86 mm, la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 143 e 145 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 16 e 28 mm e un peso fino a 95 g.[3]
Il colore del dorso è marrone scuro, più scuro sulla testa, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare. Il muso è lungo ed affusolato, gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono lunghe ed appuntite. È privo delle ghiandole anali, presenti invece nelle specie affini. Le membrane alari sono attaccate posteriormente all'estremità dei metatarsi tra il primo e secondo dito. La coda è lunga mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori.
Si rifugia nelle grotte calcaree vicino a parchi o giardini comprendenti alberi di Banano.
Questa specie è diffusa nel Borneo. Gli esemplari dell'Isola di Pagai del nord, assegnati precedentemente a questa specie, potrebbero invece appartenere a una sottospecie più grande di E.spelaea.
La IUCN Red List, considerato che la specie è stata catturata raramente e sono scarse le conoscenze sul proprio habitat e stile di vita, classifica E.major come specie con dati insufficienti (DD).[1]
Il pipistrello mattutino maggiore (Eonycteris major Andersen, 1910) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico del Borneo
Eonycteris major is een zoogdier uit de familie van de vleerhonden (Pteropodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door K. Andersen in 1910.
Eonycteris major é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Malásia, Brunei e Indonésia.
Eonycteris major é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Malásia, Brunei e Indonésia.
Eonycteris major[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av K. Andersen 1910. Eonycteris major ingår i släktet Eonycteris och familjen flyghundar.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som otillräckligt studerad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]
Denna flyghund förekommer endemisk på Borneo. Det naturliga habitatet är inte bra utrett. Individer hittas ofta i fruktträdodlingar eller trädgårdar. De vilar på dagen i grottor.[1]
Arten är med en underarmlängd av 71 till 80 mm, en vikt av cirka 91 g och en svanslängd av 18 mm större än Eonycteris spelaea.[7] Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) för hela släktet anges med 85 till 125 mm.[8] Pälsen har en svartbrun färg och nosen är långsträckt. Allmänt liknar Eonycteris major de andra flyghundarna.[7]
Individerna bildar vid viloplatsen kolonier som kan ha flera hundra medlemmar. Hos en population var kolonin uppdelad i mindre grupper med individer av samma kön som höll tätare tillsammans. Arten sover bland annat i grottor och ibland delas sovplatsen med andra flyghundar. Uppskattningsvis äter Eonycteris major nektar och pollen som andra arter i släktet. Även fortplantningssättet antas vara lika som hos Eonycteris spelaea.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Eonycteris major.
Wikispecies har information om Eonycteris major.
Eonycteris major är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av K. Andersen 1910. Eonycteris major ingår i släktet Eonycteris och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som otillräckligt studerad. Inga underarter finns listade.
Denna flyghund förekommer endemisk på Borneo. Det naturliga habitatet är inte bra utrett. Individer hittas ofta i fruktträdodlingar eller trädgårdar. De vilar på dagen i grottor.
Arten är med en underarmlängd av 71 till 80 mm, en vikt av cirka 91 g och en svanslängd av 18 mm större än Eonycteris spelaea. Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) för hela släktet anges med 85 till 125 mm. Pälsen har en svartbrun färg och nosen är långsträckt. Allmänt liknar Eonycteris major de andra flyghundarna.
Individerna bildar vid viloplatsen kolonier som kan ha flera hundra medlemmar. Hos en population var kolonin uppdelad i mindre grupper med individer av samma kön som höll tätare tillsammans. Arten sover bland annat i grottor och ibland delas sovplatsen med andra flyghundar. Uppskattningsvis äter Eonycteris major nektar och pollen som andra arter i släktet. Även fortplantningssättet antas vara lika som hos Eonycteris spelaea.
Країни поширення: Бруней-Даруссалам, Індонезія, Малайзія — Борнео. Вважається рідкісним. Знайдені в бананових змішаних садах.
Лаштує сідала в вапнякових печерах.
Експлуатація карстових районів може являти собою загрозу для цього виду. На цей вид також полюють.
Eonycteris major là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được K. Andersen mô tả năm 1910.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Eonycteris major tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Eonycteris major là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được K. Andersen mô tả năm 1910.
큰꽃꿀박쥐 또는 큰새벽박쥐 (Eonycteris major)는 새벽박쥐속에 속하는 큰박쥐류 박쥐의 일종이다. 브루나이와 인도네시아, 말레이시아 그리고 필리핀에서 발견된다. 필리핀의 루손 섬에서 마리피리 그리고 사바의 투아란과 라나우, 사라왁의 바우와 쿠칭과 빈툴루를 포함하여 보르네오 섬의 흩어져 있는 일부 지역에 제한적으로 분포한다.[2][3]
다음은 2016년 큰박쥐류의 계통 분류이다.[4][5]
큰박쥐과 루세트박쥐아과젠커과일박쥐족
긴털루세트족
작은목도리과일박쥐족
견장과일박쥐족
