Black-capped marmots use vocalizations such as alarm calls to notify group members of nearby predators. The duration of the main call is 0.2 seconds (Nikol’skii, 1976 cited in Hoffmann, Koeppl, and Nadler, 1979) and has an average frequency of 3000 Hz. Kamchatka marmots have a unique alarm call compared to the other two black-capped marmot subsepcies, Barguzin and Yakutian marmots. Territories may be marked using different olfactory cues, and vocalizations are used to indicate marmot presence on those territories. All marmots have cheek and anal glands which they use to scent mark rocks and vegetation.
Marmots have prominent tails that can be quite bushy. Similar to other marmot species that inhabit mountainous regions, black-capped marmots use their tails in visual communication.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Besides humans, black-capped marmots have several predators including gray wolves, brown bears, golden eagles, wolverines, and red foxes. Other raptors (hawks, owls) and mid- to large-sized carnivores are also potential predators of black-capped marmots. Since lynxes feed on marmots in North America, Eurasian lynxes may consume these marmots inhabiting Russia.
Burrows provide a safe refuge from predators in both summer and winter for black-capped marmots. The plugs placed in the entrances to the burrow during hibernation prevent predators from accessing the marmots in the winter. Alarm calls can be used to alert members of predators or to notify the predator that it has been spotted.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
The top of black-capped marmots heads are black from the tip of the nose to behind the ears. The sides of their heads are black to about the level of the eyes, and then sandy yellow mixed with gray below the eyes. A black line carries down the back of the neck to the shoulders. Their lips are black and throats are orange. Their ears are orange to sand colored. Their dorsal guard hairs have three distinct bands of color; dark at the top and bottom and light in the middle. Guard hairs are typically 48 mm long. Their dorsal surface is lighter near the head, becoming darker posteriorly towards the tip of the tail. The dorsal underfur is soft, dark, and light-tipped. On the ventral surface there is no underfur and guard hairs are a yellowish-brown to brownish-red, again with a darker colour present at the base of the hair and potentially at the tip.
Barguzin marmots, at the southern portion of their range, tend to display a browner cap and browner tips on the dorsal guard hairs. The middle portion of the dorsal guard hairs is a light to dark yellowish-beige (buff). The ventral guard hairs are brown to cinnamon in color. Northern subspecies of black-capped marmots, such as Yakutian marmots, display a darker pelage. The middle of the guard hair is ivory to white-yellow in color, and the ventral guard hairs are brown or a cinnamon to reddish-brown. Kamchatka marmots may display yellow-beige or ivory in the middle of its dorsal guard hairs. Ventral guard hairs for Kamchatka marmots are shades of red-, orange-, or yellow-brown in color.
As black-capped marmots get older, their color fades. Juvenile marmots go through three pelage stages. First, juveniles have a soft, dense underfur with a brownish-black to black cap and similar-colored dorsal guard hairs. The initial guard hairs are shed, resulting in the second pelage stage. During the third pelage stage, juveniles grow a pelage that more closely resembles the adults of its species.
The pelage of Alaska marmots is very similar to that of black-capped marmots with the same black cap and dorsal guard hairs. However, the ventral surface of Alaska marmots has a more gray appearance, because of the pattern created by the ventral guard hairs with their dark tips and bases and light center. Hoary marmots have white facial markings and coarser dorsal guard hairs compared to black-capped marmots. Black-capped marmots moult around early to mid-summer, with hair loss beginning on their rump and progressing anteriorly and ventrally. While most of the fur is shed and replaced every year, the fur on the rump to the end of the tail may remain, and in fact may not be shed for an additional year or more.
Marmots have six pads on the soles of their hindfeet, but the shape of these pads differs for each species. The posterior pair of foot pads in black-capped marmot is elongated compared to Hoary marmots, which have a posterior pair of footpads that are round. Alaska marmots have foot pads that resemble black-capped marmot. The length of the hindfoot for black-capped marmot is 73 to 85 mm. Feet are pentadactyl and digits have large claws that are used for digging.
Black-capped marmots may have five or six pairs of mammae. Those marmots that only have five pairs of mammae often also have one unpaired teat. Black-capped marmots are sexually dimorphic with males larger than females. The average head-body length of male and female black-capped marmots is 473.3 mm and 458.4 mm respectively.
Marmot size, both mass and body length, varies across the geographic range with smaller black-capped marmots noted in the southern part of the range and larger marmots noted in the northern part of the range. The head-body length of a male and female Barguzin marmots were 470 mm and 440 mm respectively. Barguzin marmot males have a tail length of 150 mm while the females have a tail length of 140 mm. Kamchatka marmot males and females have averaged head-body lengths of 508.1 mm and 496.3 mm, respectively; average lengths including tails are 162.4 mm and 153.4 mm, respectively. Yakutian marmot males averaged a head-body length length of 460.0 mm and 133.3 mm including tails. Female members of this subspecies averaged a head-body length of 438.5 mm and a tail length of 124.6 mm.
The mass of black-capped marmots ranges from 2 to 7.5 kg, with greater masses noted just before hibernation and lower masses noted after hibernation. Adult Yakutian marmots weigh approximately 2 to 4 kg. Barguzin marmots weigh around 3 kg, and Kamchatka marmots have an average mass of about 4.5 kg.
Skull lengths range from 78 to 99 mm in black-capped marmots. The angular process of black-capped marmots is not greatly elongated, and is not much longer than the articular process. Other distinguishing skull features of black-capped marmots include: a more noticeable mandibular symphysis; an elongated ventral half of the incisor socket in the jaw; the upper portion of the incisor socket shifted slightly back from the front; and each coronoid process angles towards the back of the skull. Compared to hoary marmots, black-capped marmot have a longer rostra, a longer auditory bulla, zygomatic arches that branch quickly from the maxilla as they travel towards the back of the skull, zygomatic arches with a more rounded appearance, a smaller mastoid width, a larger nasal depression, and deeper angular processes that lower the occiputs in the skull profile.
The shape of nasal cavities for black-capped marmots is mid-way between that of Alaska marmots and hoary marmots. The margin of the premaxilla in black-capped marmots is almost straight, but the nasal bones narrow slowly until they reach their final length. Black-capped marmots have a defined supraorbital notch on the edge of the frontal. The wing of the orbital does not rise beyond the upper edge of the lacrimal bone. There are subtle differences in the choanal and incisive foramina between the black-capped marmot subspecies.
Male marmots have more pronounced sagittal crests, almost dome-shaped craniums, a small foramen magnum, differences in labial and lingual lower jaw morphologies, and narrower inter- and post-orbital areas on the skull compared to females. The dental formula for black-capped marmots is incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 2/2, and molars 3/3 totaling 24 teeth.
Black-capped marmots have a diploid karyotype totaling 40 chromosomes (2n=40 or 20 pairs of chromosomes), while other Palearctic diploid species have 38 total chromosomes (2n=38 or 19 pairs of chromosomes). Olympic marmots have the same karyotype as black-capped marmots, and so they are often thought to be more closely related to Nearctic species as opposed to Palearctic species.
Despite the numerous similarities in skull morphology, feet morphology, and pelage color between certain Nearctic species (hoary marmots and Alaska marmots) and black-capped marmots, molecular studies, such as those based on Cytochrome b, indicate that Palearctic marmot species form a monophyletic group. Therefore, black-capped marmots do not form a sister group to hoary marmots as has been suggested in the past, and similar features between the two species are convergent evolution. Immunogenetic differences have been noted between the subspecies.
No information is available regarding specific metabolic rates of black-capped marmots, but energy expenditures may increase by 8 to 15 times between hibernation and active time periods. It has also been noted that animals inhabiting mountainous regions with low temperatures (5 to 10°C) have lower metabolic rates than species that live with higher temperatures (Ward and Armitage, 1981a cited in Barash, 1989).
Range mass: 2.0 to 7.5 kg.
Range length: 450 to 510 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
The lifespan of black-capped marmots is currently unknown, although most marmot speices are long-lived.
Black-capped marmots inhabit high elevation alpine and sub-alpine regions. Yakutian marmots occupy mountain slopes 20 to 1500 m above sea level. Black-capped marmots in Yakutia is typically observed at altitudes of 1200 to 2000 m. Kamchatka marmots typically inhabit areas 600 to 1500 m above sea level.
Habitat sites appear to be selected based on altitude, plant composition, and sun exposure. Black-capped marmots prefer bare mountain slopes that are exposed to the maximal amounts of sunlight, which equates to south or south-west facing slopes. Black-capped marmots are often found above the treeline of dwarf pine and alder. Grasslands, steppes, and mixed rock/grass areas seem to be preferred over forested areas and other closed environments.
Sites inhabited typically have dry, well-drained, soft or fine soils. The soils may contain silt, but may also have water and glacial deposits that include large boulders, broken rock, and finer deposits. Winter burrows are often created in clay soils. The upland, alpine treeless areas of eastern Siberia and Kamchatka are underlain by permafrost and covered with rocky soil and a few grasses. The black-capped marmots on Kamchatka occupy sites with volcanic deposits in close proximity to an ocean, for the mountain ranges are right next to the Pacific Ocean. Typically, these areas are covered with large loose rocks interspersed with small alpine meadows and shrubs, dwarf birch, and solitary Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila).
Black-capped marmots are a semi-fossorial species. Permafrost and rock prevents burrowing to extensive depths. Burrows may only reach depths of 0.25 to 0.6 m below the surface, which equates to the depth that the ground thaws during the summer. However, some mountain slopes have thicker soils and thaw to a depth of 1 m, so burrows may reach a depth of 1 m. Furthermore, marmot environments appear different from the surrounding tundra because burrowing and foraging activities of black-capped marmots alter the vegetation community.
Ambient temperatures are usually very low in environments inhabited by black-capped marmots. Ambient temperatures along the Lena River in Yakutia typically range from -34°C in the winter to an average of 12.8°C at the end of July. Summer temperatures across the black-capped marmot range may reach 25°C. In general, winters are long, have little snow, severe frost, and temperatures that may fall as low as -70°C.
Range elevation: 20 to 2000 m.
Range depth: 1 (high) m.
Average depth: 0.25-0.6 m.
Habitat Regions: polar ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; mountains
Black-capped marmots (Marmota camtschatica) are Palearctic, or Eurasian mammals that have a patchy distribution throughout northern and eastern Siberia, or the eastern portion of the Russian Federation. There are currently three recognized sub-species of black-capped marmots, and each sub-species is geographically isolated (or occupies a different geographic location).
The first subspecies of black-capped marmots, Kamchatka marmots (M. c. camtschatica) inhabit the Kamchatka, Mil’kovski area along the valley of the Yurtinaya River. The second subspecies, Barguzin marmots (M. c. doppelmayeri) occupy a portion of Buryatia in the Severobaikal’sk area, or more specifically the north-eastern portion of Prebaikalia (Baikal Mountains) as well as the northern portion of Transbaikalia (Barguzin Mountain Range). Lastly, the third subspecies, Yakutian marmots (M. c. bungei) are found along the eastern side of the Lena River in the Kharaulakhskii Mountain Range in Yakutia, Russia. Yakutian marmots occupy one of the most northern parts of Russia, inhabiting the north-eastern part of Yakutia. The range of Yakutian marmots extend from the delta of the Lena River, or along the Kharaulah ridge, south along the Momsky, Chersy, and Verkhoyansky Mountain ridges as well as along the lower part of the Yana River.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: holarctic
The short growing season (3 to 4 months) makes it difficult for black-capped marmots to obtain the fat reserves necessary to survive hibernation. There is often little or no food available when the marmots start to emerge from hibernation, which is often why the pregnant female remains in the burrow until she gives birth in June. Black-capped marmots are typically herbivores, consuming grasses, forbs, fruits (berries), seeds (including conifer cones), and shrubs. Early plant growth is preferred over later growth.
Roots and bulbs are consumed most towards the end of the summer when the marmots are trying to increase fat stores. As many as 12 different plant species are consumed, and seeds from Siberian dwarf pines (Pinus pumila) are consumed just before the marmots enter hibernation. Some of the specific species consumed by Kamchatka marmots include arctic herbs (Anemone sibirica), granny's bonnets (Aquilegia glandulosa), Doronicum flowers (Doronicum bargusinense), Asian globeflowers (Trollius asiaticus), and cranesbills (Geranium albiflorum). All parts of a plant may be consumed, including the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots.
In addition to plant materials, most marmot species have been found to eat insects and their larvae, carrion, small rodents located while burrowing, and bird eggs. Black-capped marmots obtain water from mountain streams, their food, and from melting snow or glaciers.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Granivore , Lignivore, Eats sap or other plant foods)
Black-capped marmots significantly alter their environments through foraging and burrowing activities, which in turn alters the vegetation community. Measures of diversity (Shannon-Weaver), equitability, and species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens differ significantly between areas with and without marmots. Areas immediately surrounding black-capped marmot burrows (core areas) are predominantly covered by grasses with few bryophytes and cryptograms (algae, lichens, fungi) present. The open tundra and the region surrounding the core area typically have a greater proportion of bryophytes, forbs, and cryptograms compared to the core area. While herbivory itself will alter plant composition, foraging and burrowing may indirectly affect species composition through damaging plant materials. Burrowing disturbs the soil environment, altering decomposition, moisture and nutrient cycles, as well as provides soil aeration. Nutrients, seeds, and soil brought to the surface may promote further plant growth. Marmots will also distribute nutrients throughout their range through urination and defecation. Habitat heterogeneity increases as a result of black-capped marmot activities.
The black-capped marmot is a host to a particular flea (Oropsylla silantiewi) (Kapitonov, 1960b cited in Hoffmann. Koeppl, and Nadler, 1979). Black-capped marmots are also potential carriers of the plague, which poses a potential risk to people. There are no known cestodes associated with the black-capped marmot. As noted, black-capped marmots provide a source of food for many vertebrate species.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; soil aeration
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Because of their fine, soft fur, black-capped marmots are often hunted for their pelts. In addition to supporting the fur industry, it is believed that marmots are hunted for food, though potentially to less of an extent today than in the past. Furthermore, black-capped marmots may provide an important study organism for scientists who are investigating hibernation mechanisms for medical purposes.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
The environments inhabited by black-capped marmots are not often close to human populations. Therefore black-capped marmots do not have a significant influence on humans. Black-capped marmots are potential vectors of the plague, so they do pose a small health risk; however, this is minimal to non-existent given their proximity to human populations. Furthermore, marmot groups are often eradicated if their home ranges overlap with human settlements, specifically if the marmots are believed to compete with reindeer for forage. Black-capped marmot colonies may also be destroyed through human activities such as resource extraction.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease)
The abundance of this species is not well known since the species is widespread and not found at high densities. Marmot densities may fluctuate from 2 or 3 to 32 marmots per 10 sq km. At least two populations of Yakutian marmots are endangered and have been listed in the Red Book of the Sakha Republic (Revin et al., 1987 cited in Semenov et al., 2001a). Within the Marmot genus, Yakutian marmots are considered one of the most susceptible subspecies to extinction. Barguzin marmots are quite rare and are protected by law. Laws also regulate the hunting of all black-capped marmots. Researchers have noted that black-capped marmot populations are declining and black-capped marmots are no longer found in some of their previous ranges.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Blacked-caped marmots live in family groups consisting of one dominant reproductive pair and several offspring. Black-capped marmots are monogamous and offspring exhibit delayed maturity and delayed dispersal. As a result, family groups exhibit reproductive suppression and cooperative breeding. Inbreeding may occur if reproductive suppression is not complete.
Mating System: monogamous ; cooperative breeder
Male and female black-capped marmots reach sexual maturity around 3 years of age. However, because of their social system neither males nor females reproduce for some time after they reach maturity. Female black-capped marmots bear a litter every two or more years. The severe environmental conditions of the habits exploited by black-capped marmots do not allow female marmots to build up enough energy stores to hibernate, grow, reproduce, and maintain daily activities to produce a litter every year. Subordinate females do not produce litters even during the years when the dominant female has not produced a litter.
Black-capped marmots mate in the burrow, usually in April, before they emerge from hibernation in mid-May. Thus, mating behaviors are not known. Parturition occurs in early to mid-June, and may occur before or up to one to two weeks after the mother emerges from the burrow after hibernation. Information was not available about gestation in black-capped marmots, but gestation in marmots generally last about 30 to 32 days. Marmot offspring are weaned and become independent at least 30 to 42 days after birth, but remain with their parents for several years. Black-capped marmots give birth to offspring that are 33 g and about 107 mm long. The average litter size of black-capped marmots is 5, but litter sizes will vary from 3 to 11.
Breeding interval: Female black-capped marmots bear a litter every two or more years.
Breeding season: Black-capped marmots mate during April.
Range number of offspring: 3 to 11.
Average number of offspring: 5.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Parental investment has not been well-documented for black-capped marmots. Nests are constructed in the burrow from dried vegetation. It is not known whether or not the father or subordinate adults provide additional care for the offspring once they are born, or whether the mother provides sole care. Both parents and subordinates provide thermoregulatory benefits to the juveniles during hibernation by helping maintain an optimal hibernacula temperature. The offspring have the potential to inherit the home range if either of their parents dies.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents; inherits maternal/paternal territory
Marmota camtschatica ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Marmota camtschatica ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Kamçatka marmotu (lat. Marmota camtschatica) — gəmiricilər dəstəsinin sincablar fəsiləsinə aid məməli heyvan növü.
Kamçatka marmotu (lat. Marmota camtschatica) — gəmiricilər dəstəsinin sincablar fəsiləsinə aid məməli heyvan növü.
La marmota de Kamtxatka (Marmota camtschatica) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a parts de Sakhà i l'Extrem Orient Rus. S'alimenta d'una gran varietat de plantes, que a vegades complementa amb animals. El seu hàbitat natural és la tundra àrtica i els prats de baixa muntanya. Hiberna entre el setembre/octubre i el maig. Està amenaçada per un nivell insostenible de caça i, possiblement, per la degradació del seu entorn natural a causa de la pastura del bestiar.[1]
La marmota de Kamtxatka (Marmota camtschatica) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a parts de Sakhà i l'Extrem Orient Rus. S'alimenta d'una gran varietat de plantes, que a vegades complementa amb animals. El seu hàbitat natural és la tundra àrtica i els prats de baixa muntanya. Hiberna entre el setembre/octubre i el maig. Està amenaçada per un nivell insostenible de caça i, possiblement, per la degradació del seu entorn natural a causa de la pastura del bestiar.
Das Schwarzhut-Murmeltier (Marmota camtschatica) ist eine sozial lebende Art aus der Gattung der Murmeltiere. Namensgebend ist die auffällige dunkle Behaarung auf der Kopfoberseite und im Nacken, die sich deutlich von der ansonsten braunen Körperkleid absetzt.
Das Schwarzhut-Murmeltier ist eine paläarktische Art, dessen Verbreitungsgebiet auf den Nordosten Sibiriens beschränkt ist. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet ist allerdings nicht zusammenhängend. Vorkommen finden sich in den Bergen und der Tundra rund um den Baikalsee, den oberen Flussläufen von Jana und Kolyma, im Norden von Kamtschatka sowie im zentralen und nördlichen Teil der Tschuktschen-Halbinsel. Auf Grund seines nördlichen Lebensraumes zählt diese Murmeltierart ebenso wie das Alaska-Murmeltier zur arktischen Fauna. Die Tiere sind etwa 50 bis 55 Zentimeter groß und wiegen zwischen drei und fünf Kilogramm.
Schwarzhut-Murmeltiere überstehen die arktischen und subarktischen Winter durch eine lange Winterruhe, die sie im Familienverband verbringen. Die Baue dieser Tierwart weisen Gänge auf, die über 100 Meter lang sein können und teilweise unterhalb des Permafrostbodens verlaufen.
Zur Fellnutzung siehe auch Murmelfell.
Das Schwarzhut-Murmeltier (Marmota camtschatica) ist eine sozial lebende Art aus der Gattung der Murmeltiere. Namensgebend ist die auffällige dunkle Behaarung auf der Kopfoberseite und im Nacken, die sich deutlich von der ansonsten braunen Körperkleid absetzt.
Das Schwarzhut-Murmeltier ist eine paläarktische Art, dessen Verbreitungsgebiet auf den Nordosten Sibiriens beschränkt ist. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet ist allerdings nicht zusammenhängend. Vorkommen finden sich in den Bergen und der Tundra rund um den Baikalsee, den oberen Flussläufen von Jana und Kolyma, im Norden von Kamtschatka sowie im zentralen und nördlichen Teil der Tschuktschen-Halbinsel. Auf Grund seines nördlichen Lebensraumes zählt diese Murmeltierart ebenso wie das Alaska-Murmeltier zur arktischen Fauna. Die Tiere sind etwa 50 bis 55 Zentimeter groß und wiegen zwischen drei und fünf Kilogramm.
Schwarzhut-Murmeltiere überstehen die arktischen und subarktischen Winter durch eine lange Winterruhe, die sie im Familienverband verbringen. Die Baue dieser Tierwart weisen Gänge auf, die über 100 Meter lang sein können und teilweise unterhalb des Permafrostbodens verlaufen.
Zur Fellnutzung siehe auch Murmelfell.
De Kamtsjatkamarmot (Latynske namme: Marmota camtschatica) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae) en it skaai fan 'e marmotten (Marmota), dat lânseigen is op it Kamtsjatka-skiereilân, yn it uterste easten fan Sibearje. Dizze soarte waard yn 1811 foar it earst wittenskiplik beskreaun troch de Dútske soölooch Peter Simon Pallas.
De Kamtsjatkamarmot ûnderskiedt him fan oare soarten marmotten troch syn tekening: hy hat in gielige bealch en in grize rêch, mar de pels boppe op syn kop is swart. Dêrfandinne syn Ingelske namme: black-capped marmot, "swartpetmarmot". De Kamtsjatkamarmot hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en om't de populaasje stabyl liket te wêzen.
De Kamtsjatkamarmot (Latynske namme: Marmota camtschatica) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae) en it skaai fan 'e marmotten (Marmota), dat lânseigen is op it Kamtsjatka-skiereilân, yn it uterste easten fan Sibearje. Dizze soarte waard yn 1811 foar it earst wittenskiplik beskreaun troch de Dútske soölooch Peter Simon Pallas.
De Kamtsjatkamarmot ûnderskiedt him fan oare soarten marmotten troch syn tekening: hy hat in gielige bealch en in grize rêch, mar de pels boppe op syn kop is swart. Dêrfandinne syn Ingelske namme: black-capped marmot, "swartpetmarmot". De Kamtsjatkamarmot hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en om't de populaasje stabyl liket te wêzen.
The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Russian Far East, but its range is discontinuous and divided into three main parts, each with its own subspecies.[2] The black-capped marmot lives in arctic tundra and alpine habitats from near sea-level to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Depending on exact subpopulation, they hibernate for 6–8 months each year, which is long for a marmot.[2]
It is a relatively small marmot (head-and-body length c. 39.5–61.5 cm or 15.6–24.2 in, weight 1.65–5.4 kg or 3.6–11.9 lb) with a short tail.[2] The dorsal pelage is a grizzled yellowish-grey while the underparts are cinnamon or rusty brown. The limbs are rather paler while the tail is brownish-black. The upper part of the head is brownish-black, and this colour continues to the mid-back as a dorsal stripe.[3]
Black-capped marmots feed on grasses, herbs and mosses. They live in colonies formed from many separate burrows, each occupied by an adult pair and their offspring. A litter consists of five or six young but these stay in the family group for at least three years. The marmots congregate in larger groups to hibernate. The sleeping chamber has large quantities of bedding material and the entrances are plugged.[3]
The black-capped marmot hibernates from September to mid-May. It is a diurnal and sedentary mammal. It is subject to extreme conditions throughout the year. The solar altitude plays a significant role in the daily activity pattern of family groups of black-capped marmots.[4] So, the terrestrial activity of black-capped marmots is dependent on daylight period. They usually eliminate heat by lying on rocks or by entering the burrows.[5] It also alters the soil properties that affect the floral structure and distribution of the Arctic tundra by burrowing, hibernation, trampling and reproduction.[6] The main area (center) where the marmots live are gathered in two larger rooms typically so the family can hibernate in these areas. This is usually where the females give birth.[7]
The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Russian Far East, but its range is discontinuous and divided into three main parts, each with its own subspecies. The black-capped marmot lives in arctic tundra and alpine habitats from near sea-level to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Depending on exact subpopulation, they hibernate for 6–8 months each year, which is long for a marmot.
Marmota camtschatica es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Datos: Q742402
Multimedia:
Especies: Marmota camtschatica
Marmota camtschatica Marmota generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.
Marmota camtschatica Marmota generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.
Marmotte du Kamtchatka, Marmotte à tête noire
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La marmota Kamtschatica (aussi écrit marmota camtschatica, marmotte à tête noire) est une espèce de marmotte (mammifère fouisseur de l'ordre des rongeurs).
Cette espèce est originaire de Russie et se rencontre principalement dans la péninsule du Kamtchatka, au nord du lac Baïkal et en Yakoutie.
Les effectifs de l'espèce sont estimés entre 50 000 et 100 000 individus.
C'est l'espèce de marmotte qui hiberne le plus longtemps de mi-septembre à mi-mai. Le permafrost les empêche de creuser des terriers en profondeur. Les colonies s'établissent dans des zones favorables qui dégèlent bien en été. Les populations sont donc morcelées. Malgré un soin tout particulier que cette espèce consacre à l'isolation de son terrier, elle peut avoir à supporter des températures du sol allant jusqu'à −20 °C.
Marmotte du Kamtchatka, Marmotte à tête noire
Deux marmota camtschatica dans le parc naturel du Kamtchatka du Sud. Aout 2019. La marmota Kamtschatica (aussi écrit marmota camtschatica, marmotte à tête noire) est une espèce de marmotte (mammifère fouisseur de l'ordre des rongeurs).
Cette espèce est originaire de Russie et se rencontre principalement dans la péninsule du Kamtchatka, au nord du lac Baïkal et en Yakoutie.
Les effectifs de l'espèce sont estimés entre 50 000 et 100 000 individus.
C'est l'espèce de marmotte qui hiberne le plus longtemps de mi-septembre à mi-mai. Le permafrost les empêche de creuser des terriers en profondeur. Les colonies s'établissent dans des zones favorables qui dégèlent bien en été. Les populations sont donc morcelées. Malgré un soin tout particulier que cette espèce consacre à l'isolation de son terrier, elle peut avoir à supporter des températures du sol allant jusqu'à −20 °C.
La marmotta dalla testa nera (Marmota camtschatica (Pallas, 1811)) è una specie della famiglia degli Sciuridi originaria dell'Estremo Oriente russo.[2]
È una marmotta di dimensioni relativamente piccole (46-53 cm di lunghezza testa-corpo per un peso di 2900-5000 g) e dalla coda breve.[3] La regione dorsale presenta una pelliccia di colore grigio-giallastro brizzolato, mentre quella inferiore è di colore cannella o marrone ruggine. Le zampe anteriori e le scapole sono spesso di colore più chiaro e tendono al verde oliva o al beige. La coda può essere marrone, color carbone o nera. La caratteristica più distintiva della specie, quella che conferisce ad essa il suo nome comune, è però il «cappuccio» nero sulla testa, che si estende da sotto l'occhio e dal naso fino alla parte posteriore del cranio, per poi restringersi in una striscia che si estende fino a metà del dorso, spesso con estensioni più piccole che dall'occhio, passando sotto le orecchie, raggiungono le scapole.[4]
La marmotta dalla testa nera si nutre di graminacee, altre erbe e muschi. Vive in colonie formate da molte gallerie separate, ognuna delle quali occupata da una coppia di adulti e dalla loro prole. Questa è costituita da cinque o sei giovani, che rimangono nel gruppo familiare per almeno tre anni.[4]
Questa specie va in letargo durante i mesi invernali (spesso per un periodo di otto mesi) ed emerge dalle tane a maggio. Le tane invernali si estendono in profondità fino al permafrost. Queste marmotte vanno in letargo in gruppi numerosi, forse perfino in gruppi multifamiliari. Prima di cadere in letargo, tappano gli ingressi della camera e ne rivestono il pavimento utilizzando una grande quantità di lettiera. Intonacano inoltre le pareti della camera e ne rivestono il soffitto con del pietrisco per limitare le dispersioni di calore. In inverno si svegliano periodicamente, indipendentemente dalle condizioni del letargo. La durata del letargo, i tempi di risveglio e la quantità di energia spesa variano a seconda dell'età degli animali.[4]
La marmotta dalla testa nera è una specie paleartica dall'areale limitato alla Siberia nord-orientale. Tuttavia, la sua distribuzione non è continua. Vive nella tundra e negli habitat alpini, dal livello del mare fino ad un'altitudine di 2000 m, nelle regioni intorno al lago Bajkal, lungo il corso superiore dei fiumi Jana e Kolyma, nella Kamčatka settentrionale e nelle parti centrali e settentrionali della penisola dei Ciukci. Dato il suo areale settentrionale, questa specie, così come la marmotta dell'Alaska, è una rappresentante della fauna artica.[3]
Ne vengono riconosciute tre sottospecie:[4]
La marmotta dalla testa nera (Marmota camtschatica (Pallas, 1811)) è una specie della famiglia degli Sciuridi originaria dell'Estremo Oriente russo.
De kamtsjatkamarmot (Marmota camtschatica) is een zoogdier uit de familie der eekhoorns (Sciuridae). Het is bovendien de grootste vertegenwoordiger binnen deze familie. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Pallas in 1811.[2][1]
De kamtsjatkamarmot komt voor in de berggebieden van Oost-Siberië, van het Bargoezingebergte oostwaarts tot de monding van de Lena en het Hoogland van Tsjoekotka. In de Jakoetische gebergten komt de soort voor tot op een hoogte van 1.500 meter, op het Kamtsjatkaschiereiland tot circa 1.400 meter en in Transbaikalië tot ongeveer 1.900 meter.[2]
De torpor, een vorm van winterslaap, duurt 250 tot 270 dagen per jaar. De dieren verblijven in hun winterslaapkamers van midden september tot begin mei. Om energie te besparen wordt de lichaamstemperatuur 's nachts verlaagd. Dit fenomeen begint vanaf eind september wanneer de lichaamstemperatuur kan zakken tot 32 à 34°C. In de eerste helft van oktober zakt de lichaamstemperatuur 's nachts verder tot 13°C. Dit is het moment dat de werkelijke winterslaap begint en de soort inactief wordt. Ze slapen dan het grootste deel van de dag. De lichaamstemperatuur daalt en stijgt gedurende de winterslaap continu. Op het moment dat de lichaamstemperatuur bijna de 0°C raakt, laten ze hun lichaamstemperatuur weer iets stijgen.[2] Drie tot vier families, 20 à 30 individuen, houden hun winterslaap samen in één burcht.[1] De burcht heeft een diepte tot aan de permafrost en is in Jakoetië niet dieper dan 120 centimeter.[1][2] De winterkamer wordt gevuld met gras en de holte wordt met een laag silt bekleed om warmte vast te houden.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe kamtsjatkamarmot (Marmota camtschatica) is een zoogdier uit de familie der eekhoorns (Sciuridae). Het is bovendien de grootste vertegenwoordiger binnen deze familie. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Pallas in 1811.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Świstak czarnogłowy[2], świstak czarnogłowy kamczacki (Marmota camtschatica) - gryzoń z rodziny wiewiórkowatych, jeden z przedstawicieli rodzaju Marmota[3].
Występowanie: Na północ od jeziora Bajkał po północnowschodnie kraniec Syberii i półwysep Kamczatka; wybrzeże Oceanu Arktycznego na północy.
Opis: Wyraźnie czarna sierść na potylicy.
Liczebność: Nieznana.
Świstak czarnogłowy, świstak czarnogłowy kamczacki (Marmota camtschatica) - gryzoń z rodziny wiewiórkowatych, jeden z przedstawicieli rodzaju Marmota.
Występowanie: Na północ od jeziora Bajkał po północnowschodnie kraniec Syberii i półwysep Kamczatka; wybrzeże Oceanu Arktycznego na północy.
Opis: Wyraźnie czarna sierść na potylicy.
Liczebność: Nieznana.
Marmota camtschatica[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peter Simon Pallas 1811. Marmota camtschatica ingår i släktet murmeldjur och familjen ekorrar.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.[6]
Kännetecknande för detta murmeldjur är huvudets övre del som är täckt med svart päls. Även på ryggen är arten svartaktig eller mörkgrå. Främre halsen och bröstet har en orange färg och övriga kroppsdelar har sandfärgad päls. Individerna når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 44 till 51 cm och hanar är något större än honor. Svansens längd varierar mellan 12,5 och 15 cm. Hanar kan före vinterdvalan väga upp till 7,5 kg och vissa honor väger efter dvalan så lite som 2 kg. Artens tandformel är I 1/1 C 0/0 P 2/2 M 3/3, alltså 24 tänder.[7]
Detta murmeldjur förekommer i östra Ryssland med flera från varandra skilda populationer. Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig ungefär från Bajkalsjön till Kamtjatka. Arten vistas i låga eller medelhöga bergstrakter upp till 1900 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av gräsmarker eller skogar.[1]
En koloni av 20 till 30 individer lever i ett komplext tunnelsystem. Större rum fodras med växtdelar som skyddar mor kylan. Kolonin består av två till tre familjer som i sin tur består av ett föräldrapar och deras ungar från olika kullar. Unga hanar lämnar kolonin vanligen efter 2-3 år när de blir könsmogna och även honor kan ansluta sig till en annan familj. Marmota camtschatica håller vanligen från september eller oktober till maj vinterdvala. Parningen sker under sena våren eller tidiga sommaren och honor har tre till elva ungar per kull. Honor parar sig inte varje år utan vartannat år eller med längre mellanrum. Dräktigheten varar allmänt 30 till 32 dagar och ungarna diar sin mor 30 till 42 dagar. Arten äter olika växtdelar och några ryggradslösa djur.[1][7]
Detta murmeldjur är främst aktiv på dagen. De letar efter föda eller förbättrar tunnelsystemet. Gångarna kan vara upp till 113 meter långa och ingångarna ligger oftast nära stora stenar. Individerna har olika läten, till exempel varningsläten när fiender som rovdjur eller rovfåglar upptäcks. De markerar reviret med körtelvätska.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Marmota camtschatica.
Wikispecies har information om Marmota camtschatica.
Marmota camtschatica är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peter Simon Pallas 1811. Marmota camtschatica ingår i släktet murmeldjur och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.
Marmota camtschatica là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1811.[2]
Marmota camtschatica là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1811.
Черношапочный, или камчатский, или восточный сурок[1] (лат. Marmota camtschatica) — вид сурков.
Имеет три подвида: северобайкальский, лено-колымский и камчатский.
Северобайкальский подвид биологически сходен с монгольским сурком — тарбаганом (М. b. sibiriса).
Лено-колымский подвид приобрёл ряд приспособлений к жизни в очень суровых условиях. В каждом поселении сурков имеется обычно одна зимовочная нора, до 4—5 летних и около 10 (до 17) временных (жировочных) нор. Располагаются поселения на малоснежных сухих южных и юго-западных склонах гор и холмов на высоте до 4 200 м над уровнем моря. Ходы и камеры зимовочной норы прокладываются на небольшой глубине (от 22 до 70 ел) в промерзаемом слое грунта, температура которого в феврале — марте понижается до −14, — 16° С, а к концу лета прогревается только до +1,5, +2° С. Большая протяженность ходов (до 113 м) и большое число выходов из норы (до 18) способствуют лучшему проникновению тепла в нору летом и этим ускоряют оттаивание и просыхание грунта. Около ходов грунт оттаивает на 30—50 см глубже, чем на смежных участках, с которых сурки нагребают грунт и натаскивают камни над ходом и камерой, повышая этим толщу потолков хижины на 11—32 еле. Эта возвышенность весной раньше оттаивает. Стенки гнездовой камеры сурки обмазывают, как штукатуркой, смесью земли с травяной трухой, а в холодное время устраивают из сухой травы пробки в ходах, связанных с гнездовой камерой. В зимовочной камере масса гнездовой выстилки достигает 9—12,5 кг. В спячку лено-колымские сурки залегают со второй половины сентября — начала октября, когда уже установился снежный покров и температура воздуха снаружи понижается до —10, —20° С. Все сурки одного поселения (до 25—30 особей) залегают в одной камере. Кроме наружных земляных пробок, они делают несколько травяных пробок близ гнездовой камеры. Сурки залегают, тесно прижавшись друг к другу в один ряд, а если их много, то в два яруса. Пробуждение происходит в мае, хотя снег стаивает только в середине июня. Спаривание происходит в норах во второй половине апреля (если они пробуждаются в мае, то как же они спариваются во второй половине апреля?), за 3 — 4 недели до выхода на поверхность. В одном выводке бывает в среднем 5—6 (от 3 до 11) сурчат. В размножении принимают участие около 75 % половозрелых самок. По этим показателям плодовитость лено-колымских сурков выше, чем форм, распространенных южнее.
Этот вид сурка обычно обитает в Восточной и Северо-Западной Сибири, в Хараулахских горах и т. п. Его также называют Камчатским или Восточным сурком. Своё название сурок получил из-за своей окраски: однотонной коричневой по всему телу с тёмным пятном на голове. Издали кажется, будто на нём надета чёрная шапочка.
Обитают сурки разобщёнными семьями. У каждой семьи имеется своя нора для зимовки, а также несколько летних и около 14 временных нор. Обычно семьи селятся на сухих южных, малоснежных склонах гор и холмов на высоте, не превышающей 1.2 км над уровнем моря. Норы у сурков не очень глубокие. Ходы расположены на глубине примерно от 20 до 70 сантиметров. Норы часто имеют сложную систему лабиринтов и выходов. Это делается специально для того, чтобы летом в нору проникало больше тепла и быстрее оттаивал и просыхал промёрзший грунт.
Облицовочная работа у сурков также присутствует. Они обмазывают стены своей гнездовой камеры смесью травяной трухи и земли. Зимой или холодной осенью сурки любят затыкать свои ходы пробками из сухой травы.
В конце сентября — начале октября, когда температура воздуха достигает −10 градусов, сурки залегают в спячку. Вся семья (а это около 25 особей) обычно залегает в одной гнездовой камере. Они тесно прижимаются друг другу в один ряд, если семейство очень большое, то могут ложиться в несколько ярусов. Выходят из спячки сурки в мае. По расписанию происходит и спаривание. Обычно в конце апреля, в норах, за 3-4 недели до выхода из спячки.
Это заготовка статьи о грызунах. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Черношапочный, или камчатский, или восточный сурок (лат. Marmota camtschatica) — вид сурков.
Имеет три подвида: северобайкальский, лено-колымский и камчатский.
Северобайкальский подвид биологически сходен с монгольским сурком — тарбаганом (М. b. sibiriса).
Лено-колымский подвид приобрёл ряд приспособлений к жизни в очень суровых условиях. В каждом поселении сурков имеется обычно одна зимовочная нора, до 4—5 летних и около 10 (до 17) временных (жировочных) нор. Располагаются поселения на малоснежных сухих южных и юго-западных склонах гор и холмов на высоте до 4 200 м над уровнем моря. Ходы и камеры зимовочной норы прокладываются на небольшой глубине (от 22 до 70 ел) в промерзаемом слое грунта, температура которого в феврале — марте понижается до −14, — 16° С, а к концу лета прогревается только до +1,5, +2° С. Большая протяженность ходов (до 113 м) и большое число выходов из норы (до 18) способствуют лучшему проникновению тепла в нору летом и этим ускоряют оттаивание и просыхание грунта. Около ходов грунт оттаивает на 30—50 см глубже, чем на смежных участках, с которых сурки нагребают грунт и натаскивают камни над ходом и камерой, повышая этим толщу потолков хижины на 11—32 еле. Эта возвышенность весной раньше оттаивает. Стенки гнездовой камеры сурки обмазывают, как штукатуркой, смесью земли с травяной трухой, а в холодное время устраивают из сухой травы пробки в ходах, связанных с гнездовой камерой. В зимовочной камере масса гнездовой выстилки достигает 9—12,5 кг. В спячку лено-колымские сурки залегают со второй половины сентября — начала октября, когда уже установился снежный покров и температура воздуха снаружи понижается до —10, —20° С. Все сурки одного поселения (до 25—30 особей) залегают в одной камере. Кроме наружных земляных пробок, они делают несколько травяных пробок близ гнездовой камеры. Сурки залегают, тесно прижавшись друг к другу в один ряд, а если их много, то в два яруса. Пробуждение происходит в мае, хотя снег стаивает только в середине июня. Спаривание происходит в норах во второй половине апреля (если они пробуждаются в мае, то как же они спариваются во второй половине апреля?), за 3 — 4 недели до выхода на поверхность. В одном выводке бывает в среднем 5—6 (от 3 до 11) сурчат. В размножении принимают участие около 75 % половозрелых самок. По этим показателям плодовитость лено-колымских сурков выше, чем форм, распространенных южнее.
Этот вид сурка обычно обитает в Восточной и Северо-Западной Сибири, в Хараулахских горах и т. п. Его также называют Камчатским или Восточным сурком. Своё название сурок получил из-за своей окраски: однотонной коричневой по всему телу с тёмным пятном на голове. Издали кажется, будто на нём надета чёрная шапочка.
Обитают сурки разобщёнными семьями. У каждой семьи имеется своя нора для зимовки, а также несколько летних и около 14 временных нор. Обычно семьи селятся на сухих южных, малоснежных склонах гор и холмов на высоте, не превышающей 1.2 км над уровнем моря. Норы у сурков не очень глубокие. Ходы расположены на глубине примерно от 20 до 70 сантиметров. Норы часто имеют сложную систему лабиринтов и выходов. Это делается специально для того, чтобы летом в нору проникало больше тепла и быстрее оттаивал и просыхал промёрзший грунт.
Облицовочная работа у сурков также присутствует. Они обмазывают стены своей гнездовой камеры смесью травяной трухи и земли. Зимой или холодной осенью сурки любят затыкать свои ходы пробками из сухой травы.
В конце сентября — начале октября, когда температура воздуха достигает −10 градусов, сурки залегают в спячку. Вся семья (а это около 25 особей) обычно залегает в одной гнездовой камере. Они тесно прижимаются друг другу в один ряд, если семейство очень большое, то могут ложиться в несколько ярусов. Выходят из спячки сурки в мае. По расписанию происходит и спаривание. Обычно в конце апреля, в норах, за 3-4 недели до выхода из спячки.
검은머리마멋(Marmota camtschatica)은 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 러시아의 토착종이다.
다음은 2009년 헬겐(Helgen) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]
마멋족 마멋속
