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Description

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Hynobius nebulosus has a snout to vent length of 40-70 mm and a total length of 70-125 mm. It is a rather short-tailed, stocky salamander with 13 costal grooves and 5 toes on its hindfeet. Its limbs are also relatively short and its toes do not touch when the fore- and hindlimbs are adpressed to the flank. The overall dorsal color is light brown, liberally "misted" with tiny black dots. The ventral surface is light yellowish brown to gray. Both the dorsal and ventral edges of the tail have a bright yellow stripe which may be interrupted toward the tip of the tail. Hynobius tokyoensis is very similar and was once treated as a subspecies of H. nebulosus. However, H. tokyoensis generally has 12 costal grooves and lacks the yellow stripe on the top and underside of its tail (Goris and Maeda 2004).
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Distribution and Habitat

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Hynobius nebulosus is widely distributed west of the Suzuka Mountains of central Honshu, along the Inland Sea coast of Shikoku, in the northwestern part of Kyushu, and on Ikishima Island. It is a lowland salamander, often living in forests or talus slopes near human habitations (Goris and Maeda 2004). [3684]
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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The populations in Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures are threatened by housing and road construction, water pollution, invasive species and drying out of its habitat. It is also collected for the pet trade (IUCN 2006). [3719]
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Hynobius nebulosus belongs to the family Hynobiidae, which is one of only two salamander families exhibiting external fertilization of eggs. This species breeds in the still waters of swamps, rice paddies, and ditches. Depending on the location, rainfall, and temperature, breeding begins in December-April and continues for about 3 months. During breeding season, males grow a crest on both sides of the tail and their heads become broader. Lateral line sensory organs, which atrophy when the males are on land, once again become functional. The males arrive at the water first and stake out a territory about 20 square cm around a suitable hole, rock, bunch of leaves, etc. They defend the territory vigorously by biting, butting, and vigorous tail-waving. Males unable to establish a territory are known as "sneakers." Sneakers hover in the vicinity of a breeding couple in the hope of sneaking in and fertilizing an egg sac themselves. When a female arrives, a territorial male makes his presence known by a rhythmic series of spastic jerks. The female approaches, selects a suitable twig or other substrate, and attaches the tip of an egg sac to it. Then she lets go with all four limbs, while the male grasps her inguinal region with his forelimbs and pulls out the egg sac, squirting sperm on it as it emerges (Goris and Maeda 2004). Two egg sacs are produced, sometimes both at the same time. There is some variation in the shape of the egg sacs, but it is usually closer to a coil than to the banana shape typical of H. tokyoensis. A total clutch consists of 50-140 eggs. At 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit), the eggs hatch in 3-4 weeks. The larvae feed on Daphina, aquatic insects, and practically anything else that moves near their snouts. Cannibalism is therefore not rare. Metamorphosis takes place in July-August and the juveniles leave the water. H. nebulosus is active only at night and, even when breeding in the paddies, remains under cover of debris or in holes, so it often goes unnoticed. It feeds on small insects, spiders, earthworms, and other small animals that frequent the forest floor. In the wild, juveniles take 2 years to reach sexual maturity and individuals live for up to 6 years. In captivity they may live 1-2 years longer (Goris and Maeda 2004).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 14.2 years (captivity)
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Hynobius nebulosus

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Hynobius nebulosus, the Mitsjama salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Hynobiidae endemic to Japan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater springs, and irrigated land. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021). "Hynobius nebulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T149671176A149671480. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T149671176A149671480.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary

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Hynobius nebulosus, the Mitsjama salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Hynobiidae endemic to Japan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater springs, and irrigated land. It is threatened by habitat loss.

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Hynobius nebulosus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La salamandra nebulosa del Japón (Hynobius nebulosus), es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Hynobiidae. Es endémica del Japón. Su hábitat natural son los bosques templados y los ríos y marismas.

Referencias

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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La salamandra nebulosa del Japón (Hynobius nebulosus), es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Hynobiidae. Es endémica del Japón. Su hábitat natural son los bosques templados y los ríos y marismas.

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Hynobius nebulosus ( Basque )

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Hynobius nebulosus Hynobius generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hynobiidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hynobius nebulosus Hynobius generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hynobiidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Hynobius nebulosus ( French )

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Hynobius nebulosus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Hynobiidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique du Japon. Elle se rencontre jusqu'à 300 m d'altitude dans le sud de l'île de Honshū, sur Shikoku, dans le nord de l'île de Kyūshū[1].

Description

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Hynobius nebulosus

Hynobius nebulosus mesure de 40 à 70 mm sans la queue et de 70 à 125 mm de longueur totale[2].

Publication originale

  • Temminck & Schlegel, 1838 : Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japonianum, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava Imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823–1830 colleget, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustratis. vol. 3, Chelonia, Ophidia, Sauria, Batrachia, p. 85-144.

Notes et références

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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hynobius nebulosus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Hynobiidae.

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Hynobius nebulosus ( Italian )

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Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1838) è un anfibio della famiglia Hynobiidae endemico del Giappone.[2]

Il suo ambiente naturale sono le foreste temperate, le paludi e i fiumi; la popolazione è in decrescita.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui. 2004, Hynobius nebulosus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2015.
  2. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Hynobius nebulosus, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2015.

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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1838) è un anfibio della famiglia Hynobiidae endemico del Giappone.

Il suo ambiente naturale sono le foreste temperate, le paludi e i fiumi; la popolazione è in decrescita.

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Hynobius nebulosus ( Portuguese )

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Hynobius nebulosus é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Hynobiidae. Endêmica do Japão.

Referências

  • Kaneko, Y.; Matsui, M. 2004. Hynobius nebulosus. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 7 de setembro de 2008.
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Hynobius nebulosus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Hynobius nebulosus é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Hynobiidae. Endêmica do Japão.

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カスミサンショウウオ ( Japanese )

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カスミサンショウウオ カスミサンショウウオ
カスミサンショウウオ Hynobius nebulosus
保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 有尾目 Caudata/Urodela : サンショウウオ科 Hynobiidae : サンショウウオ属 Hynobius : カスミサンショウウオ
H. nebulosus 学名 Hynobius nebulosus
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1838)[2][3] シノニム

Salamandra nebulosa
Temminck & Schlegel, 1838[2]

和名 カスミサンショウウオ[3] 英名 Clouded salamander[3]

カスミサンショウウオHynobius nebulosus)は、有尾目サンショウウオ科サンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。

分布[編集]

日本岐阜県以西の本州四国北東部、九州北西部)固有種[3]

模式標本の産地(模式産地)は長崎[2]

形態[編集]

全長9.4 - 12.7センチメートル[3]。体側面に入る皺(肋条)は左右に13本(まれに12本)ずつ[3]。背面の色彩は緑褐色や淡灰褐色・暗褐色で、褐色の斑点が入る個体が多い[3]。種小名nebulosusは「雲状の」の意で、英名(clouded=雲の)と同義。尾の背面外縁に黄色い筋模様が入る個体が多い[3]

上顎中央部に並ぶ歯の列(鋤骨歯列)はアルファベットの深い「V」字状[3]。胴体に沿って前肢(および指)を後方へ後肢(および趾)を前方に伸ばしても0.5 - 2肋条ぶんの隙間がある[3]。後肢の趾は5本[3]

卵嚢の表面には明瞭な筋が入らない[3]

分類[編集]

広域分布種だが形態・遺伝的な地域変異が大きく、複数の隠蔽種を含んでいると考えられている[3]

生態[編集]

主に低地から丘陵にある湧水水田の周囲にある二次林竹林・草原などに生息するが、中国山地の個体群は標高の高い自然林にも生息する[3]。本州では同所的に分布するヒダサンショウウオブチサンショウウオH. naevius垂直分布(標高)ですみ分けを行っているが、中国山地では同じ環境に生息することもある[3]

昆虫クモワラジムシミミズなどを食べる[3]。幼生は水生昆虫、ミジンコ、イトミミズなどを食べ、共食いも行う[3]

繁殖様式は卵生。12 - 翌5月に浅いや水田の溝、湿原、流れの緩やかな沢などに50 - 179個の卵を産む[3]。卵は3 - 4月以降に孵化する[3]。幼生は6 - 7月に変態し幼体になる[3]

人間との関係[編集]

土地開発による生息地の破壊、それに伴う土砂流出による水質汚濁、減反政策による乾田の増加による繁殖地の減少、人為的に移入されたアメリカザリガニ・魚類などによる捕食などにより生息数は減少している[3]。京都府・愛媛県・岐阜県・滋賀県・奈良県では条例により許可のない捕獲が禁止されている[3]

絶滅危惧II類 (VU)環境省レッドリスト[3]

Status jenv VU.svg

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui. 2004. Hynobius nebulosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T59098A11871576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59098A11871576.en. Downloaded on 18 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Hynobius nebulosus. Frost, Darrel R. 2017. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: 01/30/2018)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w 松井正文 「カスミサンショウウオ」『レッドデータブック2014 -日本の絶滅のおそれのある野生動物-3 爬虫類・両生類』環境省自然環境局野生生物課希少種保全推進室編、株式会社ぎょうせい2014年、124-125頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、カスミサンショウウオに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにカスミサンショウウオに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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カスミサンショウウオ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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カスミサンショウウオ(Hynobius nebulosus)は、有尾目サンショウウオ科サンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。

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