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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Conservation Status

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The Sonoran subspecies of pronghorn antelope was listed as endangered on June 2, 1970. Primary threats are habitat destruction due to overgrazing and damming and diversion of rivers. Pronghorn antelope are an endemic American species, whose numbers were severely threatened with the arrival of European settlers. Within 100 years, populations fell from several million to 19,000 animals. Pronghorn antelope are easy prey due to their curiosity. In the winter of 1868-1869, antelope (most likely from the subspecies A. a. americana, found throughout the northern great plains) were transported to various cities by the wagon load between Denver and Cheyenne; 3 to 4 pronghorn were sold as food at prices as low as $.25 (Grzimek 1990). Conservation efforts began at the beginning of the 20th century. When the sale of game meat was outlawed, numbers rose to about 600,000.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Benefits

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Pronghorns move into urban areas and browse on hedges and gardens.

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Benefits

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Sonoran Pronghorns were an abundant and accessible food and trophy source for many years.

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Trophic Strategy

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This species is strictly herbivorous, eating a diet of herbs, cacti, and some desert grasses. Cheek teeth with high crowns are an adaptation to dust-covered, abrasive foods. The Sonoran Pronghorn is a member of the ruminant family, which is characterized by a four-part stomach. This specialized stomach serves as a "fermentation vat": after eating, individuals regurgitate softened cud, which is then chewed again, reswallowed, and finally digested. This digestion system is key in this desert subspecies for a number of reasons. It facilitates the digestion of roughly textured foods such as cacti and desert grasses. It also allows for a high and long retention of both food and water, which is essential in an environment characterized by resource scarcity. Lastly, the stomach lining of ruminant stomachs is highly tolerant of urea, which exists in high concentrations in desert organisms due to highly concentrated urine.

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Distribution

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The Sonoran Pronghorn is found in the nearctic region, with a concentration of populations in southwestern Arizona, and some spread into northern Mexico. Although the species Antilocapra americana ranges from southern Canada to northern Mexico, the A. a. sonoriensis subspecies has a very limited range.

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Habitat

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The Sonoran Pronghorn inhabits dry plains and desert. In southwestern Arizona, this species is found in broad alluvial valleys separated by granite mountains and mesas. These areas experience excessive winter rains followed by a spring drought, and summer rains followed by autumn drought. The dry, sparsely vegetated landscape is due to the arid climate of this region.

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Morphology

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Height: ~0.9 m at the shoulder The Sonoran Pronghorn has the characteristic artiodactyl body form. This subspecies has a particularly light build, which contributes to its fast speed; Pronghorns are the fastest North American mammals. Females are roughly 10% smaller than males. All pronghorns have a very short, hardly noticeable tail, ears that are proportional in size to the body and with narrow points, no upper canines, and well-developed scent glands. Both males and females have horns that are specialized with a layer of hornskin covering the bony core. The horns are branched at about 2/3 of the distance between the base and the tip. However, bucks' horns are 30.5 centimeters in length, whereas does' horns are shorter than the ears and often misshapen or even absent altogether. The upperparts of the Pronghorn are a warm tan color, and the neck has a short black mane. The underparts, rump, and 2 bands across the neck are white. Less information is available about Sonoran Pronghorns than about other Antilocapra americana subspecies. However, given that A.a.sonoriensis lives in a very arid climate, it is likely that its physiology is somewhat more adapted to extreme conditions. It must endure higher temperatures, exposure to intense solar radiation, and scarcity of water and food resources. All these conditions call for more thermoregulation and a balance in hydration.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Reproduction

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Pronghorns have high reproductive rates. This is an adaptation for a short life span of 7 to 10 years, although individuals rarely exceed 9 years. The complex and rigid territoriality systems of bucks break down only during the breeding season. Dominant males court estrus females by offering a sniff of the scent glands located under patches of black hair below the ears. When it comes time to mate, dominant males disappear into hiding places with the estrus females. The male may circle the female with exaggerated steps, alternately flashing the black patches on his right and left cheeks. During this time, younger males move into the herds of non-breeding females. The gestation period for Pronghorns is 250 days. Females often leave their herd to give birth, and will give birth to 1 to 2 young, each of which weighs between 2.25 kg and 3 kg. The young lay hidden; if twins are born, they are kept separately. Young are further protected from predators by their negligible scent; this makes them virtually undetectable in their hiding places. Young Pronghorns are weaned at 4 to 5 months, and reach adult size at 6 months. Sexual maturity occurs at 2 years. At the conclusion of the breeding season, termed the "rut," males shed their horn sheaths and look very similar to females. As they rejoin the female herd, the camouflage of blending in compensates for their post-breeding exhaustion and vulnerability.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

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Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis.html
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Comprehensive Description for the Sonoran Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis)

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The Sonoran Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis), the only existing modern species to the family Antilocapridae, is a mammal found in the Sonoran Desert of North America, ranging from southwestern Arizona to North of Mexico4. Though commonly referred to as an antelope, it is actually not an “antelope”, with the giraffe being its closest living relative1. It is the fastest known mammal to inhabit North America and has been nicknamed the “prairie ghost”3.

The Pronghorn is 3 foot tall at shoulder height and 4.3-4.8 foot from head to tail, and is a red brown deer look-alike5. It has light brown/tan to white spots on its undersides and neck; with males having black spots on its face and neck3. Typically, Pronghorn weigh an estimated 75 to 100 lbs with females being about 10% smaller in body size than males3. In addition, males have large black pronged horns in comparison to females which have short black horns3. The Pronghorn have a short tail that’s hardly noticeable.It is a shy and curious mammal with a speed of 60 mph, well-developed scent glands and keen eyesight to avoid predators1. It is also known to be elusive, detecting movement from several miles away, avoiding contact with humans as its habitat has been intruded2.

As its name implies, the Sonoran pronghorn thrives in the desert, hot arid climate areas, though drought has driven this species to become endangered. It is a herbivore, its diet consisting of cacti, herbs and desert grasses and is part of the ruminant family4. As a mammal inhabiting in the desert, the pronghorn can erect their bristle body hair in some parts of their body in order to release body heat4. The pronghornphysiology is known to be adapted to hot arid climate, however specifically how its physiology works has yet to be well studied.

The pronghorn have high reproductive rates, with does ready to mate at the age of 16 months and bucks at the age of 1 year3. Females leave herds in order to give birth, and gestation lasts for about 250 days, with females having an offspring of 1 fawn or twins during the times food is abundant4. Offspring are kept hidden and due to their negligible scent, they are far less detectable by predators4. Pronghorn have a lifespan of 10 to 12 years3.

The Pronghorn was listed as an endangered species in the later half of the 20th century, leading conservation groups towards creating programs aiming towards conserving and protecting this species. Though drought has become a major cause of its endangerment, habitat destruction has also led the Pronghorn to change its course of habitat range and migration4. With conservation efforts, it is estimated there is currently a total of 160 Pronghorn in the United States and 240 in Northern Mexico3.

References

  • 1) 2012. “Arizona’s Sonoran Pronghorn Named One of Nation’s Top 10 Species Threatened by Water Shortage” (on-line), Center for Biological Diversity Web. Accessed November 12,2017 at http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/sonoran-pronghorn-11-14-2012.html
  • 2) 2013. “Sonoran Pronghorn”. Cabeza Prieta” National Wildlife Refuge (on-line), U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Web. Accessed November 12,2017 at https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Cabreza_Prieta/wildlife/pronghorn.html
  • 3) 2017. “Sonoran Pronghorn” (on-line), Defenders of Wildlife Web. Accessed November 13,2017 at http://www.defenders.org/sonoran-pronghorn/basic-facts
  • 4) Ingmarsson, L. 1999. "Antilocapra americana sonoriensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 14, 2017 at http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Antilocapra_americana_sonoriensis/
  • 5) Myers, P. 2000. "Antilocapridae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 14, 2017 at http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Antilocapridae/

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis ( Azerbaijani )

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis (lat. Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) - haçabuynuz cinsinə aid heyvan yarımnövü.

Mənbə

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis (lat. Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) - haçabuynuz cinsinə aid heyvan yarımnövü.

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Sonoran pronghorn

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Sign along the El Camino Del Diablo at the eastern entrance to Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, providing information about the animal

The Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) is an endangered subspecies of pronghorn that is endemic to the Sonoran Desert.[2]

Conservation

Around 200 animals currently are believed to exist in Arizona in the United States, up from an estimated 21 individuals in 2002.[3] The number of individuals in Mexico is estimated to be even lower. It is considered extirpated from California.

In 2012, announcements of two reintroductions were published in the Federal Register. One of the reintroductions was to take place at the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range (BMGR) in Yuma, Arizona, and the second was to be at Kofa National Wildlife Refuge.[4]

Obstacles to recovery

Numerous and ongoing threats exist to the survival of the Sonoran pronghorn. Not the least of these threats is the fact that much of their habitat is occupied by the BMGR, which is an active United States Air Force bombing range.[5]

Adjacent to the BMGR is the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (CPNWR), also a critical breeding area for this species. Parts of the CPNWR are off limits to visitors between mid-March and mid-July, during the fawning season, so as to minimize disturbance to herds with fawns, which can result in the loss of fawns.[6] Despite this fact, this area too is subject to constant environmental pressure. The accompaniments of illegal trafficking of people and drugs from Mexico (such as the construction of illegal roads and trails, reckless disposal of trash, destruction of vegetation, and contamination of water sources) have significantly degraded the habitat. The response from law enforcement agencies (such as the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Drug Enforcement Administration) has also exacerbated this problem.[7][8]

Mortality

Living in open areas, pronghorns in general must rely on their eyesight to avoid predators, and with population numbers so low, the Sonoran pronghorn must avoid mortality at all costs. Sources of mortality come from predators, drought, and lack of feed; these sources usually affect fawns most often, and adult mortality also occurs in drought situations. Controlling this situation is very difficult because drought is at the hand of the weather. Things that can be done are predator control on coyotes and bobcats, but this is yet to be studied with enough detail to be proven effective.[9]

Habitat

The Sonoran pronghorn is endemic to the Sonoran Desert. They live in open spaces and primarily forage grasses and shrubs for food. Desert pronghorn are more adapted to desert conditions, and can go longer without water.

References

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  2. ^ Antelope Specialist Group (1996). "Antilocapra americana ssp. sonoriensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved 2007-06-20.old-form url
  3. ^ Recovery program working for pronghorn, Arthur H. Rotstein, Boston Globe/AP, 14 May 2007.
  4. ^ Bedinger, Chris (January 5, 2011). "Sonoran Pronghorn Return to King Valley" (PDF) (Press release). Arizona Game and Fish Department, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  5. ^ Krausman, Paul R.; Harris, Lisa K.; Wilson, Ryan R.; Cain, James W.; Koenen, Kiana K. G. (2007). "Bombing and Sonoran Pronghorn: A Clear and Present Danger?". The Journal of Wildlife Management. Wiley on behalf of the Wildlife Society. 71 (8): 2820–2823. doi:10.2193/2007-212. JSTOR 4496407. S2CID 84758067.
  6. ^ Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (2013). "Fawning Season". Ajo, Arizona: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
  7. ^ Slivka, J (2003-10-30). "Border Crime Ravaging Parks In Arizona In 'Smugglers Crescent,' Public Is Losing Out As Rangers Are Forced To Act As Border Police". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. Retrieved 2014-12-28. Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southeast of Yuma, has more crimes per visitor than any other piece of public land in the West.
  8. ^ Ingley, K (2005-05-15). "Ghost highways – Arizona desert scarred by illegal immigration traffic". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. Retrieved 2014-12-28. Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southeast of Yuma, has more crimes per visitor than any other piece of public land in the West.
  9. ^ Jill L.Bright and John J.Hervert (2005). "Adult and fawn mortality of Sonoran pronghorn." Wildlife Society Bulletin. 43(1), 43-50.
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Sonoran pronghorn: Brief Summary

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Sign along the El Camino Del Diablo at the eastern entrance to Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, providing information about the animal

The Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) is an endangered subspecies of pronghorn that is endemic to the Sonoran Desert.

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El berrendo de Sonora (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) es una subespecie de berrendo encontrada en el desierto de Sonora de Arizona, y en Sonora. Se supone que su número ronda los 100 especímenes, con un estimado de 14 en 2002.[1]

Descripción

El berrendo, por su aspecto y características parece una especie cruzada de antílope y ciervo. El macho pesa de 45 a 60 kg, la hembra 35-45 kg; ambos sexos poseen cuernos curvos y dirigidos hacia atrás que mudan cada año. Los cuernos del macho son largos y tienen ramificaciones, y en cambio los de la hembra son cortos y sin ramificaciones. Las patas tienen cuatro dedos, aunque caminan sobre dos.

Hábitos

El hábitat de estos animales son los espacios abiertos como llanuras y semidesiertos, donde se alimentan durante gran parte del día de hierbas, arbustos, musgos y en ocasiones incluso de cactus. Pasean por estas zonas en grandes manadas. Los integrantes de estas manadas son siempre hembras con sus crías y machos jóvenes. Los machos adultos o viejos suelen ser solitarios o viven en pequeños grupos.

En otoño, los machos en edad reproductora compiten entre sí luchando cabeza contra cabeza con el fin de ganarse el derecho a reproducirse. Tras 230 días de gestación, las hembras paren una cría o dos. Estos pequeños son de color gris y pesan de 2 a 4 kg.

Depredadores y estado de conservación

Los berrendos no cuentan actualmente con auténticos depredadores. Son los animales más rápidos del mundo en distancias largas, capaces de mantener una velocidad de 86 km/h durante 1-2 h, velocidad de sobra para dejar sin aliento a cualquier cazador. Su velocidad máxima registrada fue de 98 km/h en tramo corto. Debido a la ausencia de depredadores, los berrendos se multiplicaron sin problemas.

Referencias

  1. Recovery program working for pronghorn, Arthur H. Rotstein, Boston Globe/AP, 14 de mayo de 2007.

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Antilocapra americana sonoriensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El berrendo de Sonora (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) es una subespecie de berrendo encontrada en el desierto de Sonora de Arizona, y en Sonora. Se supone que su número ronda los 100 especímenes, con un estimado de 14 en 2002.​

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Linh dương sừng nhánh Sonoran ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Sonoran (Danh pháp khoa học: Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) là một phân loài của loài linh dương sừng nhánh và là một phân loài bị đe dọa, linh dương này là loài đặc hữu của sa mạc Sonoran. Loài này đã thích nghi để sống trong môi trường đặc biệt khó khăn. Nó có thể ăn và tiêu hóa các món cỏ mà các động vật ăn cỏ khác không đếm xỉa đến, bao gồm các loại cỏ sa mạc khô và thậm chí cả xương rồng. Lớp lông của nó có thể chống nhiệt độ lạnh vào ban đêm, cũng như nhiệt độ nóng bức trong những ngày nóng.

Đặc điểm

Mô tả

Chúng cũng có bộ lông màu trắng riêng biệt trên mông, bên, ngực, bụng, và trên cổ họng. Con đực trưởng thành có chiều dài từ 1,3-1,5 m (4 ft 3 in-4 ft 11 in) dài từ mũi đến đuôi, khi dứng thì cao 81–104 cm (32–41 in) đến vai, và cân nặng 40–65 kg (88-143 lb). Những con cái là chiều cao giống như con đực nhưng cân nặng từ 34–48 kg (75-106 lb). Bàn chân có hai móng guốc, không có huyền đề. Nhiệt độ cơ thể của chúng là 38 °C (100 °F). Chúng có một khác biệt, mùi xạ hương. Con đực đánh dấu lãnh thổ với một tuyến mùi hương trước ổ mắt mà nằm ở hai bên đầu. Chúng cũng có đôi mắt rất lớn với 320 ° lĩnh vực tầm nhìn. Không giống như hươu, nai, linh dương có một túi mật.

Mỗi sừng của chúng bao gồm một thanh mảnh, chiều ngang dẹt lưỡi xương mọc từ xương trán của hộp sọ, tạo thành một lõi vĩnh viễn. Như trong họ hươu cao cổ, da bao gồm các lõi xương, nhưng trong loài này, nó phát triển thành một vỏ bọc sừng. Không giống như những chiếc sừng của họ trâu bò, các màng bọc sừng của chúng được phân nhánh. Con đực có một vỏ bọc sừng khoảng 12,5–43 cm (4,9-16,9 in) (trung bình 25 cm (9,8 in). Con cái có sừng nhỏ hơn khoảng 2,5-15,2 cm (1–6 in) (trung bình 12 cm (4,7 in)) và đôi khi hầu như không nhìn thấy được.

Tốc độ

Chúng là động vật có vú đất nhanh nhất ở Tây bán cầu, được thiết kế để trốn kẻ săn mồi tối đa thông qua việc chạy. Tốc độ tối đa là rất khó để đo chính xác và khác nhau giữa các cá thể; nó có thể chạy 35 mph trong 4 mi (56 km/h trong vòng 6 km), 42 mph trong vòng 1 mi (67 km/h, khoảng 1,6 km), và 55 mph trong 0.5 mi (88,5 km/h cho 0,8 km). Chúng thường được coi là nhanh thứ hai của các động vật trên đất liền, chỉ đứng sau báo săn. Tuy nhiên, nó có thể duy trì tốc độ cao lâu hơn loài báo.

So với kích thước cơ thể của nó, chúng có một khí quản, tim lớn, và phổi để cho phép nó để mất một lượng lớn không khí khi chạy. Ngoài ra, móng guốccó hai dài, đệm, chỉ ngón chân, giúp hấp thụ lực khi chạy ở tốc độ cao. Chúng cũng có một cấu trúc xương cực nhẹ. Chúng được thiết kế để dành cho tốc độ mà không để bật nhảy do đó thực tế đôi khi chúng bị ảnh hưởng bởi hàng rào trại cừu. Báo sư tử, chó sói đồng cỏ, chó sói, và linh miêu là loài săn mồi chủ yếu đối với chúng. Đại bàng vàng đã được báo cáo là có săn con non.

Bảo tồn

Khoảng 200 loài động vật hiện đang được cho là tồn tại ở Mỹ, tăng từ khoảng 21 cá thể vào năm 2002. Trong năm 2012, có thông báo của hai dự án tái phục hồi đã được công bố ở Federal Register. Một trong những dự án tái phục hồi đã được diễn ra tại Air Force Phạm vi Barry Goldwater M. (BMGR) ở Yuma, Arizona, và thứ hai là ở Kofa National Wildlife Refuge.

Có rất nhiều nguy cơ liên tục đe dọa đến sự sống còn của Linh dương Sonoran. Không ít các mối đe dọa là một thực tế rằng có rất nhiều môi trường sống của chúng là chiếm đóng của các BMGR, mà là một loạt vụ đánh bom không quân Hoa Kỳ đang hoạt động. Liền kề với BMGR là Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (CPNWR), cũng là một khu vực sinh sản quan trọng cho các loài này. Các bộ phận của CPNWR là hạn chế đối với du khách từ giữa tháng Ba đến giữa tháng bảy, trong mùa sinh sản, để giảm thiểu xáo trộn của bầy.

Mặc dù thực tế này, khu vực này quá phụ thuộc vào môi trường áp lực liên tục. Các vùng đệm buôn bán bất hợp pháp của người dân và ma túy từ Mexico (chẳng hạn như việc xây dựng các con đường bất hợp pháp và những con đường mòn, xử lý rác bừa bãi, thùng rác, phá hủy thảm thực vật và ô nhiễm nguồn nước) đã làm xuống cấp đáng kể môi trường sống. Những phản ứng từ các cơ quan thực thi pháp luật (ví dụ như Hải quan và Bảo vệ Biên giới và Cục chống ma túy) cũng đã không may làm trầm trọng thêm vấn đề này.

Tham khảo

  • Antelope Specialist Group (1996). Antilocapra americana ssp. sonoriensis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Truy cập 2007-06-20.
  • Recovery program working for pronghorn, Arthur H. Rotstein, Boston Globe/AP, ngày 14 tháng 5 năm 2007.
  • http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Documents/SpeciesDocs/SonoranPronghorn/Kofa_Pronghorn_Release_fNR.pdf
  • Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (2013). "Fawning Season". Ajo, Arizona: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior. Truy cập 2014-12-28.
  • Slivka, J (2003-10-30). "Border Crime Ravaging Parks In Arizona In 'Smugglers Crescent,' Public Is Losing Out As Rangers Are Forced To Act As Border Police". The Arizona Republic (Phoenix, Arizona). Truy cập 2014-12-28. Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southeast of Yuma, has more crimes per visitor than any other piece of public land in the West.
  • Ingley, K (2005-05-15). "Ghost highways - Arizona desert scarred by illegal immigration traffic". The Arizona Republic (Phoenix, Arizona). Truy cập 2014-12-28. Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southeast of Yuma, has more crimes per visitor than any other piece of public land in the West.
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Linh dương sừng nhánh Sonoran: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Sonoran (Danh pháp khoa học: Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) là một phân loài của loài linh dương sừng nhánh và là một phân loài bị đe dọa, linh dương này là loài đặc hữu của sa mạc Sonoran. Loài này đã thích nghi để sống trong môi trường đặc biệt khó khăn. Nó có thể ăn và tiêu hóa các món cỏ mà các động vật ăn cỏ khác không đếm xỉa đến, bao gồm các loại cỏ sa mạc khô và thậm chí cả xương rồng. Lớp lông của nó có thể chống nhiệt độ lạnh vào ban đêm, cũng như nhiệt độ nóng bức trong những ngày nóng.

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