Wunderpus photogenicus ist eine Art der Kopffüßer aus der Familie der Echten Kraken (Octopodidae). Die Gattung Wunderpus ist monotypisch mit W. photogenicus als einziger Art. Der Krake wurde bisher in flachen Gewässern vor Bali, Nordsulawesi, den Philippinen und Ostvanuatu gefunden. Er wurde im Jahr 2006 wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[1]
Wunderpus photogenicus ist eine langarmige Art, gekennzeichnet durch kleine Augen auf länglichen Stielen, eine lange, konische Ausstülpung (Papille) über jedem Auge und ein auffälliges festes Farbmuster aus weißen Balken und Flecken über einem braun-roten Hintergrund. Er hat scharf abgegrenzte weiße Flecken auf dem Mantel und ringförmige Streifen an den Armen.[1] Bei Wunderpus fehlt die helle weiße Linie an der Basis der Saugnäpfe, wie sie beim gleichfarbigen Thaumoctopus mimicus („Mimik-Oktopus“) vorkommt, mit dem W. photogenicus oft verwechselt wird. Beide können variable Aktivitätsmuster haben. Wunderpus photogenicus neigt dazu, bei Dämmerung von Höhlen aus Sand aufzuwirbeln und ist ein Dämmerungsjäger; Thaumoctopus mimicus ist hingegen tagaktiv.[1] Jungtiere können durch ihre einzigartigen Chromatophorenmuster identifiziert werden.[2]
Wunderpus photogenicus wurde bisher ausschließlich vor indomalaiischen Küsten entdeckt. Fundorte sind Malaysia, Vanuatu, Papua-Neuguinea, Indonesien und der Norden der Philippinen. Sein Lebensraum ist weiches Sediment in flachen Gewässern (typischerweise unter 20 Meter Tiefe).[1]
Die Art ist noch wenig erforscht. Bekannt ist, dass diese Tiere räuberisch sind. Sie jagen bevorzugt in der Dämmerung. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus kleinen Fischen und Krustentieren. In der Regel fangen sie ihre Beute, indem sie ihren Körper in weichem Sand eingraben, sodass nur zwei Spitzen ihrer Tentakel herausragen, was kleinen Würmern ähnelt. Nähert sich geeignete Beute, schießt Wunderpus blitzschnell hervor und packt sie. Zur Abwehr von Fressfeinden besitzt W. photogenicus etliche Möglichkeiten andere, bevorzugt giftige Tierarten zu imitieren. Um beispielsweise einen Feuerfisch nachzuahmen, werden die Arme gespreizt. Weiterhin ist bekannt, dass Seeschlangen und verschiedene Fische imitiert werden können.[1]
Nahaufnahme des Wunderpus
Anordnung der weißen Markierungen auf dem Mantelrücken bei fünf verschiedenen Exemplaren
Wunderpus photogenicus ist eine Art der Kopffüßer aus der Familie der Echten Kraken (Octopodidae). Die Gattung Wunderpus ist monotypisch mit W. photogenicus als einziger Art. Der Krake wurde bisher in flachen Gewässern vor Bali, Nordsulawesi, den Philippinen und Ostvanuatu gefunden. Er wurde im Jahr 2006 wissenschaftlich beschrieben.
Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus, is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration.[2] 'Wunderpus' from German “wunder” meaning ‘marvel or wonder’.[3]
Due to the appearance and behavior of the wunderpus, it is frequently confused with its close relative, the mimic octopus. The wunderpus octopus was not discovered until the 1980s and was only officially described in detail in 2006.[3] The wunderpus octopus is important commercially to the underwater photography, dive and tourism communities, especially throughout Indonesia. The wunderpus is also valued as an expensive ornamental marine species for the home aquarium.[2]
An adult wunderpus octopus displays an individually unique pattern of white spots and bands over a rusty brown background. Even though each body pattern is unique to the individual, generally all wunderpus octopuses display a circular pattern of about six white spots at the posterior lip of its mantle, head and neck area. Some of these spots are fused.[2]
As the wunderpus ages, their body patterns become more complex. Each body is consistently covered in a brownish-red coloration, both dorsally and ventrally, with white lateral bands and markings along their arms, mantle, head and eye stalks. Underneath, their suckers are a yellowish-cream color.[4] The wunderpus has relatively smooth skin with papillae throughout body.
The wunderpus is also known for its ability to mimic other sea animals. The wunderpus can change its color patterns when disturbed or threatened.[5] This quick-change artist is able to change its appearance, both color and shape, in a quick draw in order to get out of harm's way. The change of its color patterns allows the wunderpus to either blend in with its surroundings or mimic a venomous species to scare its threat away.[3] The ability to change patterns and impersonate other species has evolved to ensure the survival of the wunderpus.
Cephalopods are difficult to track over time and distance due to many factors. Researchers usually use naturally occurring injuries and/or scars to identify individuals but this technique does not work for long term identification. An octopus is able to regenerate limbs and heal in a relatively short amount of time. Researchers can also use external tags to help track individuals but octopuses are able to remove external tags from their body making them tough to track. Other methods of tracking and identification include methods like tattooing but that puts the organism at risk so photo-identification is the best way to track this species.[2]
Due to the naturally occurring body color and patterns that the wunderpus exhibits, these color markings are often used as a method to identifying individuals. Photo identification allows for individuals or populations of a species to be identified and tracked without physically handling them. In order for photo-identification to successfully work, the body color and pattern must vary across individuals but remain constant over time.[2] Each individual of the wunderpus exhibits unique white markings over a reddish-brown background, making photo identification the perfect method to track them over time. Being able to track an individual or population of a specific species like the wunderpus octopus, helps scientists study aspects like intraspecific behavioral interaction, survivorship, migration patterns and population estimates. Such observations and data sets facilitate our understanding of this under-documented species.[2]
Chromatophores, in the case of cephalopods, are neuromuscular organs that contain pigment and function differently than in most other animals. The chromatophores react to stimuli and facilitate interaction with their environment. Each organ contains an elastic sac containing pigment which is attached to the radial muscle of the octopus. When the octopus becomes aroused, the radial muscles contract which expands the chromatophores. In contrast, when the octopus is in a relaxed state, the chromatophores will retract into the elastic sac.[6]
As these chromatophores interact with their environment, it enables the octopus to select, at any time, a particular body pattern. This enables it for instance to camouflage itself and hide from their predators. Another function of their chromatophores is intraspecific communication which facilitates their signalling to one another.[6]
Juvenile and para-larvae octopuses also have chromatophores called founder chromatophores, which are also sac-like organs that contain pigments in their skin. The founder chromatophores are prominent in juveniles and become more masked as the octopus approaches adulthood.[2] The founder chromatophores are found along the ventral mantle and funnel of the para-larvae and it makes it easy to identify cephalopod para-larvae due to is distinct patterns.[4] The founder chromatophores produce unique patterns in hatchlings and make them easy to identify.[4]
The wunderpus has small eyes on top of elongated stalks protruding from its mantle. Over each eye is a conical papilla. The thin-walled mantle of the wunderpus has weak musculature and wide aperture.[5] The head has a distinct neck area and is Y-shaped with the eye on each branch of the ‘Y’. The head of a male wunderpus is wider than its mantle and for female wunderpus, their mantle is wider than their head. For females, this is due to the large ovary in their mantle. They have gill with 6-7 lamellae per demibranch present.[5]
The wunderpus has a relatively small body and a flexible hydrostatic skeleton. Their funnel organ is generally W-shaped and adjacent to the short-lateral arms. The dorsal arms of the wunderpus are the shortest, while the ventral or lateral arms are the longest. For males, the third right arm is hectocotylized and lack functional tips. The arms are an important appendage because the octopus relies on it for aggression, display, locomotion and prey capture.[3] Each arm is typically thin, elastic and triangular in cross-section. The width of each arm increases as you move down away from the mouth, towards a quarter of the arm length.[5] Webs develop of the ventro-lateral edge of the arms and are present the entire length of the arms. This is what allows them to make a “net” out of their arms to capture prey. Their webs, like their arms, are also thin and elastic. Their suckers on their arms are smaller and more spaced than most cephalopods and they lack enlarged suckers in both sexes.
Inside the wunderpus is a short, robust intestine. Due to the short nature of the intestine, it is relatively wide. The wunderpus has a crop with a distinct diverticulum and elongated anal flaps.[5] The wunderpus lack an interbranchial water pore system. They have a stylet located above the heart, that is short and made of chitin. In the mouth parts of the octopus there are posterior salivary glands. The beak has a small upper hood and a rounded lower hood. The rostrum is bluntly hooked and there are seven teeth and two marginal plates with the radula for chewing.[5]
The wunderpus is found in shallow waters from Bali and Sulawesi north to the Philippines and east to Vanuatu.[5] A popular spot for the wunderpus, documented by dive photographers, is in the volcanic sand plain near the Lembeh Strait.[7] These soft-bodied octopuses are benthic creatures, living along the bottom sediments in relatively shallow waters (no deeper than 20 m or 66 ft). The wunderpus prefers a habitat with soft sediment substrates that allows them to burrow under the substrate or other organisms to seek shelter. [5] Populations of the wunderpus can vary and be as dense as up to 5 individuals per 25 m2 (270 sq ft) or as little as not even being able to be spotted.[2]
Little is actually known and documented about the behavior and life history of the wunderpus and this could partially be due to their life style choice of solitude. There is little to no social behavior exhibited in the wunderpus octopus. Of the few specific postures and behavioral patterns that have been observed of the wunderpus, it is believed that they are impersonators of other animals. There are studies that suggest that the wunderpus is known to impersonate animals like the lionfish and the banded sea krait.[5] The banded white markings of the wunderpus, allow it to be able to mimic the stripes and spines of the lionfish. It has also been documented that the wunderpus will burrow six of their arms, leaving two free to mimic the appearance of the banded sea krait.[5] Both organisms the wunderpus has been documented impersonating are venomous, suggesting that the wunderpus does this behavior to ward off potential predators.
In male wunderpus, their reproductive organ (penis) is relatively short but strong. They have a spermatophore storage sac located sub-terminally in the mantle, that takes up about 50% of the mantle’s length.[5] This storage sac is broad and translucent allowing the spermatophores to be seen through the thin sac wall.[5] The spermatophores are ‘unarmed’ and are usually in counts of 25-30 in these translucent storage sacs.
The female wunderpus has a large sub-terminal ovary with 4 follicular folds. The female will produce around 2,000 mature small, stalked eggs within a single female brood.[5] The female will carry her eggs in her arms and they typically die shortly after their offspring hatch.[8] Wunderpus hatchlings become water column swimmers and move around with their tiny finger-like arms rather than benthic organisms.[4]
Mating in the wunderpus involves the male mounting the female to insert its short hectocotylized arm into the mantle of the female.[5] Typically in different octopus species in the mating ritual, the males hectocotylized arm is longer which allows more distance between the male and female.
The wunderpus feed from dusk to dawn on small crustaceans and fishes. They have two prime feeding strategies. The first method is the “probing” method, where the wunderpus will extend their arms to crevices and holes to look for prey. When prey is encountered, they use their arms and suckers to hold onto the prey and remove it from its burrow. The second method of feeding requires them to flare their arms and webs over coral and sand to trap their prey and this method is called “web-casting”.[9] When the wunderpus does this, it almost looks like an opened umbrella.[5]
While feeding, the wunderpus will retract back into its shelter to feed so they are not exposed to predators while feeding. The wunderpus is a favorite in the home aquarium trade and in captivity, where they display a different feeding behavior. In the wild, they typically feed in the low light of the dusk, but in captivity they have been observed feeding during the day.[5]
The wunderpus is known to display an interspecific aggressive foraging behavior. Using its right dorsolateral arm or its dorsal and dorsolateral arms, the wunderpus forms a loop around the mantle opening of the other octopus. Studies have found that the wunderpus exhibit this aggressive behavior on its close relative the mimic octopus (Thaumoctopus mimicus).[10] Using its longest arm to form the loop around its opponent, its begins to tighten the loop, constricting it like a snake would constrict its prey. This aggressive display of asphyxiation doesn’t immediately choke its opponent but instead prevents the flow of water into the mantle and out of the funnel. This flow of water is important because it’s what carries water over the gill to oxygenate their blood. Without this replenishment, the octopus will gradually deplete its oxygen and ultimately die.[11] This constriction over the mantle also prevents their opponent from releasing its ink.
Cephalopods are constantly at risk of predation due to their soft bodies,[12] which provide no protection against elements and predators like fish. Most cephalopods are equipped with the ability to ink to deter their predators but unfortunately for the Wunderpus, they have a reduced ink sac and are unable to release ink.[13] When attacked, the Wunderpus is capable of releasing an arm, allowing it to escape from its predators. It will later regenerate its lost limb.[3] It is unknown what the specific predators of the wunderpus octopus are, but it is believed that they are likely preyed upon by aggressive mantis shrimps, flounders and scorpion fishes.[5]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus, is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration. 'Wunderpus' from German “wunder” meaning ‘marvel or wonder’.
Due to the appearance and behavior of the wunderpus, it is frequently confused with its close relative, the mimic octopus. The wunderpus octopus was not discovered until the 1980s and was only officially described in detail in 2006. The wunderpus octopus is important commercially to the underwater photography, dive and tourism communities, especially throughout Indonesia. The wunderpus is also valued as an expensive ornamental marine species for the home aquarium.
La pieuvre photogénique (Wunderpus photogenicus littéralement la « merveilleuse pieuvre photogénique ») est une espèce d'octopode. C'est la seule espèce du genre Wunderpus.
C'est une espèce grêle, avec un manteau fin et allongé pourvu d'yeux très érigés. Le corps est rougeâtre, taché et annelé de blanc, capable de changer de couleur, de forme et d'aspect. Cette espèce est parfois confondue avec le proche Thaumoctopus mimicus.
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On trouve cette espèce sur des substrats détritiques dans les eaux chaudes de l'Océanie, notamment la région indo-malaise[1].
La pieuvre photogénique (Wunderpus photogenicus littéralement la « merveilleuse pieuvre photogénique ») est une espèce d'octopode. C'est la seule espèce du genre Wunderpus.
Il polpo wunderpus (Wunderpus photogenicus, Hochberg, Norman et Finn, 2006) è l'unica specie del genere di polpi Wunderpus.
W. photogenicus non era mai stato scoperto fino agli anni '80, ed è stato descritto ufficialmente in dettaglio solo nel 2006. Il polpo wunderpus è importante commercialmente per le comunità della fotografia subacquea, delle immersioni e del turismo, specialmente in tutta l'Indonesia[1].
A causa dell'aspetto e del comportamento del polpo wunderpus, viene spesso confuso con un suo parente stretto, il polpo mimo o polpo mimetico (Thaumoctopus mimicus)[1].
Un polpo wunderpus adulto mostra tipicamente uno schema individualmente unico di macchie e bande bianche. Il corpo è infattiricoperto da una colorazione ruggine (rosso-brunastra), sia dorsalmente che ventralmente, con bande laterali bianche e segni lungo le braccia, il mantello e gli occhi. Le lunghe e snelle braccia hanno una muscolatura breve e un'ampia membrana[1].
Sotto le braccia, le loro ventose sono di un colore crema giallastro. Il polpo wunderpus ha una pelle relativamente liscia con papille su tutto il corpo, una sopra ogni occhio. Man mano che i polpi wunderpus invecchiano, i loro schemi corporei diventano più complessi. Il mantello ha una zona distinta ed è a forma di "Y", con l'occhio su ciascun ramo della "Y"[1].
Le braccia sono un'appendice importante perché il polpo vi si affida per il mimetismo, la locomozione e la cattura delle prede. La larghezza di ciascun braccio aumenta man mano che ci si allontana dalla bocca, verso un quarto della lunghezza del braccio. Per i maschi, il terzo braccio destro è detto ectocotile. Le loro ventose sulle braccia sono più piccole e più distanziate rispetto alla maggior parte dei cefalopodi[1].
I cromatofori, nel caso dei cefalopodi, sono organi neuromuscolari che contengono pigmenti e funzionano in modo diverso rispetto alla maggior parte degli altri animali. I cromatofori reagiscono agli stimoli e facilitano l'interazione con l'ambiente. Ogni organo contiene un sacco elastico contenente un pigmento che è attaccato al muscolo radiale del polpo. Quando il polpo si eccita, i muscoli radiali si contraggono e dilatano i cromatofori. Al contrario, quando il polpo è in uno stato rilassato, i cromatofori si ritrarranno nel sacco elastico[1].
Poiché questi cromatofori interagiscono con l'ambiente, consentono al polpo di selezionare, in qualsiasi momento, un particolare modello corporeo: possono per esempio decidere di modificare la loro pelle, da liscia a rugosa. Ciò gli consente, ad esempio, di mimetizzarsi e nascondersi dai loro predatori. Un'altra funzione dei cromatofori è la comunicazione intraspecifica che facilita la comunicazione tra individui[1].
Anche i polpi appena nati hanno dei cromatofori, detti "cromatofori fondatori", organi simili a sacche che contengono pigmenti nella loro pelle. I cromatofori fondatori sono ben visibili nei giovani e diventano più piccoli e poco visibili quando il polpo si avvicina all'età adulta[1].
W. photogenicus si trova in acque poco profonde da Bali e Sulawesi al nord delle Filippine e ad est di Vanuatu. Un luogo popolare per i wunderpus, documentato dai fotografi subacquei, è nel fondale di sabbia vulcanica dello stretto di Lembeh, nel nord di Sulawesi[1].
Il polpo wunderpus è una specie bentonica che vive lungo i sedimenti del fondo in acque relativamente poco profonde (non più profonde di 20 m). W. photogenicus preferisce un habitat con substrati di sedimenti molli che gli permettano di scavare sotto il substrato; i fondali sabbiosi che si trovano nei pressi dei reef tropicali sono l'ideale per questa rara specie. Le popolazioni del polpo wunderpus possono variare ed essere dense con un massimo di 5 individui per 25 m2[1].
W. photogenicus è noto per la sua capacità di imitare altri animali marini (mimetismo batesiano): può cambiare i suoi modelli di colore quando viene disturbato o minacciato, consentendo al polpo di mimetizzarsi con l'ambiente circostante o di imitare una specie velenosa per spaventare il suo predatore (comportamento osservato in altre specie di polpi, come Thaumoctopus mimicus)[1].
Poco si sa e si documenta in realtà sul comportamento e sulla storia della vita di W. photogenicus e questo potrebbe essere in parte dovuto alla sua vita solitaria; non è noto infatti alcun comportamento sociale esibito da questa specie. Delle poche posture e modelli comportamentali che sono stati osservati dai wunderpus, si ritiene che siano imitatori di altri animali. Ci sono studi che suggeriscono che il polpo wunderpus è noto per impersonare animali velenosi come il pesce leone e il serpente di mare bocca gialla. I segni bianchi a bande del wunderpus gli permettono di essere in grado di imitare le strisce del serpente e le spine del pesce leone. È stato anche documentato che W. photogenicus è solito scavare nel fondo sabbioso con sei delle loro otto braccia, lasciandone due libere di imitare l'aspetto del serpente di mare. Entrambi gli organismi che è stato documentato imitare sono velenosi, il che suggerisce che il wunderpus fa uso di questo comportamento per ingannare ed allontanare potenziali predatori[1].
I wunderpus si nutrono dal tramonto all'alba di piccoli pesci e di crostacei. Hanno due strategie di alimentazione principali. Il primo metodo è il metodo di "sondaggio", in cui il polpo estende le braccia in fessure e buchi per cercare la preda; quando la incontra, usa le braccia e le ventose per trattenerla e rimuoverla dalla sua tana. Il secondo metodo di alimentazione prevede l'utilizzo delle larghe membrane di pelle tra le braccia, che consentono al polpo di creare una "rete" per catturare la preda. Quando il polpo wunderpus fa questo, prende le sembianze di un ombrello aperto. Durante l'alimentazione il polpo wunderpus si ritirerà nel suo rifugio in modo da non essere esposto ai predatori quando si nutre.[1]
W. photogenicus è anche noto per mostrare un comportamento di foraggiamento aggressivo interspecifico (cannibalismo). Alcuni studi hanno scoperto che il polpo wunderpus mostra questo comportamento aggressivo anche su un suo parente stretto, il polpo mimo (Thaumoctopus mimicus). Usando il suo braccio più lungo per formare un cappio attorno al suo avversario, inizia a stringere impedendo il deflusso dell'acqua nel mantello e fuori dal sifone. Questo flusso d'acqua è importante perché è ciò che serve per ossigenare il sangue. Senza questo rifornimento, il polpo esaurirà gradualmente il suo ossigeno e alla fine morirà. Questa costrizione sul mantello impedisce anche al polpo preda di rilasciare il suo inchiostro[1].
I cefalopodi sono costantemente a rischio di predazione a causa dei loro corpi molli, che non forniscono alcuna protezione contro dei predatori come i pesci. La maggior parte dei cefalopodi è dotata della capacità di rilasciare inchiostro per scoraggiare i loro predatori, ma il polpo wunderpus ha una sacca di inchiostro ridotta e non è in grado di rilasciarlo. Quando viene attaccato, W. photogenicus è in grado di amputarsi un braccio (autotomia), permettendogli di fuggire dai suoi predatori; in seguito rigenererà il suo arto perduto. Non si sa quali siano i predatori specifici del polpo wunderpus, ma si ritiene che siano probabilmente preda di murene, anguille serpente, gronghi, cernie, scorpenidi, pesci piatti, e canocchie[1].
L'accoppiamento nel polpo wunderpus coinvolge il maschio che monta la femmina per inserire il suo braccio corto ectocotilizzato nel mantello della femmina. Tipicamente in diverse specie di polpi nel rituale di accoppiamento, il braccio dei maschi è più lungo, il che consente una maggiore distanza tra il maschio e la femmina[1].
La femmina produce circa 2.000 piccole uova all'interno di una singola covata. Come altri polpi la femmina porta le sue uova tra le braccia e in genere muore poco dopo la schiusa della prole[1].
Il polpo wunderpus (Wunderpus photogenicus, Hochberg, Norman et Finn, 2006) è l'unica specie del genere di polpi Wunderpus.
W. photogenicus non era mai stato scoperto fino agli anni '80, ed è stato descritto ufficialmente in dettaglio solo nel 2006. Il polpo wunderpus è importante commercialmente per le comunità della fotografia subacquea, delle immersioni e del turismo, specialmente in tutta l'Indonesia.
A causa dell'aspetto e del comportamento del polpo wunderpus, viene spesso confuso con un suo parente stretto, il polpo mimo o polpo mimetico (Thaumoctopus mimicus).
De Wunderpus photogenicus is een octopus die in de zeeën rond Indonesië voorkomt. In de kalmere waters van Bali en Sulawesi ten noorden van de Filipijnen en het oosten van Vanuatu.
Hij onderscheidt zich door zijn, naar verhouding, extra lange tentakels. Verder is hij herkenbaar aan zijn rood-witte patronen. Deze octopus heeft een uitzonderlijk sterke beet.
Bij Wunderpus photogenicus is vastgesteld dat hij een nauw verwante soort, Thaumoctopus mimicus, die in hetzelfde gebied leeft, kan wurgen - dit door ervoor te zorgen dat hij geen vers water kan opnemen.[1][2]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Wunderpus photogenicus op Wikimedia Commons. Wunderpus photogenicus – gatunek głowonoga z rodziny ośmiornicowatych (Octopodidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Wunderpus[1], często mylony z wykazującym duże zdolności mimetyczne Thaumoctopus mimicus. Nazwa rodzaju Wunderpus jest rozpowszechnionym w ostatnich latach przez media nickiem zwierzęcia, a epitet gatunkowy photogenicus przyjęto w uznaniu dla znacznego fotograficznego zainteresowania nim[2]. Nurkowie, osoby zajmujące się fotografią podwodną, akwaryści i naukowcy pragnący zebrać dane dotyczące tej ośmiornicy założyli poświęcony jej serwis internetowy „Wunderpix”.
Osobniki tego gatunku znane były nurkom co najmniej od połowy lat 80. XX wieku. Ośmiornica została określona nickiem „Wunderpus” (także „Wonderpus”, z niem. Wunder – cud, końcówka -pus pochodzi od octopus – ośmiornica). W tym samym okresie pojawiła się na Filipinach i w Indonezji w handlu związanym z akwarystyką, dostarczana do akwariów domowych i publicznych. Pomimo licznych zdjęć i doniesień o występowaniu takiego zwierzęcia dopiero w 2006 roku naukowcom udało się zebrać osobniki niezbędne do sporządzenia naukowego opisu gatunku[2].
Wunderpus photogenicus występuje na miękkim dnie w płytkich, tropikalnych wodach, o głębokości zazwyczaj mniejszej od 20 m p.p.m. Zasięg jego występowania obejmuje obszar wokół Archipelagu Malajskiego – od Wysp Salomona i Vanuatu do Papui-Nowej Gwinei i Filipin[2].
Ośmiornica charakteryzuje się wydłużonymi ramionami (5–7 długości płaszcza), małymi oczami osadzonymi na wydłużonych trzonach, obecnością długiej, stożkowatej brodawki nad każdym okiem, krótkim hektokotylusem samców oraz – niespotykanym u innych gatunków ośmiornic – stałym wzorem białych pasków i plam położonych na brązowo-czerwonym tle.
Charakterystyczny wzór ubarwienia jest najbardziej widoczny, kiedy zwierzę zostanie zaniepokojone lub czuje się zagrożone przez napastnika[2]. Badania przeprowadzone in situ wykazały, że wzór na grzbietowej części płaszcza ośmiornicy jest unikatowy dla każdego osobnika i umożliwia jego identyfikację na podstawie fotografii[3].
Całkowita długość tego mięczaka wynosi do 23 cm, przy długości płaszcza 2,4–3,6 cm. Masa ciała około 26 g[2].
Brak wielu ramion u badanych osobników sugeruje, że zwierzę jest zdolne do autotomii[2].
Biologia tego gatunku jest słabo poznana. Wiadomo, że Wunderpus photogenicus korzysta z kryjówek innych zwierząt lub wykopuje własne. Żeruje zwykle w półmroku – o świcie i o zmierzchu. Żywi się małymi skorupiakami (głównie krabami) i rybami. Ofiary wykrywa wymacując kryjówki pojedynczymi ramionami lub otacza ofiarę siecią utworzoną z ramion[2].
Popularność, jaką zyskał ten gatunek dzięki mediom przyczyniła się do tego, że jest on obecnie zaliczany do dwóch najbardziej poszukiwanych gatunków ośmiornic. Ma istotne komercyjne znaczenie w fotografii podwodnej, turystyce związanej z nurkowaniem oraz w handlu związanym z akwarystyką[3].
Wunderpus photogenicus – gatunek głowonoga z rodziny ośmiornicowatych (Octopodidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Wunderpus, często mylony z wykazującym duże zdolności mimetyczne Thaumoctopus mimicus. Nazwa rodzaju Wunderpus jest rozpowszechnionym w ostatnich latach przez media nickiem zwierzęcia, a epitet gatunkowy photogenicus przyjęto w uznaniu dla znacznego fotograficznego zainteresowania nim. Nurkowie, osoby zajmujące się fotografią podwodną, akwaryści i naukowcy pragnący zebrać dane dotyczące tej ośmiornicy założyli poświęcony jej serwis internetowy „Wunderpix”.
Wunderpus photogenicus là một loài bạch tuộc trong chi đơn loài Wunderpus. Nó được tìm thấy trong vùng nước nông từ Bali và Sulawesi về phía bắc đến Philippines và phía đông tới Vanuatu.[1]
Wunderpus photogenicus là một loài bạch tuộc trong chi đơn loài Wunderpus. Nó được tìm thấy trong vùng nước nông từ Bali và Sulawesi về phía bắc đến Philippines và phía đông tới Vanuatu.
Wunderpus photogenicus (лат. ) — вид головоногих моллюсков семейства Octopodidae. Единственный представитель рода Wunderpus. Моллюск был найден на мелководье у берегов Бали, северного Сулавеси, Филиппин и восточного Вануату. Впервые научно описан в 2006 году[1].
У моллюска длинные щупальца, маленькие глаза расположены на вытянутых ножках, основная окраска тела коричнево-красного цвета с рисунком из белых полос и пятен. На мантии моллюска имеются резко очерченные белые пятна, а на щупальцах кольцеобразные полосы. Внешне похож на вид Thaumoctopus mimicus. Wunderpus photogenicus покидает пещеры из песка, предпочитая охотиться на рассвете, а вид Thaumoctopus mimicus активен днём[1].
Вид был найден на мелководье у берегов Бали, северного Сулавеси, Филиппин и восточного Вануату. Моллюск обитает на мягком, осадочном грунте на глубине ниже 20 м[1].
Вид мало исследован. Известно, что это хищники. Они предпочитают охотиться на рассвете. Их питание состоит из мелких рыб и ракообразных. Как правило, они ловят свою добычу, зарываясь в мягкий песок и оставляя снаружи только две вершины своих щупалец, которые имитируют маленьких червей. Когда жертва приближается, моллюск молниеносно бросается на неё из песка. Для защиты от хищников моллюск способен имитировать ядовитых животных. Так, например, чтобы имитировать крылаток, он широко расставляет щупальца. Он имитирует также других животных в своём окружении, таких, например, как морские змеи и различные рыбы[1].
Wunderpus photogenicus (лат. ) — вид головоногих моллюсков семейства Octopodidae. Единственный представитель рода Wunderpus. Моллюск был найден на мелководье у берегов Бали, северного Сулавеси, Филиппин и восточного Вануату. Впервые научно описан в 2006 году.
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