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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 30.3 years (captivity) Observations: One hybrid between a common and a Bolivian squirrel monkey lived 32 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Behavior

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Saimiri boliviensis is one of the most vocal squirrel monkeys. There are 26 identifiable calls, consisting of chirps and peeps (used when alarmed), squawks and purrs (used during mating and birthing seasons), barks of aggression, and screams of pain (Nowak, 2000). Bolivian squirrel monkeys also communicates with other individuals using chemical signaling. Examples of this include urine-washing (Nowak, 2000) and release of sexual pheromones by females during mating season (Ankel-Simons, 2000). Concerning perception, S. boliviensis has been shown to be polymorphic for cone pigment and color vision, meaning that, like humans, they can see in color (Ankel-Simons, 2000).

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Associations

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Predators of S. boliviensis include harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) and humans. Eagles are avoided by staying in large groups and remaining vigilant.

Known Predators:

  • harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Morphology

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Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) are all fairly similar in appearance. The head is elongated and egg-shaped (Napier and Napier, 1967). It has been suggested that this characteristic cranial morphology is a compromise between a small facial skeleton and a relatively large braincase (Ankel-Simons, 2000). The fur of Bolivian squirrel monkeys is dense and short, and is generally a yellowish tan color, mottled with black hair tips (Ankel-Simons, 2000). The fur on the undersides of the limbs is yellow, white, or orange (Napier and Napier, 1967). Males and females are very similar in appearance, with sexual dimorphism occurring in size and color of crown fur (gray in males and black in females). The sizes of male Bolivian squirrel monkeys range in length, weight, and tail length, from 250-370mm, 550-1135g, and 370-465mm respectively. Females are smaller than males, from 225-295mm in length, weighing 365-750g, and having tail lengths of 370-445mm (Chiarelli, 1972). The face has white areas on the cheeks and around the eyes that appear “mask-like” (Ankel-Simons, 2000). One key identifying feature of S. boliviensis that differs from other squirrel monkeys is the arched eyebrows (Gibson, Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005). The snout of S. boliviensis is similar to other squirrel monkeys. It is short and blunt in shape and dark in color. The ears are white and tufted and are large in comparison to the monkey’s head. The tail , which has a black tip, is almost twice the length of the body but is not prehensile. However, the tail is not prehensile. They have pseudoopposable thumbs (Ankel-Simons, 2000).

Range mass: 365 to 1135 g.

Range length: 225 to 370 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

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Life Expectancy

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Bolivian squirrel monkeys have lived up to 30 years in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
30 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 to 20 years.

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Habitat

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Bolivian squirrel monkeys are most commonly found in gallery forests, but will also inhabit forest edges (Ankel-Simons, 2000). Within these tropical rain forests, Saimiri boliviensis are typically arboreal, residing in the canopy among the small branches. However, they will occasionally leave the canopy to the shrub layer or the forest floor to scavenge (Napier and Napier, 1967; Nowak, 2000). They occur at elevations from sea level to 1500 meters (Napier and Napier, 1967).

Range elevation: Sea Level to 1500 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Distribution

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Saimiri boliviensis, Bolivian squirrel monkeys, can be found in the tropical rain forests of South America. They are found from the Andes in the east, north to the Caribbean Sea, and south and east into Brazil.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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The diet of S. boliviensis consists primarily of insects and fruits. Other foods eaten include berries, nuts, flowers, seeds, leaves, arachnids, and small vertebrates such as bats, birds, and eggs (Ankel-Simons, 2000).

Saimiri boliviensis prefers to forage on terminal branches. Often, they will forage in large groups, possibly enhancing their ability to disturb insects and increase capture rates (Rodman and Cant, 1984).

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers; sap or other plant fluids

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Associations

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Having a primary diet of insects and fruits, S. boliviensis would play several important roles in the ecosystem. First, by eating insects, the insect population is kept in check. Second, by consuming fruit, Bolivian squirrel monkeys act as an agent for seed dispersal. Many seeds cannot germinate or disperse properly without the help of animal digestion.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Benefits

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Bolivian squirrel monkeys are sometimes captured for food or for the pet trade. There was once a large trade in squirrel monkeys in the United States for both biomedical research and as entertainment (zoos and pet markets). Between 1968 and 1972, more than 173,000 squirrel monkeys were used for medical research. Regulations were then established that reduced trade in squirrel monkeys for non-research reasons (Nowak, 2000).

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; body parts are source of valuable material; research and education

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Sipahi, L. 2006. "Saimiri boliviensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_boliviensis.html
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Benefits

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Bolivian squirrel monkeys have no adverse effects on humans.

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Sipahi, L. 2006. "Saimiri boliviensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_boliviensis.html
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Conservation Status

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This species has not currently been evaluated by international conservation databases. They rely on intact rainforests, so are vulnerable to deforestation.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Sipahi, L. 2006. "Saimiri boliviensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_boliviensis.html
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Untitled

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Bolivian squirrel monkeys have the ability to move by bipedal walking. This is generally only used by a mother when carrying an infant that doesn't have the ability to grasp the dorsal fur of its mother. Also, squirrel monkeys use their tails as an accessory, both to balance and to use as a third leg when bipedally walking (Napier and Napier, 1967)

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Reproduction

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Within a troop of Bolivian squirrel monkeys, mature males live in a subgroup, generally separate from a female/young subgroup (Hinde, 1983). This level of segregation between males and females is unique among Bolivian squirrel monkeys. Theories as to what causes this separation include social dynamics between the males, and female initiated active exclusion (Gibson,Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005). During the mating season, males, who have a well-developed dominance hierarchy, will interact and mate with the females. The dominance hierarchy in males is based on testosterone levels and copulatory frequency (Gibson,Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005) as well as fierce fighting (Nowak, 2000). Among males, the more dominant male is allowed to interact with the females. Females will often mate with several males during their short mating season. When a male wishes to mate with a female, he will use an aggressive behavior while making his penis erect. This behavior is also used when approaching an inferior male (Bourne, 1971). When the female becomes submissive, the male mounts her from behind. This mounting behavior has been observed in infants and juveniles who apparently develop the behavior without penetration before maturity (Schrier, 1977). During mating season, males have been known to gain considerable amounts of weight. This "fattening" helps the males by increasing their sperm production. Saimiri boliviensis are polygynandrous creatures, meaning that both males and females in the troop may mate with multiple partners in a given breeding season. Males that do mate with multiple mates are usually the more dominant males (Ruiz et al., 2005). Following the mating season, males and females once again segregate into different groups (Hinde, 1983). Squirrel monkeys also display cooperative breeding behavior, meaning that the mother has help from other females in raising her young (Carpenter, 1973).

Also called “aunting”, cooperative breeding is where helpers provide help in raising young that is not their own. In Bolivian squirrel monkey troops, females will act as “aunts” to the infant of another female. Aunting behavior includes dorsal carriage (carrying the infant on their back), retrieval, and cleaning. “Aunts” can be any female in the group but primarily consist of females who the mother spent a lot of time with prior to birthing, females who the mother previously acted as an “aunt” to, or previously birthed females. As many as nine different subjects have been observed interacting with a given infant in the first week of life. This “aunting” behavior is unique to squirrel monkeys and is thought to create, maintain, and extend group cohesiveness over long periods of time (Carpenter, 1973).

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous) ; cooperative breeder

The breeding season for S. boliviensis is restricted to three months in length with estrus times averaging 7-8 days in length (Gibson,Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005). Unique among squirrel monkeys is their highly synchronized mating seasons, where every female will come into estrus at approximately the same time. Heavy scent marking by females during the mating season may result in this level of synchronisity. The coordination of fertility among females of the troop may be influenced by these sexual pheromones (Ankel-Simons, 2000). In each breeding season a female will have one offspring (Gibson,Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005). The gestation period is between 152 and 172 days and weaning occurs between four and six months old (Napier and Napier, 1967). Females reach sexual maturity generally around two and a half to three years of age. Males, on the other hand, will usually leave the female/young subgroup of the troop at two and a half to three years of age. From here the adolescent males will form their own subgroup in the troop, consisting of immature males that cannot compete with the older males for dominance. At around five years of age, the males will join the mature male subgroup and begin to compete for dominance (Gibson,Kuehl, and Ruiz, 2005).

Breeding interval: Bolivian squirrel monkeys breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding is restricted to 3 months of the year, synchronized by females in a group.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 152 to 172 days.

Range weaning age: 4 to 6 months.

Average time to independence: 1 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2.5 to 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Parental investment by Bolivian squirrel monkeys is taken on entirely by the females. Upon birth of the infant, the mother protects her offspring and provides entirely for it. Responsibilities include dorsal carriage, cleaning, retrieval, and nursing. Mothers are protective of their offspring and don't let them wander far.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning; inherits maternal/paternal territory

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Sipahi, L. 2006. "Saimiri boliviensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_boliviensis.html
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Primate Factsheets: Squirrel monkey (Saimiri)

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Link to Primate Info Net's webpage on this genus. Provides comprehensive information about taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, and conservation.

Mona esquirol boliviana ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La mona esquirol boliviana (Saimiri boliviensis) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cèbids que viu a Bolívia, Brasil i Perú.

Subespècies

  • Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
  • Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis

Referències

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Mona esquirol boliviana: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La mona esquirol boliviana (Saimiri boliviensis) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cèbids que viu a Bolívia, Brasil i Perú.

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Bolivianischer Totenkopfaffe ( German )

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 src=
Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen

Der Bolivianische Totenkopfaffe (Saimiri boliviensis) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Neuweltaffen.

Merkmale

Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen sind wie alle Totenkopfaffen relativ kleine Primaten. Sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 25 bis 37 Zentimetern, wozu noch ein 37 bis 43 Zentimeter langer Schwanz kommt. Mit einem Gewicht von bis zu 1 Kilogramm sind Männchen schwerer als Weibchen, die bis zu 0,75 Kilogramm erreichen. Das kurze, dichte Fell ist an der Oberseite grau oder olivgrün gefärbt, die Unterarme, Hände und Füße sind orangegelb. Der Kopf ist rundlich, das Gesicht ist weiß, die Kappe an der Oberseite des Kopfes ist bei Männchen grau und bei Weibchen schwarz gefärbt. Die weißen Bögen über den Augen sind rundlicher und gehen weniger weit nach oben als beim Gewöhnlichen Totenkopfaffen. Der lange Schwanz ist verglichen mit anderen Totenkopfaffen relativ dünn.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen leben im westlichen Südamerika. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst das südwestliche Brasilien, das östliche Peru und Bolivien. Ihr Lebensraum sind Wälder, häufig halten sie sich in zeitweise überfluteten Flusswäldern auf.

Lebensweise und Ernährung

Diese Primaten sind tagaktive Baumbewohner, die sich eher in der unteren Baumregion aufhalten. Sie bewegen sich meist auf allen vieren fort und sind dabei sehr schnell und geschickt.

Sie leben in großen Gruppen von 45 bis 75 Tieren. Beide Geschlechter entwickeln eine Rangordnung. Junge Männchen, die ihre Geburtsgruppe verlassen haben, bilden zunächst reine Männchengruppen, bevor sie in gemischte Gruppen hineinzukommen versuchen. Die Weibchen, die in ihrer Geburtsgruppe verbleiben und ihre Rangordnung auch über die Verwandtschaft definieren, bleiben allerdings stets dominant über die Männchen, welche sich meist nur am Rand der Gruppe aufhalten. Die Streifgebiete einer Gruppe sind mit bis zu fünf Quadratkilometer sehr groß.

Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen ernähren sich vorwiegend von Insekten und Früchten, deren Anteil je nach Jahreszeit variieren kann. Die Jagd auf Insekten nimmt den größten Teil des Tages in Anspruch (bis zu 50 % des Tages), das Fressen der Früchte nur rund zehn Prozent. Daneben fressen sie auch andere Pflanzenteile wie Blätter, Blüten und anderes, aber auch Eier und kleine Wirbeltiere.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Bolivianischer Totenkopfaffe mit Jungtier

Die Fortpflanzungszeit der Bolivianischen Totenkopfaffen ist geprägt von zunehmender Aggressivität zwischen den Männchen, die während dieser Zeit bis zu 20 Prozent an Gewicht zulegen können. Die Weibchen bevorzugen für die Paarung die stärksten Männchen und die, die am meisten zugenommen haben. Nach einer rund 150- bis 170-tägigen Tragzeit kommt in der Regel ein einzelnes Junges zur Welt, wobei die Geburten innerhalb einer Gruppe synchronisiert sind und annähernd gleichzeitig erfolgen. Nicht nur die Mutter, sondern auch andere Weibchen kümmern sich um das Jungtier, das nach vier bis sechs Monaten entwöhnt wird. Mit rund zwei bis drei Jahren tritt die Geschlechtsreife ein, die Männchen verlassen zu diesem Zeitpunkt ihre Geburtsgruppe.

Gefährdung

Mancherorts werden Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen wegen ihres Fleisches bejagt oder weil sie zu Heimtieren gemacht werden. Daneben leiden sie auch an der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums, insgesamt ist die Art aber weit verbreitet und laut der IUCN nicht gefährdet (least concern).

Systematik

Der Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen bildet eine von acht Arten der Gattung der Totenkopfaffen. Kladistisch ist er die basale Schwestergruppe einer Klade aus allen übrigen Totenkopfaffenarten.[1] Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden, die Nominatform Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis in Südwestbrasilien und Bolivien und S. b. peruviensis in Peru.

Literatur

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro, Jean P. Boubli, F. P. Paim, C. C. Ribas, M. N. F. da Silva, M. R. Messias, F. Röhe, M. P. Mercês, J. de Sousa e Silva Júnior, C. R. Silva, G. M. Pinho, G. Koshkarian, M. T. T. Nguyen, M. L. Harada, R. M. Rabelo, H. L. Queiroz, Michael E. Alfaro & I. P. Farias: Biogeography of squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri): South-central Amazon origin and rapid pan-Amazonian diversification of a lowland primate. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, Part B, S. 436–454, Januar 2015, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.004
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Bolivianischer Totenkopfaffe: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Bolivianische Totenkopfaffen

Der Bolivianische Totenkopfaffe (Saimiri boliviensis) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Neuweltaffen.

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Wasita ( Quechua )

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Wasita[2] (Saimiri boliviensis) nisqaqa huk Uralan Abya Yalap paray sach'a-sach'ankunapi k'allmakunapi kawsaq k'usillum, rikch'aq chipurum.

Pukyukuna

  1. Wallace, R.B.; F. Cornejo & A.B. Rylands (2008) Saimiri boliviensis; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, versión 2014.3. Consultada el 21 de diciembre de 2014.
  2. MABO SINFRON. Concesión para la Conservación Manejo de Bosques Sin Fronteras. Estado de investigación La Novia. Monitoreo, categoría: mamíferos. Saimiri boliviensis, Mono fraile/ wasita, IUCN: LC.

Hawa tinkikina

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Wasita: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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Wasita (Saimiri boliviensis) nisqaqa huk Uralan Abya Yalap paray sach'a-sach'ankunapi k'allmakunapi kawsaq k'usillum, rikch'aq chipurum.

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Black-capped squirrel monkey

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The black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) is a species of New-World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru.[3][4] They weigh between 365 and 1135 grams and measure, from the head to the base of the tail, between 225 and 370mm.[5] Black-capped squirrel monkeys are primarily tree-dwelling and are found in both native and plantation forests as well as some farmed areas near running water.[4] Their diet is omnivorous and mostly consists of flowers, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, insects, arachnids, eggs and small vertebrates.[6] They mostly live in female-dominated troops of around 40 to 75 monkeys, with males having been observed to disperse to live in all-male troops after reaching sexual maturation.[7] Their current conservation status according to the IUCN is 'Least Concern'.[8] The species belongs to the genus Saimiri and has two subspecies, S. b. boliviensis (the Bolivian squirrel monkey) and S. b. peruviensis (the Peruvian squirrel monkey).[9]

Description

The black-capped squirrel monkey exhibits the rounded 'Roman type' white arch pattern over the eyes.

The black-capped squirrel monkey displays sexual dimorphism, with males normally weighing between 550 and 1135 grams and females weighing between 365 and 750 grams.[5][6] Infants typically weigh between 80 and 140 grams when they are born.[10] Adults of the species measure in length (from the head to the base of the tail) between 250 and 370mm for males and 225 and 295mm for females. The coat of the monkey is short, soft and dense, and the majority of the fur covering the back of the monkey is a grey to olive-brown hue, while the undersides are typically white, yellow or ochre.[6] The head is characteristically black with white arches over the eyes. The tail is the same colour as the body with a black tufted tip and is not prehensile; it usually measures around 350 to 425mm.[4]

Physically, the black-capped squirrel monkey is very similar to a number of other species of squirrel monkey, but is distinguishable from other species by a number of features. The most noticeable of these are the dark black cap and the white ‘Roman type’ arch pattern over the monkey's eyes, which is more narrow and rounded than the ‘Gothic type’ arch pattern over the eyes of the other species.[11] The tail of the ‘Roman type’ species is also narrower than that of the ‘Gothic type’.[9]

Evolution

Saimiri boliviensis is thought to have diverged from the Saimiri genus approximately 1.5 million years ago.[12][13] It has been hypothesised that this diversification occurred due to environmental changes in the Pleistocene period which allowed for thicker vegetation to appear in the Amazonian rainforest.[13]

Fossils

Several different fossils have been linked to the genus Saimiri through examinations of their dental and cranial morphology, including the Early Miocene fossil Dolichocebus which was discovered in Gaiman, Argentina and dated to around 20.5 million years ago, and the Middle Miocene fossil of the genus Neosaimiri discovered in La Venta, Colombia, which has been dated to between 12.1 and 12.5 million years ago.[13]

Taxonomic classification

Originally all squirrel monkeys were considered to be of the same species;[14] they were first divided into two different ‘types’ - ‘Roman’ and ‘Gothic’ - in Paul D. Maclean's article ‘Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus’, published in 1964.[15] Many different opinions on the taxonomic classification of Saimiri boliviensis as a separate species have been published,[14] however various studies conducted by several researchers have concluded that Saimiri boliviensis is one of at most seven different species of Saimiri.[16][14] Based on the geographical distribution and the morphological and behavioural characteristics of the specimens studied, Hershkovitz proposed the existence of Saimiri boliviensis as a distinct species with two sub-species, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis and Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis.[9][17] Based on cranial measurements and coat colouring, Thorington proposed Saimiri sciureus boliviensis as a sub-species of Saimiri sciureus.[2][17] Another prominent report published in 1993 supports Thorington's classification,[16] however after further investigation into the genetic characteristics of the monkey a more recently published report concludes that Hershkovitz's description is the most accurate.[18] The dispute over the taxonomic and genetic classification of the black-capped squirrel monkey has become increasingly relevant with regards to their use in biomedical research, due to the fact that hybridisation may have an effect on the reproductive capabilities of the monkey,[19] and has the potential to cause a differentiation in its susceptibility to certain pathogens and infections.[20]

Alternative or previously proposed taxonomic names include:[2]

  • Saimiri sciureus boliviensis
  • Callithrix boliviensis (monkeys from Bolivia)
  • Callithrix entomophagus (monkeys from Tefé, Brazil)
  • Saimiri boliviensis nigriceps (monkeys from Cosnipata, Peru)
  • Saimiri boliviensis pluvialis (monkeys from the Rio Jurua in Brazil)

Distribution and habitat

The black-capped squirrel monkey is typically arboreal.

Saimiri displaying the characteristic ‘Roman arch’ facial pattern of the black-capped squirrel monkey have been documented throughout most of Bolivia, northern Peru, and between the Jurua and Purus Rivers in Brazil.[2] They are found in lowland tropical rainforests near water in densely forested and swampy regions.[21][10] They are predominantly arboreal, and while they utilise all levels of the forests they have been observed to keep mostly to the lower canopies for the purposes of travel and foraging[10] It has been proposed that matrilineal troops of Saimiri boliviensis are formed due to an abundance of fruit and insects present in their habitat, which is not present in the habitats of other species of the Saimiri genus.[21]

Biology

Saimiri boliviensis are mostly arboreal but will occasionally also be found on the forest floor. They are diurnal and have been observed to be most active during the early to mid-morning, before resting for one or two hours in the afternoon, followed by another period of activity from the early afternoon to evening.[4]

Social systems

The black-capped squirrel monkey is found in female dominated troops of around 45 to 75 monkeys, unlike its relative the Common squirrel monkey which habitually lives in male dominated troops of around 15 to 50.[12] Similar to most other species of monkeys, female Saimiri boliviensis will remain in the troop into which they are born, while males are more likely to be excluded by more dominant females.[21] When they reach sexual maturity, male Black-capped squirrel monkeys will disperse from their natal troop into smaller all-male groups, and will eventually join a larger mixed-sex troop, often together with other males from the all-male group.[7] Black-capped squirrel monkey troops display high levels of aggression between females.[12] Female monkeys will often compete with other female members of the troop to determine access to resources,[7] however it has been observed that despite heavy competition for food they still prefer to live in large groups in order to reduce the likelihood of predation.[21]

Reproduction

A family of Saimiri boliviensis

A Black-capped squirrel monkey will typically reach sexual maturation at around 3 years of age for females and 5 years of age for males.[4][6] The yearly reproductive cycle of mature Saimiri has been observed by several researchers to be affected by a number of environmental factors, including the cycles of rainfall and levels of illumination in their habitat. The mating season coincides with the dry season, and will typically result in a single infant being born to each mother.[8] It has been suggested that adult female monkeys are more receptive to environmental cues for the mating season to begin, and the response in males is in part attributed to behavioural and scent cues from the females.[10] During the mating season, males of the species will gain a large amount of subcutaneous upper body fat, leading to what is known as a ‘fatted’ appearance. It has also been observed that the testosterone levels of monkeys of the Bolivian and Peruvian species are noticeably higher during the mating season than those of other species of male Saimiri from Guayana.[22] Males will become more irritable and aggressive, fight more frequently for the purpose of achieving dominance within the troop, and engage in genital display towards less dominant males.[10] It has been observed in both natural and laboratory settings that the hierarchy of the troop may change up to as often as three times in a month, and this will often result in highly aggressive fights which may lead to the complete exclusion of younger adult males from the troop.[10] The scent and behavioural cues of a female monkey assist a male in his judgement of whether or not she will be receptive to his approach and attempt at mating with her. If she is not receptive, the female, sometimes with the aid of other nearby females, will usually chase the male away.[10] Consorting and copulation between a male and female monkey may last between one minute and over an hour depending on the presence of other monkeys and the environment in which it takes place. The gestation period of the monkey has been estimated to last between 160 and 170 days.[10] During the first week following its birth, an infant monkey will cling to its mother's back and will seldom move or be attended to by the mother unless it is in some way in need of assistance.[10]

Communication

Squirrel monkeys have been found to be some of the most vocal primates, with a large range of different types of calls documented throughout their lifespan.[4] Commonly used sounds include ‘chucks’,[23] a variety of purrs and squawks elicited during the birthing and mating seasons, chirps and peeps used for alarm or attention, as well as aggressive screaming and ‘barking’.[4] Infant Black-capped squirrel monkeys tend to vocally communicate much more than adults.[23] The most common form of infant communication is a number of different ‘peeps’, which begin to occur most frequently at around 2 months of age when the infant starts to spend more time away from its mother.[23] After maturation, the most commonly used call for adult females is a variety of ‘chucks’, used to maintain contact in dense vegetation where visual identification is not possible.[24]

Food and foraging

Black-capped squirrel monkeys are omnivorous. A typical squirrel monkey diet includes fruits, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, arachnids, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and rarely fungi;[4][6][25] however it has been observed that they prefer insects to fruit.[10] Mature Saimiri spend most of the day foraging. They will begin foraging at around 60 to 40 minutes before sunrise and will spend the first part of the day actively feeding on fruits and any insects they are able to hunt while foraging for fruit.[10] They will then adopt more sedate feeding behaviours and spend the rest of the day resting and hunting for more insects. Often, when food is not scarce, they will stop and rest for an hour or two in the middle of the day when it is too hot to continue.[10] When fruits are scarce, squirrel monkeys have been reported to consume Ascopolyporus, a fungus that is parasitic on scale insects which are parasitic to local bamboo species. Researchers formulate that this is done as an alternative food source during dry seasons.[25]

Locomotion

Black-capped squirrel monkeys are mostly found in trees and will often leap 1–2 metres between branches. They are capable of moving swiftly through dense vegetation at a four-legged walk or run with diagonal sequence footfalls (wherein the hind leg on one side will touch down followed by the foreleg of the opposite side).[26] They will occasionally adopt a stationary bipedal stance at ground level while foraging. The monkey's tail is usually used for balance, or by infants to secure them to their mother's tail or abdomen.[10]

Conservation status

The black-capped squirrel monkey population has been listed as being of ‘Least Concern’ by the IUCN, despite population numbers being in a general state of decline.[8] It has been determined that the black-capped squirrel monkey is adapts easily to changes or potential threats to its environment, and is not subject to high levels of hunting by humans.[8] According to the IUCN, the main threats to the habitat of the monkey are agricultural and aquacultural uses of their habitat, and the use of the monkey's biological resources for purposes such as hunting, trapping, logging and wood harvesting.[8]

References

  1. ^ Heymann, E.W.; Calouro, A.M.; Vermeer, J.; Mollinedo, J.M.; Silva Júnior, J.S.; Shanee, S.; Rumiz, D.I.; Muniz, C.C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2021). "Saimiri boliviensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41536A192584127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41536A192584127.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Thorington, Richard W. (1985), "The Taxonomy and Distribution of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri)", Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research, Springer US, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0812-7_1, ISBN 978-1-4757-0814-1
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press City. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9780801862519.
  5. ^ a b Napier, John R.; Napier, Prue H. (1967). Handbook of Living Primates. London: Academic Press.
  6. ^ a b c d e Schuler, A. Michele; Abee, Christian R. (2005). Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. p. 2. ISBN 9780160759260.
  7. ^ a b c Boinski, Sue; Kauffman, Laurie; Ehmke, Erin; Schet, Steven; Arioene, Vreezam (May 2005). "Dispersal Patterns among Three Species of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis, and S. sciureus)". Behaviour. 142: 526. doi:10.1163/1568539054352888.
  8. ^ a b c d e "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bolivian/peruvian Squirrel Monkey". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Hershkovitz, Philip (1984). "Taxonomy of squirrel monkeys genus Saimiri (Cebidae, platyrrhini): A preliminary report with description of a hitherto unnamed form". American Journal of Primatology. 7 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350070212. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 32160721. S2CID 221440537.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Baldwin, John D. (1985), "The Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri) in Natural Environments", Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research, Springer US, pp. 35–53, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0812-7_2, ISBN 978-1-4757-0814-1
  11. ^ Rosenblum, Leonard A.; Coe, Christopher L. (1985). Handbook of squirrel monkey research. New York: Springer. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4757-0812-7. OCLC 840290131.
  12. ^ a b c Wilson, Vanessa A. D.; Inoue-Murayama, Miho; Weiss, Alexander (February 2018). "A comparison of personality in the common and Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis )" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Psychology. 132 (1): 25. doi:10.1037/com0000093. ISSN 1939-2087. PMID 29239646. S2CID 37733088.
  13. ^ a b c Chiou, Kenneth L.; Pozzi, Luca; Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W.; Di Fiore, Anthony (June 2011). "Pleistocene diversification of living squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) inferred from complete mitochondrial genome sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 742. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.025. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21443955.
  14. ^ a b c Abee, Christian R. (1 January 1989). "The Squirrel Monkey in Biomedical Research". ILAR Journal. 31 (1): 14. doi:10.1093/ilar.31.1.11. ISSN 1084-2020.
  15. ^ MacLean, P. D. (13 November 1964). "Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus". Science. 146 (3646): 950–952. Bibcode:1964Sci...146..950M. doi:10.1126/science.146.3646.950. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14199724. S2CID 37003448.
  16. ^ a b Costello, Robert K.; Dickinson, C.; Rosenberger, A. L.; Boinski, S.; Szalay, Frederick S. (1993), "Squirrel Monkey (Genus Saimiri) Taxonomy", Species, Species Concepts and Primate Evolution, Springer US, pp. 177–210, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3745-2_8, ISBN 978-1-4899-3747-6
  17. ^ a b Silva, Barbara T. F.; Sampaio, Maria I. C.; Schneider, Horacio; Schneider, Maria P. C.; Montoya, Enrique; Encarnación, Filomeno; Salzano, Francisco M. (January 1992). "Natural hybridization betweenSaimiri taxa in the Peruvian Amazonia". Primates. 33 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF02382766. ISSN 0032-8332. S2CID 24492886.
  18. ^ Boinski, Sue; Cropp, Susan Jacobs (1999). "Disparate Data Sets Resolve Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri) Taxonomy: Implications for Behavioral Ecology and Biomedical Usage". International Journal of Primatology. 20 (2): 249. doi:10.1023/A:1020522519946. S2CID 37914746.
  19. ^ Vandeberg, John L.; Williams-Blangero, Sarah; Moore, Charleen M.; Cheng, Min-Lee; Abee, Christian R. (1990). "Genetic relationships among three squirrel monkey types: Implications for taxonomy, biomedical research, and captive breeding". American Journal of Primatology. 22 (2): 101–111. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350220204. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31963960. S2CID 85883014.
  20. ^ Steinberg, Eliana Ruth; Nieves, Mariela; Ascunce, Marina Sofía; Palermo, Ana María; Mudry, Marta Dolores (February 2009). "Morphological and Genetic Characterization of Saimiri boliviensis". International Journal of Primatology. 30 (1): 35. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9328-8. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 22668241.
  21. ^ a b c d Cropp, Susan; Sughrue, Karen; Selvaggi, Lara; Quatrone, Robert; Boinski, Sue; Henry, Malinda (2002). "An expanded test of the ecological model of primate social evolution: competitive regimes and female bonding in three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus)". Behaviour. 139 (2): 231. doi:10.1163/156853902760102663. ISSN 0005-7959.
  22. ^ Coe, Christopher L.; Chen, Jeanette; Lowe, Edna L.; Davidson, Julian M.; Levine, Seymour (March 1981). "Hormonal and behavioral changes at puberty in the squirrel monkey". Hormones and Behavior. 15 (1): 49. doi:10.1016/0018-506x(81)90033-7. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 7216188. S2CID 34242332.
  23. ^ a b c Biben, Maxeen; Bernhards, Deborah (1995), "Vocal Ontogeny of the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis", Current Topics in Primate Vocal Communication, Springer US, pp. 99–120, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9930-9_5, ISBN 978-1-4757-9932-3
  24. ^ Boinski, Sue; Mitchell, Carol L. (1997). "Chuck Vocalizations of Wild Female Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Contain Information on Caller Identity and Foraging Activity". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 975–993. doi:10.1023/A:1026300314739. S2CID 21188084.
  25. ^ a b Trierveiler-Pereira, L (2016). "Mycophagy by small mammals: new and interesting observations from Brazil" (PDF). Mycosphere. 7 (3): 297–304. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/7/3/5.
  26. ^ Young, Jesse W. (April 2012). "Ontogeny of limb force distribution in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis): Insights into the mechanical bases of primate hind limb dominance". Journal of Human Evolution. 62 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.003. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 22386579.

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Black-capped squirrel monkey: Brief Summary

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The black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) is a species of New-World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru. They weigh between 365 and 1135 grams and measure, from the head to the base of the tail, between 225 and 370mm. Black-capped squirrel monkeys are primarily tree-dwelling and are found in both native and plantation forests as well as some farmed areas near running water. Their diet is omnivorous and mostly consists of flowers, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, insects, arachnids, eggs and small vertebrates. They mostly live in female-dominated troops of around 40 to 75 monkeys, with males having been observed to disperse to live in all-male troops after reaching sexual maturation. Their current conservation status according to the IUCN is 'Least Concern'. The species belongs to the genus Saimiri and has two subspecies, S. b. boliviensis (the Bolivian squirrel monkey) and S. b. peruviensis (the Peruvian squirrel monkey).

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Saimiri boliviensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono ardilla boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis) es un primate de la familia Cebidae.

Distribución

Con dos subespecies Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis y Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis estos animales viven en la cuenca amazónica al este de los Andes en Perú, Bolivia, Argentina y Brasil (en los estados de Acre y Amazonas).Prefieren las zonas de selva tropical por debajo de los 2500 metros.

Descripción

Mide unos 80 cm de longitud de los cuales más de la mitad pertenecen a la cola, pesa aproximadamente 1200 gramos. La corona y el parche preauricular son de color gris oscuro a agouti en los machos y negruzcos a dominantemente negros en las hembras.[2]​ El pelo de la espalda es corto y denso, de color amarillento pálido con pelos de punta color negro, con una máscara blanca alrededor de los ojos y la boca, que son negros; las orejas tienen dos mechones de pelo blanco. La cola es amarilla agouti, excepto la porción terminal negra o grisosa.[2]

Esta especie registra una vocalización y una percepción acústica diferentes a las de los de más Saimiri.[3]

Comportamiento

Las hembras dominan a los machos y los segregan durante la temporada de apareamiento. Las hembras forman grupos de 45 a 75 individuos cohesionados, basados en linajes maternos, que defienden el territorio y los alimentos. Las hembras de esta especie también muestran completa filopatría, a diferencia de las de Saimiri sciureus que migran del territorio de crianza.[1][4][5]

Se alimentan de frutos e insectos.

Referencias

  1. a b Wallace, R.B.; F. Cornejo & A.B. Rylands (2008) Saimiri boliviensis; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, versión 2014.3. Consultada el 21 de diciembre de 2014.
  2. a b Suárez, Claudia; Sylvia Rojas; Claudia Duran; Iván Lozano-Ortega; Sandra Zangen; Victoria Pereira y Fernando Nassar-Montoya (2000) "Protocolo para el manejo y disposición de micos ardilla (Saimiri sciureus) en el centro de recepción y rehabilitación de fauna silvestre de Engativa-DAMA". Centro de Primatología Araguatos; Bogotá.
  3. Boinski, S.; J.D. Newman (1988) "Preliminary observations on squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi) vocalizations in Costa Rica"; American Jounal of Primatology 14: 329–343.
  4. Hershkovitz, P. (1984) "Taxonomy of squirrel monkeys genus Saimiri (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary report with description of Hitherto Unnamed Form"; American Journal of Primatology 7: 155–210.
  5. Boinski, S.; S.J. Cropp (1999) "Disparate data sets resolve squirrel monkey (Saimiri) taxonomy: implications for behavioral ecology and biomedical usage"; International Journal of Primatology 20: 237–256.

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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono ardilla boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis) es un primate de la familia Cebidae.

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Saimiri boliviensis ( Basque )

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Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Saimiriinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. I. Geoffroy and Blainville (1834) 3 Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 89. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Saimiriinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Saimiri boliviensis ( French )

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Singe-écureuil de Bolivie, Sapajou à tête noire

Le Singe-écureuil de Bolivie (Saimiri boliviensis) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Cebidae.

Dénominations

Singe-écureuil de Bolivie [1], Singe-écureuil bolivien[2], Sapajou à tête noire[1],[2]. Black-capped squirrel monkey. Bolivian squirrel monkey (S. b. boliviensis), peruvian squirrel monkey (S. b. peruviensis). Frailecillo (Pérou). Tsigeri (ethnie matsigenka du parc national de Manú, Pérou). Mono amarillo ou chichilo (Bolivie).

Distribution

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Répartition

Bolivie, Pérou (haute Amazonie) et ouest du Brésil.

Sous-espèces

Le nombre de sous-espèces est incertain (2, 3 ou 4 selon les auteurs) :

  • Saïmiri de Bolivie (S. b. boliviensis) : Bolivie (nord, centre et est) sur la moitié de la superficie du pays (Pando-Beni-Santa Cruz, au nord jusqu’au bassin du haut Rio Madeira), sud-est du Pérou (dans le bassin du Río Ucayali entre 50 et 500 m d’altitude), nord-ouest du Brésil entre les Rios Juruá et Purús. Apparemment, ferait une incursion dans le sud-est du Rondônia (Pimenta Bueno) alors que partout ailleurs dans le reste de cet État le Saïmiri à dos doré (S. ustus) est attesté, si bien que la Sierra de Pacaas Novos pourrait jouer un rôle de frontière naturelle entre ces deux espèces.
  • Saïmiri du Pérou (S. b. peruviensis) : Centre-nord du Pérou (entre le Río Huallaga à l’ouest, le Río Tapiche à l’est, le Río Marañon au nord et 8°S au sud au-delà du Río Abujao), entre 90 et 800 m d’altitude.

Deux sous-espèces controversées sont endémiques de l’ouest du Brésil entre les Rios Juruá à l’ouest et Purús à l’est :

  • S. b. pluvialis dans la région du Rio Juruá ;
  • S. b. jaburuensis dans la région du Rio Purús, que Groves synonymise à S. b. boliviensis.

Habitat

Forêt pluviale, primaire et secondaire. Affectionne la proximité des cours d’eau.

Sympathie et association

S’associe avec les sapajous et les capucins (Cebus spp.).

Description

Tête poilue, crane noir, crème autour des yeux, les joues et oreilles blanches, regard attentif
Portrait d'un Saimiri boliviensis au zoo de Karlsruhe. Novembre 2019.

Dessus gris agouti. Avant-bras et extrémité des membres jaune doré brillant. Poitrine blanchâtre. Queue grisâtre, chamois agouti ou noirâtre. Les spécimens de (S. b. pluvialis) seraient plus sombres mais les individus à tendance mélanique existeraient un peu partout sur l’aire de distribution. Couronne et tache préauriculaire noirâtres chez les deux sexes (pour S. b. boliviensis), agouti chez le mâle et noirâtres chez la femelle (pour S. b. jaburuensis), agouti et parsemées de poils noirs chez le mâle et noires ou agouti noirâtre chez la femelle (pour S. b. peruviensis). Oreilles touffues. L’arche au-dessus des yeux est de type Roman (arrondi) alors qu’elle est de type Gothique (en pointe) chez le saïmiri commun (S. sciureus). Les mâles jeunes ont de 6 à 8 ans, ils sont sveltes et élancés ; les mâles dans la force de l’âge ont entre 8 et 12 ans, ce sont les plus étoffés physiquement ; les vieux mâles (au-delà de 12 ans) sont parfois maigres, ont une démarche raide et leur front est grisonnant.

Mensurations

Corps : 31 cm. Queue : 36 cm. Poids de 0,963 à 1,088 kg (M) et de 0,7 à 0,9 kg (F). Caryotype : 2n = 44.

Domaine

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Saïmiri de Bolivie; Madidi National; Bolivie

De 2,5 à 5 km2 (sud-est du Pérou).

Densité

De 151 à 528/km² (sud-est du Pérou).

Locomotion

Quadrupède.

Comportements basiques

Diurne. Arboricole.

Activités

Budget d’activités (PN de la Manu, sud-est du Pérou) : recherche d’insectes (50 %), consommation de plantes (11 %), déplacements (27 %), repos (11 %), grooming (< 2 %).

Alimentation

Frugivore-insectivore. Consomme beaucoup de chenilles. Budget d’alimentation (PN de la Manu) : insectes (82 %), fruits et graines (18 %). Durant la saison sèche, il se concentre sur les figues. Bien qu’il soit supplanté par le capucin brun (Cebus (S.) apella) dans la compétition alimentaire qui l’évince des riches sites fruitiers, il s’associe fréquemment avec cette espèce parce qu’elle est la seule capable d’ouvrir les noix de palme. En période de pénurie, les saïmiris sont bien contents de pouvoir profiter des noix rejetées par leurs concurrents.

Dans le PN de Pacaya-Samiria (Pérou), il consomme les fruits du mombin (Spondias mombin), d’une anone (Annona sp.), d’un poivrier (Xylopia sp.), d’un pouroumier (Pourouma sp.), de deux espèces d’inga (Inga spp.), d’un gnetum (Gnetum sp.), du charichuelo (Rheedia acuminata), d’un matapalo (Coussapoa sp.) et de trois espèces de figuiers.

Taille du groupe

De 50 à 70 (PN de la Manu). 48 (de 40 à 57), dans les Sierras de Contamana, Pérou (d’après Aquino et al.).

Structure sociale et système de reproduction

Groupe multimâle-multifemelle. Polygamie. Sex-ratio : 2,5. Clubs de célibataires de 2 à 10 membres, composés exclusivement de mâles adultes d’âges divers mais le plus souvent jeunes. Ces clubs se tiennent en périphérie de la troupe sauf lors de la saison de reproduction.

Hiérarchie

La hiérarchie de domination est linéaire et marquée chez les mâles, les femelles aussi ont chacune leur rang mais la hiérarchie paraît moins marquée. La très grande majorité des interactions mâles sont de type agonistiques (défis ou attaques), surtout à la saison des amours, alors que les femelles sont plus tolérantes entre elles, on les rencontre volontiers se reposant ensemble, le corps ramassé, tête baissée, la queue enroulée sous le corps autour du dos. Chez le saïmiri de Bolivie et le maki catta (lémurien de Madagascar), les femelles dominent comportementalement les mâles durant une grande partie de l’année et la saison de reproduction s’avère très courte. Pareille synchronisation entraîne la création de classes d’âge.

Dispersion

À peine ont-ils acquis leur indépendance locomotrice, les juvéniles mâles nés la même année tendent à se regrouper en petits clans de jeu unimâles. À l’état de subadulte, entre 4,5 et 5,5 ans, les mâles émigrent de leur troupe natale, les femelles étant philopatriques. Ils le font par paire ou en mini-groupe d’individus familiers voire apparentés (car il arrive certaines années qu’un ou deux mâles fécondent la majorité des femelles) et ces associations d’émigration constitueront le noyau des clubs de jeunes adultes célibataires. L’émigration simultanée de frères ou de demi-frères de la même classe d’âge est appelée dispersion parallèle. Au début de leur vie d’adulte, les saïmiris ne sont donc pas encore intégrés dans une troupe mixte et doivent attendre quelque dix mois avant d’y accéder et de devenir des mâles résidents. Pour ce faire, comme lors de leur première émigration, les jeunes mâles adultes forment des alliances de 2 à 4 individus pour tenter de pénétrer la troupe mixte. L’irruption de membres d’un club de célibataires occasionnent moult vocalisations chez les individus de la troupe mixte. Les femelles profèrent des cris de menace spécifiques qui sollicitent l’aide des mâles résidents. Ces derniers approchent et pourchassent les intrus. Avant, durant et après ces pourchassements, les résidents ligués émettent en chœur des vocalisations plaintives spécifiques baptisées ‘whine-chaun-chaun’ par Mitchell. Ils produisent également des démonstrations génitales à plusieurs, un comportement typique des saïmiris. Les mâles résidents changent plusieurs fois de troupe mixte au cours de leur vie, toujours par minigroupes d’individus du même âge et de rang hiérarchique équivalent. Ces migrations s’expliquent par la volonté d’améliorer leur statut ou d’intégrer une troupe plus prometteuse (où la majorité des femelles entrent en œstrus).

En conclusion, chez le saïmiri de Bolivie, les mâles d’une même classe d’âge se réunissent donc en alliances restreintes (2 à 4 individus) mais de longue durée. En s’associant, les mâles ligués luttent en interne pour un meilleur accès aux femelles réceptives, améliorent leurs chances d’intégrer un nouveau groupe et diminuent les risques de prédation lors des migrations. D’autres primates mâles transfèrent par jeunes du même âge lors de leur première migration (vervet, macaque crabier, babouin) et s’allient bien que non apparentés (hurleur roux, macaque bonnet chinois) mais l’originalité sociale de cette espèce tient dans ce que la stabilité des coalitions intermâles se perpétue sur plusieurs migrations à la manière de petits gangs en déplacement.

Reproduction

Rien ne peut s’opposer à l’incrustation des célibataires lors de la saison des amours. Cette période des amours s’avère d’une grande violence avec une escalade physique qui entraîne des morsures sérieuses parfois fatales. Les mâles d’associations différentes s’affrontent impitoyablement, à un contre un, pour l’accès aux femelles en chaleur. Les célibataires profitent de l’épuisement des résidents pour les renverser. On rapporte le cas d’une alliance de quatre jeunes célibataires ayant pris le pouvoir (les quatre plus hautes places) dans une troupe mixte durant la période de reproduction et l’ayant gardé deux ans de suite. Les vieux mâles, pour leur part, son hors jeu : ils se reproduisent peu, leur immigration solitaire ne suscite guère de trouble social, ils sont en fin de carrière reproductive voire en fin de vie. Les accouplements ne s’observent qu’entre mars et mai et les mises bas se déroulent sur un mois autour d’octobre.

Communication orale

Appel ‘girren’ propre à cette espèce.

Menaces

Trafic. Utilisé pour la recherche médicale et spatiale.

Conservation

P. municipal de Pimenta Bueno, SE de la Serra dos Três Irmãos (Brésil). PN de Pacaya-Samiria, PN de Tingo María, PN de la Manu, R. nationale du Tambopata et PN de Bahuaja-Sonene, Zone réservée du haut Río Purús (Pérou). RE du Río Tahuamanú, R. nationale de Manuripi, R. des Rios Blanco y Negro, PN d’Amboró et R. de la Biosphère du Béni (Bolivie).

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne), entrée N°6200.
  2. a et b Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.

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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Singe-écureuil de Bolivie, Sapajou à tête noire

Le Singe-écureuil de Bolivie (Saimiri boliviensis) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Cebidae.

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Moncaí iorach Bolavach ( Irish )

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Is ainmhí é an Moncaí iorach Bolavach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Saimiri boliviensis ( Italian )

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Il saimiri boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis I. Géoffroy & Blainville, 1834) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

Distribuzione

Con due sottospecie (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis e Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis) questi animali vivono nel bacino amazzonico ad est delle Ande in Perù, Brasile (stati dell'Acre ed Amazonas) e gran parte della Bolivia orientale.
Prediligono le aree di foresta pluviale pedemontana, fino ad altezze di 2500 m.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misurano fino a 80 cm di lunghezza, di cui più della metà spetta alla coda, per un peso di 1200 g.

Aspetto

Il pelo è corto ed assai denso, di colore giallastro coi singoli peli dotati di punte nere: il ventre e le cosce sono generalmente giallastri, ma il colore spazia dal bianco al rossiccio. La testa è nerastra, con una mascherina bianco-rosata attorno ad occhi e muso, ambedue neri: sulle orecchie sono presenti due ciuffi di pelo bianco. La coda è giallastra con la punta nera.

Dimorfismo sessuale

 src=
Un maschio: notare il pelo grigio al di sopra delle sopracciglia.
 src=
Femmina con cucciolo: le femmine hanno invece una corona nera sulle sopracciglia.

I maschi sono, a parità d'età, più grandi e pesanti delle femmine: inoltre, il pelo al di sopra delle sopracciglia forma una corona che è di colore grigio nei maschi e nero nelle femmine.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali diurni ed arboricoli: vivono in gruppi che contano dai 10 ai 550 individui, anche se questi valori sono degli estremi ed il numero solito di individui facenti parte di un gruppo è di 40-50. All'interno del gruppo maschi e femmine, che vivono in sottogruppi distinti e separati fra loro 8caso unico fra le scimmie scoiattolo), stabiliscono precise scale gerarchiche tramite combattimenti che terminano in atti di supremazia del vincente, che mostra il proprio pene (se femmina lo pseudo-pene) e spesso urina sul perdente: il rango raggiunto viene comunicato agli altri tramite messaggi d'urina che l'animale si strofina sul corpo.
All'interno del gruppo, oltre a questi comportamenti aggressivi (peraltro limitate alla fase iniziale di vita del gruppo, quando sono ancora da definire i ruoli di ciascun componente), questi animali possiedono una serie di richiami (fino ad ora ne sono stati individuati una trentina) atti a comunicare eventuali stati di gioia, disponibilità sessuale, aggressività, paura, contentezza e dolore: sorprende inoltre la dedizione di questi animali al gioco, al quale sembrano dedicare un tempo giornaliero secondo come percentuale solo a quello umano.
Ciascun gruppo definisce un proprio territorio, che varia di dimensioni a seconda della quantità di cibo disponibile nell'area ed alla dimensione del gruppo stesso, che all'interno del proprio territorio percorre circa un chilometro al giorno: tuttavia, questi animali non sembrano essere territoriali.

Alimentazione

Questi animali si nutrono principalmente di frutta ed insetti: i gruppi mangiano assieme, non tendono quindi a separarsi per la ricerca del cibo (come succede nelle scimmie ragno). Preferiscono nutrirsi sulle parti terminali dei rami, dove la sottigliezza del ramo può sopportare poco peso e quindi altri animali più grandi, come predatori o potenziali concorrenti per il cibo, non vi si avventurano. In caso di scarsità del cibo principale, queste scimmie possono ripiegare su semi, fiori, foglie ed occasionalmente anche piccoli vertebrati.
Curiosamente, in questi animali le interazioni sociali sembrano direttamente proporzionali alla quantità e qualità di cibo disponibile.

Riproduzione

 src=
Due femmine con cuccioli in groppa: fra le scimmie scoiattolo spesso le femmine fanno da balie ad altri cuccioli.

Nell'ambito del gruppo, le femmine tendono a sincronizzare il proprio ciclo estrale, che dura una settimana, in modo da risultare ricettive in tre soli mesi dell'anno, durante i quali i maschi rompono la segregazione fra i sottogruppi ed interagiscono con le femmine, che spesso si accoppiano promiscuamente con più maschi, pur lasciando la priorità d'accoppiamento al maschio dominante. Per accoppiarsi, i maschi (che durante la stagione degli accoppiamenti accumulano grandi quantità di grassi) utilizzano con le femmine lo stesso comportamento aggressivo che utilizzano coi maschi sottomessi, montandole solo quando queste ultime danno anch'esse segni di sottomissione.

 src=
Un gruppetto di giovani immaturi: in questa specie vige una rigida separazione fra i sessi.

La gestazione dura fra i cinque ed i sei mesi, al termine dei quali viene dato alla luce un unico cucciolo: questo può venire accudito congiuntamente dalla madre e da altre femmine del gruppo fino a quando non viene svezzato, cosa che avviene attorno ai cinque mesi di vita, anche se il cucciolo impiega un anno prima di raggiungere la totale indipendenza.
La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta attorno ai tre anni dalle femmine, mentre i maschi sono più tardivi e non possono dirsi maturi sessualmente prima dei cinque anni, pur entrando a far parte di un proprio sottogruppo (comprendente i maschi subadulti) a tre anni anch'essi.

Bibliografia

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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il saimiri boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis I. Géoffroy & Blainville, 1834) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

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Juodaviršis saimiris ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Saimiri boliviensis

Juodaviršis saimiris (lot. Saimiri boliviensis, angl. Black-capped Squirrel Monkey) – kabiauodegių (Cebidae) šeimos primatas.

Paplitęs Peru, Bolivijoje ir Brazilijoje.

Vikiteka

Nebaigta Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri boliviensis) is een kleine soort aap uit het geslacht van de doodshoofdaapjes.

Kenmerken

Dit aapje heeft een klein, wit gelaat, een groot voorhoofd, een donkere kruin, een zwarte snoet, flinke oren en een behoorlijk lange staart. Aan de uiteinde daarvan bevindt zich een zwarte kwast. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 27 tot 32 cm[2], de staartlengte 38 tot 42 cm en het gewicht 700 tot 950 gram.

Levenswijze

Het Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje leeft in grote groepen van 40 tot 50 leden, soms meer dan 200, hoog in de bomen van het tropisch regenwoud. Ze zijn diurnaal (dagactief) en voeden zich met insecten en insectenlarven, maar soms ook met vruchten, noten en zaden.

Voortplanting

Boliviaanse doodshoofdaapjes leven in groepen waarin een strikte hiërarchie heerst. De vrouwtjes zijn hoger geplaatst in de rangorde dan de mannetjes. Tijdens de paartijd, die plaatsvindt van november tot januari, slaan de mannetjes onder invloed van hormonen vet en vocht tussen hun spierweefsel op waardoor ze tot 20% zwaarder kunnen worden[3]. Ook scheiden ze dan een bepaalde geur af, die aantrekkelijk is voor de vrouwtjes. De mannetjes stijgen tijdelijk in rang en kunnen met de vrouwtjes gaan paren. Na een draagtijd van ongeveer 160 dagen wordt de baby geboren (altijd één). De jongen worden verzorgd door hun eigen moeder en/of door andere moederdieren. Mannetjes houden zich niet bezig met het grootbrengen van hun kroost. Na de paartijd daalt de rang van de mannetjes weer.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in Zuid-Amerika, meer bepaald Bolivia en enkele andere tropische regio's ten zuiden van de evenaar.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
  3. (en) National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Squirrel monkey - Saimiri (16 maart 2006). Geraadpleegd op 17 april 2015.
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Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het Boliviaans doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri boliviensis) is een kleine soort aap uit het geslacht van de doodshoofdaapjes.

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Boliviaekornape ( Norwegian )

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Boliviaekornape Boliviaekornape Vitenskapelig(e)
navn
: Saimiri boliviensis
I. Geoffroy og Blainville, 1834 Norsk(e) navn: boliviaekornape Hører til: vestaper,
kapusinaper IUCNs rødliste: ver 3.1
Status iucn3.1 LC-no.svg

LC — Livskraftig

: livskraftig

Boliviaekornapen er en primatart i familien kapusinaper, og er utbredt i det vestlige og det sentrale Sør-Amerika.

Ingen andre vestaper danner så store og aktive flokker som de fem ekornapeartene. Flokkstørrelsen er vanligvis på 40-50, noen ganger 200 eller mer. De er aktive om dagen, da de kvitrer, smatter og klukker for å skremme opp smådyrene de lever av. De følger ofte etter andre aper for å fange insekter som flyr opp i kjølvannet deres, men eter også frukt og frø. Voksne hanner får kraftig skulderparti i paringstiden og konkurrerer hissig med de andre hannene, vinneren får pare seg med flest hunner.

Utseende

Boliviaekornapen er ekornaktig og har lite, hvitt ansikt, stor panne, mørk krone på hodet, svart nesetipp og snute, og ører med tykk pels.

  • Lengde: 27–32 cm
  • Vekt: 950 g
  • Hale: 38–42 cm
  • Sosial enhet: Flokk

Eksterne lenker

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Boliviaekornape: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Boliviaekornapen er en primatart i familien kapusinaper, og er utbredt i det vestlige og det sentrale Sør-Amerika.

Ingen andre vestaper danner så store og aktive flokker som de fem ekornapeartene. Flokkstørrelsen er vanligvis på 40-50, noen ganger 200 eller mer. De er aktive om dagen, da de kvitrer, smatter og klukker for å skremme opp smådyrene de lever av. De følger ofte etter andre aper for å fange insekter som flyr opp i kjølvannet deres, men eter også frukt og frø. Voksne hanner får kraftig skulderparti i paringstiden og konkurrerer hissig med de andre hannene, vinneren får pare seg med flest hunner.

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Saimiri boliviensis ( Portuguese )

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Macaco-de-cheiro-boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis) é um primata sul-americano, encontrado na Bolívia, Brasil e Peru.

Subespécies

  • Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
  • Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis

Referências

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 138 páginas. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494
  2. Wallace, R. B., Cornejo, F. & Rylands, A. B. (2008). Saimiri boliviensis (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 06 de março de 2013..
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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Macaco-de-cheiro-boliviano (Saimiri boliviensis) é um primata sul-americano, encontrado na Bolívia, Brasil e Peru.

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Svarthövdad dödskalleapa ( Swedish )

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Svarthövdad dödskalleapa (Saimiri boliviensis[2][3]) är en apa som återfinns i Bolivia, Peru och Brasilien.[1] Saimiri boliviensis ingår i släktet dödskalleapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor.[4][5]

Arten klassades som livskraftig av IUCN 2003 då den inte var utsatt för höga jaktnivåer och väldigt anpassningsbar.[1] Arten består av två underarter, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, som förekommer i Bolivia, Brasilien och sydöstra Peru, och Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis som enbart förekommer i Peru.[6][7] Inga underarter finns däremot listade i Catalogue of Life.[4]

Dessa dödskalleapor är mellan 23 och 37 cm långa och har en svans som är upp till 45 cm lång.[8] Pälsen är huvudsakligen blek gulaktig, ofta med svart skugga. Underarmarna och underbenen har intensivare gul eller orange färg. Pälsen på huvudets topp är hos honor svart och hos hanar mera gråaktig. Kring ögonen finns en vit eller rosa ansiktsmask.[9]

Levnadssätt

De svarthövdade dödskalleaporna lever i matriarkala grupper som består av 45 till 75 individer. Dräktighetstiden är ungefär 145-155 dygn och honorna föder sedan en unge. Honorna stannar i den grupp de föddes i medan hannarna stannar tills de är 4-5 år gamla, därefter lämnar de gruppen och ansluter sig till tillfälliga grupper av enbart hannar innan de återigen ansluter sig till en grupp apor av båda könen. Hannarna fortsätter dock byta grupp ungefär varje eller vartannat år. Noterbart är att honorna alltid är dominanta över hanarna och håller dem i den sociala utkanten av gruppen.

Aporna lever i regnskog och mangroveträsk där de livnär sig främst frukter och insekter, men även på nötter, ägg och mindre däggdjur.[1][8]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] Wallace, R. B., Cornejo, F. & Rylands, A. B. 2008 Saimiri boliviensis (på engelska). Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Läst 16 augusti 2012.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/saimiri+boliviensis/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ ”Utbredningskarta”. IUCN. http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=41536. Läst 16 augusti 2012.
  7. ^ (2005) , website Saimiri boliviensis, Mammal Species of the World
  8. ^ [a b] ”Svarthövdad dödskalleapa”. Parken Zoo. http://parkenzoo.se/djuren/sydamerika/svarthovdad-dodskalleapa/. Läst 16 augusti 2012.
  9. ^ L. Sipahi (14 april 2006). ”Bolivian squirrel monkey” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Saimiri_boliviensis/. Läst 25 september 2015.

Externa länkar

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Svarthövdad dödskalleapa: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Svarthövdad dödskalleapa (Saimiri boliviensis) är en apa som återfinns i Bolivia, Peru och Brasilien. Saimiri boliviensis ingår i släktet dödskalleapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor.

Arten klassades som livskraftig av IUCN 2003 då den inte var utsatt för höga jaktnivåer och väldigt anpassningsbar. Arten består av två underarter, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, som förekommer i Bolivia, Brasilien och sydöstra Peru, och Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis som enbart förekommer i Peru. Inga underarter finns däremot listade i Catalogue of Life.

Dessa dödskalleapor är mellan 23 och 37 cm långa och har en svans som är upp till 45 cm lång. Pälsen är huvudsakligen blek gulaktig, ofta med svart skugga. Underarmarna och underbenen har intensivare gul eller orange färg. Pälsen på huvudets topp är hos honor svart och hos hanar mera gråaktig. Kring ögonen finns en vit eller rosa ansiktsmask.

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Saimiri boliviensis ( Vietnamese )

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Saimiri boliviensis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được I. Geoffroy & Blainville mô tả năm 1834.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Wallace, R. B., Cornejo, F. & Rylands, A. B. (2008). Saimiri boliviensis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 1 năm 2012.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Saimiri boliviensis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


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Saimiri boliviensis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Saimiri boliviensis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được I. Geoffroy & Blainville mô tả năm 1834.

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Боливийский саймири ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Saimirinae
Род: Саймири
Вид: Боливийский саймири
Международное научное название

Saimiri boliviensis (I. Geoffroy & Blainville, 1834)

Подвиды
См. текст
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 572979NCBI 27679EOL 323910

Боливийский саймири (лат. Saimiri boliviensis) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.

Описание

Вес взрослого животного составляет в среднем 992 г для самцов и 751 г для самок. Шерсть серая, макушка и кончик хвоста чёрные. Конечности рыжеватые.

Распространение

Обитают в Боливии, Бразилии и Перу.[1]

Образ жизни

Дневное животное, проводящее большую часть времени в кронах деревьев. Проводит 75—80 % времени в поисках пропитания. Питается в основном фруктами и насекомыми. Образует крупные группы до 100 животных (обычно от 20 до 75).[2]

Размножение

Сезон размножения совпадает с сухим сезоном. Самка приносит потомство ежегодно. В помёте обычно один детёныш.[2]

Классификация

Выделяют два подвида:[1]

  • Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
  • Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Saimiri boliviensis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. 1 2 Mitchell, C. L., Boinski, S. and Van Schaik, C. P. Competetive regimes and female bonding in two species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi and Saimiri sciureus). // Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology. — № 28.
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Боливийский саймири: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Боливийский саймири (лат. Saimiri boliviensis) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.

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ボリビアリスザル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ボリビアリスザル Totenkopfaeffchen.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : サル目 Primates 亜目 : 真猿亜目 Haplorhini 下目 : 広鼻下目 Catarrhini : オマキザル科 Cebidae 亜科 : リスザル亜科 Saimiriinae : リスザル属 Saimiri : ボリビアリスザル S.boliviensis 学名 Saimiri boliviensis 和名 ボリビアリスザル 英名 Black-capped Squirrel Monkey
Bolivian Squirrel Monkey
Saimiri boliviensis distribution.svg
生息域

ボリビアリスザルは、リスザル属。名前の通り、ボリビアの森林に多く棲むほか、コスタリカパナマなどの中米地域や、ボリビア近隣の南米アマゾン川上流の森林に生息する。

尾を除く頭胴長は30cm程度、体重は1kg程度の小型の猿で、黄色がかった体毛が特徴である。頭と口の回りの毛は黒い。 雑食で果実、木の実、木の葉、昆虫、小動物、鳥の卵などを食べる。

日本でも多くの動物園で飼育されている。また、ペットとしても飼われている。

保全状態評価[編集]

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Wallace, R. B., Cornejo, F. & Rylands, A. B. (Saimiri boliviensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. 2009年1月2日閲覧。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ボリビアリスザルに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにボリビアリスザルに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

ボリビアリスザル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ボリビアリスザルは、リスザル属。名前の通り、ボリビアの森林に多く棲むほか、コスタリカパナマなどの中米地域や、ボリビア近隣の南米アマゾン川上流の森林に生息する。

尾を除く頭胴長は30cm程度、体重は1kg程度の小型の猿で、黄色がかった体毛が特徴である。頭と口の回りの毛は黒い。 雑食で果実、木の実、木の葉、昆虫、小動物、鳥の卵などを食べる。

日本でも多くの動物園で飼育されている。また、ペットとしても飼われている。

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검은머리다람쥐원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

검은머리다람쥐원숭이(Saimiri boliviensis)는 꼬리감는원숭이과에 속하는 영장류의 일종이다. 볼리비아다람쥐원숭이로도 불린다. 남아메리카볼리비아브라질 그리고 페루에서 발견된다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 138쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Saimiri boliviensis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 2일에 확인함.
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