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Image of Sylon hippolytes M. Sars 1870
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Rhizocephalans

Rhizocephala Müller 1862

Rizocèfal ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Dibuix del rizocèfal Clistosaccus paguri

Els rizocèfals (Rhizocephala) són un ordre de crustacis cirrípedes.

Particularitats

Els rizocèfals són exclusivament paràsits d'estructura molt senzilla. El nom "Rhizocephala" es refereix a les "arrels" amb les que penetren llurs hostes i al "cap" o part exterior visible. Totes les espècies parasiten crancs decàpodes.

Emparentats als peus de cabrit, només es semblen a aquests a llur estadi larvari. Els adults no tenen cap membre ni segmentació visible. Tots els òrgans es troben ancorats dins de l'hoste de tal manera que només un "cap" o part externa formada per l'aparell reproductor i el sistema nerviós central és visible a l'ull nu.

El rizocèfal no mata el seu hoste, però el cranc hoste acaba en un estat de castració, car el paràsit ocupa efectivament el lloc dels seus òrgans genitals.

Taxonomia

Segons la revisió feta el 2001 per Martin i Davis, els rizocèfals són un superordre:[1][2]

Ordre Akentrogonida Häfele, 1911

Ordre Kentrogonida Delage, 1884

Referències

  1. J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 2001, p. 132 pp.
  2. Daphne Cuvelier. «Rhizocephala». World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans Database. M. Schotte, C. B. Boyko, N. L. Bruce, G. C. B. Poore, S. Taiti & G. D. F. Wilson, 2009.

Enllaços externs

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Rizocèfal: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els rizocèfals (Rhizocephala) són un ordre de crustacis cirrípedes.

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Rhizocephala

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Rhizocephala are derived barnacles that parasitise mostly decapod crustaceans, but can also infest Peracarida, mantis shrimps and thoracican barnacles, and are found from the deep ocean to freshwater.[1][2] Together with their sister groups Thoracica and Acrothoracica, they make up the subclass Cirripedia.[3] Their body plan is uniquely reduced in an extreme adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle, and makes their relationship to other barnacles unrecognisable in the adult form. The name Rhizocephala derives from the Ancient Greek roots ῥίζα (rhiza, "root") and κεφαλή (kephalē, "head"), describing the adult female, which mostly consists of a network of thread-like extensions penetrating the body of the host.[4]

Description and lifecycle

Sacculina carcini (adult female) parasiting a crab (Carcinus maenas). Haeckel's drawing also shows the internal network of filaments from the parasite.

As adults they lack appendages, segmentation, and all internal organs except gonads, a few muscles, and the remains of the nervous system. Females also have a cuticle, which is never shed.[5] Other than the minute larval stages, there is nothing identifying them as crustaceans or even arthropods in general. The only distinguishable portion of a rhizocephalan body is the externa; the reproductive portion of adult females.

Nauplii released from adult females swim in water for several days without taking food (the larva has no mouth and no intestine) and transform into cypris larvae (cyprids) after several moults. Like the nauplii, the cyprids are lecithotrophic (non-feeding).[6] The female cypris in Kentrogonida settles on a host and metamorphoses into a specialized juvenile form called a kentrogon, which has no visible segmentation and has no appendages except the antennules that are used to attach itself to the host, and whose only purpose is to inject a cell mass named the vermigon into the host's hemolymph through a retractive hollow stylet on its head. The kentrogon stage seems to have been lost in all of the Akentrogonida, where the cypris injects the vermigon through one of its antennules.[7] The vermigon grows into root-like threads through the host's tissue, centering on the digestive system and especially the hepatopancreas, and absorb nutrients from the hemolymph. This network of threads is called the interna. The female then grows a sac-like externa, which consists of a mantle, a mantle cavity, an ovary and a pair of passageways known as cell receptacles, extruding from the abdomen of the host.[8][9][10]

In the order Kentrogonida, the virgin externa contains no openings at first. But it soon molts to a second stage that contains an orifice known as the mantle departure, and which leads into the two receptacle passageways — once assumed to be the testes in hermaphroditic parasites before the realization that they were actually two separate sexes — and starts releasing pheromones to attract male cyprids. From inside the body of the male cypris that succeeds in entering the departure, a unique and very short lived male stage called the trichogen emerges through the antennule opening. It is the homologue of the female kentrogon, but is reduced to an amoeboid unsegmented cuticle-covered mass of cells consisting of three to four cell-types: the dorsolateral, the ventral epidermis, the inclusion cells, and the postganglion. The externa have room for two males, one for each of the receptacles, which increase the heterozygosity of the offspring. Once inside, the trichogen will shed its cuticle before reaching the end of the passageway.[11][12][13]

In the order Akentrogonida, which form a monophyletic group nested within the paraphyletic Kentrogonida,[14] the male does not develop into a trichogon, and the cypris injects its cell mass through its antennule and directly into the body of the immature externa. The offspring also hatch directly into fully developed cyprids instead of nauplius larvae (except for a few species of kentrogonid rhizocephalans, which hatch into cyprids like the akentrogonids, the kentrogonids have kept their nauplius stage). In species like Clistosaccus paguri, the male injects its cluster of cells which migrates through the connective tissue of the mantle and into the receptacle. But in forms like Sylon hippolytes the receptacle is absent, and the males cells implant in the ovary instead.[15] While only a single male can settle in each receptacle, which is the rule in Kentrogonida, the number of implanted males in Akentrogonida can range from just one to more than ten.[16]

The small cluster of cells injected by the male cypris will, once it reaches its destination inside the female, differentiate into a loosely connected mass of sperm-producing germ cells. Being nothing more than sperm-forming cells, these adult male rhizocephalans represent the simplest form of male in the entire animal kingdom. Mature female externa releases eggs into its mantle cavity where eggs are fertilised by sperm from the hyper-parasitic male(s). Due to the larval sexual dimorphism in the Kentrogonida, the females produce two different egg sizes; small female eggs and larger male eggs.[17][18] It appears the sex determination in Akentrogonida is environmental.[19]

In Peltogasterella gracilis, the externa produces several batches of larvae before it drops off the host, taking the male(s) inside with it. After the original externa disappear, the host moults and the interna grows buds that each develops into a new virgin externa. The females commonly has two cypris cell receptacles. With more than one externa, and new ones replacing the old ones, each female Peltogasterella can receive sperm from numerous males during its lifetime.

The externa is where the host's egg sac would be, and the host's behaviour is chemically altered: it is castrated and does not moult until aged externa(e) drop(s) off. The host treats the externa as if it were its own egg sac.[8] This behaviour even extends to male hosts, which would never have carried eggs, but care for the externa in the same way as females.[8]

Classification

Following an updated classification of barnacles by Chan et al. (2021), the subgroups Akentrogonida and Kentrogonida were not retained, leaving 13 families as children of the infraclass Rhizocephala.[3][20]

Phylogeny

The following cladogram summarizes the internal relationships of Rhizocephala as of 2020,[21] as well as the number of species in each family.[3]

Rhizocephala

Triangulidae (4)

"Akentrogonida"

Mycetomorphidae (2)

Peltogastridae (47)

Peltogasterellidae (10)

Polyascidae (8)

"Akentrogonida"

Clistosaccidae (2)

Polysaccidae (2)

Thompsoniidae (24)

Pirusaccidae (1)

Duplorbidae (5)

Chthamalophilidae (4)

Parthenopeidae (3)

Sacculinidae (177)

See also

References

  1. ^ Pérez-Losada, Marcos; Høeg, Jens T; Crandall, Keith A (17 April 2009). "Remarkable convergent evolution in specialized parasitic Thecostraca (Crustacea)". BMC Biology. 7: 15. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-7-15. PMC 2678073. PMID 19374762.
  2. ^ Walker, Graham (July 2001). "Introduction to the Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Cirripedia)". Journal of Morphology. 249 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1002/jmor.1038. PMID 11410936. S2CID 41339146.
  3. ^ a b c Chan, Benny K. K.; Dreyer, Niklas; Gale, Andy S.; Glenner, Henrik; et al. (2021). "The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (1): 789–846. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160.
  4. ^ "Etymology of the Latin word Rhizocephala". MyEtymology. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  5. ^ Bresciani, José; Høeg, Jens T. (July 2001). "Comparative ultrastructure of the root system in Rhizocephalan barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)". Journal of Morphology. 249 (1): 9–42. doi:10.1002/jmor.1039. PMID 11410937. S2CID 27832764.
  6. ^ Martin, Joel W.; Olesen, Jørgen; Høeg, Jens T.; Høeg, Jens (2014). Atlas of Crustacean Larvae. JHU Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4214-1197-2. The Acrothoracica and Rhizocephala have exclusively lecithotrophic nauplii. The cypridoid larva is always lecithotrophic
  7. ^ Glenner, Henrik; Høeg, Jens T. (2002). "A Scenario for the Evolution of the Rhizocephala". Modern Approaches to the Study of Crustacea. pp. 301–310. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0761-1_42. ISBN 978-1-4613-5228-0.
  8. ^ a b c Henrik Glenner & Jens T. Høeg (2002). "A scenario for the evolution of the Rhizocephala". In Elva Escobar-Briones & Fernando Alvarez (ed.). Modern Approaches to the Study of Crustacea. Springer. pp. 301–310. ISBN 978-0-306-47366-1.
  9. ^ Elumalai, V.; Viswanathan, C.; Pravinkumar, M.; Raffi, S. M. (2014). "Infestation of parasitic barnacle Sacculina spp. in commercial marine crabs". Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 38 (3): 337–339. doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0247-z. PMC 4087306. PMID 25035598.
  10. ^ Noever, Christoph; Keiler, Jonas; Glenner, Henrik (July 2016). "First 3D reconstruction of the rhizocephalan root system using MicroCT". Journal of Sea Research. 113: 58–64. Bibcode:2016JSR...113...58N. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2015.08.002.
  11. ^ Hoeg, J. T. (24 September 1987). "Male Cypris Metamorphosis and a New Male Larval Form, The Trichogon, in the Parasitic Barnacle Sacculina carcini (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 317 (1183): 47–63. Bibcode:1987RSPTB.317...47H. doi:10.1098/rstb.1987.0047.
  12. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (2010). Leonardo's Mountain Of Clams. Random House. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-4090-0038-9. In Sacculina and close relatives, the virgin externa contains no opening
  13. ^ Klepal, Waltraud (1999). "A Review of the comparative anatomy of the males in cirripedes". Oceanography And Marine Biology. CRC Press. pp. 250–304. ISBN 978-0-203-40068-5. The 'trichogon' was discovered, a new post-cypris male larval form which may be considered as an extremely reduced dwarf male
  14. ^ Glenner, Henrik; Høeg, Jens T.; Stenderup, Jesper; Rybakov, Alexey V. (May 2010). "The monophyletic origin of a remarkable sexual system in akentrogonid rhizocephalan parasites: A molecular and larval structural study". Experimental Parasitology. 125 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.019. PMID 19786021.
  15. ^ Castro, Peter; Davie, Peter; Guinot, Danièle; Schram, Frederick; Klein, Carel von Vaupel (2015). "Fig. 71-12.24. Rhizocephalan life cycle: A-J, life cycle of the akentrogonid rhizocephalan". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 9 Part C (2 vols): Brachyura. BRILL. p. 714. ISBN 978-90-04-19083-2.
  16. ^ Thiel, Martin; Wellborn, Gary (2018). The Natural History of the Crustacea: Life Histories. Oxford University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-19-062028-8.
  17. ^ Nagler, Christina; Hörnig, Marie K.; Haug, Joachim T.; Noever, Christoph; Høeg, Jens T.; Glenner, Henrik (5 July 2017). "The bigger, the better? Volume measurements of parasites and hosts: Parasitic barnacles (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) and their decapod hosts". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0179958. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1279958N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179958. PMC 5497970. PMID 28678878.
  18. ^ Korn, O. M.; Shukalyuk, A. I.; Trofimova, A. V.; Isaeva, V. V. (September 2004). "Reproductive Stage of the Life Cycle in the Rhizocephalan Barnacle Polyascus polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia)". Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 30 (5): 328–340. doi:10.1023/B:RUMB.0000046552.07712.02. S2CID 7703577.
  19. ^ Leonard, Janet L. (2018). "Phylogenetic Character Distribution". Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms Of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems. Springer. pp. 224–5. ISBN 978-3-319-94139-4.
  20. ^ "World Register of Marine Species, genus Concavus". Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  21. ^ T. Høeg, Jens; Noever, Christoph; A. Rees, David; A. Crandall, Keith; Glenner, Henrik (2020), "A new molecular phylogeny-based taxonomy of parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190 (2): 632–653, doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz140

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Rhizocephala: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Rhizocephala are derived barnacles that parasitise mostly decapod crustaceans, but can also infest Peracarida, mantis shrimps and thoracican barnacles, and are found from the deep ocean to freshwater. Together with their sister groups Thoracica and Acrothoracica, they make up the subclass Cirripedia. Their body plan is uniquely reduced in an extreme adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle, and makes their relationship to other barnacles unrecognisable in the adult form. The name Rhizocephala derives from the Ancient Greek roots ῥίζα (rhiza, "root") and κεφαλή (kephalē, "head"), describing the adult female, which mostly consists of a network of thread-like extensions penetrating the body of the host.

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Rhizocephala ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los rizocéfalos (Rhizocephala) son un orden de crustáceos cirrípedos.

Particularidades

Los rizocéfalos son exclusivamente parásitos de estructura muy sencilla. El nombre "Rhizocephala" se refiere a las "rels" con las que penetran a sus huéspedes. Todas las especies parasitan cangrejos decápodos.

Emparentados con los percebes, sólo se parecen a estos en su estadio larvario. Los adultos no tienen ningún miembro ni segmentación visible. Todos los órganos se encuentran anclados dentro del huésped, de tal manera que sólo una "cabeza" o parte externa formada por el aparato reproductor y el sistema nervioso central es visible a simple vista.

El rizocéfalo no mata a su huésped, pero el cangrejo huésped acaba en un estado de castración, puesto que el parásito ocupa el lugar de sus órganos genitales.

Taxonomía

Según la revisión hecha al 2001 por Martin y Davis, los rizocéfalos son un superorden.

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Rhizocephala: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los rizocéfalos (Rhizocephala) son un orden de crustáceos cirrípedos.

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Rhizocephala ( French )

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Les Rhizocephala sont un super-ordre de crustacés cirripèdes parasites dont les sacculines.

Leur plan d'organisation est très réduit, témoignant d'une grande adaptation à leur mode de vie. Apparentés aux anatifes, ils leur ressemblent seulement sous leur forme larvaire. Adulte, ils ne possèdent aucun appendice, aucune segmentation visible, et tous leurs organes sont ancrés dans l'hôte, excepté les organes sexuels et la partie comprenant le système nerveux central.

Taxonomie

Le terme de Rhizocephala, composé des radicaux de latin scientifique rhizo- qui désigne les rhizomes et -cephala qui signifie « tête », décrit les femelles adultes dont le corps, formé d'une tête, pénètre celui de l'hôte comme les rhizomes d'une plante pénètrent le sol.

Liste des ordres

Selon World Register of Marine Species (23 février 2016)[1] :

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Rhizocephala: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Rhizocephala sont un super-ordre de crustacés cirripèdes parasites dont les sacculines.

Leur plan d'organisation est très réduit, témoignant d'une grande adaptation à leur mode de vie. Apparentés aux anatifes, ils leur ressemblent seulement sous leur forme larvaire. Adulte, ils ne possèdent aucun appendice, aucune segmentation visible, et tous leurs organes sont ancrés dans l'hôte, excepté les organes sexuels et la partie comprenant le système nerveux central.

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Krabbezakjes ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Krabbezakjes (Rhizocephala) zijn parasitaire rankpootkreeften, die vrij algemeen wordt aangetroffen op vooral krabben, voornamelijk uit de zwemkrabbenfamilie (Portunidae), maar ook op andere tienpotigen. Langs de Belgische en Nederlandse kust wordt vaak de soort Sacculina carcini aangetroffen.

Kenmerken

Alhoewel verwant met de zeepokken, lijken krabbezakjes helemaal niet op zeepokken of andere schaaldieren. De parasiet bestaat uit een vertakte structuur binnen in de gastheer (een tienpotige) en een uitwendig zakje dat zich op het abdomen bevindt.

Levensloop

Krabbezakjes zijn als larve vrijlevend. Ze doorlopen eerst een nauplius stadium, dat zich vervolgens transformeert tot een cyprislarve. Deze cyprislarve belandt op het pantser van een potentiële gastheer, aangetrokken door zijn geur (chemotaxie).
Deze larve kruipt over de gastheer tot ze de dunne huid van een scharnierpunt vindt. Daar verandert ze door vervelling in het zogenaamde kentrogon stadium. De kentrogon ontwikkelt vervolgens een soort injectienaald waarmee ze zichzelf in het lichaam van de gastheer injecteert. De volgende fase heet het vermigon stadium. De Akentrogonida slaan het kentrogon stadium over en belanden onmiddellijk in het vermigon stadium. Dit is een wormachtige vorm die door de gastheer heen kruipt en zich in de buurt van het achterlijf vastzet. Uit deze vorm groeien vertakkingen (de interna) die zich in het gehele lichaam verspreiden en waarmee voedsel wordt opgenomen. Uiteindelijk vormt zich uitwendig op het achterlijf het typische zakje (de externa), bepaalde soorten ontwikkelen meerdere externae. Eenmaal binnen in de gastheer, scheidt een krabbezakje stoffen af die interfereren met de hormoonhuishouding van de gastheer, waardoor mannelijke gastheren vrouwelijke kenmerken en gedragingen vertonen en de vervellingen worden stopgezet. De gastheer wordt als het ware chemisch gecastreerd. De enige functie van de gastheer is nu nog het voeden van de parasiet.
Als een vrijlevend mannelijk krabbezakje (cypris stadium) een vrouwelijk exemplaar ontmoet, dan injecteert deze zich in het vrouwelijk zakje en smelt ermee samen, waarbij het voor de rest van het leven van de gastheer zaadcellen produceert. Op regelmatige tijdstippen worden dan wolkjes parasietenlarfjes naar buiten gespoten.

Voorkomen

Krabbezakjes komen voor in het verspreidingsgebied van hun gastheren. Verschillende soorten krabbezakjes kunnen zich vaak als exoot handhaven door andere, inheemse verwanten van hun gewoonlijke gastheren te infecteren.

Taxonomie

De volgende taxa zijn bij de superorde ingedeeld:[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Zootaxa 3148
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Krabbezakjes: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Krabbezakjes (Rhizocephala) zijn parasitaire rankpootkreeften, die vrij algemeen wordt aangetroffen op vooral krabben, voornamelijk uit de zwemkrabbenfamilie (Portunidae), maar ook op andere tienpotigen. Langs de Belgische en Nederlandse kust wordt vaak de soort Sacculina carcini aangetroffen.

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Rizocéfalo ( Portuguese )

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Rhizocephala é um grupo de crustáceos da classe Cirripedia (à qual pertencem os percebes e as cracas), que são parasitas de outros crustáceos, como os camarões e os caranguejos. Por esta razão, estes animais possuem adaptações que não permitem, à primeira vista, associá-los aos restantes crustáceos; de facto, é difícil sequer identificá-los como um ser vivo separado do seu hospedeiro.[1]

Um rizocéfalo (das palavras gregas que significam “raiz” e “cabeça”) adulto não tem apêndices, nem o corpo segmentado e perdeu todos os órgãos internos, com excepção das gónadas e resíduos do sistema nervoso.

Um náuplio fêmea tem a sua primeira metamorfose assim que se agarra a um hospedeiro, ramificando-se principalmente à volta do seu sistema digestivo. O rizocéfalo produz um órgão em forma de saco, o externa, que contém os ovários, que só se tornam activos quando um náuplio-macho se funde com este órgão. Os ovos são de dois tipos: ovos grandes que produzem náuplios-machos e ovos pequenos que produzem fêmeas.

O hospedeiro cuida do externa do parasita como se fosse o seu próprio e não sofre mais mudas, nem produz os seus próprios ovos.

Referências

  1. «Rhizocephala» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)

Bibliografia

  • Høeg, J. T. 1995. The biology and life cycle of the Cirripedia Rhizocephala. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75:517-550.
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Rizocéfalo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Rhizocephala é um grupo de crustáceos da classe Cirripedia (à qual pertencem os percebes e as cracas), que são parasitas de outros crustáceos, como os camarões e os caranguejos. Por esta razão, estes animais possuem adaptações que não permitem, à primeira vista, associá-los aos restantes crustáceos; de facto, é difícil sequer identificá-los como um ser vivo separado do seu hospedeiro.

Um rizocéfalo (das palavras gregas que significam “raiz” e “cabeça”) adulto não tem apêndices, nem o corpo segmentado e perdeu todos os órgãos internos, com excepção das gónadas e resíduos do sistema nervoso.

Um náuplio fêmea tem a sua primeira metamorfose assim que se agarra a um hospedeiro, ramificando-se principalmente à volta do seu sistema digestivo. O rizocéfalo produz um órgão em forma de saco, o externa, que contém os ovários, que só se tornam activos quando um náuplio-macho se funde com este órgão. Os ovos são de dois tipos: ovos grandes que produzem náuplios-machos e ovos pequenos que produzem fêmeas.

O hospedeiro cuida do externa do parasita como se fosse o seu próprio e não sofre mais mudas, nem produz os seus próprios ovos.

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Rotfotingar ( Swedish )

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Rotfotingar (Rhizocephala) är en överordning i infraklassen rankfotingar (Cirripedia) bland kräftdjuren.[1] Rotfotingarna är parasiter på andra kräftdjur, i de flesta fall tiofotade kräftdjur (Decapoda). Uppgifterna om artantalet varierar mycket; ITIS anger 68 beskrivna arter i 9 familjer.[2][3]

Beskrivning

Rotfotingarna har en mycket märklig livscykel. Från en frisimmande larv utvecklas honan till en rotliknande bildning som helt genomsätter krabbans inre. Den enda yttre delen är en säckliknande bildning med ägg. Extremiteter, matsmältningssystem m.m. försvinner. Parasiten utsöndrar hormoner som påverkar värddjuret. För närmare beskrivning av livscykeln se artikeln Sacculina.

Exempel

Det mest kända släktet bland rotfotingarna är Sacculina, som parasiterar på krabbor. Släktet har 3 arter i Sverige; mest känd är Sacculina carcini.

eremitkräftor på svenska västkusten finns åtminstone tre arter; den vanligaste är Peltogaster paguri. På trollhumrar (Galathea och Munida) förekommer arter av släktet Lernaeodiscus. Spindelkrabbor (Inachus, Macropodia) infekteras av den sacculinaliknande Drepanorchis neglecta. Vid Norges kuster finns ännu fler arter. Det finns också släkten som angriper räkor (Thompsonia) och havslevande gråsuggor (Duplorbis).[4]

Systematik

Kladogram enligt Dyntaxa[1]:

Maxillopoda rotfotingar

Clistosaccidae



Lernaeodiscidae



Peltogastridae



Sacculinidae



Sylonidae




Acrothoracica



Ascothoracida



Calanoida



Cyclopoida



Harpacticoida



Misophrioida



Monstrilloida



Platycopioida



Poecilostomatoida



Porocephalida



Siphonostomatoida



Tantulocaridida



Thoracica



Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b] Rhizocephala i Dyntaxa, Svensk taxonomisk databas
  2. ^ Rhizocephala i ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System
  3. ^ Rhizocephala i WoRMS, World Register of Marine Species
  4. ^ Hanström, B. (red): Djurens värld, band 2.

Litteratur

Externa länkar

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Rotfotingar: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Rotfotingar (Rhizocephala) är en överordning i infraklassen rankfotingar (Cirripedia) bland kräftdjuren. Rotfotingarna är parasiter på andra kräftdjur, i de flesta fall tiofotade kräftdjur (Decapoda). Uppgifterna om artantalet varierar mycket; ITIS anger 68 beskrivna arter i 9 familjer.

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Корнеголовые ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Подтип: Ракообразные
Подкласс: Thecostraca
Инфракласс: Усоногие
Надотряд: Корнеголовые
Международное научное название

Rhizocephala Müller, 1862

Отряды
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ITIS 89740NCBI 37909EOL 2631410FW 133229

Корнеголо́вые (лат. Rhizocephala) — надотряд паразитических членистоногих животных из подтипа ракообразных (Crustacea). Эндо- и экзопаразиты высших ракообразных, главным образом из отряда десятиногих ракообразных[2]:стр. 66[3]:стр. 428[4]. Распространены всесветно[4]. Обитают в морях и пресных водоёмах[5].

Корнеголовые являются разнополыми ракообразными, хотя ранее некоторые считались гермафродитами. Bocquet-Védrine (фр.) в 1961 году описала корнеголовых из семейства Chthamalophilidae как самооплодотворяющихся гермафродитов, а позже, в 1972 году, она высказала сомнение о функции самцов циприсовидной личинки в виде Sacculina carcini. Jens T. Høeg (датск.) в своих работах выяснил, что у Sacculina carcini есть более мелкие (самки) или более крупные (самцы) циприсовидные личинки. A. Veillet выделил у вида Trangulus galatheae тоже два размера циприсовидных личинок[2]:стр. 66—67.

Примечания

  1. Словари и энциклопедии на Академике
  2. 1 2 Harold Barnes & Margaret Barnes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. — Aberdeen University Press, 1989. — Vol. XXVII. — P. 550. — 66—72 p. — ISBN 0-203-01629-7.
  3. Adam Sedgwick, Joseph Jackson Lister & Sir Arthur Everett Shipley (1909) A Student’s Text-book of Zoology: Tunicata, Enteropneusta, Echinodermata, and Arthropoda. The introduction to Arthropoda, the Crustacea and Xiphosura by J.J. Lister. The Insecta and Arachnida by A.E. Shipley.
  4. 1 2 J. K. Lowry. Информация (англ.). Crustacea, the Higher Taxa. An Information Retrieval System for Crustaceans of the World. (2 October 1999). Проверено 9 февраля 2011. Архивировано 5 мая 2012 года.
  5. Jørgen Lützen. Rhizocephala (Crustkea: Cirripedia) from the Deep Sea (англ.). — Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen.


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Корнеголовые: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Корнеголо́вые (лат. Rhizocephala) — надотряд паразитических членистоногих животных из подтипа ракообразных (Crustacea). Эндо- и экзопаразиты высших ракообразных, главным образом из отряда десятиногих ракообразных:стр. 66:стр. 428. Распространены всесветно. Обитают в морях и пресных водоёмах.

Корнеголовые являются разнополыми ракообразными, хотя ранее некоторые считались гермафродитами. Bocquet-Védrine (фр.) в 1961 году описала корнеголовых из семейства Chthamalophilidae как самооплодотворяющихся гермафродитов, а позже, в 1972 году, она высказала сомнение о функции самцов циприсовидной личинки в виде Sacculina carcini. Jens T. Høeg (датск.) в своих работах выяснил, что у Sacculina carcini есть более мелкие (самки) или более крупные (самцы) циприсовидные личинки. A. Veillet выделил у вида Trangulus galatheae тоже два размера циприсовидных личинок:стр. 66—67.

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フクロムシ ( Japanese )

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フクロムシ Sacculina carcini.jpg
Sacculina carcini
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 節足動物門 Arthropoda : 顎脚綱 Maxillopoda 亜綱 : 鞘甲亜綱 Thecostraca 下綱 : 蔓脚下綱 Cirripedia 上目 : 根頭上目 Rhizocephala

フクロムシ(Rhizocephalan barnacle)は、他の甲殻類寄生する甲殻類である、根頭上目(Rhizocephala)に属する動物[1]生活史が複雑なことで知られる。

生活史中のある段階の有無により、ケントロゴン目アケントロゴン目に分類される。

形態[編集]

フクロムシ類の成体は、すべての体節構造と付属肢が退化しており[2]、とても節足動物とは思えない外見を持つ[3]

雌雄で著しく形態が異なる。宿主の体外に出ている部分はのエキステルナと呼ばれる部位で、軟らかいクチクラ層に覆われている。その中はほとんどすべてが生殖器であり、卵巣と卵が詰まっている[4]。宿主体内にはインテルナと呼ばれる根のような器官が成長し、とくに中腸腺に付着して栄養を奪う[4]

は著しく小さく、精巣以外の器官のほとんどが退化した矮雄である。雌のエキステルナ内にあるレセプタクルという窪みの中にいる。あまりにも極端に退化しているため、かつてはフクロムシ類は卵巣と精巣を併せ持つ雌雄同体であり、雄はその精巣部分であるとみなされていた[4]

生活史[編集]

まずケントロゴン目の生活史を説明する。受精は雌のエキステルナで起こり、孵化するとノープリウス幼生として体外に放出される。ノープリウス幼生は数回の脱皮を経てキプリス幼生に変態する。雌のキプリス幼生は宿主に付着すると変態し、まずケントロゴンと呼ばれる形態になる。ケントロゴンは宿主に針を刺して細胞を侵入させ、これが蠕虫状のバーミゴン幼生になる。バーミゴン幼生はその後、インテルナとして宿主の腹部血体腔内で成長する。さらに成長が進むと、体外にエキステルナを露出させる。雄のキプリス幼生は、雌のエキステルナに開いた外套口に付着し、トリコゴンに変態して雌の体内に入る。雄はレセプタクルに達すると、精子をつくる細胞塊になる[2]。受精が起こるとエキステルナが発達し、やがてノープリウス幼生が放出される。エキステルナは数度の繁殖後、脱落する[4]

もう1つのグループであるアケントロゴン目では、ケントロゴン、トリコゴンの段階を欠いており、雌の宿主への侵入、雄の雌への侵入はキプリス幼生が直接行う[2]

宿主[編集]

フクロムシ類の宿主はすべて同じ甲殻類で、十脚目エビカニヤドカリシャコなど)のほか、ワラジムシ目クーマ目、同じ蔓脚類であるフジツボ類に寄生するものもいる[5]

宿主への影響[編集]

フクロムシは宿主の繁殖能力を失わせることで有名である(寄生去勢)。フジツボ類に寄生するフジツボフクロムシ科は例外だが、ほとんどのフクロムシ類が寄生去勢の能力を持つ[5]。これは、宿主のエネルギーが繁殖に振り向けられることを防ぎ、より多くの栄養を奪うためのフクロムシによる適応であると考えられている[4][6]

フジツボフクロムシ科とツブフクロムシ科以外の多くのフクロムシ類は、雄に寄生した場合、去勢に加えて行動や形態の雌化を引き起こす[5]。これは、フクロムシが宿主の雄性腺を破壊することによって起こる[4]。さらには、フクロムシに寄生されたカニが、幼生の放出を補助する行動を取ったり(これは、カニが自らの幼生を放出する行動と同じ)、フクロムシのエキステルナを掃除したりする行動も観察されている[4]。カニはあたかも、フクロムシを自身の卵だと思い込んでいるかのような行動を取るのである[4]

進化と系統[編集]

フクロムシ類はキプリス幼生を持つことからフジツボ類と近縁であると考えられ、分子系統からも根頭上目(フクロムシ類)は完胸上目(フジツボ、エボシガイなど)と姉妹群になることが支持されている。次に近縁なのは尖胸上目ツボムシ類)であり、この3グループをまとめて蔓脚下綱(フジツボ下綱)と呼ぶ[7][2]

蔓脚類の中で、寄生して宿主から栄養を得ているのはフクロムシ類のみであり、残りの2グループは濾過食者である。フクロムシ類の祖先もおそらく濾過食者であると推定されており、他の節足動物の体表に付着して濾過食を行う段階を経由して、現在のような寄生が進化したのだろうと思われる[7]。なおフクロムシ類は単系統群であり、寄生の進化はこのグループの進化史上一度だけ起こった出来事のようである[7]異尾類(ヤドカリやコシオリエビ)に寄生するものがもっとも祖先的であるとされている[7]

フクロムシ類の内部では、ケントロゴン目の一系統がアケントロゴン目であることが明らかになっている。つまりアケントロゴン目は単系統群だが、ケントロゴン目は側系統群である。したがって、ケントロゴンによる宿主への侵入が祖先的であり、アケントロゴン目は二次的にケントロゴン段階を失ったことになる[7]

分類[編集]

Walker(2001)[8]による分類を示す。和名はBiological Information System for Marine Life[9]による。

引用文献[編集]

  1. ^ 「フクロムシ」『生物学辞典』 石川統・黒岩常洋・塩見正衛・松本忠夫・守隆夫・八杉貞雄・山本正幸編、東京化学同人ISBN 9784807907359。
  2. ^ a b c d 大塚攻、駒井智幸 「鞘甲亜綱」『節足動物の多様性と系統』 石川良輔編集、岩槻邦男・馬渡峻輔監修、裳華房〈バイオディバーシティ・シリーズ6〉、ISBN 9784785358297。
  3. ^ 朝倉彰 「甲殻類とは」『甲殻類学』 朝倉彰編著、東海大学出版会ISBN 4486016114。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h 高橋徹 「性をあやつる寄生虫、フクロムシ」『フィールドの寄生虫学』 長澤和也編著、東海大学出版会、ISBN 448601636X。
  5. ^ a b c Høeg, JT (1995). “The biology and life cycle of the Rhizocephala (Cirripedia)”. J Mar Biol Ass UK 75 (3): 517-550. doi:10.1017/S0025315400038996. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4373724.
  6. ^ ドーキンス, リチャード 『延長された表現型』 日高敏隆・遠藤彰・遠藤知二訳、紀伊国屋書店、1982年)、pp.397-398。ISBN 4314004851
  7. ^ a b c d e Glenner, H; Hebsgaard, MB (2006). “Phylogeny and evolution of life history strategies of the Parasitic Barnacles (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Rhizocephala)”. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41 (3): 528-538. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.004.
  8. ^ Walker, G (2001). “Introduction to the Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Cirripedia)”. J Morphol 294 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1002/jmor.1038. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1038/abstract.
  9. ^ Superorder: Rhizocephala 根頭上目”. Biological Information System for Marine Life. 国際海洋環境情報センター.
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フクロムシ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

フクロムシ(Rhizocephalan barnacle)は、他の甲殻類寄生する甲殻類である、根頭上目(Rhizocephala)に属する動物生活史が複雑なことで知られる。

生活史中のある段階の有無により、ケントロゴン目アケントロゴン目に分類される。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語