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Canarygrass

Phalaris

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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial pseudothecium of Acanthostigmella genuflexa is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha acutipila is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 2-8

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Apiospora montagnei is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
female of Baliothrips biformis may be found on live Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-8

Plant / resting place / on
female of Baliothrips dispar may be found on Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
subiculate apothecium of Calycellina phalaridis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-7

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia nigra may be found in leaf-mine of Phalaris

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas culmicola is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas tomentosum is saprobic on half-buried stem base of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-2

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Dennisiodiscus prasinus is saprobic on dead, fallen, damp leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum carneolum var. longisporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: (2-)6-8(-10)

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum controversum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella alpestris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / saprobe
crowded thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 2-5

Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph of Lidophia graminis infects and damages live inflorescence of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-10, esp. 7

Foodplant / saprobe
mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium of Lophiostoma semiliberum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 12-4

Foodplant / saprobe
numerous, often confluent pycnothyrium of Actinothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Lophodermium apiculatum is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-8

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina igniaria is saprobic on dry, scorched or burnt Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraploa dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina tetraploa is saprobic on Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, immersed pseudothecium of Massariosphaeria mosana is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Menispora britannica is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 9-11

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Microdiscula coelomycetous anamorph of Microdiscula phragmitis is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-11

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile, shielded apothecium of Micropeziza karstenii is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 7-12

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia caricina is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnothyrium of anamorph of Morenoina phragmitis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-8
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Niptera pulla is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-5
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia atra is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-9
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia hispidula is saprobic on dry, dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia minutissima is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria graminis is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris
Remarks: season: spring, summer
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Phalaris

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead sheath of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph of Phragmocephala elliptica is saprobic on dead Phalaris
Remarks: season: 4-10

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pseudonapomyza atra feeds within leaf of Phalaris
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, crowded or in rows pycnidium of Pseudoseptoria coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudoseptoria donacis causes spots on sheath of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium orthosporum causes spots on live sheath of Phalaris

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed stromatic of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium secalis causes spots on live sheath of Phalaris

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Selandria serva grazes on leaf of Phalaris
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helicosporium anamorph of Tubeufia paludosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Phalaris
Remarks: season: 3-11

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago striiformis causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Phalaris
Other: minor host/prey

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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a condensed, ellipsoid to capitate, spike-like panicle. Spikelets laterally flattened, 1-flowered, but with 1-2 lower sterile, much-reduced florets, disarticulating above the glumes. Glumes equal to subequal, 3-nerved, persistent, strongly keeled, the keel usually winged, completely enclosing the florets. Sterile lemmas very small, scale-like, membranous; fertile lemma 5-nerved, coriaceous to indurate, often glossy, acute.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Phalaris Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=133
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Phalaris (plant)

provided by wikipedia EN

Phalaris is a genus of grasses. Various species of Phalaris grow on every continent except Antarctica. They can be found in a broad range of habitats from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level and from wet marshy areas to dry places. P. arundinacea and P. aquatica are sometimes invasive species in wetlands.

Alkaloids

Some Phalaris species contain gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, is toxic and can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage, and death.[1][2]

Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). Some research has been done into the variability of alkaloids in the Phalaris grasses. Strains with high levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity. Such high-alkaloid strains include Phalaris aquatica AQ-1 and the species P. brachystachys. Seasonal and weather patterns also appear to affect alkaloid concentration, as most toxicity occurs in autumn and in times of drought. Regrowth after grazing or mowing also shows a considerable increase in alkaloids.

In June 2018, mobs of wild kangaroos were observed[3] suffering from "phalaris staggers" which causes head tremors, a loss of co-ordination and collapse. When phalaris is used to feed livestock, farmers can administer cobalt to their animals or spray it on their pastures to protect animals against the effects of phalaris. However, this treatment is not available to wild kangaroos and they suffer from poisoning due to the alkaloids. The staggers syndrome is more common in livestock in areas with limestone soils, which contain less cobalt than basalt soils.

None of the above alkaloids is said to have been found in P. californica, P. canariensis, P. minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[4]

Uses

Some species are used in dried flower arrangements. Phalaris canariensis is commonly used for birdseed.

Phalaris arundinacea is also being trialled as a potential bioenergy crop in Ireland.[6]

Species

Species include:

References

  1. ^ Cheeke, Peter R. (31 August 1989). Toxicants of Plant Origin - Google Book Search. ISBN 9780849369902. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  2. ^ phalaris pdf Archived 2015-11-24 at the Wayback Machine - AU Dept. of Agriculture and Food
  3. ^ Kangaroos under the influence: Grass to blame for staggering death of 'drunken' kangaroos, Jo Printz and Mark Kearney, ABC News Online, 2018-06-21
  4. ^ a b c "Lycaeum". Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  5. ^ a b c Erowid Phalaris FAQ
  6. ^ Reed Canary Grass. Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine Teagasc. 2007.

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Phalaris (plant): Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Phalaris is a genus of grasses. Various species of Phalaris grow on every continent except Antarctica. They can be found in a broad range of habitats from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level and from wet marshy areas to dry places. P. arundinacea and P. aquatica are sometimes invasive species in wetlands.

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