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Lobose Amoebae

Heterolobosea

Description of Heterolobosea

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Circumscription: Heterotrophic amoebas, amoebo-flagellates (collectively the vahlkampfiids or schizopyrenids), flagellates (Percolomonas), and slime moulds (the acrasids). Two genera have no flagellated stage, but the majority of species have the capacity to convert from amoebas to flagellates or to encyst. Flagellates have two to four flagella and usually an ingestion region with an adjacent ridge supported by microtubules. Amoebas move with eruptive pseudopodia. Common in soils, but the group contains a facultative pathogen of the human central nervous systems (Naegleria). The acrasid slime moulds are one of two types of cellular slime moulds in which resistant spores are released from an aggregated mass of cells and in which differentiation may occur. Ultrastructural identity: Mitochondrial cristae discoidal (i.e., with pedicel) or sacculate, mitochondria may be partly enclosed by an extension of endoplasmic reticulum. Basal bodies parallel or nearly so, giving rise to several microtubular roots and sometimes a cross-striated nonmicrotubular root. Without dictyosomes with stacks of sacs, usually no extrusomes, cell surface naked. Nuclear envelope intact during mitosis, spindle microtubules internal. Synapomorphy: To be resolved but either discieristate protists forming eruptive pseudopodia or discicristate protists with parallel basal bodies inserting on an electrondense pad, possibly with a substantial cross-striated root.
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Heterolobosea ( Czech )

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Heterolobosea či Percolozoa, česky někdy améboflageláti, je třída jednobuněčných měňavkovitých organismů z eukaryotní říše Excavata. Obvykle se v jejich životním cyklu střídají bičíkatá a měňavkovitá stádia.[1]

Popis

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Stádia v životním cyklu prvoka Naegleria

Měňavkovité stádium je na první pohled podobné měňavkám z říše Amoebozoa[1], ale není s nimi homologní.[2] Na rozdíl od amébozoí se totiž tito prvoci pohybují pomocí jediné panožky - lobopodie („slimákovitý pohyb“ - proto někdy též limax-améby), mají mitochondrie s diskovitými kristami a naopak jim chybí Golgiho aparát. Bičíkaté stádium, které někdy může chybět, má dva nebo čtyři bičíky.[1]

Některá Heterolobosea jsou parazitická - pro člověka je významný například druh Naegleria fowleri, způsobující u lidé vzácně primární amébovou meningoencefalitidu (PAM, PAME).[1]

Klasifikace

Heterolobosea, resp. Percolozoa, jsou řazeni do říše Excavata. Některé studie naznačují příbuznost mezi touto třídou a třídou Euglenozoa - proto bývají obě skupiny klasifikovány společně jako Discicristata. Jiné studie však naznačují, že je Heterolobosea spíše příbuzná skupině Jakobida.[2]

Dále se Heterolobosea dělí na několik řádů[2]:

Není však jisté, kam patří například rody Pernina a Rosculus či druh Macropharyngimonas halophila nomen nudum.[2]

Reference

  1. a b c d VOLF, Petr; HORÁK, Petr. Paraziti a jejich biologie. Praha: Triton, 2007. (Vyd. 1). ISBN 978-80-7387-008-9. S. 318.
  2. a b c d Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson, John A. Barta, Samual S. Bowser, Guy Bragerolle, Robert A. Fensome, Suzanne Fredericq, Timothy Y. James, Sergei Karpov, Paul Kugrens, John Krug, Christopher E. Lane, Louise A. Lewis, Jean Lodge, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Richard M. McCourt, Leonel Mendoza, Øjvind Moestrup, Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge, Thoams A. Nerad, Carol A. Shearer, Alexey V. Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel, Max F. J. R. Taylor. The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2005, roč. 52, čís. 5, s. 399-451. Dostupné online.

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Heterolobosea: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Heterolobosea či Percolozoa, česky někdy améboflageláti, je třída jednobuněčných měňavkovitých organismů z eukaryotní říše Excavata. Obvykle se v jejich životním cyklu střídají bičíkatá a měňavkovitá stádia.

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Heterolobosea ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Heterolobosea es un classe de Discicristata, Percolozoa.

Nota
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Lobosa ( Bosnian )

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Lobosa je taksononomska grupa ameba sa širokim, slabo zaobljenim pseudopodijama. Isključuju najnoviji otkriveni rod Sapocribrum, koji, za razliku od toga, nema glatke, široke pseudopodije.[1] U sadašnjim klasifikacijskim shemama to je potkoljeno Amoebozoa, sastavljen od ameba koje imaju režnjevite (lobozne) pseudopod lobose, ali im nedostaju treplje ili bičevi.[2][3]

Prvotno je grupu predložio William B. Carpenter ( 1861.), koji ju je suveo kao taksonomski red koji, sa samo jednom porodicom, Amoebina.[4] Carpenterov takson Lobosa sastojao se od ameboidnih organizama čija se endoplazma (endosark) ulijeva u „pseudopodijska produženja“. Ovj tip pseudopodija, za koji se podrazumijevalo da je tipski za rod Amoeba) "i njene druge oblike" razlikovao se od (navojitih) Filosa (navojem navoja) ili retikulatnih (mrežastih) pseudopodija kod Foraminifera. Naziv Lobosa odabran je za ove amebe "zbog izrazitog ispoljavanja svojstava njihovih pseudopodnih ekstenzija".[5]

Kao što je sada definirano, potkoljeno Lobosa uključuje i ljušturaste oblike (testate) i gole amebe (gimnoamebe), ali isključuje neke organizme koji se tradicijski smatraju „loboznim“, poput rodova Pelomyxa i Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) i nekih Heterolobosea (Excavata).

Galerija

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
  2. ^ Smirnov, Alexey V. (2011). "A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa)" (PDF). Protist. 162 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.04.004. PMID 21798804. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 4. 3. 2016.
  3. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1. 2. 2009). "Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 19340985.
  4. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1861). "On the systematic arrangement of the Rhizopoda". Natural History Review (Dublin and London). 1 (4).
  5. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1862). Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. Ray Society. str. 16–28.

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Lobosa: Brief Summary ( Bosnian )

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Lobosa je taksononomska grupa ameba sa širokim, slabo zaobljenim pseudopodijama. Isključuju najnoviji otkriveni rod Sapocribrum, koji, za razliku od toga, nema glatke, široke pseudopodije. U sadašnjim klasifikacijskim shemama to je potkoljeno Amoebozoa, sastavljen od ameba koje imaju režnjevite (lobozne) pseudopod lobose, ali im nedostaju treplje ili bičevi.

Prvotno je grupu predložio William B. Carpenter ( 1861.), koji ju je suveo kao taksonomski red koji, sa samo jednom porodicom, Amoebina. Carpenterov takson Lobosa sastojao se od ameboidnih organizama čija se endoplazma (endosark) ulijeva u „pseudopodijska produženja“. Ovj tip pseudopodija, za koji se podrazumijevalo da je tipski za rod Amoeba) "i njene druge oblike" razlikovao se od (navojitih) Filosa (navojem navoja) ili retikulatnih (mrežastih) pseudopodija kod Foraminifera. Naziv Lobosa odabran je za ove amebe "zbog izrazitog ispoljavanja svojstava njihovih pseudopodnih ekstenzija".

Kao što je sada definirano, potkoljeno Lobosa uključuje i ljušturaste oblike (testate) i gole amebe (gimnoamebe), ali isključuje neke organizme koji se tradicijski smatraju „loboznim“, poput rodova Pelomyxa i Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) i nekih Heterolobosea (Excavata).

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Lobosa

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Lobosa is a taxonomic group of amoebae in the phylum Amoebozoa. Most lobosans possess broad, bluntly rounded pseudopods, although one genus in the group, the recently discovered Sapocribrum, has slender and threadlike (filose) pseudopodia.[1] In current classification schemes, Lobosa is a subphylum, composed mainly of amoebae that have lobose pseudopods but lack cilia or flagella.[2][3]

Characteristics

The group was originally proposed in 1861 by William B. Carpenter, who created it as a taxonomic order containing the single family Amoebina.[4] Carpenter's Lobosa consisted of amoeboid organisms whose endoplasm (endosarc) flows into lobe-like "pseudopodian prolongations." This type of pseudopod, which was understood to be typical of the genus Amoeba "and its allies," differed from the filose (thread-like) or reticulose (netlike) pseudopods of the Foraminifera. The name Lobosa was chosen for these amoebae "as expressing the lobe-like character of their pseudopodial extensions".[5]

As currently defined, the subphylum Lobosa includes both shelled (testate) and naked amoebae (gymnamoebae), but excludes some organisms traditionally regarded as "lobosean", such as Pelomyxa and Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) and some Heterolobosea (Excavata).

Phylogeny

The subphylum Lobosa is paraphyletic, consisting of a grade of three clades: Discosea, Tubulinea and Cutosea. The first two are part of a paraphyletic superclass Glycopoda, while the latter constitutes the monophyletic superclass Cutosa. The clade uniting Tubulinea + Cutosea + Conosa is named Tevosa, while the clade uniting Cutosa + Conosa is named Evosea.[6]

Amoebozoa Discosea

Flabellinia

Centramoebia

Lobosa
Tevosa Tubulinea

Corycidia

Echinamoebia

Elardia

Evosea

Cutosea

Conosa

Archamoebea

Semiconosia

Variosea

Mycetozoa

Dictyostelea

Ceratiomyxea

Myxogastrea

Opisthokonta

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
  2. ^ Smirnov, Alexey V. (2011). "A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa)" (PDF). Protist. 162 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.04.004. PMID 21798804. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  3. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009-02-01). "Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 19340985.
  4. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1861). "On the systematic arrangement of the Rhizopoda". Natural History Review (Dublin and London). 1 (4).
  5. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1862). Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. Ray Society. pp. 16–28.
  6. ^ Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.

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Lobosa: Brief Summary

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Lobosa is a taxonomic group of amoebae in the phylum Amoebozoa. Most lobosans possess broad, bluntly rounded pseudopods, although one genus in the group, the recently discovered Sapocribrum, has slender and threadlike (filose) pseudopodia. In current classification schemes, Lobosa is a subphylum, composed mainly of amoebae that have lobose pseudopods but lack cilia or flagella.

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Lobosa ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lobosa o Lobosea es un subfilo de protistas del filo Amoebozoa que comprende tres clases, Cutosea, Discosea y Tubulinea.[3][4][5][2]​ La mayoría de los miembros del otro subfilo, Conosa, presentan uno o dos flagelos, son multiflagelados e incluso las formas que perdieron los flagelos conservan todavía la organización de microtúbulos del centrosoma. En cambio, los miembros de Lobosa perdieron flagelos, centriolos y también generalmente la organización de microtúbulos del centrosoma al evolucionar al modo de locomoción basado en flujos de citoplasma y en la contractibilidad del complejo actina-miosina.[1]​ El término Lobosa hace referencia a los seudópodos o lobopodios característicos de este grupo, que incluye a las amebas más conocidas.

Referencias

  1. a b Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European journal of protistology, 49(2), 115-178.
  2. a b Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E., & Lewis, R. (2016). 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 99, 275-296.
  3. Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E. Y., & Oates, B. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium. European Journal of Protistology, 40(1), 21-48.
  4. Cavalier-Smith, T. et al. (2015). Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 83, 293-304.
  5. Fahrni JF, Bolivar I, Berney C, Nassonova E, Smirnov A, Pawlowski J (November 2003.). «Phylogeny of lobose amoebae based on actin and small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes». Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (11): 1881-6.

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Lobosa: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lobosa o Lobosea es un subfilo de protistas del filo Amoebozoa que comprende tres clases, Cutosea, Discosea y Tubulinea.​​​​ La mayoría de los miembros del otro subfilo, Conosa, presentan uno o dos flagelos, son multiflagelados e incluso las formas que perdieron los flagelos conservan todavía la organización de microtúbulos del centrosoma. En cambio, los miembros de Lobosa perdieron flagelos, centriolos y también generalmente la organización de microtúbulos del centrosoma al evolucionar al modo de locomoción basado en flujos de citoplasma y en la contractibilidad del complejo actina-miosina.​ El término Lobosa hace referencia a los seudópodos o lobopodios característicos de este grupo, que incluye a las amebas más conocidas.

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Lobosa ( Indonesian )

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Lobosa adalah kelompok amoeba yang memiliki kaki semu yang lebar dan bulat. Pada klasifikasi terkini, kelompok ini merupakan subfilum dari Amoebozoa, berisikan amoeba yang memiliki kaki semu namun tidak memiliki silia atau flagelum.[1][2]

Kelompok ini pertama kali diteliti pada tahun 1861 oleh William B. Carpenter, yang membuat kelompok ini sebagai sebuah ordo yang berisikan keluarga tunggal Amoebina.[3] Lobosa Carpenter terdiri dari organisme amoeboid yang dimana endoplasmanya mengalir ke bagian tubuh yanh mirip dengan daun telinga. Jenis makhluk berkaki semu ini, diperkirakan merupakan ciri dari genus Amoeba "dan semua makhluk yang berhubungan," berbeda dengan Cercozoa dari Foraminifera. Nama "Lobosa" dipilih dari amoeba-amoeba ini "untuk mengatakan bentuknya yang mirip daun telinga".[4]

Seperti definisi terkini, subfilum Lobosa termasuk (amoeba pewaris) dan amoebae telanjang (gymnamoebae), tetapi tidak termasuk organisme yang secara tradisional disebut "lobosean", seperti Pelomyxa dan Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) dan beberapa Heterolobosea (Excavata).

Referensi

  1. ^ Smirnov, Alexey V. (2011). "A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa)" (PDF). Protist. 162 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.04.004. PMID 21798804.
  2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009-02-01). "Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 19340985.
  3. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1861). "On the systematic arrangement of the Rhizopoda". Natural History Review (Dublin and London). 1 (4).
  4. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin (1862). Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. Ray Society. hlm. 16–28.
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Lobosa: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Lobosa adalah kelompok amoeba yang memiliki kaki semu yang lebar dan bulat. Pada klasifikasi terkini, kelompok ini merupakan subfilum dari Amoebozoa, berisikan amoeba yang memiliki kaki semu namun tidak memiliki silia atau flagelum.

Kelompok ini pertama kali diteliti pada tahun 1861 oleh William B. Carpenter, yang membuat kelompok ini sebagai sebuah ordo yang berisikan keluarga tunggal Amoebina. Lobosa Carpenter terdiri dari organisme amoeboid yang dimana endoplasmanya mengalir ke bagian tubuh yanh mirip dengan daun telinga. Jenis makhluk berkaki semu ini, diperkirakan merupakan ciri dari genus Amoeba "dan semua makhluk yang berhubungan," berbeda dengan Cercozoa dari Foraminifera. Nama "Lobosa" dipilih dari amoeba-amoeba ini "untuk mengatakan bentuknya yang mirip daun telinga".

Seperti definisi terkini, subfilum Lobosa termasuk (amoeba pewaris) dan amoebae telanjang (gymnamoebae), tetapi tidak termasuk organisme yang secara tradisional disebut "lobosean", seperti Pelomyxa dan Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) dan beberapa Heterolobosea (Excavata).

 src=

Chaos carolinensis (Tubulinea)

 src=

Arcella sp. test (Tubulinea)

 src=

Acanthamoeba sp. (Discosea)

 src=

Thecamoeba sp. (Discosea)

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Heterolobosea ( Polish )

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ilustracja Systematyka Domena Eukarionty Supergrupa Excavata Typ Discoba Klad Discicristata Klad Heterolobosea Nazwa systematyczna Heterolobosea Page i Blanton, 1985[1]

Discicristatatakson eukariotów należący do supergrupy excavata[1].

Systematyka

Według Adla należą tutaj [1]:

Przypisy

  1. a b c Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Christopher E. Lane i inni. The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. „J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.”. 59(5), s. 429-493, 2012.
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Heterolobosea: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Discicristata – takson eukariotów należący do supergrupy excavata.

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透色门 ( Chinese )

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纲,目和科

透色门(Percolozoa)是古虫界的一门,包括许多可以在变形虫、鞭毛虫、囊状形态之间切换的物种。

參考資料

双鞭毛生物多貌生物AH原始色素体生物(A),或广义植物 定鞭/隐藻生物(H)(有争议) SAR不等鞭毛/囊泡生物不等鞭毛类(S) 囊泡虫类(A) 有孔虫界(R) 古虫界 无根虫门英语Apusozoa 单鞭毛生物变形虫界 后鞭毛生物动物总界Mesomycetozoea英语Mesomycetozoea 蜷丝生物英语Filozoa蜷丝球虫纲英语Filasterea
领鞭毛虫纲 动物界或
“后生动物”
菌物总界真菌界 核形虫类
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透色门: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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透色门(Percolozoa)是古虫界的一门,包括许多可以在变形虫、鞭毛虫、囊状形态之间切换的物种。

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ヘテロロボサ ( Japanese )

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ヘテロロボサ Percolomonas sp.jpg
Percolomonas の1種。
分類 ドメ
イン
: 真核生物 Eukaryota : エクスカバータ Excavata 階級なし : Discoba 階級なし : 盤状クリステ類 Discicristata : ヘテロロボサ Heterolobosea 学名 Heterolobosea Page and Blanton シノニム
  • Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith
英名 Heterolobosean 亜門[1]
  • Pharyngomonada
  • Tetramitia

ヘテロロボサ (Heterolobosea) は、無色の原生生物の一群で、ペルコロゾア (Percolozoa) とも。これらは総称的に、シゾピレヌス類、アメーバ鞭毛虫類、バールカンピア類などとも呼ばれている。

特徴[編集]

アメーバ鞭毛虫シストといった形態の間を変態できる生物が含まれる。ここには集合して子実体を作る社会性アメーバ(細胞性粘菌)のアクラシス類も含まれる。これら全体をヘテロロボサと呼ぶが、この名をアメーバ期を持つ生物群に限定して使うこともある。

ヘテロロボサ類は淡水環境、土壌、糞便中などの細菌捕食性生物として見つかるが、海水産のものも知られている。また人間に対してしばしば致死的な病原性を示すフォーラーネグレリア Naegleria fowleri のような寄生性の種もある。ユーグレノゾアと近縁であり、ミトコンドリアクリステが団扇型をしているという珍しい特徴を共有している(盤状クリステ類)。鞭毛虫期において腹側に捕食のための溝が存在することなどからエクスカバータに含まれると考えられる。

アメーバ期はだいたい円柱形で、標準的には長さ 20–40 μm くらいである。伝統的には葉状根足虫(典型的なアメーバ類)だと考えられてきたが、他の葉状根足虫との近縁性がない上に、本当の意味での葉状仮足を作ることもない。葉状仮足ではなくて、透明な細胞の前縁部から半球状の隆起が生じてうねることで前進する。鞭毛虫期はやや小さく、捕食のための溝の前部に2または4本の鞭毛がある。

餌が豊富にある時には通常はアメーバ形をとり、鞭毛虫形は高速移動をするためにある。しかしヘテロロボサ類の全ての生物が両方の形になることができるわけではない。PercolomonasLyromonasPsalteriomonas は鞭毛虫としてのみ知られており、一方で VahlkampfiaPseudovahlkampfia やアクラシス類は鞭毛虫期を持たない。アクラシス類は不都合な条件下では集合して子実体を形成する。この子実体の形成過程は典型的な細胞性粘菌であるディクチオステリウム類のそれに似ているが、アメーバは個々に集合しているだけで、柄と胞子の2つに細胞が分化するようなことはない。

分類[編集]

現行の分類[編集]

PharyngomonadidaeTetramitia の2群に分かれる[2]。これを PharyngomonadaTetramitia の2亜門とすることもある[1]

それらはさらに8科:

に分かれる[3][1]が、Vahlkampfiidae側系統で、Tetramitia 内の他の6科を内包するため、分割される必要がある[3][1]。また、いずれの科にも含まれない属も多い[1]

GuttulinopsisRosculus を第9の科 Guttulinopsidae として加える説もあるが、これらをそもそもヘテロロボサとみなさない者も多い[1]

系統[編集]

ここでは科分類を使わず、分子系統による7グループを示す[3][1]

盤状クリステ類 ヘテロロボサ

Pharyngomonadidae


Tetramitia

A/VI



B/I




C/II



D/III



E/IV



F/V






ユーグレノゾア Euglenozoa



分類史[編集]

ヘテロロボサは Page and Blanton (1985) [4] により、AcrasidaSchizopyrenida の2目を統合して作られた。

これはアメーバ型の綱として定義されたため、アメーバ期を持つ生物だけが含められていた。Cavalier-Smithはこれを拡張して、奇妙な鞭毛虫ステファノポゴンも含めた分類群を作った。彼はそれをペルコロゾア門 Percolozoa と名づけ、ヘテロロボサは Page and Blanton の定義どおり、すなわちペルコロゾアの中のアメーバ型のグループを表す名とした[5]。しかし、この意味でのヘテロロボサは多系統であり、他のほとんどの人は、ヘテロロボサの定義を修正してこのグループ全体の名とし、ペルコロゾアはヘテロロボサの新参同物異名とみなした[3]

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan (2012), “Diversity of Heterolobosea isbn=978-953-51-0064-5”, in Caliskan, Mahmut, Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms, http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28886/InTech-Diversity_of_heterolobosea.pdf
  2. ^ Adl, Sina M.; et al. (2012), “The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes”, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 59 (5): 429–493, http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf
  3. ^ a b c d Pánek, Tomáš; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; et al. (2012), “Diversity, Evolution and Molecular Systematics of the Psalteriomonadidae, the Main Lineage of Anaerobic/Microaerophilic Heteroloboseans (Excavata: Discoba)”, Protist 163 (6): 807–831, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.002, http://www3.botany.ubc.ca/bleander/images/heterolobosea.pdf
  4. ^ Page, F.C.; R.L. Blanton (1985). “The Heterolobosea (Sarcodina: Rhizopoda), a new class uniting the Schizopyrenida and Acrasidae (Acrasida)”. Protistologica 21: 121-132.
  5. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1991). “Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates”. In D.J. Patterson & J. Larsen. The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Oxford University Press. pp. pp. 113-131.
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wikipedia 日本語

ヘテロロボサ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ヘテロロボサ (Heterolobosea) は、無色の原生生物の一群で、ペルコロゾア (Percolozoa) とも。これらは総称的に、シゾピレヌス類、アメーバ鞭毛虫類、バールカンピア類などとも呼ばれている。

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엽상근족충류 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

엽상근족충류(葉狀根足蟲類)는 아메바류 분류군 중의 하나이다. 이전에는 다른 육질충류와 함께 육질충상강(肉質蟲上綱, Sarcodina) 또는 근족충상강(根足蟲上綱, Rhizopoda)에 속하는 엽상근족충강(葉狀根足蟲綱, Lobosea)으로 분류하였으나, 현재는 엽상근족충아문(Lobosa)으로 분류하기도 한다. 한 예로 유각변형충이 있다.[1] 좁은 의미에서, 아메바문이다. 그러나 넓은 의미에서는 또한, 좀더 일반적으로 엽상근족충 아메바류의 측계통군의 일종으로 볼 수도 있다.[2] 엽상근족충 아메바의 공식적인 분류는 불확실한 상태로 있으며,[3] 오래되고 덜 구체적인 용어가 사용되고 있다. 아주 오래된 교과서에서, "엽상근족충류"(Lobosea)는 종종 "모든" 아메바류를 가리키며, 이들은 명확히 쌍편모생물군으로 분류된 생물들을 포함한다. 어떻든, 단계통군인지 여부는 아직 결정되지 않았지만, 이 용어는 아직 분류명으로 계속 사용되고 있다.

하위 분류

  • 디스코사강 (Discosea)
  • 아메바강 또는 투불리나강 (Tubulinea)
  • 쿠토사강 (Cutosea) Cavalier-Smith et al. 2016
    • Squamocutida Cavalier-Smith et al. 2016
      • Squamamoebidae
        • Squamamoeba
      • Sapocribridae
        • Sapocribrum

계통 분류

다음은 아메바류의 계통 분류이다.[4][5]

단편모생물 아메바류 디스코사강

플라벨리나아강

   

Centramoebia

    Tevosa  

아메바강

  Evosea  

Cutosea

코노사    

고아메바류

   

점균류

     

바리오사강

           

오바조아

   
 src=
진핵생물 분기도. "엽상근족충류"(Lobosea)는 중앙 왼쪽에 있다.

각주

  1. Qin Y, Xie S, Swindles GT, Gu Y, Zhou X (2008년 11월). “Pentagonia zhangduensis nov. spec. (Lobosea, Arcellinida), a new freshwater species from China”. 《Eur. J. Protistol.》 44 (4): 287–90. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2008.03.001. PMID 18547792.
  2. “Lobosea”. 2009년 3월 26일에 확인함.
  3. Fahrni JF, Bolivar I, Berney C, Nassonova E, Smirnov A, Pawlowski J (2003년 11월). “Phylogeny of lobose amoebae based on actin and small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes”. 《Mol. Biol. Evol.》 20 (11): 1881–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg201. PMID 12949141.
  4. Kang S, Tice AK, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD, Pánek T, Cepicka I, 외. (September 2017). “Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae”. 《Molecular Biology and Evolution》 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  5. Pánek T, Zadrobílková E, Walker G, Brown MW, Gentekaki E, Hroudová M, 외. (May 2016). “First multigene analysis of Archamoebae (Amoebozoa: Conosa) robustly reveals its phylogeny and shows that Entamoebidae represents a deep lineage of the group”. 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution》 98: 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.011. PMID 26826602.
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엽상근족충류: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

엽상근족충류(葉狀根足蟲類)는 아메바류 분류군 중의 하나이다. 이전에는 다른 육질충류와 함께 육질충상강(肉質蟲上綱, Sarcodina) 또는 근족충상강(根足蟲上綱, Rhizopoda)에 속하는 엽상근족충강(葉狀根足蟲綱, Lobosea)으로 분류하였으나, 현재는 엽상근족충아문(Lobosa)으로 분류하기도 한다. 한 예로 유각변형충이 있다. 좁은 의미에서, 아메바문이다. 그러나 넓은 의미에서는 또한, 좀더 일반적으로 엽상근족충 아메바류의 측계통군의 일종으로 볼 수도 있다. 엽상근족충 아메바의 공식적인 분류는 불확실한 상태로 있으며, 오래되고 덜 구체적인 용어가 사용되고 있다. 아주 오래된 교과서에서, "엽상근족충류"(Lobosea)는 종종 "모든" 아메바류를 가리키며, 이들은 명확히 쌍편모생물군으로 분류된 생물들을 포함한다. 어떻든, 단계통군인지 여부는 아직 결정되지 않았지만, 이 용어는 아직 분류명으로 계속 사용되고 있다.

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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자