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Thomson's gazelles were previously recognized as Gazella thomsonii and were also lumped with all red gazelles under Gazella rufifrons. Eudorcas rufina, previously also placed within Gazella rufifrons was known only from Algeria and is presumed extinct. Eudorcas rufifrons, also previously known as Gazella rufifrons, was more widespread, occurring throughout the savannas of central Africa, from Senegal and Mauritania in the west to the western side of the Nile in Sudan and portions of Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea east of the Nile. Populations throughout that range are now highly fragmented and have declined dramatically because of hunting, competition with livestock, and habitat degradation. Some authorities recognize Eudorcas albonotata as a separate species (Sudan populations), here it is recognized as conspecific with Eudorcas thomsonii.

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Thomson’s gazelles are fairly silent animals that communicate more visually. When alarmed they will communicate to conspecifics by stotting, which is a stereotyped series of high jumps with the head held high and the legs stiff. Males communicate to other males and females by marking territories with their scent glands, including preorbital glands that they use to mark grasses and stems. Males also drop dung at spots in their territory to advertise ownership.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Predators of Thomson's gazelles include lions, spotted hyenas, wild dogs, cheetahs, leopards, and jackals. During the calving season, the young are easy prey for all of these predators, as well as yellow baboons and pythons. Thomson's gazelles travel in small herds, which helps to protect individuals from predation. They are alert and can run quickly.

Known Predators:

  • lions (Panthera leo)
  • spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta)
  • cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
  • African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)
  • black backed jackals (Canis mesomelas)
  • golden jackals (Canis aureus)
  • yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
  • pythons (Python)
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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Thomson's gazelles are small gazelles, the typical weight range is 15 to 35 kg. Males are larger overall, ranging in weight from 20 to 35 kg, females are from 15 to 25 kg. They have white bellies and reddish-brown backs, divided by a bold, black stripe laterally. Their rumps are white and their tails are black. Thomson's gazelles have reddish-brown fur on their faces, with a broad white stripe that extends from the eye to the nose and is bordered below by a black stripe. Males and some females have horns that curve backwards and are curved forwards distally in males. Females have smaller horns, if any, both lengthwise and in circumference. The horns are arrayed with a series of marked annulations. Thomson's gazelles resemble Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti) somewhat, although Grant's gazelles are larger overall, have horns that curve outwards, and the white of their rump extends to above the tail. Thomson's gazelles have a head and body length of 80 to 120 cm, a tail length of 15 to 27 cm, and height at the shoulder of 55 to 82 cm. They have prominent pre-orbital glands.

Thomson's gazelles are exceptionally fast runners, able to run at speeds up to 70 km/hour. They can outrun cheetahs if they can evade them for long enough because cheetahs can maintain high speeds for shorter times.

Range mass: 15 to 35 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Thomson's gazelles typically have a lifespan of 10.5 years in the wild. Approximately half of calves will die within their first year.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
10.5 years.

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Thomson's gazelles live in dry, short grasslands and shrubby savannas. They are an arid-adapted species and are able to stay in dry grasslands for longer than other plains ungulates in the same region, which migrate towards more moist habitats. They follow a similar sort of seasonal migratory pattern as other ungulates in their range, but they stay for longer on the wet season range and don't migrate as far north in the dry season.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Thomson's gazelles are found in eastern Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania, and southern Sudan.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Thomson’s gazelles graze mainly on short grasses. They eat twigs, seeds, and leaves from trees as well, especially during the dry season. Their smaller body size and drought tolerance make it possible for them to persist on arid grasslands that cannot support larger ungulates. Preferred grasses include Themeda, Cynodon, and Harpachne species. Foliage and seeds taken are from Acacia, Balanites, Boscia, Sida, and Solanum species.

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Thomson's gazelles are eaten by large predators such as lions, hyenas, and jackals. They modify plant communities through their grazing.

Mutualist Species:

  • impalas (Aepyceros melampus)
  • Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti)
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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Thomson's gazelles may be hunted for skin and meat. They are also part of the charismatic African ungulate fauna that supports a huge ecotourism industry in eastern Africa.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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According to the IUCN Red List, Thomson's gazelles are listed as near threatened. Although populations are stable in some areas and widespread, some populations have experienced severe declines since the 1970's. If E. thomsonii and E. mongalla (southern Sudan populations) are considered separate species, then E. thomsonii has a small and restricted distribution, which further threatens this species. In Kenya, the largest populations are found in the lands of the Masai Mara, the Masai Mara National Reserve, and the Laikipia and Kajiado rangelands. They occupy about half of their former range in Tanzania. In some areas population declines can be partially attributed to human impacts such as roads, habitat changes, and the impacts of tourism. Large parts of their range are already in protected areas, including the Serengeti National Park and Masai Mara National Reserve.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Thomson's gazelles may be killed by farmers who think that they compete with domestic livestock. However, their impact is likely to be negligible.

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Thomson's gazelle males defend small territories and attempt to mate with females in that area. Females prefer rich foraging grounds, so preferred territories are those in areas with good grazing. Males use markings from preorbital glands and dung to advertise their territories and actively defend them against other males. They sometimes attempt to "herd" females in order to keep them in their territory for longer.

Mating System: polygynous

There is little available information on breeding in Thomson's gazelles. Thomson's gazelles mate twice yearly. Gestation is for 6 months and the majority of births occur right after the rainy season, with a single calf being born at 2 to 3 kg.

Breeding interval: Thomson's gazelles can breed twice a year.

Breeding season: Most breeding is timed so that most births occur right after the rainy season, although births can occur throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 6 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Thomson's gazelle calves are precocial at birth, able to stand and walk soon after, although they spend their first days hidden and motionless in the grass. The mother will leave the young in high grass and frequently come back a few times during the day to nurse. After this hiding period, the young follow and accompany their mother with the herd.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Auman, A.; R. Fye and T. Dewey 2009. "Eudorcas thomsonii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eudorcas_thomsonii.html
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Amy Auman, Penn State University Park
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Rachael Fye, Penn State University Park
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Jacqualine Grant, Penn State University Park
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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Thomson's gazelles form small herds but are socially very flexible (2) (3). Herds of females overlap with other herds, and movement between herds is common. Within their shared home range the females rest, move between pastures and visit waters (2). Males are a little less flexible and mature males fight to obtain and defend territories within the female's favourite pastures (2). They denote the boundaries of their territory with dung and by marking grass stems and twigs with secretion from the scent glands beneath their eyes (2). Territoriality in males' peaks during mating periods when frequent fights and stand-offs occur between neighbouring males, and males attempt to mate with any receptive female that enters their area (2) (3). Lambs may be born at any time of the year, but birthing often occurs towards the end of the rainy season (3). Females are pregnant for 188 days, after which a single lamb weighing two to three kilograms is born (3). Thomson's gazelles feed on fresh green grass whenever possible, but during the dry season, feeding on seeds and the foliage of shrubs is necessary (2). Thomson's gazelles need to drink water every day or two, and in its dry grassland habitat this sometimes requires making round trips of ten miles or more (4).
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Conservation

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Whilst in many areas Thomson's gazelles have declined, in some areas the species remains common, particularly in protected areas (2), such as the Serengeti National Park. The continued protection and management of such areas is likely to be vital for the conservation of Thomson's gazelle.
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Description

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Despite its limited distribution this is by far Africa's most abundant gazelle (3). The 'tommy', as it is locally known (3), has a distinct black band running along the side of the body that divides the yellowish-fawn to reddish-fawn upperparts from the clean white underparts (2). The white buttocks are edged with black (2), extending to the short, black tail which is constantly flicking (3). Both sexes of the Thomson's gazelle have long, strongly ringed horns that grow fairly close together, although those of the ewe are generally shorter, thinner, and frequently deformed (3). The face is boldly marked with white, fawn, dark brown and black, and varies between individuals (2).
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Habitat

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Thomson's gazelle inhabits dry grasslands and shrubby steppes. It prefers heavily grazed, trampled or burnt grasslands, or naturally open steppe, and can stay on pastures long after large herbivores have deserted it (2).
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Range

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Thomson's gazelle occurs in Kenya and Tanzania, whilst subspecies G. t. albonotata inhabits south-eastern Sudan and possibly south-western Ethiopia (3).
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Status

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Classified as Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) by the IUCN Red List 2007. Subspecies: Gazella thomsonii albonotata, the Mongalla gazelle, classified as Lower Risk / Near Threatened (LR/nt) (1). The status of Thomson's gazelle is currently under review for the IUCN Red List 2008.
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Threats

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The Thomson's gazelle was once widespread throughout its range, but now occurs in fragmented populations, in ever-declining areas (2). This is likely to be due to the encroachment of man onto their habitat (5), and hunting (1).
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Gazelenn Thomson ( Breton )

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Gazelenn Thomson (Eudorcas thomsoni, bet Gazella thomsoni) a zo ur c'hazelenn hag a vev en Afrika.

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Gasela de Thomson ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La Gasela de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsoni) és una de les gaseles més ben conegudes. Rep el nom de l'explorador Joseph Thomson .[1] Actualment n'hi ha unes 500.000[2] a l'Àfrica i a l'est del continent és el tipus de gasela més comuna.[1]

Descripció

 src=
Gaseles de Thomson al Serengeti

Aquesta espècie de gasela fa de 51 a 67 cm de llargada i pesa de 13a 24 kg (les femelles) i de 17a 29 kg (els mascles). El color del pelatge és marró clar i les parts de sota blanques amb una banda negra. Les seves banyes són llargues i amb una lleugera curvatura.

Ecologia i distribució

 src=
Femella

Les gaseles de Thomson viuen a les sabanes africanes i en terrenys herbosos, particularment al Serengeti de Kenya i Tanzània, també es poden trobar a Etiòpia, Somàlia i Sudan. La major part de l'aigua que necessiten prové de la vegetació que mengen. Aquestes gaseles s'ajunten amb altres ungulats com les zebres i normalment viuen i migren en ramats de centenars a milers de gaseles. Aquesta gasela és la presa principal del guepard.

Expectativa de vida

 src=
Gaseles de Thomson al cràter Ngorongoro de, Tanzània

En llibertat aquestes gaseles viuen de 10 a 15 anys, malgrat que són presa de molts animals com felins hiena i babuïns, la gran velocitat que poden atènyer les permet escapar en carreres llargues de la velocitat, rècord, del guepard.[3] La meitat de les gaseles Thomson que neixen moriran abans d'arribar a adultes.

Referències

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Commons (Galeria)
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Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Gasela de Thomson: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La Gasela de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsoni) és una de les gaseles més ben conegudes. Rep el nom de l'explorador Joseph Thomson . Actualment n'hi ha unes 500.000 a l'Àfrica i a l'est del continent és el tipus de gasela més comuna.

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Gazela Thomsonova ( Czech )

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Gazela Thomsonova (Eudorcas thomsonii) je jedna z nejznámějších gazel. Své jméno získala po průzkumníkovi Josephu Thomsonovi a je známá také pod jeho přezdívkou „tommy“.

Gazely Thomsonovy obývají africké savany a lokalitní pastviny, zvláště v Serengeti, oblasti Keni a Tanzanie, ačkoli je můžeme zpozorovat i v Etiopii, Somálsku a v Súdánu. Živí se především nízkou vegetací a trávou. Většinu k životu nezbytné vody získávají gazely Thomsonovy z potravy, což jim umožňuje delší dobu přežívat v oblastech, kde není žádná větší vodní plocha.

Synonyma

  • Gazella thomsonii
  • Gazella thomsoni
  • gazela masajská

Popis

Thompson's Gazelle.jpg

Gazely Thomsonovy jsou 60 - 90 cm vysoké, jejich tělo je dlouhé 80 - 110 cm a hmotnost se pohybuje mezi 13 - 16 kg. Srst na hřbetě má světle hnědou barvu a na bocích má černý pruh, který se táhne od přední až k zadní končetině. Břicho a okolí kolem řitního otvoru je bílé. Gazela Thomsonova bývá občas zaměňována se svou příbuznou gazelou Grantovu (Gazella granti), která jí je vzhledem poměrně dosti podobná. Mají také dlouhé a špičaté rohy, které jsou nepatrně zakřivené. Jejich ocas je 19 - 27 cm dlouhý a je zakončen černě. Tváře mají většinou bílé až na černý pruh na obou stranách, který se táhne od oka až téměř k čenichu. Gazely Thomsonovy jsou poměrně rychlá zvířata, což dokazuje i to, že při běhu před nebezpečím (zvláště gepardem) dokáží vyvinout rychlost 80 km/h.[2][3]

Nápadné jsou i její vysoké skoky, při kterých má jak přední, tak i zadní končetiny natažené. Těmito skoky se gazela také pokouší často postrašit predátory, kteří by chtěli případně zaútočit na mláďata. Gazely Thomsonovy se často shromažďují spolu s jinými savci, zvláště s pakoni a zebrami, přičemž využívají vzájemné ostražitosti.

Způsob života

 src=
Stádo gazel Thomsonových v Masai Mara, Keňa.

Gazely Thomsonovy se stejně jako ostatní gazely zdržují ve skupinách, které dělíme na několik druhů. První skupinou bychom mohli označit tzv. mládenecké skupiny, které tvoří několik nedospělých samců a které mohou čítat 5 až 200 jedinců. Další skupinou jsou skupiny samčí, které cestují přes skupiny samců. Nejznámější jsou však skupiny dospělých zvířat, které jsou tvořeny 1 samcem a 5 až 65 samicemi s mladými mláďaty. Samci mezi sebou často bojují a k boji používají své dlouhé rohy a snaží se si urvat nové území. To má za následek fakt, že se hranice teritorií mění téměř denně a samci si svá teritoria, která si značí močí nebo trusem, ale i odhrabáváním a rozrýváním půdy a cucháním keřů rohy, případně výměškem pachových žláz, tvrdě brání.

Za potravou se vydávají převážně brzo ráno a večer, kdy hledají převážně trávu, která tvoří celkem 90 % jejich potravy, v menší míře se živí i listy.

Před samotným pářením je období námluv, které může trvat circa 5 až 45 minut. Během této doby samec honí samici, než mu samice povolí spojit se s ní. Samice rodí po 5-6 měsících březosti jediné mládě, které se několik měsíců drží u své matky. Samice mohou mít ročně i dva vrhy, čímž se odlišují od většiny turovitých.

V přírodě se mohou gazely Thomsonovy dožít i 10 - 15 let. Jejich hlavními predátory jsou převážně velké kočkovité šelmy (lvi, levharti), hyeny, psi hyenovití nebo paviáni, občas se stávají přednostní kořistí gepardů. I přesto, že dokážou gepardi vyvinout vyšší rychlost než gazela, gazely Thomsonovy více a rychleji kličkují, díky čemuž se jim podaří nepříteli celkem často uniknout v dlouhých pronásledováních. Téměř polovina kolouchů padne kořistí nejrůznějším dravcům, než dosáhnou dospělosti. Gazely Thomsonovy jsou loveny i místními domorodci, pro které představují důležitý zdroj potravy.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Thomson's Gazelle na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004737.html
  3. BRYL, Marek; MATYÁŠTÍK, Tomáš. Rychlost savců - Savci, internetová encyklopedie [online]. Univerzita Palackého, upol.cz, 1998-2005. Dostupné online.

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Gazela Thomsonova: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Gazela Thomsonova (Eudorcas thomsonii) je jedna z nejznámějších gazel. Své jméno získala po průzkumníkovi Josephu Thomsonovi a je známá také pod jeho přezdívkou „tommy“.

Gazely Thomsonovy obývají africké savany a lokalitní pastviny, zvláště v Serengeti, oblasti Keni a Tanzanie, ačkoli je můžeme zpozorovat i v Etiopii, Somálsku a v Súdánu. Živí se především nízkou vegetací a trávou. Většinu k životu nezbytné vody získávají gazely Thomsonovy z potravy, což jim umožňuje delší dobu přežívat v oblastech, kde není žádná větší vodní plocha.

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Thomsongazelle ( Danish )

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Thomsongazellen (Eudorcas thomsonii), eller Thomsons gazelle, er en ret lille gazelle, der er udbredt i Afrika, hvor en bestand på mere end 550.000 især findes på sletter i Tanzania og Kenya.[1] Den betragtes som den mest almindelige gazelle i Østafrika.[2] Thomsongazellen er et vigtigt byttedyr for rovdyr. Ved regntid og tørtid vandrer den i store flokke, for at finde føde i nye områder.[3] Den er opkaldt efter den skotske opdagelsesrejsende Joseph Thomson (1858–1895), der spillede en vigtig rolle i kapløbet om Afrika.

Beskrivelse

Thomsongazellen er en lille graciøs gazelle med en skulderhøjde på 55–82 cm. Hanner vejer 20–35 kg, mens hunner vejer 15 – 25 kg.[4] Pelsen er på oversiden sandfarvet eller lysebrun, og sorte bånd langs siderne adskiller oversiden fra den hvide underside. Hovedet er rødbrunt med en sort blis og hvide øjenringe, der strækker sig videre ud mod snuden over et par sorte kindstriber.[3]

Begge køn har horn, der bøjer en smule bagud med fremadvendte spidser. De stærkt ringlede horn måler 25–43 cm hos hanner og 7–15 cm hos hunner. Hunner har dog skøre horn og nogle mangler horn.[4][5]

Noter

  1. ^ a b "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN's Rødliste. 2008. Hentet 2016-04-30.
  2. ^ "Thomson's Gazelle". African Wildlife Foundation.
  3. ^ a b Bengt Holst (2003), Politikens bog om pattedyr, side 372. Politikens Forlag. ISBN 87-567-6830-3.
  4. ^ a b Kingdon, J. (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (2nd udgave). London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. s. 563-4. ISBN 978-1-4729-2135-2.
  5. ^ Castelló, J.R. (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. s. 104-7. ISBN 978-1-4008-8065-2.

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Thomsongazelle: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Thomsongazellen (Eudorcas thomsonii), eller Thomsons gazelle, er en ret lille gazelle, der er udbredt i Afrika, hvor en bestand på mere end 550.000 især findes på sletter i Tanzania og Kenya. Den betragtes som den mest almindelige gazelle i Østafrika. Thomsongazellen er et vigtigt byttedyr for rovdyr. Ved regntid og tørtid vandrer den i store flokke, for at finde føde i nye områder. Den er opkaldt efter den skotske opdagelsesrejsende Joseph Thomson (1858–1895), der spillede en vigtig rolle i kapløbet om Afrika.

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Thomson-Gazelle ( German )

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 src=
Westliche Thomson-Gazelle (Eudorcas nasalis) im Ngorongoro-Krater

Als Thomson-Gazellen werden heute zwei Arten der Gazellenartigen bezeichnet, die in den ostafrikanischen Staaten Kenia und Tansania verbreitet sind. Bis zum Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts galten diese noch als eine einzige Art und wurden unter der wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnung Eudorcas thomsonii (früher Gazella thomsonii) geführt. Eine Revision der Hornträger, die Colin Peter Groves und Peter Grubb im Jahr 2011 veröffentlichten, spaltete die östliche von der westlichen Population ab. Folgende Arten werden heute unterschieden:[1][2]

Die Thomson-Gazelle ist nach dem schottischen Afrikaforscher Joseph Thomson benannt, der dem Erstbeschreiber der Östlichen Thomson-Gazelle, Albert Günther ein Gehörn aus dem östlichen Afrika überbrachte.[3] Westlich der Thomson-Gazellen, im Südsudan, kommt eine ähnliche Form, die Mongalla-Gazelle (Eudorcas albonotata) vor, die bisweilen als Unterart von Eudorcas thomsonii betrachtet wurde. Andererseits wurden die Thomson-Gazellen und Mongalla-Gazelle gelegentlich auch jeweils als Unterarten der Rotstirngazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons) aufgefasst.[1][4]

Thomson-Gazellen gehören zu den häufigsten und wohl auch zu den bekanntesten Vertretern der Gazellen. Sie erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 92 bis 107 cm, eine Schwanzlänge von 19 bis 26 cm und eine Schulterhöhe von 58 bis 76 cm. Das Körpergewicht variiert von 17 bis zu 24,5 kg. Mit den angegebenen Maßen zählen sie zu den kleineren Gazellen.[5] Männchen sind durchschnittlich größer als Weibchen. Im Vergleich zur Westlichen Thomson-Gazelle wird die Östliche Thomson-Gazelle deutlich größer. Beide Arten zeichnen sich durch eine fahl gelbbraune Oberseite und eine weißliche Unterseite aus. Beide Bereiche werden durch einen breiten, schwarzen Streifen an den Seiten voneinander gegrenzt. Das Gesicht markiert ein dunkler Streifen, der von den Augen über die Wangen läuft und innen von einem weißlichen Streifen begrenzt wird. Die Stirn und das mittlere Gesicht sind wiederum dunkel, ebenso wie der kurze Schwanz. Die Ohren sind mit 11 bis 12 cm Länge moderat groß und schmal. Beide Geschlechter tragen dicht beieinander stehende, geringelte Hörner. Die der Männchen sind etwa 30 cm lang mit einer Rekordlänge von 44 cm. Die Hörner der Weibchen erreichen nur 32 bis 39 % der Länge der Hörner der Männchen und sind dadurch deutlich kürzer, zudem schlanker und fragiler. Allgemein unterscheidet sich die westliche Art durch ein dunkleres Rückenfell, das einen rötlichen Einschlag besitzt, durch kontrastreichere Gesichtsstreifen und durch einen auffälligeren dunklen Nasenfleck von der östlichen.[2][1][4]

 src=
Westliche Thomson-Gazellen (Eudorcas nasalis) in Masai Mara, Kenia

Offene Savannen werden von diesen Tieren bevorzugt und dichtes Gebüsch vermieden. Die Tiere leben in Herden von etwa sechzig Tieren; in der Serengeti kann die Herdengröße sogar auf einige tausend Tiere anwachsen. Männchen sind territorial und beanspruchen jedes Weibchen, das ihr Revier betritt. Sie halten sich bevorzugt in solchen Regionen der Serengeti auf, deren Gras kurz ist. Dies ist vermutlich darauf zurückzuführen, dass das kürzere Gras ihren Prädatoren weniger Versteckmöglichkeiten bietet.[5]

Thomson-Gazellen kommen häufig in Gesellschaft von Grant-Gazellen und Impalas vor. Sie spielen im Ökosystem der Serengeti als zweithäufigstes Huftier nach dem Streifengnu eine wichtige Rolle, da sie eine bevorzugte Beute zahlreicher Raubtiere sind. So ernähren sich in der Serengeti Leoparden überwiegend von Thomson-Gazellen.[5] Vor allem dem Gepard fallen sie immer wieder zum Opfer. Ausgewachsene Tiere erreichen jedoch Geschwindigkeiten von 80 km/h.[4]

Thomson-Gazellen erreichen ein Lebensalter von bis zu zehn Jahren.[5]

Literatur

  • Colin Groves und Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, S. 1–317 (S. 175)
  • Colin P. Groves und David M. Leslie Jr.: Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants). In: Don E. Wilson und Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4, S. 649–650
  • C. A. Spinage: The Natural History of Antelopes. Croom Helm, London 1986, ISBN 0-7099-4441-1

Einzelbelege

  1. a b c Colin P. Groves und David M. Leslie Jr.: Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants). In: Don E. Wilson und Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4, S. 649–650
  2. a b Colin Groves und Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, S. 1–317 (S. 175)
  3. Albert Günther: Note on some East-African Antelopes supposed to be new. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14, 1884, S. 425–429 ([1])
  4. a b c Clare FitzGibbon und John Wilmshurst: Eudorcas thomsonii Thomson’s Gazelle. In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold und Jan Kalina (Hrsg.): Mammals of Africa Volume VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. Bloomsbury, London 2013, S. 361–369
  5. a b c d C. A. Spinage: The Natural History of Antelopes. Croom Helm, London 1986 (S. 62, 99, 192), ISBN 0-7099-4441-1

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Thomson-Gazelle: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Westliche Thomson-Gazelle (Eudorcas nasalis) im Ngorongoro-Krater

Als Thomson-Gazellen werden heute zwei Arten der Gazellenartigen bezeichnet, die in den ostafrikanischen Staaten Kenia und Tansania verbreitet sind. Bis zum Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts galten diese noch als eine einzige Art und wurden unter der wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnung Eudorcas thomsonii (früher Gazella thomsonii) geführt. Eine Revision der Hornträger, die Colin Peter Groves und Peter Grubb im Jahr 2011 veröffentlichten, spaltete die östliche von der westlichen Population ab. Folgende Arten werden heute unterschieden:

Westliche Thomson-Gazelle (Eudorcas nasalis (Lönnberg, 1908)); in Tansania und in Kenia im Serengeti-Ökosystem westlich des Ostafrikanischen Grabens; Östliche Thomson-Gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii (Günther, 1884)); im Kenia und Tansania östlich des Ostafrikanischen Grabens, etwa von der Region Nairobi und Kilimanjaro über Arusha, die Wembere-Ebenen bis Shinyanga;

Die Thomson-Gazelle ist nach dem schottischen Afrikaforscher Joseph Thomson benannt, der dem Erstbeschreiber der Östlichen Thomson-Gazelle, Albert Günther ein Gehörn aus dem östlichen Afrika überbrachte. Westlich der Thomson-Gazellen, im Südsudan, kommt eine ähnliche Form, die Mongalla-Gazelle (Eudorcas albonotata) vor, die bisweilen als Unterart von Eudorcas thomsonii betrachtet wurde. Andererseits wurden die Thomson-Gazellen und Mongalla-Gazelle gelegentlich auch jeweils als Unterarten der Rotstirngazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons) aufgefasst.

Thomson-Gazellen gehören zu den häufigsten und wohl auch zu den bekanntesten Vertretern der Gazellen. Sie erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 92 bis 107 cm, eine Schwanzlänge von 19 bis 26 cm und eine Schulterhöhe von 58 bis 76 cm. Das Körpergewicht variiert von 17 bis zu 24,5 kg. Mit den angegebenen Maßen zählen sie zu den kleineren Gazellen. Männchen sind durchschnittlich größer als Weibchen. Im Vergleich zur Westlichen Thomson-Gazelle wird die Östliche Thomson-Gazelle deutlich größer. Beide Arten zeichnen sich durch eine fahl gelbbraune Oberseite und eine weißliche Unterseite aus. Beide Bereiche werden durch einen breiten, schwarzen Streifen an den Seiten voneinander gegrenzt. Das Gesicht markiert ein dunkler Streifen, der von den Augen über die Wangen läuft und innen von einem weißlichen Streifen begrenzt wird. Die Stirn und das mittlere Gesicht sind wiederum dunkel, ebenso wie der kurze Schwanz. Die Ohren sind mit 11 bis 12 cm Länge moderat groß und schmal. Beide Geschlechter tragen dicht beieinander stehende, geringelte Hörner. Die der Männchen sind etwa 30 cm lang mit einer Rekordlänge von 44 cm. Die Hörner der Weibchen erreichen nur 32 bis 39 % der Länge der Hörner der Männchen und sind dadurch deutlich kürzer, zudem schlanker und fragiler. Allgemein unterscheidet sich die westliche Art durch ein dunkleres Rückenfell, das einen rötlichen Einschlag besitzt, durch kontrastreichere Gesichtsstreifen und durch einen auffälligeren dunklen Nasenfleck von der östlichen.

 src= Westliche Thomson-Gazellen (Eudorcas nasalis) in Masai Mara, Kenia

Offene Savannen werden von diesen Tieren bevorzugt und dichtes Gebüsch vermieden. Die Tiere leben in Herden von etwa sechzig Tieren; in der Serengeti kann die Herdengröße sogar auf einige tausend Tiere anwachsen. Männchen sind territorial und beanspruchen jedes Weibchen, das ihr Revier betritt. Sie halten sich bevorzugt in solchen Regionen der Serengeti auf, deren Gras kurz ist. Dies ist vermutlich darauf zurückzuführen, dass das kürzere Gras ihren Prädatoren weniger Versteckmöglichkeiten bietet.

Thomson-Gazellen kommen häufig in Gesellschaft von Grant-Gazellen und Impalas vor. Sie spielen im Ökosystem der Serengeti als zweithäufigstes Huftier nach dem Streifengnu eine wichtige Rolle, da sie eine bevorzugte Beute zahlreicher Raubtiere sind. So ernähren sich in der Serengeti Leoparden überwiegend von Thomson-Gazellen. Vor allem dem Gepard fallen sie immer wieder zum Opfer. Ausgewachsene Tiere erreichen jedoch Geschwindigkeiten von 80 km/h.

Thomson-Gazellen erreichen ein Lebensalter von bis zu zehn Jahren.

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Gasail MhicThòmais ( Scottish Gaelic )

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'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich[2] a tha ann an Gasail MhicThòmais (Beurla: Thomson's Gazelle, "tommy")[1] (Fionnlannais: Savannigaselli)[1]. Tha iad a' fuireach ann an Ceinia, Tansainìa agus Sudàn.

Dealbhan

Iomraidhean

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Retrieved [1, 10, 2015], from the Encyclopedia of Life,http://eol.org/.
  2. An Seotal: Briathrachas Gàidhlig air-loidhne airson teagasg tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig anns an àrd-sgoil. Leughte 9 Faoi. 2015

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Gasail MhicThòmais: Brief Summary ( Scottish Gaelic )

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'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich a tha ann an Gasail MhicThòmais (Beurla: Thomson's Gazelle, "tommy") (Fionnlannais: Savannigaselli). Tha iad a' fuireach ann an Ceinia, Tansainìa agus Sudàn.

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Thomson's gazelle ( Scots )

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The Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is ane o the best-kent gazelles. It is named efter explorer Joseph Thomson an is whiles referred tae as a "tommie".[2] It is considered bi some tae be a subspecies o the reid-frontit gazelle an wis formerly considered a member o the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, afore Eudorcas wis elevatit tae genus status.[3] Thomson's gazelles can be foond in nummers exceedin 500 thoosand[1] in Africae an are recognized as the maist common teep o gazelle in East Africae.[2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2018. Eudorcas thomsonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T8982A50188023. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A50188023.en. Downloaded on 18 December 2018.
  2. 2.0 2.1 http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/thomsonsgazelle
  3. Kingdon, Jonathan (1997) The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego and London. Pp. 411–413. (ISBN 0-12-408355-2)
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Thomson's gazelle: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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The Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is ane o the best-kent gazelles. It is named efter explorer Joseph Thomson an is whiles referred tae as a "tommie". It is considered bi some tae be a subspecies o the reid-frontit gazelle an wis formerly considered a member o the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, afore Eudorcas wis elevatit tae genus status. Thomson's gazelles can be foond in nummers exceedin 500 thoosand in Africae an are recognized as the maist common teep o gazelle in East Africae.

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தொம்சன் சிறுமான் ( Tamil )

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தொம்சன் சிறுமான் ("Thomson's gazelle", Eudorcas thomsonii) என்பது வனப்புமிக்க சிறுமான்களில் சிறப்பாக அறியப்பட்ட ஒன்று. இது ஆய்வாளர் ஜோசப் தொம்சன் என்பவரின் பெயரைப் பெற்றுள்ளது. சிலவேளை இது டொமி எனவும் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றது.[1]

உசாத்துணை

  • Gazelles and Their Relatives by Fritz Walther (1984)

வெளியிணைப்பு

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தொம்சன் சிறுமான்: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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தொம்சன் சிறுமான் ("Thomson's gazelle", Eudorcas thomsonii) என்பது வனப்புமிக்க சிறுமான்களில் சிறப்பாக அறியப்பட்ட ஒன்று. இது ஆய்வாளர் ஜோசப் தொம்சன் என்பவரின் பெயரைப் பெற்றுள்ளது. சிலவேளை இது டொமி எனவும் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றது.

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Thomson's gazelle

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Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best known species of gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie".[2] It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, before Eudorcas was elevated to genus status.[3]

Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 200,000[1] in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa. A small fast antelope, the Thomson's gazelle is claimed to have top speeds up to 80–90 km/h (50–55 mph). It is the fourth-fastest land animal, after the cheetah (its main predator), pronghorn, and springbok.[2]

Taxonomy and etymology

The current scientific name of Thomson's gazelle is Eudorcas thomsonii. It is a member of the genus Eudorcas and is classified under the family Bovidae. Thomson's gazelle was first described by British zoologist Albert Günther in 1884.[4] The relationships between Thomson's gazelle and the congeneric Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) remain disputed; while some authors such as Alan W. Gentry of the (Natural History Museum, London) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle,[4][5] others (such as Colin Groves) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a full species.[6] Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon treated Heuglin's gazelle, sometimes considered a species of Eudorcas (E. tilonura) or a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle (E. r. tilonura), as a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle.[7] Thomson's gazelle is named after the Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson; the first recorded use of the name dates to 1897.[8] Another common name for the gazelle is "tommy".[9]

Gazella The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella isabella (white background).png

Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) The book of antelopes (1894) Antilope cervicapra (white background).png

Eudorcas

Red-fronted gazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella rufifrons (white background).png

Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella thomsoni white background.png

Nanger

Soemmerring's gazelle (Nanger soemmerringii) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella soemmerringi (white background).png

Grant's gazelle (N. granti) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella granti (white background).png

Dama gazelle (N. dama) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella mhorr (white background).png

Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) The book of antelopes (1894) Lithocranius walleri (white background).png

Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) The book of antelopes (1894) Antidorcas euchore (white background).png

Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, and Nanger form a clade within their tribe Antilopini. A 1999 phylogenetic analysis showed that Antilope is the closest sister taxon to Gazella,[10] although the earliest phylogeny, proposed in 1976, placed Antilope as sister to Nanger.[11] In a more recent revision of the phylogeny of the Antilopini on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the University of Cambridge) and colleagues constructed a cladogram that clearly depicted the close relationship between Nanger and Eudorcas. Antilope and Gazella were found to have a similar relationship.[12][13]

Two subspecies are identified:[6][14]

Description

A close-up of a male Thomson's gazelle: males have horns that are thicker and longer than those of the female.

Thomson's gazelle is a relatively small gazelle; it stands 60–70 cm (24–28 in) at the shoulder. Males weigh 20–35 kg (44–77 lb), while the slightly lighter females weigh 15–25 kg (33–55 lb). Facial characteristics of the gazelle include white rings around the eyes, black stripes running from a corner of the eye to the nose, rufous stripes running from the horns to the nose, a dark patch on the nose, and a light forehead.[15][16]

A Thomson's gazelle: Note the facial markings and the dark lateral stripe.

The coat is sandy brown to rufous; a black band runs across the flanks, from the upper foreleg to just above the upper hind leg. A buff band occurs above the black stripe. Short, black streaks mark the white rump. The black tail measures 15–27 cm (5.9–10.6 in). Males have well-developed preorbital glands near the eyes, which are used for scent-marking territories. Both sexes possess horns that curve slightly backward with the tips facing forward. The horns, highly ringed, measure 25–43 cm (9.8–16.9 in) in males and 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in females. However, females have more fragile horns; some are even hornless.[7][15] Grant's gazelle is very similar to Thomson's gazelle, but can be differentiated by its larger size and the white patch on the rump extending top over the tail.[16]

The two subspecies differ in their appearance. The eastern Thomson's gazelle is the larger of the two, with fainter facial markings. The Serengeti Thomson's gazelle has a whiter face with more conspicuous markings. The horns of females are shorter than those of males to a greater degree in the eastern Thomson's gazelle and the horns are more divergent in the eastern Thomson gazelle.[6]

Ecology

Gazelle herd

Thomson's gazelle lives in East Africa's savannas and grassland habitats, particularly the Serengeti region of Kenya and Tanzania. It has narrow habitat preferences, preferring short grassland with dry, sturdy foundation.[17] It does, however, migrate into tall grassland and dense woodland.[17] Gazelles are mixed feeders.[17] In the wet seasons, they eat mainly fresh grasses,[18] but during the dry seasons, they eat more browse,[18] particularly foliage from woody plants bushes and herbaceous forbs.[17]

Doe defending dead fawn from eastern imperial eagle
A cheetah with a Thomson's gazelle carcass. Cheetahs are one of the main predators of Thomson's gazelle.

Thomson's gazelles are dependent on short grass.[18] Their numbers can be highly concentrated at the beginning of the rains when the grass grows quickly.[18] In the Serengeti, they follow the larger herbivores, such as plains zebras and blue wildebeests as they mow down the taller grasses.[18] In the wild, Thomson's gazelles can live 10–15 years. Their major predators are cheetahs, which are able to attain higher speeds, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more quickly.[19] This small antelope can run extremely fast, up to 80 km/h (50 mph),[20] and zigzag, an adaptation which often saves it from predators. Sometimes, they are also taken by leopards, lions, African wild dogs, hyenas, Nile crocodiles and African rock pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.

Social behavior

Two male gazelles in an agonistic display with females nearby
Gazelle marking grass with its preorbital gland

During the wet season, a time when grass is abundant, adult male gazelles graze extensively. They spread out more and establish breeding territories.[21] Younger males usually spend their time in bachelor groups, and are prevented from entering the territories.[22] Females form migratory groups that enter the males' territories, mostly the ones with the highest-quality resources.[22] As the female groups pass through and forage, the territorial males may try to herd them, and are usually successful in preventing single females from leaving, but not whole groups.[17][22] Subadult males usually establish dominance through actual combat, while adults are more likely to do rituals.[17] If a bachelor male should be passing through a territorial male's region, the male will chase the offender out of his territory.[17]

When patrolling his territory, a male may use his horns to gore the grass, soil, or a bush.[23] Males also mark grass stems with their preorbital glands, which emit a dark secretion.[17][23] Territories of different males may share a boundary. When territorial males meet at the border of their territories, they engage in mock fights in which they rush towards each other as if they are about to clash, but without touching.[23] After this, they graze in a frontal position, then in parallel and then in reverse, and move away from each other while constantly grazing.[23] These rituals have no victor, but merely maintain the boundaries of the territories.[23] Territorial males usually do not enter another male's territory. If a male is chasing an escaping female, he will stop the chase if she runs into another territory, but the neighboring male will continue the chase.[23]

Reproduction and parental care

Male gazelle mounting a female
Fawn hiding in the grass

A male gazelle follows a female and sniffs her urine to find out if she is in estrus, a process known as the Flehmen response.[24] If so, he continues to court and mount her.[23] Females leave the herd to give birth to single fawns after a five- to six-month gestation period.[25] Birthing predominantly occurs after the rainy season, with newborn fawns weighing 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb).[26] They give birth twice yearly with one or two fawns.[18] When giving birth, a female gazelle crouches as the newborn fawn drops to the ground, tearing the umbilical cord.[27] The mother then licks the fawn clean of amniotic fluid and tissues.[27] In addition, licking possibly also serves to stimulate the fawn's blood circulation, or to "label" it so its mother can recognize it by scent.[27]

In the first six hours of the fawn's life, it moves and rests with its mother, but eventually spends more time away from its mother or hides in the grass.[27] The mother stays in the vicinity of the fawn and returns to nurse it daily. Mother and fawn may spend an hour together before the fawn goes and lies back down to wait for the next nursing.[27] Mother gazelles may associate with other gazelle mothers, but the fawns do not gather into "kindergartens".[27] Mothers defend their young against jackals and baboons, but not against larger predators. Sometimes, a female can fend off a male baboon by headbutting him with her horns to defend her fawn.

Females exhibit pre-retrieval peaks in maternal vigilance. This behavior is conspicuous. Females all but cease other activities in favor of vigilance. They move slowly in the direction of the fawn’s hiding spot, stopping frequently to scan the environment. Several females in our observations engaged in “sham” feeding behavior, in which they lowered their heads to the ground as if to feed before quickly raising them back up to scan. In one instance, a female appeared to actively search for predators by climbing to the top of a slight hill to scan prior to approaching her fawn’s hiding spot.[28]

As the fawn approaches two months of age, it spends more time with its mother and less time hiding. Eventually, it stops hiding.[27] Around this time, the fawn starts eating solid food, but continues to nurse from its mother.[27] The pair also joins a herd. Young female gazelles may associate with their mothers as yearlings.[27] Young males may also follow their mothers, but as they reach adolescence, they are noticed by territorial males, so cannot follow their mothers into territories. The mother may follow and stay with him, but eventually stops following him when he is driven away; the male will then join a bachelor group.[27]

Physiological adaptations

In an experiment studying the effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility, Thomson’s gazelle exhibited metabolic adaptations for desert environments. When exposed to heat stress alone, neither the food intake nor digestion of Thomson’s gazelle was affected.[29] Compared to some other East African ruminant species that did change their food intake and digestion in response to heat stress, Thomson’s gazelle appears relatively well-adapted to periodic heat stress.[29] However, Thomson’s gazelle is a water-dependent species, and when exposed to dehydration, its food intake decreased. Food intake was further depressed when gazelles were exposed to dehydration in addition to heat stress. Some of this reduction can be attributed to decreased metabolism, which can help the animals conserve water.[29] In another study comparing Thomson’s gazelles and Grant’s gazelles in foraging and behaviors to avoid predators, it was found that Thomson’s gazelle adjusted its diet during drought to eat more trees and shrubs of Acacia species rather than undigestible dried grasses.[30] Acacia species are high in tannins, anti-nutritional factors that can decrease metabolic performance.[30] However, gazelles appear to have the ability to detoxify and metabolize some tannins and moderate levels of condensed tannins may even be beneficial to ruminants by increasing amino acid absorption in the gut.[31][32]

Status

Male gazelle with females

The population estimate is around 550,000. The population had declined 60% from 1978 to 2005.[33] Threats to Thomson's gazelles are habitat modification, fire management, and road development.[1] Surveys have reported steep declines (60-70%) over periods of about 20 years dating from the late 1970s in several places, including the main strongholds for the species: Serengeti, Masai Mara, and Ngorongoro.[1]

Cultural references

References to the Thomson's gazelle were an occasional running gag in Monty Python's Flying Circus.

The 2016 Disney film Zootopia features an anthropomorphic Thomson's gazelle pop star, voiced by Shakira.

The Thomson's gazelle served as the inspiration for Alexander McQueen's 1997 Autumn/Winter collection, It's a Jungle Out There.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2018. Eudorcas thomsonii (errata version published in 2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T8982A172360006. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A172360006.en. Downloaded on 18 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Thomson's Gazelle". African Wildlife Foundation. 2013-02-22.
  3. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. San Diego and London:Academic Press. pp. 411–413. (ISBN 0-12-408355-2)
  4. ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 679. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. ^ "Eudorcas albonotata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  7. ^ a b Kingdon, J. (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (2nd ed.). London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 563–4. ISBN 978-1-4729-2135-2.
  8. ^ "Thomson's Gazelle". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  9. ^ Kingdon, J. (1989). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Vol. 3. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 403–13. ISBN 978-0-226-43725-5.
  10. ^ Rebholz, W.; Harley, E. (July 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships in the bovid subfamily Antilopinae based on mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 12 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0586. PMID 10381312.
  11. ^ Effron, M.; Bogart, M. H.; Kumamoto, A. T.; Benirschke, K. (1976). "Chromosome studies in the mammalian subfamily Antilopinae". Genetica. 46 (4): 419–44. doi:10.1007/BF00128089. S2CID 23227689.
  12. ^ Bärmann, E.V.; Rössner, G.E.; Wörheide, G. (2013). "A revised phylogeny of Antilopini (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) using combined mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (2): 484–93. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.015. PMID 23485920.
  13. ^ Considine, G.D.; Kulik, P.H., eds. (2008). Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia (10th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-471-74398-9.
  14. ^ "Eudorcas thomsonii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  15. ^ a b Castelló, J.R. (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 104–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-8065-2.
  16. ^ a b Foley, C.; Foley, L.; Lobora, A.; De Luca, D.; Msuha, M.; Davenport, T.R.B.; Durant, S.M. (2014). A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4008-5280-2.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pgs. 70-75
  18. ^ a b c d e f Kingdon, J. (1979). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part. D: Bovids. University Chicago Press, Chicago pgs. 403–413.
  19. ^ "Cheetah cubs vs gazelle - BBC wildlife". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
  20. ^ Natural History Magazine (March 1974). The American Museum of Natural History; and James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society
  21. ^ Walther, F. R. (1977). "Sex and Activity Dependency of Distances Between Thomson's Gazelles (Gazella Thomsoni Gunther 1884)". Animal Behaviour. 25 (3): 713–719. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(77)90120-8. S2CID 53181151.
  22. ^ a b c Jarman, P. J. (1974). "The Social Organization of Antelope in Relation to their Ecology". Behaviour. 48 (3–4): 215–267. doi:10.1163/156853974x00345. S2CID 83588927.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Walther, Fritz (1995). In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 1; "Short-tail and Roman", pp. 1-37. Indiana University Press.
  24. ^ Hart, Lynette A.; Hart, Benjamin L. (1987). "Species-specific patterns of urine investigation and flehmen in Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), Thomson's gazelle (G. thomsoni), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Taurotragus oryx)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 101 (4): 299–304. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.101.4.299.
  25. ^ Estes, R. D. (1967). "The Comparative Behavior of Grant's and Thomson's Gazelles". Journal of Mammalogy. 48 (2): 189–209. doi:10.2307/1378022. JSTOR 1378022.
  26. ^ Warth, J.; Desforges, J. F. (March 1975). "Determinants of intracellular pH in the erythrocyte". British Journal of Haematology. 29 (3): 369–372. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb01833.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 34. S2CID 32497568.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Walther, Fritz (1995). In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 6: "On mothers and their young", pp. 94-113. Indiana University Press.
  28. ^ Costelloe, Blair R.; Rubenstein, Daniel I. (2018). "Temporal structuring of vigilance behavior by female Thomson's gazelles with hidden fawns". 1. Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 2. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University.
  29. ^ a b c Maloiy, G. M. O.; Kanui, T. I.; Towett, P. K.; Wambugu, S. N.; Miaron, J. O.; Wanyoike, M. M. (October 2008). "Effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility in East African ruminants". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 151 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.019. ISSN 1531-4332. PMID 18644247.
  30. ^ a b Rautiainen, Heidi (2015). "Foraging and anti-predation behavior of Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) and Grant's gazelles (Gazella granti) at a waterhole". S2CID 54967317. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ McKie, M. R, Brown, D. L., Melesse, A. and Odenyo, A. A. 2004. Rumen microbes from African ruminants can degrade Acacia angustissima diamino acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 117:179-195.
  32. ^ McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L. A. and Wilkinson, R. G. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th edition. London: Prentice Hall.
  33. ^ East, R. (1999). African Antelope Database IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  34. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2015). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin. New York, USA: Simon & Schuster. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4767-7673-6.
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Thomson's gazelle: Brief Summary

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Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best known species of gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, before Eudorcas was elevated to genus status.

Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 200,000 in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa. A small fast antelope, the Thomson's gazelle is claimed to have top speeds up to 80–90 km/h (50–55 mph). It is the fourth-fastest land animal, after the cheetah (its main predator), pronghorn, and springbok.

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Eudorcas thomsonii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La gacela de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) es una especie de mamífero bóvido perteneciente al género Eudorcas.[2]​ Es uno de los más ágiles y elegantes antílopes y forma grandes rebaños que viven cerca de alguna fuente de agua en prados de África septentrional. Su nombre se debe a Joseph Thomson, explorador escocés del siglo XIX.

Es la especie de gacela más común y uno de los principales pilares del sustento de depredadores como el cocodrilo, león, leopardo y el guepardo. Su número es aproximadamente de quinientos mil ejemplares.

Características

Tiene el dorso de color marrón dorado y las partes inferiores blancas con una franja negra muy distintiva que recorre su costado, su principal diferencia con la gacela de Grant, cuyo aspecto es muy similar; además estas bandas oscuras le sirven para desdibujar su contorno. De esta manera, se le hace más difícil al depredador descubrirlas de lejos. Tanto los machos como las hembras tienen cuernos curvados levemente hacia atrás, con protuberancias a modo de anillos. Pesa alrededor de 20 o 30 kg y mide de 60 a 65 cm a la altura de la cruz. En África, es el segundo animal más veloz después del guepardo, ya que alcanza los 80 km/h. Su longevidad es de diez a quince años.

Costumbres

La gacela de Thomson vive en los pastizales de las sábanas en Tanzania y Kenia y en zonas de matorrales más secas de Sudán. Es gregaria y se mueve en rebaños de hasta doscientos animales. En cada rebaño hay una definida jerarquía social: los machos adultos suelen permanecer apartados de los machos inmaduros, en tanto que las hembras constituyen grupos más unidos. Debe estar siempre alerta a cualquier señal u olor de sus numerosos enemigos, de los cuales el más temible es el guepardo. Aunque se asusta fácilmente, puede verse a estas gacelas pastando tranquilamente a la vista de una manada de leones que dormitan.

Alimentación

Gazella thomsonii Thomsons Gazelle in Tanzania 2573 Nevit.jpg

La mayoría de las gacelas se alimentan de una variedad de plantas: la de Thomson, principalmente de hierba. Durante la estación lluviosa en la sabana, el 90 % de su dieta consiste en hierba. En la estación seca, abandona los prados secos y se refugia en zonas de matorral. Allí adapta la dieta y come brotes y hojas nuevas de arbustos como el baobab y matas. Para comer, la gacela corta la hierba con sus afilados incisivos. Mastica cada bocado minuciosamente antes de tragarlo. Como todos los rumiantes, tiene un eficiente sistema digestivo: traga la comida y la digiere en el rumen (primer estómago) antes de regurgitarla y mascarla otra vez. Después, vuelve a tragar la comida que pasa por tres estómagos más, para extraer todas las sustancias nutritivas de la hierba.

Reproducción

 src=
Cría de gacela oculta entre la hierba
 src=
Macho comprobando la fertilidad de la hembra

La gacela de Thomson cría a lo largo de todo el año aunque, en ciertas zonas, los nacimientos coinciden con el periodo de comida abundante. En la época de apareamiento, los machos adultos delimitan su territorio con orina, deposiciones y un olor muy fuerte producido por las glándulas próximas a los ojos. Los territorios suelen ser pequeños: apenas unos 300 metros separan a los machos que compiten por la atención de las hembras.

A pesar de su delicado aspecto, la gacela de Thomson es agresiva. Pelea con ferocidad en caso de que un macho invada su territorio. Ambos contendientes miden sus fuerzas, la cabeza baja y los cuerpos trabados. Al final, uno de ellos abandonará el territorio. Los machos inmaduros se adiestran peleando uno contra otro en un combate simulado, pero las peleas entre adultos pueden llegar a ser violentas una vez marcado su territorio, ya que el macho se aparea con cualquier hembra que entre allí. A veces incluso reúne y conduce un grupo de hembras hasta su territorio.

El proceso de apareamiento comienza cuando la gacela macho sigue a una hembra oliendo su orina para comprobar si está en celo; si es así, el macho procederá a montar a la hembra. La gestación dura de 5 a 6 meses; luego la hembra se retira a corta distancia del rebaño y da a luz una sola cría. Durante la primera semana de vida, el recién nacido es de color pardo oscuro y permanece camuflado en la hierba, oculto a los ojos de los depredadores.

Relación con el hombre

 src=
Rebaño de gacelas de Thomson en el parque nacional Masái Mara, Kenia

El hombre siempre ha utilizado la gacela como alimento y, en tiempos más recientes, la caza como trofeo. En consecuencia, su número, actualmente estimado en unos quinientos mil, disminuyó en un 60 % desde 1978 hasta 2005, aunque sigue siendo muy común sobre todo en áreas protegidas como el Parque nacional Serengueti y Masái Mara. La mayor amenaza contra la gacela de Thomson no proviene del cazador, sino del ganadero. Las ovejas, cabras y vacas domésticas comen lo mismo que la gacela. Compiten, pues, por el alimento y el agua. El aumento de las tierras de pastoreo y del consumo de agua podría reducir su número. Asimismo, durante sus migraciones estacionales, tropiezan con los cercados para encerrar el ganado en lo que antes eran campos abiertos.

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Eudorcas thomsonii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de maya de 2011.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Véase también

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Eudorcas thomsonii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La gacela de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) es una especie de mamífero bóvido perteneciente al género Eudorcas.​ Es uno de los más ágiles y elegantes antílopes y forma grandes rebaños que viven cerca de alguna fuente de agua en prados de África septentrional. Su nombre se debe a Joseph Thomson, explorador escocés del siglo XIX.

Es la especie de gacela más común y uno de los principales pilares del sustento de depredadores como el cocodrilo, león, leopardo y el guepardo. Su número es aproximadamente de quinientos mil ejemplares.

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Eudorcas thomsonii ( Basque )

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Eudorcas thomsonii Eudorcas generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Antilopinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Günther (1884) 14 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 427. or..
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Eudorcas thomsonii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Eudorcas thomsonii Eudorcas generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Antilopinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Thomsoningaselli ( Finnish )

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Thomsoningaselli (Eudorcas thomsonii,[2] aiemmin Gazella thomsonii) on keskikokoinen itäafrikkalainen gaselli, jolla on solakat raajat ja siro ruumis. Sitä tavataan suhteellisen yleisesti etenkin Tansaniassa, Keniassa ja Etelä-Sudanissa.[3] Sitä pidetäänkin elinvoimaisena lajina.[1]

Thomsoningaselli on 80–120 senttimetriä pitkä, ja sen häntä on lisäksi 15–27 senttimetriä. Sen säkäkorkeus on 66–82 senttimetriä.[3]

Thomsoningasellin turkki on ylhäältä vaaleanruskea ja alta valkoinen. Kupeella on leveä musta juova, naama on raidallinen ja silmien ympärys valkoinen. Thomsoningasellin sarvet ovat poikkiharjanteiset, takaviistossa, ja niiden kärjet taipuvat eteenpäin. Sekä uroksella että naaraalla on sarvet, mutta uroksen sarvet ovat pitemmät ja paksummat. Urokset käyttävät sarviaan taisteluissa reviiristä, jolloin ne voivat aiheuttaa toisilleen vakaviakin vammoja.[3]

Thomsoningaselli syö heinää, ruohoa, pensaiden lehtiä ja siemeniä. Naaras synnyttää kahdesti vuodessa yhden vasikan. Naaras on sukukypsä yhdeksän kuukauden iässä ja uros 3-vuotiaana. Thomsoningaselli elää luonnossa 10 vuotta ja tarhassa 16 vuotta.[3]

Thomsoningaselli vaeltaa laumoissa, jotka ovat joskus yli 60 yksilön suuruiset. Jotkin urokset elävät yksin omalla reviirillään. Lajin vaarana ovat etenkin kissaeläimet ja villikoirat. Kun yksi lauman jäsen havaitsee saalistajan, koko lauma alkaa lähestyä vaaraa yhtenä joukkona, jolloin peto ei pääse yllätyshyökkäykseen. Jos peto hyökkää, lauma säntäilee sinne tänne hämätäkseen saalistajaa.[3]

Lähteet

  1. a b c Eudorcas thomsonii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi) Viittausvirhe: Virheellinen -elementti; nimi ”IUCN” on määritetty usean kerran eri sisällöillä
  2. Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Eudorcas thomsonii Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 29.11.2010. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c d e Morris, Pat & Beer, Amy-Jane: Siilistä sarvikuonoon : Maailman nisäkkäitä, s. 98–101. (Encyclopedia of Mammals). Suomentanut Iiris Kalliola. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 2004. ISBN 951-1190679.
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Thomsoningaselli: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Thomsoningaselli (Eudorcas thomsonii, aiemmin Gazella thomsonii) on keskikokoinen itäafrikkalainen gaselli, jolla on solakat raajat ja siro ruumis. Sitä tavataan suhteellisen yleisesti etenkin Tansaniassa, Keniassa ja Etelä-Sudanissa. Sitä pidetäänkin elinvoimaisena lajina.

Thomsoningaselli on 80–120 senttimetriä pitkä, ja sen häntä on lisäksi 15–27 senttimetriä. Sen säkäkorkeus on 66–82 senttimetriä.

Thomsoningasellin turkki on ylhäältä vaaleanruskea ja alta valkoinen. Kupeella on leveä musta juova, naama on raidallinen ja silmien ympärys valkoinen. Thomsoningasellin sarvet ovat poikkiharjanteiset, takaviistossa, ja niiden kärjet taipuvat eteenpäin. Sekä uroksella että naaraalla on sarvet, mutta uroksen sarvet ovat pitemmät ja paksummat. Urokset käyttävät sarviaan taisteluissa reviiristä, jolloin ne voivat aiheuttaa toisilleen vakaviakin vammoja.

Thomsoningaselli syö heinää, ruohoa, pensaiden lehtiä ja siemeniä. Naaras synnyttää kahdesti vuodessa yhden vasikan. Naaras on sukukypsä yhdeksän kuukauden iässä ja uros 3-vuotiaana. Thomsoningaselli elää luonnossa 10 vuotta ja tarhassa 16 vuotta.

Thomsoningaselli vaeltaa laumoissa, jotka ovat joskus yli 60 yksilön suuruiset. Jotkin urokset elävät yksin omalla reviirillään. Lajin vaarana ovat etenkin kissaeläimet ja villikoirat. Kun yksi lauman jäsen havaitsee saalistajan, koko lauma alkaa lähestyä vaaraa yhtenä joukkona, jolloin peto ei pääse yllätyshyökkäykseen. Jos peto hyökkää, lauma säntäilee sinne tänne hämätäkseen saalistajaa.

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Gazelle de Thomson ( French )

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Eudorcas thomsonii

La Gazelle de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii), Swala tomi en swahili, est une espèce de gazelle de la famille des bovidés. Elle tient son nom de celui de l'explorateur écossais Joseph Thomson. Elle est également appelée Thommie.

La gazelle de Thomson est une petite gazelle, et elle se trouve uniquement en Afrique de l'Est au Kenya, en Tanzanie, au sud du Soudan et au sud de l'Éthiopie.

Morphologie et physiologie

La gazelle de Thomson mesure de 55 à 82 cm au garrot[3], avec une moyenne de 67 cm de haut au garrot pour l'espèce ; les mâles sont plus grands que les femelles. La longueur du corps est de 80 cm à 120 cm (100 cm en moyenne). Elle pèse de 20 à 35 kg (27 kg en moyenne) pour les mâles contre 13 à 25 kg (18 kg en moyenne) pour les femelles. Le mâle a des cornes droites et annelées de 30 cm de long, la femelle possède de petites cornes fines et droites de 10 cm.

Elle a de longues pattes fines et légères avec des sabots frêles et très pointus. Son corps est mince, compact et court avec une petite tête. Les os fins sont légers, la colonne vertébrale est très flexible. Ses poumons et son cœur sont très développés. Enfin la gazelle est dotée d'une grande capacité respiratoire VO2max (volume d'oxygène inspiré à l'effort).

La gazelle de Thomson est en 3 couleurs distinctes, elle a un pelage fauve sur le dos, blanc sur le ventre avec une bande noire oblique caractéristique sur le flanc. Ces couleurs claires ont une utilité : vivant dans les régions chaudes et sèches, elles lui permettent de réfléchir un maximum les rayons du soleil, éviter de transpirer, et donc économiser l'eau de son corps.

La durée de vie de l'espèce est de dix ans dans la nature et jusqu'à dix-huit ans en captivité.

Reproduction

 src=
Combat entre deux mâles gazelles de Thomson

Dès que le rut revient avec les pluies, en avril-mai, les mâles marquent les lisières en urinant et déféquant sur le sol nu. Ils frottent les herbes avec les sécrétions odorantes de leur glande préorbitale (au coin de l'œil). Malgré son apparence fragile, cette antilope est assez querelleuse, les combats entre mâles peuvent être violents.

Tout l'espace est ainsi découpé en une mosaïque de domaines où circulent les bandes de jeunes et de femelles. Chaque mâle s'évertue à retenir une femelle de passage. La saison des amours revient deux fois par an.

La gestation des gazelles de Thomson est d'environ cinq à six mois avec une portée généralement d'un seul, mais parfois deux jeunes. Les femelles redeviennent fécondes deux ou trois semaines après la mise bas.

Le faon naît souvent vers midi, quand dorment les fauves, et à l'écart du troupeau. La mise bas dure à peine dix minutes. La mère, qui s'était allongée pour mettre bas, se relève en plein travail. Sitôt que sa mère l'a léché, le nouveau-né finit de sécher. En s'éloignant de lui, elle détourne l'attention des fauves. Dix minutes après la naissance, il tente déjà de se lever. La première tétée a lieu un quart d'heure après la mise bas. C'est le bébé qui prend l'initiative. La mère toujours sur le qui-vive, évite de se coucher pour l'aider et le laisse s'autonomiser rapidement.

Comportement

La gazelle de Thomson peut courir jusqu'à 70 km/h environ[3] ou même 80 km/h[4]. Elle a la particularité de courir extrêmement vite en ligne droite ou en zigzaguant lorsqu'elle est poursuivie par le guépard (le plus rapide des carnivores), elle sait prendre des virages très serrés et tenir la distance, tel qu'elle arrive souvent grâce à ses techniques à lui échapper. Elle pratique des sauts allant jusqu'à 2 mètres en hauteur et jusqu'à 6 mètres en longueur. Très énergique, les « Thommies » s'amusent quotidiennement au jeu de saute-mouton et font des séries de sauts (appelé « Pronking ») à des hauteurs variables d'un à deux mètres à la verticale tout en courant à vive allure.

La gazelle de Thomson a une très bonne vue, une bonne ouïe, un bon odorat et peut repérer un prédateur à 300 mètres de distance. Très nerveuse, elle est souvent sur le qui-vive. A la moindre alarme d'une d'entre elles, c'est la fuite précipitée de toutes les gazelles.

Chaque année, lors de la grande migration entre le Kenya et la Tanzanie, les crocodiles du Nil et les autres prédateurs sont une menace pour les gazelles de Thomson et les autres herbivores de la savane.

Prédateurs

 src=
Elle a une technique de fuite efficace pour décourager ses prédateurs, qui se résume à courir extrêmement vite en zigzaguant

En cas de danger, les gazelles de Thomson courent extrêmement vite (72 km/h), elles sont suffisamment rapides et agiles pour échapper aux lions, aux hyènes tachetées, aux lycaons et aux léopards. Agiles, elles peuvent bondir jusqu'à 2 mètres de hauteur et 6 mètres de longueur pour avertir leurs prédateurs. Les gazelles malades, âgées, blessées, femelles en pleine gestation ou les faons constituent les proies idéales des lions, hyènes tachetées, léopards, guépards et lycaons et même de prédateurs plus petits comme les chacals et les caracals.

Près d'une rivière, les gazelles de Thomson peuvent être surprises et devenir la proie des lionnes et des léopards, mais ses prédateurs chassent à l'affût et ne peuvent pas la poursuivre très longtemps. Les gazelles de Thomson vivent seulement en terrain découvert (savane), là ou les lionnes et les léopards n'ont aucune chance de rattraper une gazelle de Thomson en bonne condition physique. Le problème avec les bords de rivière glissants et escarpés, c'est qu'ils sont dangereux et inadaptés à ses pattes fines et fragiles ainsi qu'à ses petits sabots, de ce fait une lionne ou une panthère qui elle possède des pattes plus larges et robustes, peuvent la rattraper sur ce type de terrain meuble. La gazelle peut se jeter à l'eau, même à fort courant, elle est plutôt bonne nageuse, mais elle craint néanmoins le crocodile qui est plus rapide qu'elle à la nage, dans l'eau elle n'a aucune défense contre lui.

Parmi les grands félins, il y a principalement les guépards, les seuls prédateurs à pouvoir rivaliser en vitesse[5],[6], mais aussi leurs jeunes. Sous la surveillance de sa mère, un jeune guépard poursuit un faon qu'elle lui a « confié ». Le félin adolescent reste hésitant et gauche. Imbattable à la course en ligne droite, le guépard a pourtant du mal à suivre les zigzags de cette gazelle ; sur une distance plus longue que 400 mètres, il est largement dépassé par la gazelle de Thomson qui peut courir à sa vitesse maximale pendant 1 à 2 kilomètres puis ralentit à une vitesse inférieure (40 km/h) et s'épuise finalement après 4 à 5 kilomètres de course. Sa course est supérieure à la majorité des félins et carnivores (sauf guépard pour la pointe) ainsi qu'aux antilopes de forêts (guibs, bongos) et s'explique par sa taille et son environnement[7]. À noter aussi qu'avec le guépard, elle laisse une distance de sécurité plus grande qu'avec les autres prédateurs.

Le guépard finit par la renverser d'un coup de patte. Il n'est pas rare que leur mère aille elle-même chercher un faon et le rapporte vivant dans sa gueule pour que ses petits s'exercent à le capturer et à l'étrangler.

La gazelle de Thomson peut se défendre et aussi protéger son petit contre les attaques de babouins, aigles, caracals, servals et chacals, elle est très agressive et ne craint que les grands prédateurs face auxquels elle est obligée de prendre la fuite. Le python peut également tuer et dévorer une gazelle de Thomson adulte.

Habitat et alimentation

 src=
Gazelles de Thomson

Du nord de la Tanzanie au sud du Kenya, les troupes de gazelles de Thomson résidentes ou erratiques se déplacent au gré des pluies et des pâtures, mais ne migrent jamais si vite que leurs voisins les gnous et les zèbres. Car elles n'ont pas besoin de hautes herbes pour brouter. Leur menu est plus varié, des herbes courtes, du feuillage, des fruits.

En mars-avril, quand la saison des pluies fait croître les hautes herbes, elles ne peuvent plus accéder seules à leur mets préféré : les jeunes pousses de graminées succulentes et riches en protéines. Elles suivent alors les troupeaux de zèbres et de gnous qui leur ouvrent la savane : ils se bourrent de tiges en négligeant les pousses au raz du sol. Bien après qu'ils sont repartis vers le nord, à l'approche de la saison sèche, les gazelles restent derrière, broutant les restes.

Elles se rafraîchissent par la transpiration et l'évaporation. Tant que les plantes restent juteuses, elles se passent de boire. Quand tous les végétaux sont grillés, il leur faut alors s'abreuver. De juin à octobre, femelles et petits dérivent en hardes pour cueillir des baies et des ramilles encore vives dans le corridor, au nord-ouest, où les rivières de la plaine du Serengeti s'écoulent vers le lac Victoria.

Plus solitaires, plus sédentaires, les mâles reproducteurs traînent la patte. Chacun reste attaché à son territoire, un domaine de 100 à 200 mètres de diamètre.

C'est une espèce vivant principalement en savane tropicale, les gazelles de Thomson supportent moins bien la sécheresse que d'autres gazelles.

Statut

En 1978, il y avait environ 1,2 à 1,3 millions de gazelles de Thomson en Afrique de l'Est.

En 2005, l'estimation de la population totale est d'environ 550 000 individus. Il y a eu un déclin de population de 60-70 % durant la période 1978-2005, en plusieurs endroits, y compris dans les zones principales pour l'espèce : Serengeti, Masaï Mara et Ngorongoro. La Gazelle de Thomson arrive à être protégé dans un certain nombre de secteurs principaux de la population ; Serengeti-Mara, où le tourisme de la faune et de la flore est la seule utilisation de terre permise. Les plus grandes menaces pour les gazelles de Thomson sont les impacts touristiques, la modification de leur habitat en raison de l'invasion d'usine de plantes exotiques, de la chasse et du développement des routes.

Au 16 février 2018, d'après la liste rouge de l'UICN sa population serait descendue à 145 000 individus, donc encore en diminution, par rapport à 2005. Elle devient de plus en plus menacée, surtout à cause de la chasse.

Sous-espèces

Il existe deux sous-espèces référencées[8],[9] :

  • Eudorcas thomsonii nasalis (Lönnberg, 1908)
  • Eudorcas thomsonii thomsonii (Günther, 1884)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

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Gazelle de Thomson: Brief Summary ( French )

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Eudorcas thomsonii

La Gazelle de Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii), Swala tomi en swahili, est une espèce de gazelle de la famille des bovidés. Elle tient son nom de celui de l'explorateur écossais Joseph Thomson. Elle est également appelée Thommie.

La gazelle de Thomson est une petite gazelle, et elle se trouve uniquement en Afrique de l'Est au Kenya, en Tanzanie, au sud du Soudan et au sud de l'Éthiopie.

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Gazel thomson ( Indonesian )

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Gazel thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) atau dalam penyebutan awam rusa thomson (walau tidak terkait dengan rusa) adalah salah satu spesies gazel yang paling terkenal di Afrika. Gazel ini dinamai berdasarkan penjelajah Eropa, Joseph Thomson dan karenanya, hewan ini kerap disebut "tommie". Pada awalnya, gazel thomson disebut-sebut sebagai varietas atau subspesies dari gazel berdahi merah dan juga dianggap sebagai anggota genus Gazella subgenus Eudorcas sebelum Eudorcas dimasukkan ke dalam genus yang terpisah. Gazel thomson diperkirakan mempunyai populasi sebanyak 500.000 ekor di alam liar. Gazel thomson mampu berlari hingga kecepatan 80,4 km/jam, yang membuatnya temasuk sebagai salah satu mamalia darat tercepat di dunia. Gzel thomson hidup di Afrika Timur.

Deskripsi

Gazel thomson mempunyai tinggi 55–82 sentimeter (22–32 in). Jantan memiliki berat tubuh 20–35 kilogram (44–77 lb) sementara gazel thomson betina sedikit lebih ringan yaitu seberat 15–25 kilogram (33–55 lb). Gazel thomson mempunyai panjang tubuh 80–120 sentimeter (31–47 in) dari kepala sampai ekor. Ciri khas pada hewan ini meliputi bulatan putih di sekitar matanya, garis hitam dari bawah matanya sampai ke hidung, garis berwarna keemasan dari tanduk hingga hidung, serta tanduknya yang beruas-ruas cincin. Seperti kebanyakan jenis-jenis lainnya, keberadaan tanduk dimiliki oleh semua jenis kelamin gazel thomson. Walau ukuran tanduk yang dimiliki kedua jenis kelamin itu berbeda. Gazel thomson jantan mempunyai tanduk sepanjang 25–43 sentimeter (9,8–16,9 in) , sementara tanduk pada betina lebih pendek, ukurannya 7–15 sentimeter (2,8–5,9 in).

Referensi

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2015.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
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Gazel thomson: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Gazel thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) atau dalam penyebutan awam rusa thomson (walau tidak terkait dengan rusa) adalah salah satu spesies gazel yang paling terkenal di Afrika. Gazel ini dinamai berdasarkan penjelajah Eropa, Joseph Thomson dan karenanya, hewan ini kerap disebut "tommie". Pada awalnya, gazel thomson disebut-sebut sebagai varietas atau subspesies dari gazel berdahi merah dan juga dianggap sebagai anggota genus Gazella subgenus Eudorcas sebelum Eudorcas dimasukkan ke dalam genus yang terpisah. Gazel thomson diperkirakan mempunyai populasi sebanyak 500.000 ekor di alam liar. Gazel thomson mampu berlari hingga kecepatan 80,4 km/jam, yang membuatnya temasuk sebagai salah satu mamalia darat tercepat di dunia. Gzel thomson hidup di Afrika Timur.

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Eudorcas thomsonii ( Italian )

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La gazzella di Thomson (Eudorcas thomsoni) è una delle specie di gazzella maggiormente note e diffuse. Il nome ricorda l'esploratore Joseph Thomson. Alcuni studiosi (Kingdon, 1997) ritengono tuttavia che la gazzella di Thomson sia da considerare una sottospecie della gazzella dalla fronte rossa (Eudorcas rufifrons).

La gazzella di Thomson vive nelle savane e nelle pianure dell'Africa ed è particolarmente diffusa nel Serengeti, regione a cavallo tra Kenya e Tanzania. La dieta si compone di erba e piccoli arbusti. La gazzella di Thomson ricava gran parte dell'acqua di cui necessita dai vegetali di cui si nutre.

Descrizione

La gazzella di Thomson è alta 60-90 centimetri e pesa tra i 13 e i 16 kilogrammi. La parte superiore del mantello è di colore marrone chiaro, quella inferiore è bianca: le due sono divise da una caratteristica striscia nera. La parte posteriore sotto la coda è di colore bianco. Le corna, lunghe e appuntite, presentano una piccola curvatura. È piuttosto facile confondere la gazzella di Thomson con la gazzella di Grant: in quest'ultima specie, tuttavia, la parte posteriore è bianca anche sopra la coda.

Distribuzione e habitat

La gazzella di Thomson abita le savane e le pianure di Kenya, Tanzania e del Sudan meridionale.

Struttura sociale e comportamento

La struttura sociale della specie è piuttosto articolata. I maschi adulti, a partire dai 2-3 anni di età, sono fortemente territoriali. Prima di questo periodo, invece, i giovani maschi formano piccoli gruppi a sé stanti o fanno parte di branchi misti. Le femmine, a loro volta, formano dei propri gruppi che si spostano nei territori dei maschi. Proprio durante questi spostamenti, i maschi adulti tentano di mettersi a capo di un gruppo di femmine. In queste occasioni, i maschi adulti ingaggiano duri combattimenti a colpi di corna anche più volte nello stesso giorno, al fine di stabilire i confini dei rispettivi territori: ciò significa che la definizione dei confini subisce spesso cambiamenti repentini, potendo mutare di giorno in giorno. Nel caso in cui un gruppo di giovani maschi oppure un maschio adulto o, più raramente, semplicemente un piccolo maschio o una femmina si trovino a passare nel territorio di un maschio adulto, quest'ultimo sfiderà l'invasore al fine di spingerlo al di fuori dell'area di proprio dominio.

È interessante notare come questi scontri territoriali non riguardino gli esemplari appartenenti ad altre specie: ciò significa che una gazzella di Thomson può condividere il suo territorio con altri ungulati. Del resto, le gazzelle di Thomson sono solite migrare in gruppi di centinaia o migliaia di individui misti, spesso, a branchi di zebre o gnu.

Altra caratteristica della specie è la capacità di fare grandi balzi: la gazzella di Thomson, spesso, può ricorrere a questa sua abilità per scoraggiare i predatori.

Gestazione e aspettativa di vita

 src=
Una gazzella di Thomson

Dopo un periodo di gestazione della durata di 5-6 mesi, la femmina dà alla luce un solo piccolo. Cosa particolare tra gli ungulati, la gazzella di Thomson può avere due gravidanze nello stesso anno.

Allo stato brado, le gazzelle di Thomson possono vivere sino a 10-15 anni. Tuttavia, le gazzelle di Thomson sono spesso predate dai grossi felini e dalle iene; inoltre, in alcune aree, esse risultano essere le prede preferite dei ghepardi. Il ghepardo, in particolare, è sì più veloce della gazzella di Thomson ma quest'ultima risulta avere maggiore resistenza nella corsa ed è inoltre capace di cambiare direzione con maggiore rapidità. La presenza di numerosi predatori fa sì che, mediamente, circa la metà dei cuccioli muoia prima di aver raggiunto l'età adulta.

Bibliografia

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Eudorcas thomsonii: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La gazzella di Thomson (Eudorcas thomsoni) è una delle specie di gazzella maggiormente note e diffuse. Il nome ricorda l'esploratore Joseph Thomson. Alcuni studiosi (Kingdon, 1997) ritengono tuttavia che la gazzella di Thomson sia da considerare una sottospecie della gazzella dalla fronte rossa (Eudorcas rufifrons).

La gazzella di Thomson vive nelle savane e nelle pianure dell'Africa ed è particolarmente diffusa nel Serengeti, regione a cavallo tra Kenya e Tanzania. La dieta si compone di erba e piccoli arbusti. La gazzella di Thomson ricava gran parte dell'acqua di cui necessita dai vegetali di cui si nutre.

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Tomsono gazelė ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Gazella thomsonii

Tomsono gazelė (lot. Gazella thomsonii, angl. Thompson's Gazelle, vok. Thomson-Gazelle) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis. Kūnas 0,9–1,2 m ilgio, uodega 15–20 cm, masė 15–30 kg. Dažniausiai rupšnoja žemas žoles, taip pat skabo lapus. Paprastai atsiveda 1 jauniklį, kuris gimsta po 160–180 nėštumo dienų.

Paplitusi Rytų Afrikoje. Gyvena nedidelėmis grupėmis: 10–30 patelių, jauniklių ir patinų.

 src=
Tomsono gazelė

Vikiteka

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Tomsono gazelė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Tomsono gazelė (lot. Gazella thomsonii, angl. Thompson's Gazelle, vok. Thomson-Gazelle) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis. Kūnas 0,9–1,2 m ilgio, uodega 15–20 cm, masė 15–30 kg. Dažniausiai rupšnoja žemas žoles, taip pat skabo lapus. Paprastai atsiveda 1 jauniklį, kuris gimsta po 160–180 nėštumo dienų.

Paplitusi Rytų Afrikoje. Gyvena nedidelėmis grupėmis: 10–30 patelių, jauniklių ir patinų.

 src= Tomsono gazelė

Vikiteka

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Tomsona gazele ( Latvian )

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Tomsona gazele jeb Tomsona gacele (Eudorcas thomsonii) ir viena no antilopju apakšdzimtas (Antilopinae) sugām, ko uzskata par vienu no skaistākajām un veiklākajām antilopēm. Dzīvo milzīgos baros Āfrikas austrumu savannās, populācijai sasniedzot 550 000 īpatņu.[1] Tā ir visbiežāk sastopamā gazeļu suga Āfrikas austrumos.[2]

Izplatība

 src=
Tomsona gazeles dzīvo lielos baros
 src=
Tomsona gazele daudz ilgāk uzturas lietus sezonas līdzenumos kā citi pārnadži, pirms uzsāk sausās sezonas migrāciju

Tomsona gazeles lielā skaitā sastopamas Kenijas un Tanzānijas savannā, galvenokārt Serengeti reģionā. Sudānas dienvidos arī dzīvo atsevišķa populācija.[3] Tās vislabprātāk uzturas sausajos līdzenumos ar īsu zāli, lai labāk varētu pamanīt plēsēju tuvošanos, tomēr migrē arī uz bieziem mežiem un savannu ar garu zāli.[4] Suga labi piemērojusies sausai un karstai videi un, lai arī līdzīgi kā antilopes gnu veic sezonālu migrāciju, tās ilgāk kā citi pārnadži uzkavējas līdzenumos, kad tuvojas sausā sezona, kā arī tās neceļo tik tālu uz ziemeļiem.[3] Tomēr, salīdzinot ar Granta gazeli (Nanger granti), Tomsona gazele ir vairāk atkarīga no ūdens resursiem.[5]

Izskats un īpatnības

Tomsona gazele ir neliela auguma antilope ar graciozu ķermeni, garām kājām un smalku galvu. Tēviņi vidēji ir lielāki nekā mātītes. Gazeles ķermeņa garums ir 80—120 cm, augstums skaustā 55–82 cm, astes garums 15–27 cm. Tēviņa svars 20–35 kg, mātītes 15–25 kg.[3] Tomsona gazelei raksturīga īsa un gluda spalva, augšējā daļa gaiši brūna. Gar cirkšņiem tā kļūst gaišāka. Apakšējā daļa un vēders ir balts. Uz sāniem izteikti melna svītra (iespējams, ka tieši tādēļ to labāk saskata pārējie ganāmpulka locekļi), kas nodala rudo augšpusi no baltā vēdera. Aste melna. Tēviņiem un mātītēm no katras acs līdz degunam stiepjas tumši brūnas svītras. Ragi ir abiem dzimumiem, bet tēviņiem tie ir lielāki, garāki un masīvāki. Tēviņu ragiem ir viegli izliekta S forma, ar izteiktiem gredzeniem, 25–43 cm gari. Mātītēm ragi ir šauri, nelieli un bez gredzeniem, 7–15 cm garumā.

Īsās distancēs Tomsona gazele var sasniegt ātrumu 80–94 km/h,[6][7] bet apmēram 15 minūtes var uzturēt ātrumu 60 km/h. Ātrāk par gazeli var skriet tikai gepards.[7] Turklāt Tomsona gazele skrien zigzag veidā, tādējādi izvairoties arī no ļoti ātriem plēsējiem. Pieaugušu Tomsona gazeli nevar noķert tādi lielie plēsēji, kā lauvas, leopardi un hiēnas, tie medī tikai jaunus, nepieaugušus dzīvniekus vai slimus. Tomsona gazeles kļūst nervozas, ja tuvumā pamana gepardu. Tās nelaiž gepardu baram tuvāk par 150—200 metriem. Ja gepards pietuvojas tuvāk, gazeles metas bēgt.[8] Salīdzinoši šakāļus un hiēnas Tomsona gazeles pielaiž 5—10 metru attālumā no bara.[8] Satraukuma gadījumos tā groza asti kā propelleru.[9] Gazele ir ļoti lokana un ar pakaļkājām var aizsniegt galvu, kaklu, vēderu, šīs vietas pakasot.

Dzīvesveids

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Leopards mielojās kokā ar nomedīto gazeli
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Tomsona gazeles nopieti nervozēt sāk tikai tad, kad tuvumā parādās gepards
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Tomsona gazele īsā distancē var sasniegt ātrumu 94 km/h
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Mātītes veido atsevišķus barus no tēviņiem

Lietus periodā, kad savannā bagātīgi aug zāle, Tomsona gazeles aktīvi barojas, to bari izklīst un tēviņi nostiprina pārošanās teritorijas.[10] Jaunie tēviņi paliek kopā, veidojot vecpuišu grupas, kuras, ja nokļūst pieaugušo tēviņu teritorijās, tiek enerģiski padzītas.[4] Mātītes veido atsevišķus barus, kuri ceļo cauri tēviņu teritorijām, parasti izvēloties tādas, kurās ir labāka barības izvēle.[3] Tēviņš, kura teritorijā nokļuvušas mātītes, cenšas tās ganīt un neļaut tām atstāt viņa teritoriju.[4] Tēviņš savu teritoriju iezīmē ar acu dobumu dziedzeru izdalījumiem, fekālijām un urīnu, kā arī ar ragiem noliec zāli, krūmus un uzar zemi.[11]

Tikai izņēmuma kārtā šo dzīvnieku var sastapt vienatnē, pārsvarā gazeles dzīvo baros - kopā līdz 700 indivīdu. Katrai grupai ir izteikta sabiedriskā hierarhija. Vecākie tēviņi tur pa gabalu citus tēviņus, mātītes kopā ar mazajiem dzīvo grupā. Tās nav izvēlīgas barības ziņā un ilgi spēj izturēt bez ūdens. Tomsona gazele dzīvo atklātā teritorijā, tāpēc vienmēr ir uzmanīga, lai laikus ievērotu daudzos ienaidniekus. Gazele spēj labi pazīt reālas briesmas un bieži vien mierīgi ganās lauvu tuvumā.

Barība

Gazeles nav izvēlīgas un ēd dažādus augus, tās barošanās ieradumi mainās līdz ar sezonu. Lietus periodā tā galvenokārt uzturas savannā un barojas ar zāli. Sausajā periodā, kad zāle izkalst, gazeles pamet upju ielejas un pārceļas uz krūmājiem, kur pārtiek no krūmu un koku dzinumiem un jaunajām lapiņām.[12] Tomsona gazeles parasti seko antilopēm gnu un zebrām, kuras pirms tām noēd garo savannas zāli, bet gazeles barojas ar jaunajiem zāles stiebriem, kas lietus sezonā ātri ataug.[12]

Gazeles ar saviem asajiem apakšējiem priekšzobiem nokož un norauj augus. Katru kumosu pirms norīšanas kārtīgi sakošļā un sasmalcina. Gazele ir tipisks atgremotājs ar ļoti efektīvu gremošanas sistēmu, kas ļauj izmantot visas barības sastāvdaļas. Gazele norij barību un kuņģa pirmajā daļā daļēji to pārstrādā, pēc tam barību atgremo, vēlreiz sagremo un norij to otrreiz. Tikai tad, kad tā iziet cauri pārējam kuņģim, tiek izmantotas pilnīgi visas barības vielas.

Vairošanās

Tomsona gazeles pārojas divas reizes gadā, lai gan mazuļi parasti dzimst lietus perioda sākumā, kad ir visbagātīgākais barības klāsts.[13] Dzimumgatavību tēviņi sasniedz 17, bet mātītes 9 mēnešu vecumā. Tēviņu riesta teritorijas ir pārsteidzoši mazas. Mātītes uzmanību cenšas piesaistīt divi sāncenši, kas viens no otra neatrodas tālāk par 300 metriem. Kaut arī gazele izskatās ļoti smalka un trausla, tēviņš ir agresīvs un ļoti neiecietīgs dzīvnieks. Ja viens tēviņš ieiet otra tēviņa teritorijā, ļoti ātri izraisās nikna cīņa. Abi tēviņi noliec galvas, saķeras ar smailajiem ragiem un mēģina ar spēku grūst pretinieku. Šāda cīņa ilgst vairākas minūtes, līdz viens no tēviņiem pamet teritoriju. Cīņas mēdz būt asiņainas, reizēm kāds tiek nopietni savainots. Kad tēviņam ir izdevies aizstāvēt savu teritoriju, tas pārojas ar katru pieaugušo mātīti.

Grūsnības periods ilgst 6 mēnešus,[3][13] mātīte pirms dzemdībām nošķiras no bara un dzemdē vienu mazuli, kas sver 2–3 kg.[3] Tā kažociņš ir ruds ar brūniem plankumiem. Pirmo nedēļu pēc piedzimšanas mazulis uzturas zālē, kas ir vislabākais slēpnis no ienaidniekiem, lai gan jau dažu stundu vecumā spēj piecelties un staigāt. Māte ik pa laikam dodas pie mazuļa, lai to pazīdītu ar pienu.[3] Ja gazeļu bars pietuvojas mazulim, mātīte atvaira to, lai nodrošinātu mazulim pēc iespējas lielāku mieru. Arī iemiegot gazele noguļas tālu no mazuļa, lai ar savu smaku nepievilinātu plēsējus. Tomēr mazuļi bieži vien kļūst par upuri lauvām un citiem plēsīgajiem dzīvniekiem. Tomsona gazeles kopējais dzīves ilgums ir 10 - 15 gadi.[3]

Tomsona gazele un cilvēks

Cilvēks jau izsenis ir medījis gazeles, vispirms gaļas, vēlāk arī trofeju dēļ. Kaut arī medības krietni samazināja gazeļu skaitu, joprojām tās sastopamas lielā skaitā. Visticamāk, ka vislielākais antilopju ienaidnieks nākotnē būs nevis mednieki, bet zemnieki. Aitas, kazas un bifeļi rada konkurenci barībai, no kuras pārtiek arī gazele. Zemnieki, paplašinot ganības un nožogojot ūdenskrātuves mājdzīvniekiem, veicina gazeļu masveida iznīcināšanu.

Viena no interesantākajām parādībām Āfrikas dabā ir ikgadējā lielo dzīvnieku migrācija. Migrācija ļauj tiem izmantot savannas zāli tikai vienā gada posmā. Sausajā periodā - maijā un jūnijā - tie sāk savu ceļojumu uz jaunajām ganībām. Vislielākos barus veido gnu antilopes (Connochaetes), zebras un Tomsona gazeles.

Tiek aizsargātas gazeles, kas dzīvo parkos un rezervātos.

Radniecīgās sugas

Tomsona gazelēm vistuvāk radniecīgākās sugas ir Mongallas gazele (Eudorcas albonotata) un sarkansejas gazele (Eudorcas rufifrons).

Atsauces

  1. IUCN: Eudorcas thomsonii
  2. Thomson's Gazelle
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 ADW: Eudorcas thomsonii
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pgs. 70-75
  5. Our Beautiful World: Gazelles
  6. Gazelle
  7. 7,0 7,1 «Quels sont les animaux les plus rapides ?». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2014. gada 22. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2015. gada 3. martā.
  8. 8,0 8,1 Dr. Giuseppe Mazza: Eudorcas thomsoni
  9. Dzīvnieku pasaulē, Izdevējs UAB IMP BALTIC, 90 karte, ISBN 9986-9333-7-4
  10. Walther, F. R. (1977). "Sex and Activity Dependency of Distances Between Thomson's Gazelles (Gazella Thomsoni Gunther 1884)." Animal Behaviour 25(3): 713-719
  11. Fritz Walther, (1995) In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 1; "Short-tail and Roman", pp. 1-37. Indiana University Press.
  12. 12,0 12,1 Kingdon, J. (1979). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part. D: Bovids. University Chicago Press, Chicago pgs. 403-413.
  13. 13,0 13,1 Natural Histories: Thomson’s gazelle

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Tomsona gazele: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Tomsona gazele jeb Tomsona gacele (Eudorcas thomsonii) ir viena no antilopju apakšdzimtas (Antilopinae) sugām, ko uzskata par vienu no skaistākajām un veiklākajām antilopēm. Dzīvo milzīgos baros Āfrikas austrumu savannās, populācijai sasniedzot 550 000 īpatņu. Tā ir visbiežāk sastopamā gazeļu suga Āfrikas austrumos.

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Thomsongazelle ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De thomsongazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii of Gazella thomsoni(i)) is een algemene Afrikaanse gazellesoort uit de familie der holhoornigen (Bovidae). Vaak wordt hij beschouwd als een ondersoort van de Koringazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons). De thomsongazelle is vernoemd naar de ontdekkingsreiziger en wetenschapper Joseph Thomson, die de soort in 1883 in Kenia ontdekte.

Beschrijving

De thomsongazelle is een middelgrote antilope. Hij wordt 90 tot 120 centimeter lang en weegt 15 tot 30 kilogram. Het mannetje is groter dan het vrouwtje, en heeft kleine, slanke, licht gekromde hoorns. De hoorns bij de vrouwtjes zijn korter.

De thomsongazelle heeft een lichtbruine tot bruingele kleur die op de rug meer roodachtig is. De buik, borst en binnenzijde van de poten is wit, evenals de lippen, kin en keel. De boven- en onderzijde worden gescheiden door een brede zwarte streep langs de flanken. Ook de achterzijde is wit met een zwarte omlijning. De staart is geheel zwart. Het voorhoofd en de snuit zijn donker roodbruin. In het gezicht loopt een witte vlek van de ogen richting de snuit en de keel. Onder deze streep, van de oogklier tot de mondhoeken, loopt een tweede, zwarte streep. De vorm en grootte van de strepen verschillen per individu.

Leefgebied

De thomsongazelle leeft op de grasvlakten en steppen van Oost-Afrika, ten oosten van de Grote Slenk. Anders dan de verwante roodvoorhoofdgazelles leeft hij in meer vochtigere streken. Ze zijn een van meest voorkomende grazers van de Oost-Afrikaanse savanne. Hij heeft een voorkeur voor zwaarbegraasde, open grasvlakten, en kan overleven in gebieden die door andere grote hoefdieren zijn verlaten, zolang er nog spaarzame begroeiing aanwezig is.

Leefwijze

De thomsongazelle eet voornamelijk gras, maar in het droogteseizoen ook kruiden, bladeren van struiken en zaden. Het meeste vocht krijgt de gazelle met het voedsel binnen en hij kan langere tijd zonder water, maar de soort zal dagelijks drinken als er een waterbron in de buurt is. De soort is het actiefst in de schemering.

In de regentijd leven de vrouwtjes in kuddes van zes tot zestig dieren (soms tot over de honderd dieren) in grasrijke gebieden. Het groepsverband is los; de dieren bouwen geen langdurige relaties met elkaar op en trekken vaak maar korte tijd met elkaar op. Groepen vallen regelmatig uit elkaar of worden opgenomen in grotere groepen. Waarschijnlijk onthoudt een gazelle wel wie een groepslid is en wie van een andere groep afkomstig is.

Volwassen mannetjes zijn meer standvast, en hebben een eigen territorium, die ze bewaken tegen andere mannetjes, en slechts verlaten bij honger of dorst. Bij het markeren van het territorium wordt de oogklier gewreven langs stengels en twijgen, voornamelijk op heuveltjes en andere opvallende plaatsen. Op deze plaatsen worden vaak ook keutels achtergelaten.

Tijdens de droogteperiode trekken ze naar de struiksavannen. Gedurende de trektocht sluiten kleine kudden vrouwtjes en hun kroost zich aan bij groepen mannelijke vrijgezellen en solitaire dieren en vormen zo één grote kudde, die uit duizenden dieren kan bestaan. Ook sluiten ze aan bij groepen steppezebra's, blauwe gnoes en andere hoefdieren.

Thomsongazellen vallen vaak ten prooi aan verschillende roofdieren, zoals leeuwen en gevlekte hyena's. De thomsongazelle is de belangrijkste prooi voor jachtluipaarden in Oost-Afrika. Tijdens het wegrennen van een roofdier kan de gazelle snelheden van 80 km/u bereiken.

Pasgeboren kalfjes blijven de eerste weken verborgen. Ze groeien vrij snel en na twee maanden worden ze gespeend.

De thomsongazelle wordt in het wild tien tot vijftien jaar oud.

Externe link

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Thomsongazelle: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De thomsongazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii of Gazella thomsoni(i)) is een algemene Afrikaanse gazellesoort uit de familie der holhoornigen (Bovidae). Vaak wordt hij beschouwd als een ondersoort van de Koringazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons). De thomsongazelle is vernoemd naar de ontdekkingsreiziger en wetenschapper Joseph Thomson, die de soort in 1883 in Kenia ontdekte.

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Gazelopka sawannowa ( Polish )

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Gazelopka sawannowa[3] (Eudorcas thomsonii) - przedstawiciel rodziny wołowatych z rzędu parzystokopytnych.

Występowanie i Biotop

Występują w Kenii i Tanzanii. Zamieszkują sawanny.

Wygląd

Wysmukłe ciało pokryte jest płową sierścią. Po bokach tułowia i niektórych częściach głowy biegną czarne pasy. Brzuch, tylna część zadu i wewnętrzne strony kończyn są białe. Rogi gazeli są długie i nieznacznie wykrzywione. Krótki, czarny ogon leżący w białej sierści na zadzie zwanej lustrem służy do odganiania owadów.

Informacje ogólne

Wysokość w kłębie:
60-90 cm
Długość ciała:
80-110 cm
Długość ogona:
19-27 cm
Waga:
30-35 kg
Długość życia:
10-12 lat

 src=
Stado Tomi

Tryb życia

Żyjąc w pobliżu wodopoju gazele prowadzą osiadły tryb życia, lecz stada zamieszkujące tereny suche podejmują się długich wędrówek. W porze deszczowej przemieszczają się razem z gnu i zebrami czasami także z topi.

Pokarm

Preferują krótkie, niezbyt gęste trawy. Zjadają też resztki pozostawione przez zebry i gnu, a podczas suszy chętnie żywią się owocami i gałązkami krzewów.

Rozmnażanie

Samce spotykające się podczas okresu godowego na granicach swojego terytorium przystępują do rytualnej walki - zderzają się rogami. Ciąża tomi trwa ok. 6 miesięcy. Po trzech tygodniach od porodu młode jest w stanie dołączyć do grupy. W wieku 2 miesięcy przestaje ssać mleko, a po ukończeniu 1. roku życia osiąga dojrzałość płciową.

Inne

  • dzięki rozwiniętym gruczołom ślinowym gazele mogą jeść bardzo suchy pokarm
  • energicznie machając ogonem tomi ostrzegają się nawzajem przed niebezpieczeństwem
  • młode poznaje matkę po charakterystycznych dźwiękach i machaniu głową

Przypisy

  1. Eudorcas thomsonii, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Eudorcas thomsonii. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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Gazelopka sawannowa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gazelopka sawannowa (Eudorcas thomsonii) - przedstawiciel rodziny wołowatych z rzędu parzystokopytnych.

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Gazela-de-thomson ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Duas gazelas-de-thomson na Tanzânia.

A gazela-de-thomson (Gazella thomsonii) é uma das espécies de gazela africana mais abundantes – vive em bandos de machos, de fêmeas e mistos, com cerca de 60 indivíduos, mas pode formar bandos gigantescos, com mais de mil indivíduos, ao migrar. Elas podem correr a velocidades de 95 km/h durante cerca de quinze segundos e há registro de velocidades superiores a 100 km/h, ao escapar de predadores, como o guepardo (chita). As gazelas podem saltar verticalmente no ar.

A gazela-de-thomson tem listras pretas na face e no corpo, o que ajuda a disfarçar a silhueta do animal, dificultando que seja visto à distância. Os machos e as fêmeas têm chifres, mas os das fêmeas são mais curtos. Eles se alimentam de gramíneas que outros animais de pasto deixam para trás.

Ecologia e distribuição

Gazelas vivem em savanas da África e dos habitats de pastagem, principalmente na região de Serengeti, no Quênia e na Tanzânia, embora também podem ser encontradas na Etiópia, Somália e Sudão do Sul. Eles se alimentam de vegetação rasteira e capim. A maioria da água de que precisam vem do que eles comem. Embora seja uma das gazelas mais comum em sua escala, o tamanho da população não é grande devido ao seu alcance limitado.

As gazelas-de-thomson frequentemente se reúnem com outros ungulados, como gnus e zebras e, geralmente, vivem e migram em rebanhos, com centenas ou milhares de outras gazelas. A gazela é um item de presa favorita para o guepardo.

Descrição

A gazela-de-thomson tem de 51 a 60 cm (20 a 24) (fêmeas) 58 a 66 cm (23 a 26 polegadas) (machos) de altura e pesa 13–24 kg (lb 29-40) (fêmeas), 17–29 kg (sexo masculino). Eles têm pelagem marrom com branco e uma tarja preta distintiva. Seus chifres são longos e apontou com ligeira curvatura. A mancha branca em sua garupa estende-se por baixo da cauda, mas não mais. Um erro por vezes é o erro de identificação das gazelas de Grant como gazelas. Embora alguns espécimenes tenham a tarja preta que atravessa os seus lados, o branco em sua garupa estende-se sempre acima da cauda.

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Eudorcas thomsonii (em inglês). IUCN 2008. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2008 . Página visitada em 18 August 2015.
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Gazela-de-thomson: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Duas gazelas-de-thomson na Tanzânia.

A gazela-de-thomson (Gazella thomsonii) é uma das espécies de gazela africana mais abundantes – vive em bandos de machos, de fêmeas e mistos, com cerca de 60 indivíduos, mas pode formar bandos gigantescos, com mais de mil indivíduos, ao migrar. Elas podem correr a velocidades de 95 km/h durante cerca de quinze segundos e há registro de velocidades superiores a 100 km/h, ao escapar de predadores, como o guepardo (chita). As gazelas podem saltar verticalmente no ar.

A gazela-de-thomson tem listras pretas na face e no corpo, o que ajuda a disfarçar a silhueta do animal, dificultando que seja visto à distância. Os machos e as fêmeas têm chifres, mas os das fêmeas são mais curtos. Eles se alimentam de gramíneas que outros animais de pasto deixam para trás.

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Gazela lui Thomson ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Gazela lui Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) este una din cele mai cunoscute specii de gazele. Trăiește în turme și este ușor de recunoscut datorită burții de culoare albă și a dungii negre care îi traversează șoldul. Se adaptează la viața din regiunile foarte aride și cu vegetație puțină. Dacă simte vreun pericol, începe să sară în sus și în jos, ținându-și capul și picioarele foarte rigide și arcuindu-și corpul. Se hrănește cu frunze proaspete, iarbă și fructe.

Referințe

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Eudorcas thomsonii. În: IUCN 2008. Lista roșie a speciiilor periclitate IUCN. Descărcat pe 18 August 2015.

Legături externe

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  • Gazelles and Their Relatives by Fritz Walther (1984)
Azureus.png Acest articol referitor la subiecte din zoologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
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Gazela lui Thomson: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Gazela lui Thomson (Eudorcas thomsonii) este una din cele mai cunoscute specii de gazele. Trăiește în turme și este ușor de recunoscut datorită burții de culoare albă și a dungii negre care îi traversează șoldul. Se adaptează la viața din regiunile foarte aride și cu vegetație puțină. Dacă simte vreun pericol, începe să sară în sus și în jos, ținându-și capul și picioarele foarte rigide și arcuindu-și corpul. Se hrănește cu frunze proaspete, iarbă și fructe.

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Thomsongasell ( Swedish )

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Thomsongasell (Gazella thomsoni eller Eudorcas thomsonii) är en av de mer kända gasellarterna och den är uppkallad efter upptäcktsresanden Joseph Thomson. Den lever på savannen i Afrika, främst i Kenya och Tanzania. Ett av dess starkaste fästen är Serengeti.

Thomsongasellen är mycket lik grantgasellen och har en mankhöjd på 60–90 centimeter och den kan väga upp till 16 kilogram. Den har en ljusbrun päls och en vit undersida. Deras flank har vad man brukar kallas för ett gasellband, det är en svart markerad linje på djurets sida. Hornen är långa, spetsiga och svagt svängda. Hanarnas horn kan bli upp emot 30–40 centimeter långa medan honorna har betydligt mindre med en längd på upp till 10-15 centimeter. Den äter för det mesta gräs och den låga vegetationen som finns på savannen och de får i sig det mesta av sin vätska ifrån denna föda.

Thomsongasellen lever i flockar. Honorna samlas i stora grupper som saknar familjestruktur och de hävdar inte något revir. Honorna kan byta grupp. Hanarna är däremot revirbundna. De försöker att hålla revir på platser där grupper med honor ofta befinner sig. De hanar som inte har något revir samlas i ungkarlsgrupper. De kan också samlas i grupper med andra arter som till exempel zebran och gnun.

 src=
Thomsongasell

Deras största hot, förutom människan, är geparden som har Thomsongasellen som basföda, annars är det leoparden, vildhundar, hyenor och lejon som har gaseller på sin matsedel. När en Thomsongasell blir jagad eller ser ett rovdjur så börjar den med s.k. ”strotting” (engelska). Det innebär att den tar höga hopp med raka ben rakt upp i luften. Man tror att det antingen är för att visa rovdjuret att det är upptäckt eller för att visa att man är ytterst starkt och friskt. En Thomsongasell kan komma upp i en hastighet på 83 kilometer i timmen.

I det vilda kan en Thomsongasell leva i upp till 10–15 år. Dock överlever inte hälften av kiden det första året.

Källor

  1. ^ Gazella thomsoniiIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Mallon, D. et. al. (2008), besökt 12 november 2008.
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Thomsongasell: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Thomsongasell (Gazella thomsoni eller Eudorcas thomsonii) är en av de mer kända gasellarterna och den är uppkallad efter upptäcktsresanden Joseph Thomson. Den lever på savannen i Afrika, främst i Kenya och Tanzania. Ett av dess starkaste fästen är Serengeti.

Thomsongasellen är mycket lik grantgasellen och har en mankhöjd på 60–90 centimeter och den kan väga upp till 16 kilogram. Den har en ljusbrun päls och en vit undersida. Deras flank har vad man brukar kallas för ett gasellband, det är en svart markerad linje på djurets sida. Hornen är långa, spetsiga och svagt svängda. Hanarnas horn kan bli upp emot 30–40 centimeter långa medan honorna har betydligt mindre med en längd på upp till 10-15 centimeter. Den äter för det mesta gräs och den låga vegetationen som finns på savannen och de får i sig det mesta av sin vätska ifrån denna föda.

Thomsongasellen lever i flockar. Honorna samlas i stora grupper som saknar familjestruktur och de hävdar inte något revir. Honorna kan byta grupp. Hanarna är däremot revirbundna. De försöker att hålla revir på platser där grupper med honor ofta befinner sig. De hanar som inte har något revir samlas i ungkarlsgrupper. De kan också samlas i grupper med andra arter som till exempel zebran och gnun.

 src= Thomsongasell

Deras största hot, förutom människan, är geparden som har Thomsongasellen som basföda, annars är det leoparden, vildhundar, hyenor och lejon som har gaseller på sin matsedel. När en Thomsongasell blir jagad eller ser ett rovdjur så börjar den med s.k. ”strotting” (engelska). Det innebär att den tar höga hopp med raka ben rakt upp i luften. Man tror att det antingen är för att visa rovdjuret att det är upptäckt eller för att visa att man är ytterst starkt och friskt. En Thomsongasell kan komma upp i en hastighet på 83 kilometer i timmen.

I det vilda kan en Thomsongasell leva i upp till 10–15 år. Dock överlever inte hälften av kiden det första året.

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Thomson ceylanı ( Turkish )

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Thomson ceylanı (Gazella thomsonii), boynuzlugiller (Bovidae) familyasından Afrika dolaylarında yaşayan bir otobur ceylan türü.

Özellikleri

Thomson ceylanının boyu 51 ve 43 109 cm arasında değişir. Ağırlığı 12 - 75 kilogram kadardır. Sırtı sarı-turuncu arası bir renge sahip kıllarla kaplıdır. Bu birçok Afrika hayvanının özelliğidir. Çünkü Afrika oldukça sıcak bir kıtadır ve gündüz güneşten gelen sarı-turuncu-kırmızı sıcak renkleri yansıtabilmek için hayvanlar bu renkte tüylere sahiptirler. Ayrıca bu tür belinde karnının beyaz bölgesiyle sırtının sarı bölgesini ayıran bir siyah şerit taşır. Bacak kasları uzun süre yorulmayan dayanıklı bir yapıya sahiptir. Onları 9 metre ileriye, 3 metre havaya sıçratabilen bu kaslar, onların saatte 80 kilometrelik bir hıza erişebilmelerini de sağlar.

Beslenme

Thomson ceylanları otçul diyetle beslenir. Afrika savanlarında bulunan ve hala tam olarak kurumamış otlarla beslenir.

Düşmanları

Thomson ceyalanının birkaç düşmanı vardır. Onların en büyük düşmanı çitadır. Bununla birlikte onları Afrika yaban köpeği de avlar.

Yaşam döngüsü

Thomson ceylanları 10 - 12 yıl arasında bir ömre sahiptirler. Sürü halinde yaşarlar.

Dış bağlantılar

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Thomson ceylanı ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Thomson ceylanı ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.
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Thomson ceylanı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Thomson ceylanı (Gazella thomsonii), boynuzlugiller (Bovidae) familyasından Afrika dolaylarında yaşayan bir otobur ceylan türü.

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Газель Томсона ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Вид поширений в Кенії і Танзанії. Ще одна популяція (підвид Gazella thomsoni albonotata) мешкає ізольовано від основного ареалу в південному Судані.

Систематика

Цей вид газелі названо на честь шотландського дослідника Африки Джозефа Томсона.

Морфологія

Газель Томсона є невеликою газеллю: зріст в загривку становить 65 см, а вага — 28 кг. Верхня сторона тіла забарвлена в жовто-коричневий колір, а біла нижня сторона відокремлена від верхньої широкою чорною смугою. До інших помітних відмітним ознаками відносяться білі кола навколо очей і короткий чорний хвіст. У обох статей є розташовані близько один до одного злегка зігнуті роги. У самців їх довжина становить приблизно 30 см, у самок вони коротші і тонші.

Екологічна ніша

Газелі Томсона воліють перебувати у відкритих саванах і уникають густих заростей. Самки живуть стадами, що налічують близько 60 особин. У Серенгеті величина стад іноді сягає кількох тисяч голів. Самці живуть у межах чітко окреслених ділянок і претендують на кожну самку, проникає у ґрунт на їх ділянку.

Часто газелі Томсона зустрічаються у товаристві імпал і газелей Гранта. В екосистемі Серенгеті вони відіграють важливу роль, будучи другими за чисельністю копитними і улюбленою здобиччю численних хижаків. Їх основним природним ворогом є гепард.

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Linh dương Thomson ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Thomson, tên khoa học Eudorcas thomsonii, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla, được Günther mô tả năm 1884.[1] Đây là một trong những loài linh dương nổi tiếng, được lấy theo tên của nhà thám hiểm Joseph Thomson, bởi vậy thỉnh thoảng loài này còn được gọi là "tommie".[2]

Một số nhà khoa học coi linh dương Thomson là một phân loài của linh dương mặt đỏ. Trước đây, chúng từng được xếp vào chi Gazella, phân chi Eudorcas trước khi Eudorcas cũng được coi là một chi riêng.[3] Linh dương Thomson là loài linh dương phổ biến nhất tại khu vực Đông Phi[2] với khoảng hơn 500 nghìn cá thể trên toàn bộ châu Phi.[4]

Đặc điểm nhận dạng

Linh dương Thomson cao từ 55 đến 82 cm (22 đến 32 in), chiều dài cơ thể đạt từ 80 đến 120 cm (31 đến 47 in) và nặng khoảng 15 đến 25 kg (33 đến 55 lb) (với con cái), 20 đến 35 kg (44 đến 77 lb) (với con đực).[5] Chúng có bộ lông màu nâu nhạt, phần bụng trắng với hai sọc đen nổi bật dọc hai bên sườn. Sừng dài và hơi cong ở cuối. Phần mông dưới đuôi có màu trắng, đây là đặc điểm nhận dạng của linh dương Thomson so với loài linh dương Grant. Mặc dù một số cá thể của loài Grant cũng có sọc đen dọc hai bên sườn nhưng phần màu trắng sau mông của chúng luôn kéo dài qua phần đuôi.

Đặc điểm sinh học

 src=
Một đàn linh dương Thomson tại Maasai Mara, Kenya

Linh dương Thomson sinh sống tại các thảo nguyên và khu vực đồng cỏ của châu Phi, đặc biệt là tại khu vực Serengeti của KenyaTanzania. Môi trường sống lý tưởng của loài Thomson là các khu vực cỏ thấp với nền đất khô và cứng.[6] Tuy nhiên chúng có thể di cư sang một số khu vực có thảm cỏ cao và rừng thưa rậm rạp hơn.[6] Linh dương Thomson là loài ăn tạp.[6] Trong mùa mưa, chủ yếu chúng ăn cỏ tươi,[7] nhưng trong những tháng mùa khô, chúng ăn thêm cả lá cây bụi, hoa, và cỏ khô.[6]

Loài Thomson phụ thuộc tương đối lớn vào nguồn cỏ thấp.[7] Vào mùa mưa, khi nguồn cỏ dồi dào, chúng tập trung với số lượng rất đông đúc.[7] Linh dương Thomson thường sống cạnh các loài ăn cỏ lớn hơn, như ngựa vằnlinh dương đầu bò vì những loài này thường sẽ gặm thảm cỏ cao bên trên[7] còn lũ linh dương Thomson sẽ ăn nốt lớp cỏ thấp bên dưới. Trong thiên nhiên hoang dã, linh dương Thomson có thể sống từ 10-15 năm. Chúng là nguồn thức ăn chủ yếu của loài báo săn. Thông thường, báo săn có tốc độ nhanh hơn linh dương Thomson nhưng bù lại linh dương có thể duy trì tốc độ trên một quãng đường dài và đổi hướng đột ngột.[8] Linh dương Thomson sở hữu một tốc độ đáng kinh ngạc, từ 80 km/h (50 mph),[9] tới 96 km/h (60 mph)[10] trong khi vẫn di chuyển zigzag. Khả năng phi thường này đã nhiều lần cứu thoát chúng khỏi móng vuốt những con thú săn mồi. Thỉnh thoảng, báo hoa mai (báo gấm), sư tửlinh cẩu cũng săn linh dương Thomson, nhưng mục tiêu của chúng thường là những con non hoặc già yếu. Linh dương Thomson còn là con mồi của một số loài như cá sấu hay trăn, những con non có thể bị giết bởi đại bàng, chó rừng hay khỉ đầu chó. Một hành vi vô cùng đặc biệt ở loài linh dương Thomson là những bước nhún nhảy của chúng dùng để đánh lạc hướng kẻ thù hoặc phô diễn sức mạnh.

Hành vi xã hội

 src=
Hai con linh dương Thomson đực giao đấu trong thiên nhiên
 src=
Linh dương đực cọ tuyến lệ vào cỏ

Trong suốt mùa mưa, khi nguồn thức ăn dồi dào, những con đực trưởng thành tạo lập một lãnh thổ riêng[11] và xua đuổi những con đực còn non, gọi là "nhóm độc thân", ra khỏi lãnh thổ của chúng.[12] Trong khi đó, những con cái sẽ hợp thành những nhóm "di cư", di chuyển từ vùng lãnh thổ này sang vùng khác, thông thường là những vùng có nguồn thức ăn dồi dào nhất.[12] Khi những nhóm "di cư" này đi ngang qua một vùng lãnh thổ để tìm kiếm thức ăn, con đực sẽ tìm cách quây chúng lại, và thường thì chúng sẽ giữ lại được một vài con cái cho mình.[6][12] Trong mùa sinh sản, những con đực mới lớn cố gắng tìm cách chứng tỏ ưu thế của mình qua các trận chiến, còn những con đực trưởng thành thích phô trương sức mạnh với nhau hơn là lao vào những trận chiến này.[6] Nếu một con đực trong "nhóm độc thân" đi ngang qua lãnh thổ của một con đực trưởng thành, kẻ thống trị sẽ đuổi nó ra khỏi lãnh thổ của mình.[6]

Trong khi tuần tra quanh lãnh thổ của mình, con đực trưởng thành thường đánh dấu lãnh thổ bằng cách cọ sừng và tuyến lệ [6][13] vào những khóm cỏ, nền đất hay cây bụi xung quanh.[13] Lãnh thổ của những con đực có thể có chung đường biên giới và khi hai kẻ thống trị giáp mặt nhau, chúng sẽ tiến hành một trận chiến nghi lễ: hai con đực lao vào nhau như sắp chiến đấu nhưng rồi lại tách ra.[13] Sau đó, hai kẻ tranh giành sẽ chạy song song dọc giới tuyến chung rồi tách nhau ra.[13] Những trận chiến nghi thức kiểu này không phải để tìm ra kẻ chiến thắng, mà đơn giản chỉ nhằm mục đích khẳng định lãnh thổ của hai bên.[13] Một con đực trưởng thành thường sẽ không xâm phạm lãnh thổ của những con đực khác. Cuộc tán tỉnh của linh dương đực với linh dương cái sẽ dừng lại nếu con cái chạy sang lãnh thổ của tên hàng xóm, nhưng tất nhiên là gã hàng xóm sẽ tiếp tục cuộc cuộc vui này.[13]

Sinh sản và chăm sóc con

 src=
Linh dương đực đang giao phối với một con cái
 src=
Con non trốn trong một bụi cỏ

Con đực đi theo và đánh hơi mùi nước tiểu của con cái để tìm hiểu xem con cái đã đến kì động dục và sẵn sàng giao phối hay chưa, cũng tức là đã xuất hiện phản ứng Flehmen hay chưa. Nếu như con cái đã sẵn sàng, nó sẽ tiếp tục ve vãn và tìm cách giao phối.[13] Sau từ năm đến sáu tháng mang thai, linh dương cái sẽ rời đàn, sinh con một mình.[14] Mỗi năm, linh dương Thomson tiến hành sinh sản một lần.[7] Khi sinh, linh dương cái cúi thấp xuống để con non rơi xuống đất.[15] Linh dương mẹ sẽ cắn đứt dây rốn và liếm sạch nước ối cùng nhau thai trên người linh dương con.[15] Việc liếm láp này cũng kích thích hệ tuần hoàn của linh dương con hoạt động, cũng như để "đánh dấu" linh dương con bằng mùi đặc trưng giúp linh dương mẹ nhận ra nó.[15]

Trong vòng sáu tiếng đầu sau sinh, linh dương con chỉ quanh quẩn cạnh mẹ, nhưng phần lớn thời gian sau đó nó sẽ tách ra, trốn trong những bụi cỏ.[15] Linh dương mẹ cũng chỉ quanh quẩn gần khu vực con non và sẽ quay lại cho con non bú hàng ngày. Linh dương mẹ và con chỉ ở cùng nhau chừng một tiếng trước khi linh dương con quay trở lại đám cỏ cho đến lần gặp gỡ kế tiếp.[15] Linh dương mẹ có thể tập trung lại cùng nhau, nhưng không bao giờ chúng lập một "vườn trẻ" cho những con non của mình.[15] Chúng có thể chiến đấu chống lại một số loài ăn thịt như chó rừng và thỉnh thoảng cả khỉ đầu chó để bảo vệ con non, tất nhiên là trừ những kẻ ăn thịt lớn hơn. Linh dương mẹ có thể bảo vệ con của nó bằng cách húc thẳng cặp sừng của mình vào một con khỉ đầu chó đực.

Khi con non được hai tháng tuổi, nó đi cùng mẹ nhiều hơn và giảm dần thời gian trốn trong đám cỏ. Cuối cùng, nó sẽ dừng hẳn việc trốn tránh này lại.[15] Khoảng thời gian này là lúc linh dương con sẽ tập ăn thức ăn cứng nhưng nó vấn tiếp tục bú mẹ.[15] Hai mẹ con linh dương sau đó sẽ gia nhập vào cả đàn. Những con cái non có thể đi theo linh dương mẹ đến hơn một năm tuổi.[15] Những con đực non không được may mắn như vây, chúng sẽ bị những kẻ thống trị đuổi đi nếu theo linh dương mẹ tiến vào lãnh thổ riêng của những con đực này. Linh dương mẹ sau đó vẫn tiếp tục chăm sóc linh dương đực non, nhưng sẽ bỏ đi khi những con non đủ lớn; con non sẽ gia nhập vào "nhóm độc thân".[15]

 src=
Linh dương đực và cái ở Ngorongoro Crater

Tình trạng

Số lượng loài linh dương Thomson trong tự nhiên ước tính còn lại khoảng 550,000 cá thể. Số lượng của chúng đã giảm 60% kể từ năm 1978 tới năm 2005.[16] Hiểm họa chính với loài linh dương Thomson là những tác động tiêu cực của khách du lịch, thay đổi môi trường sống, cháy rừng, và việc mở các tuyến đường mới.[4] Những cuộc khảo sát gần đây đã cho thấy sự suy giảm đột ngột số lượng loài linh dương Thomson (60-70%) trong thời gian khoảng 20 năm từ cuối những thập niên 70 tại một số khu vực, bao gồm cả một số khu vực bảo tồn như Serengeti, Masai Mara, và Ngorongoro.[4]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Eudorcas thomsonii”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a ă http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/thomsonsgazelle
  3. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1997) The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego and London. Pp. 411–413. (ISBN 0-12-408355-2)
  4. ^ a ă â Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Gazella thomsonii. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on ngày 30 tháng 7 năm 2007.
  5. ^ Animal Diversity Web: Eudorcas thomsonii Thomson's gazelle
  6. ^ a ă â b c d đ e Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pgs. 70-75
  7. ^ a ă â b c Kingdon, J. (1979). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part. D: Bovids. University Chicago Press, Chicago pgs. 403-413.
  8. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdm_4lSG1JU
  9. ^ Natural History Magazine, March 1974, The American Museum of Natural History; and James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society
  10. ^ Maxisciences, le record de vitesse de la gazelle de Thomson a été enregistré à 94,2 km/h
  11. ^ Walther, F. R. (1977). "Sex and Activity Dependency of Distances Between Thomson's Gazelles (Gazella Thomsoni Gunther 1884)." Animal Behaviour 25(3): 713-719.
  12. ^ a ă â Jarman, P. J. (1974). "The Social Organization of Antelope in Relation to their Ecology." Behaviour 48(3-4): 215-267.
  13. ^ a ă â b c d đ Fritz Walther, (1995) In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 1; "Short-tail and Roman", pp. 1-37. Indiana University Press.
  14. ^ Estes, R. D. (1967). "The Comparative Behavior of Grant's and Thomson's Gazelles." Journal of Mammalogy 48(2): 189-209.
  15. ^ a ă â b c d đ e ê g Fritz Walther, (1995) In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 6: "On mothers and their young", pp. 94-113. Indiana University Press.
  16. ^ East, R. 1999. African Antelope Database 1999. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Chuyên sâu

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Linh dương Thomson  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Linh dương Thomson
  • Gazelles and Their Relatives, Fritz Walther (1984)
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Linh dương Thomson: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Thomson, tên khoa học Eudorcas thomsonii, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla, được Günther mô tả năm 1884. Đây là một trong những loài linh dương nổi tiếng, được lấy theo tên của nhà thám hiểm Joseph Thomson, bởi vậy thỉnh thoảng loài này còn được gọi là "tommie".

Một số nhà khoa học coi linh dương Thomson là một phân loài của linh dương mặt đỏ. Trước đây, chúng từng được xếp vào chi Gazella, phân chi Eudorcas trước khi Eudorcas cũng được coi là một chi riêng. Linh dương Thomson là loài linh dương phổ biến nhất tại khu vực Đông Phi với khoảng hơn 500 nghìn cá thể trên toàn bộ châu Phi.

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Газель Томсона ( Russian )

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 src=
Группа газелей
 src=
Территориальные позы самцов на границе участков

Образует стада различных типов: смешанные, состоящие только из самок (с потомством или без), и состоящие только из самцов. Встречаются и одинокие самцы[18]. Стада непостоянные, быстро распадаются на более мелкие или наоборот, объединяются; количество животных в них может достигать от нескольких десятков до нескольких тысяч[19]. Половая сегрегация более характерна для дождливых периодов года с марта по май и с октября по ноябрь, когда сильные самцы склонны к захвату территорий[20].

Размер охраняемого участка не превышает 300 м в диаметре, его границы помечаются помётом. Хозяева свободно пропускают через свой участок группы самок, попутно преграждая путь одной из них, и изгоняют за пределы участка не участвующих в размножении самцов, тем самым способствуя разделению полов. Стычки между территориальными самцами на границах участков больше похожи на театрализованный ритуал, нежели чем на ожесточённый поединок: самцы чаще всего даже не контактируют друг с другом, ограничиваясь грозным противостоянием «лицом ко лицу». Время от времени они всё же сталкиваются лбами, но не наносят друг другу увечий и быстро разбегаются. После спаривания самцы сами переходят в разряд «холостяков» и теряют интерес к ранее охраняемой территории[19][2][21]. Помимо своего вида, газели Томсона также встречаются в обществе импал и газелей Гранта.

Размножение

Размножается в любое время года, чаще в дождевые сезоны. Спариванию предшествует церемония ухаживания. Самец приближается к выбранной самке с вытянутой горизонтально мордой, после чего задирает нос. В кульминационный момент его голова вместе с шеей вытянута ввысь, передние копыта отбивают характерную барабанную дробь. Заинтересованная самка обычно тут же мочится, предоставляя самцу возможность втянуть носом её выделения и убедиться, что она способна к размножению. Бывает, что самец тут же забывает о партнёрше; в противном случае он ещё интенсивнее вытягивает шею и задирает нос к небу, преследует самку и спаривается[2][21][22]. Самец проявляет интерес к потенциальным партнёршам только в пределах своего участка; после пересечения ею границы уже другой самец может повторить брачный танец предыдущего ухажёра[2].

Беременность продолжается около 180 дней, за один раз самка выносит только одного детёныша. Перед рождением малыша она отбивается от стада и скрывается в островках высокой травы, где и происходят роды. Новорожденный первые две недели жизни неподвижно лежит на одном месте, встречаясь с матерью только для кормления и чистки. Далее он начинает эпизодически подниматься и следовать за матерью, причём частота этих подъёмов всё больше и больше возрастает. К трёхмесячному возрасту стадия лёжки полностью заканчивается, подростки частично переходят с материнского молока на твёрдую пищу. Они всё ещё довольно часто и подолгу отдыхают, но уже следуют за матерью внутри стада. В возрасте 5—8 месяцев происходит отлучение от матки, в возрасте 8—12 месяцев молодые самцы уже почти не встречаются в чисто «женских» коллективах, отдавая предпочтение смешанным или «холостяцким» скоплениям. К середине-концу второго года жизни молодая газель становится полностью половозрелой, рога достигают максимальной длины[22].

Питание

В дождливое время года рацион на 80—90 % состоит из травянистых растений. По его окончании, когда трава выгорает, частично переходит на побеги и плоды древесных растений[23].

Враги

Высокая скорость (до 80 км/ч[24]) и манёвренность позволяют взрослой и здоровой газели избегать множество наземных хищников на короткой дистанции. Исключение составляет гепард, способный без труда догнать животное; в Серенгети газель Томсона — основная его добыча[комм 1][23]. Пробежав 1—2 км, антилопа начинает уставать, а через 4—6 км полностью выдыхается вследствие повышения температуры тела на 5—6 °C. Этим пользуются не такие быстрые, но выносливые, гиеновидная собака и пятнистая гиена, и преследуют жертву до её полной остановки[24]. Лев и леопард используют другую тактику охоты, подстерегая газель из засады[2]. Многотомник «Mammals of Africa» со ссылкой на работу Клэр ФитцГиббон (Clare D. FitzGibbon) указывает на то, что, как и у некоторых других копытных, жертвами хищников становятся в основном самцы, возможно вследствие их менее осторожного поведения и склонности собираться меньшими группами[23].

Гораздо более уязвимы детёныши, неспособные быстро бегать. Помимо выше перечисленных хищников, на них охотятся шакалы, павианы, боевой орёл и африканский ушастый гриф[23]. Единственное спасение молодняка — укрытие в высокой траве[24].

Природоохранный статус

В Красной книге Международного союза охраны природы газель Томсона имеет статус вида, близкого к уязвимому положению (категория NT). Резкое сокращение численности на части территории — на 60—70 % — произошёл в 1970-е — 1990-е годы. По оценкам специалистов, на момент 2008 года это сокращение продолжалось, хоть и более плавное. Основные угрозы: доступность питьевой воды, беспокойство со стороны туристов, инвазия экзотических растений, противопожарные мероприятия, строительство дорог[9].

Анализ филогенетических связей в подсемействе Antilopinae, предложенный на анализе последовательностей мтДНК Вильгельмом Рэбхольцом и Эриком Харли (1999)[25]




Gazella The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella isabella (white background).png



Гарна (Antilope cervicapra) The book of antelopes (1894) Antilope cervicapra (white background).png




Eudorcas

Eudorcas rufifrons The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella rufifrons (white background).png



Газель Томсона (E. thomsonii) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella thomsoni white background.png



Nanger

Сомалийская газель (Nanger soemmerringii) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella soemmerringi (white background).png



Газель Гранта (N. granti) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella granti (white background).png




Газель-дама (N. dama) The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella mhorr (white background).png







Геренук (Litocranius walleri) The book of antelopes (1894) Lithocranius walleri (white background).png



Спрингбок (Antidorcas marsupialis) The book of antelopes (1894) Antidorcas euchore (white background).png




  •  src=

    Самец и две самки

  •  src=

    Затаившийся в траве детёныш

  •  src=

    Спаривание

  •  src=

    Помечание территории

Комментарии

  1. Ряд специализированных источников утверждает, что рацион гепарда в Серенгети на 66—89 % состоит из газелей Томпсона

Примечания

  1. Соколов, 1984.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Соколов, 1989.
  3. Troelstra, 2017, p. 429.
  4. 1 2 3 Wilson & Reeder, 2005, p. 679.
  5. Groves, 2000, pp. 223—233.
  6. Rafferty, 2011, p. 98.
  7. Eudorcas rufifrons albonotata Linnaeus, 1764 (неопр.). ITIS Report. Объединённая таксономическая информационная служба. Проверено 29 декабря 2017. Архивировано 29 декабря 2017 года.
  8. Groves & Grubb, 2011, p. 179.
  9. 1 2 Eudorcas albonotata (неопр.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Международный союз охраны природы. Проверено 29 декабря 2017. Архивировано 29 декабря 2017 года.
  10. 1 2 3 Kingdon, 2015, pp. 563—564.
  11. 1 2 Kingdon et al., 2013, p. 363.
  12. Kingdon, 1988, pp. 403—413.
  13. Kingdon, 1988, p. 403.
  14. 1 2 3 Castelló & Huffman, 2016, pp. 104—107.
  15. Foley et al., 2014, p. 212.
  16. 1 2 Estes & Otte, 2012, p. 70.
  17. Eudorcas thomsonii (неопр.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Международный союз охраны природы. Проверено 27 декабря 2017. Архивировано 27 декабря 2017 года.
  18. Kingdon et al., 2013, p. 365.
  19. 1 2 Estes & Otte, 2012, p. 71.
  20. Walther, 1977.
  21. 1 2 Walther, 1995, p. 1—35.
  22. 1 2 Kingdon et al., 2013, p. 366.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Kingdon et al., 2013, p. 367.
  24. 1 2 3 Estes & Otte, 2012, p. 74.
  25. Rebholz & Harley, 1999.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Газель Томсона: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Группа газелей  src= Территориальные позы самцов на границе участков

Образует стада различных типов: смешанные, состоящие только из самок (с потомством или без), и состоящие только из самцов. Встречаются и одинокие самцы. Стада непостоянные, быстро распадаются на более мелкие или наоборот, объединяются; количество животных в них может достигать от нескольких десятков до нескольких тысяч. Половая сегрегация более характерна для дождливых периодов года с марта по май и с октября по ноябрь, когда сильные самцы склонны к захвату территорий.

Размер охраняемого участка не превышает 300 м в диаметре, его границы помечаются помётом. Хозяева свободно пропускают через свой участок группы самок, попутно преграждая путь одной из них, и изгоняют за пределы участка не участвующих в размножении самцов, тем самым способствуя разделению полов. Стычки между территориальными самцами на границах участков больше похожи на театрализованный ритуал, нежели чем на ожесточённый поединок: самцы чаще всего даже не контактируют друг с другом, ограничиваясь грозным противостоянием «лицом ко лицу». Время от времени они всё же сталкиваются лбами, но не наносят друг другу увечий и быстро разбегаются. После спаривания самцы сами переходят в разряд «холостяков» и теряют интерес к ранее охраняемой территории. Помимо своего вида, газели Томсона также встречаются в обществе импал и газелей Гранта.

Размножение

Размножается в любое время года, чаще в дождевые сезоны. Спариванию предшествует церемония ухаживания. Самец приближается к выбранной самке с вытянутой горизонтально мордой, после чего задирает нос. В кульминационный момент его голова вместе с шеей вытянута ввысь, передние копыта отбивают характерную барабанную дробь. Заинтересованная самка обычно тут же мочится, предоставляя самцу возможность втянуть носом её выделения и убедиться, что она способна к размножению. Бывает, что самец тут же забывает о партнёрше; в противном случае он ещё интенсивнее вытягивает шею и задирает нос к небу, преследует самку и спаривается. Самец проявляет интерес к потенциальным партнёршам только в пределах своего участка; после пересечения ею границы уже другой самец может повторить брачный танец предыдущего ухажёра.

Беременность продолжается около 180 дней, за один раз самка выносит только одного детёныша. Перед рождением малыша она отбивается от стада и скрывается в островках высокой травы, где и происходят роды. Новорожденный первые две недели жизни неподвижно лежит на одном месте, встречаясь с матерью только для кормления и чистки. Далее он начинает эпизодически подниматься и следовать за матерью, причём частота этих подъёмов всё больше и больше возрастает. К трёхмесячному возрасту стадия лёжки полностью заканчивается, подростки частично переходят с материнского молока на твёрдую пищу. Они всё ещё довольно часто и подолгу отдыхают, но уже следуют за матерью внутри стада. В возрасте 5—8 месяцев происходит отлучение от матки, в возрасте 8—12 месяцев молодые самцы уже почти не встречаются в чисто «женских» коллективах, отдавая предпочтение смешанным или «холостяцким» скоплениям. К середине-концу второго года жизни молодая газель становится полностью половозрелой, рога достигают максимальной длины.

Питание  src= Стычка с орлом-могильником

В дождливое время года рацион на 80—90 % состоит из травянистых растений. По его окончании, когда трава выгорает, частично переходит на побеги и плоды древесных растений.

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汤氏瞪羚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Gazella thomsoni
(Günther, 1884)
 src=
一隻湯氏瞪羚

湯氏瞪羚(学名 Gazella thomsoni)是最著名的羚羊之一。分佈於非洲的稀樹大草原和開闊草地,特別是肯亞坦桑尼亞塞倫蓋蒂國家公園

主要特征

身体背部腿部为白色,其餘为黄褐色。肩高约75厘米,体重25—30公斤,是小型瞪羚。矮小粗壮,善跑好鬥,尤其是交配季节,经常看到瞪羚屍体,有两个孔,就是被同类打死的。

习性

善於奔跑,非常警惕,一有動静就跑了。好合群,經常與牛羚結成世界上最壯觀的草食動物群。但是由於瞪羚和牛羚遷徙的目的不一样,所以它們遷徙的路線也不會一樣。以植物根莖為食。

天敌

跳羚相同,陆地上为猎豹花豹

保护现状

在保护区内的数量很多,但由於分布太狭窄,数量仍然不是很多。

参看

 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:汤氏瞪羚分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:汤氏瞪羚
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维基百科作者和编辑

汤氏瞪羚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 一隻湯氏瞪羚

湯氏瞪羚(学名 Gazella thomsoni)是最著名的羚羊之一。分佈於非洲的稀樹大草原和開闊草地,特別是肯亞坦桑尼亞塞倫蓋蒂國家公園

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维基百科作者和编辑

トムソンガゼル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
トムソンガゼル トムソンガゼル
トムソンガゼル Gazella thomsonii
保全状況評価[a 1] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ウシ目 Artiodactyla 亜目 : ウシ亜目 Ruminantia : ウシ科 Bovidae 亜科 : ブラックバック亜科 Antilopinae : ガゼル属 Gazella 亜属 : ガゼル亜属 Gazella : トムソンガゼル G. thomsonii 学名 Gazella thomsonii Günther, 1884 和名 トムソンガゼル 英名 Thomson's gazelle

トムソンガゼルGazella thomsonii)は、哺乳綱ウシ目(偶蹄目)ウシ科ガゼル属に分類される偶蹄類。

分布[編集]

G. t. thomsonii キリマンジャロトムソンガゼル
ケニア、タンザニアのキリマンジャロ周辺[1]
G. t. albonotata モンガラトムソンガゼル
スーダン南部[2][1]
G. t. nasalis ニアンザトムソンガゼル
ケニア東部、タンザニア北部[1]

形態[編集]

体長80-110センチメートル[1]。尾長25-43センチメートル[1]。肩高55-65センチメートル[1]。背面の毛衣は淡褐色や淡黄褐色[2]、腹面の毛衣は白い[1]。眼から鼻孔にかけて白く縁取られた黒褐色の斑紋(顔側線)が入る[1]。体側面や大腿部に黒褐色の帯模様が入る[2][1]

雌雄共に基部から後方へわずかに湾曲し[2]、先端が上方に向かう角がある[1]。角長オス25-43センチメートル、メス7-15センチメートル[1]。角の断面は細長い卵型で、角の表面には15-18個の節がある[1]

G. t. thomsonii キリマンジャロトムソンガゼル
額から鼻面にかけての毛衣は淡赤褐色で、鼻に黒い斑紋が入る[1]。角の先端が内側へ向かわない[1]
G. t. albonotata モンガラトムソンガゼル
額から鼻面にかけての毛衣は暗赤褐色[1]。角の先端が内側へ向かう[1]
G. t. nasalis ニアンザトムソンガゼル
鼻に黒い斑紋が入らない[1]

分類[編集]

  • Gazella thomsonii thomsonii Günther, 1884 キリマンジャロトムソンガゼル
  • Gazella thomsonii albonotata Rothschild, 1903 モンガラトムソンガゼル
  • Gazella thomsonii nasalis Lönnberg, 1908 ニアンザトムソンガゼル

生態[編集]

藪地がまばらにある草原に生息する[2][1]。乾季は数百頭からなる大規模な群れを形成し、雨期になるとオスと数十頭までのメスからなる群れに分散する[1]

食性は植物食で、主にイネ科)を食べる[2][1]

繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は約188日[1]。1回に1頭の幼獣を産む[1]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v 今泉吉典監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育7 (偶蹄目III)』、東京動物園協会、1988年、81-82頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f 今泉吉典監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科4 大型草食獣』、平凡社1986年、141頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、トムソンガゼルに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにトムソンガゼルに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Eudorcas thomsonii. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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トムソンガゼル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

トムソンガゼル(Gazella thomsonii)は、哺乳綱ウシ目(偶蹄目)ウシ科ガゼル属に分類される偶蹄類。

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wikipedia 日本語

톰슨가젤 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

 src=
세렝게티 국립공원의 톰슨가젤

톰슨가젤(학명: Gazella thomsonii)은 소과에 속하는 가젤의 일종이자 가장 잘 알려져 있는 가젤의 하나이다. 톰슨가젤이라는 이름은 스코틀랜드의 탐험가인 조지프 톰슨에서 따왔다. 한때 가젤속으로 분류되었지만, 현재는 별도의 속인 에우도르카스속에 속한다. 개체수는 550,000마리로 추정되며, 이는 현존하는 가젤 중에서 가장 많은 수이나, 1978년의 개체에서 60% 줄어든 것이기에 지속적으로 개체수가 줄어들 것으로 예상된다.[2] 성질이 순해 동물원에서 기르기 쉽다.

몸길이 85~170cm이고, 몸무게는 12~85kg에 달한다. 등 부분은 황토색, 배 부분은 흰색의 털로 덮여 있으며, 그 사이 옆구리 부분에 선명한 흑색의 줄무늬가 그어져 있다. 몸에 비해 다리가 길고 큰 편으로, 15개 가량의 가로 돌기가 나 있는 뿔은 암수 모두 있으나 수컷이 압도적으로 크며, 길이는 20cm 정도로 길며 조금 굽어 있다. 초식성이며, 우기에 풍부하게 자라는 풀을 많이 먹는다. 5~60마리씩 무리를 지어 산다. 천적은 사자, 치타, 표범, 하이에나, 리카온 등으로, 위협을 만나면 대부분 도망치나 뿔이 난 머리로 박치기를 하여 자신을 방어할 수도 있다. 가젤 중에서 유일히 1년에 1마리 이상의 새끼를 낳는 종이다. 케냐, 탄자니아, 수단을 포함한 동아프리카에 서식하지만, 주로 탄자니아의 세렝게티 국립공원에 집중 서식한다.

각주

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2018. Eudorcas thomsonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T8982A50188023. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A50188023.en. Downloaded on 18 December 2018.
  2. East, R. (1999). African Antelope Database IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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톰슨가젤: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
 src= 세렝게티 국립공원의 톰슨가젤

톰슨가젤(학명: Gazella thomsonii)은 소과에 속하는 가젤의 일종이자 가장 잘 알려져 있는 가젤의 하나이다. 톰슨가젤이라는 이름은 스코틀랜드의 탐험가인 조지프 톰슨에서 따왔다. 한때 가젤속으로 분류되었지만, 현재는 별도의 속인 에우도르카스속에 속한다. 개체수는 550,000마리로 추정되며, 이는 현존하는 가젤 중에서 가장 많은 수이나, 1978년의 개체에서 60% 줄어든 것이기에 지속적으로 개체수가 줄어들 것으로 예상된다. 성질이 순해 동물원에서 기르기 쉽다.

몸길이 85~170cm이고, 몸무게는 12~85kg에 달한다. 등 부분은 황토색, 배 부분은 흰색의 털로 덮여 있으며, 그 사이 옆구리 부분에 선명한 흑색의 줄무늬가 그어져 있다. 몸에 비해 다리가 길고 큰 편으로, 15개 가량의 가로 돌기가 나 있는 뿔은 암수 모두 있으나 수컷이 압도적으로 크며, 길이는 20cm 정도로 길며 조금 굽어 있다. 초식성이며, 우기에 풍부하게 자라는 풀을 많이 먹는다. 5~60마리씩 무리를 지어 산다. 천적은 사자, 치타, 표범, 하이에나, 리카온 등으로, 위협을 만나면 대부분 도망치나 뿔이 난 머리로 박치기를 하여 자신을 방어할 수도 있다. 가젤 중에서 유일히 1년에 1마리 이상의 새끼를 낳는 종이다. 케냐, 탄자니아, 수단을 포함한 동아프리카에 서식하지만, 주로 탄자니아의 세렝게티 국립공원에 집중 서식한다.

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