Description
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The Eichwald's toad is very similar to Bufo verrucosissimus, but differs by a longer and more massive head, body proportions, skin texture, coloration, and numerous dark spots on the belly in males. In addition, B. eichwaldi has a head with an abrupt (not acutely rounded) snout tip, uniform dull brown dorsum, parotoid margin (contacting with tympanum) with black markings, and some larger rounded knobs on dorsum a little darker brown than the surface. The Eichwald's toad differs from B. verrucosissimus by a markedly lower genome size (13.22 - 13.36 vs. 13.53 - 14.09 pg per diploid nucleus), seven peculiar protein loci, values of indices Lc/L (2.74 - 2.81 vs. 3.37 - 4.67) and Lc/Ltc (0.94 - 0.98 vs. 0.59 - 0.88). B. eichwaldi differs from B. bufo by five peculiar protein loci, and values of indices Lc/L (2.74 - 2.81 vs. 3.07 - 4.51) and Lc/Ltc (0.94 - 0.98 vs. 0.61 - 0.86).
- Alekperov, A. M. (1978). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchiesya Azerbaydzhana [Amphibians and Reptiles of Azerbaijan]. Elm, Baku.
- Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Skorinov, D. V., and Rosanov, J. M. (2008). ''A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains, south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences.'' Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15(1), 19-43.
- Litvinchuk, S. N., Rosanov, J. M., Borkin, L. J., and Skorinov, D. V. (2007). ''Molecular, biochemical and cytogenetic aspects of microevolution in anurans of Russia and adjacent countries.'' The Problems of Herpetology. Pushchino-na-Oke–St. Petersburg.
- Tuck, R. G. (1975). ''Bufo bufo (Common toad).'' Herpetological Review, 6, 115.
- Velieva, Z. D. (1975). Fauna and Ecology of Amphibia of Southeastern Azerbaijan. Author's Abstract of Candidate's Thesis. Izd. AzGPI, Baku.
- Velieva, Z. D. (1981). ''On new records and ecology of the common toad in Azerbaijan.'' The Problems of Herpetology. I. S. Darevsky, eds., Nauka, Leningrad.
- Zhordania, R. G. (1960). ''List of collections of amphibians of Zoological Department of S. N. Dzhanashia State Museum of Georgia AN GrSSR.'' Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeia Gruzii, 20-A, 159-179.
- author
- Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Distribution and Habitat
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In the southeastern part of Azerbaijan, this species was recorded in Dzhalilabad (Akhsaglar settlement), Astara (Sim and Tangerud villages), Lerik (Azerbaycan village and Lerik settlement), and Lenkoran (Sara Island, Lenkoran Town, Kirovskiy sovkhoz, Lyach Forest, Girkansky Nature Reserve, Avrora settlement, and Dasdatuk village) districts. The Eichwald's toad may inhabit the Talysh and Elburz mountains in the northern part of Iran. In Mazandaran and Gilan provinces, three records are known: Shaferuz River, 20 km SSE of Sari, and 10 km W of Ramsar. The Eichwald’s toad is associated mainly with the forest zone. It inhabits broad-lived forests from 0 to 1200 m above sea level. Sometimes, toads occur in gardens, tea plantations and lowland swamps.
- author
- Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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The biology of B. eichwaldi has been poorly studied. As with other toads, Eichwald's toad is active mainly in twilight. Spawning takes place in shallow broadenings of springs with relatively clear water. In the Lenkoran Lowland, tadpoles metamorphosed in mid May, whereas in the mountains, metamorphosis occurred in June - July. The length of post-metamorphosed toadlets was 12 - 13 mm.In most habitats, this species is rare.
- author
- Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Destruction of forests by people results in population declines.
- author
- Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Relation to Humans
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Currently, the species is greatly endangered because of extensive cutting of forests. For instance, in 1991, in a forest near Tangerud village, we observed numerous juveniles, however, in 2001, when the forest was cut, no toads were observed.
- author
- Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Bufo eichwaldi
provided by wikipedia EN
Bufo eichwaldi, commonly known as Eichwald's toad or the Talysh toad, is a species of true toads in the family Bufonidae. It was first described by Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov and Rosanov in 2008 and is found in the Talysh and Elburz Mountains in Azerbaijan and parts of northern Iran. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of the Caucasian toad (Bufo verrucosissimus).[1][3]
Description
Bufo eichwaldi is a large toad much resembling Bufo verrucosissimus in appearance. It is a uniform dull brownish grey colour and has large round tubercles on its back and smaller ones on its belly. It differs from B. verrucosissimus in that the body has different proportions, the head has an abrupt, unrounded snout and the parotoid gland has black markings where it touches the tympanum. The male has dark spots on its otherwise pale belly and is considerably smaller than the female.[4]
Distribution and habitat
Bufo eichwaldi is believed to occur in south east Azerbaijan and northern Iran in the Talysh and Elburz Mountains. It also occurs in Mazandaran and Gilan provinces in Iran near the Caspian Sea. It lives at heights ranging up to about 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level. Its habitat is broad-leaved forests but it is also sometimes found in lowland swamps and gardens.[4]
Biology
Nowhere is Bufo eichwaldi abundant or easily seen as it hides during the day, emerging after nightfall to forage for small invertebrates. Breeding takes place in shallow waters at the edge of springs. In Azerbaijan, newly metamorphosed juveniles have been seen in June and July when they are about 12 to 13 millimetres (0.47 to 0.51 in) long.[4]
Status
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists this species as vulnerable. It is believed to have declined by 30% over the last 24 years and has low densities in fragmented populations in a range of about 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi) of mountain territory. It is threatened by habitat loss as the forests in which it lives are being felled for timber.[1]
References
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^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Bufo eichwaldi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T190987A176103710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T190987A176103710.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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^ Litvinchuk, Spartak N.; Borkin, Leo J.; Skorinov, Dmitry V. & Rosanov, Jury M. (2008). "A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains of south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 15 (1): 19–43.
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^ Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Bufo eichwaldi Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov, and Rosanov, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
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^ a b c Spartak N. Litvinchuk (2008-09-05). "Bufo eichwaldi". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
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Bufo eichwaldi: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Bufo eichwaldi, commonly known as Eichwald's toad or the Talysh toad, is a species of true toads in the family Bufonidae. It was first described by Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov and Rosanov in 2008 and is found in the Talysh and Elburz Mountains in Azerbaijan and parts of northern Iran. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of the Caucasian toad (Bufo verrucosissimus).
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
