Taxonomic history
Lectotype designation: Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340.Bingham, 1903 PDF: 245 (q.).Status as species: Mayr, 1879 PDF: 674 (in key); Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 94; Emery, 1895m: 469; Forel, 1902c PDF: 175 (in key); Forel, 1902g PDF: 542; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903 PDF: 244; Emery, 1922c PDF: 95; Chapman & Capco, 1951 PDF: 147; Bolton, 1995b: 327; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000 PDF: 316; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005 PDF: 34; Eguchi et al., 2007: 261 (redescription); Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66 (redescription); Terayama, 2009 PDF: 171; Pfeiffer et al., 2011 PDF: 49; Guénard & Dunn, 2012 PDF: 50; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340 (redescription); Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64 (redescription); Bharti et al., 2016 PDF: 42; Sharaf et al., 2018 10.20362/am.010004 PDF: 27.Senior synonym of Pheidole bugi: Eguchi et al., 2007: 262; Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 341; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole parva decanica: Eguchi et al., 2007: 261; Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole flavens farquharensis: Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole rinae mala: Eguchi et al., 2007: 262; Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole sauteri: Eguchi et al., 2007: 262; Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66; Terayama, 2009 PDF: 171; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 340; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole tarda: Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 341; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Senior synonym of Pheidole rinae tipuna: Eguchi et al., 2007: 262; Eguchi, 2008 PDF: 66; Terayama, 2009 PDF: 171; Fischer & Fisher, 2013 PDF: 341; Sarnat et al., 2015 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 PDF: 64.Figs. 18a-g
Pheidole parva Mayr , 1865: 98. Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (redescription of major & minor). Syntypes: 1 major & 2 minors, "Ceylon" [= Sri Lanka], NHMW, examined.
Pheidole parva var. decanica Forel , 1902: 175. Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (lectotype designation, junior synonym of parva ). Lectotype: major, "Cochin (Inde) (Rothney)" [India], MHNG, examined; paralectotypes: 2 majors, "Cochin (Inde) (Rothney)" [India], MHNG, examined; 3 minors, "Kanara XXXI 8 (Aitken)" [India], MHNG, examined; 3 queens, "Belgaum. (Wroughton) XXXII 1c" [India], MHNG, examined; 3 males, "Belgaum (Wroughton) XXXII 1b", MHNG, examined; specimens from Poona [India] and Ceylon [Sri Lanka] (according to the original description), not examined.
Pheidole bugi Wheeler , 1919: 66. Eguchi 2001b: 37-39 (lectotype designation & redescription of major & minor), Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (junior synonym of parva ). Lectotype: major, "Sarawak, Borneo, R. Thaxter", MCZC cotype-8947, examined.
Pheidole rinae var. mala Forel , 1911a: 205. Eguchi 2001b: 39 (lectotype designation), Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (junior synonym of parva ). Lectotype: major, "Semarang Java (Jacobson)", MHNG, examined; paralectotypes: 2 majors & 3 minors, "Semarang Java (Jacobson)", MHNG, examined.
Pheidole rinae r. tipuna Forel , 1912a: 68. Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (lectotype designation, junior synonym of parva ). Lectotype: major, "Takao Formose (Sauter) 25" [= Kaoshung, Taiwan], MHNG, examined; paralectotypes: 3 minors, "Takao 25 Formose (Sauter)", MHNG, examined.
Pheidole sauteri Wheeler , 1909: 334. Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261-265 (junior synonym ofparva). Syntypes: 3 majors & 19 minors, "Takao, Formosa, H. Sauter" [= Kaoshung, Taiwan], MCZC cotype 20671, examined.
Other material examined: Ogasawara Is.: Chichi-jima I.: Chichi-jima I. [K. Hamaguchi], pass to Miyanohama, [K. Nakashima]. Ryukyus: Amami-Oshima I. [Sk. Yamane]; Okinawa-jima I.: Nishihara-cho, [Eg01-JPN-001, -002], Naha-shi [Y. Nishizono], Sueyoshi Park, Syuri, Naha-shi [K. Kishima's colony: A-7]. S. China: Hong Kong: Mai Po Marshes, New Territory [J. Fellowes], Tai Lung Farm, Sheung Shui, New Territory[Sk. Yamane]; Macau: Hac-Sa, Coloane I. [K. Eguchi]. N. Vietnam: Thai Nguyen: My Yen Commune Forest, 21°35'N, 105°36'E, Na Hau Village [Eg01-VN-134, -135, -136, -137, -145, -151, -152]; Ninh Binh: Ninh Binh [K. Ogata: 15 min.-TUS#2], Cuc Phuong N.P., 20°14'N, 105°36'E, 370 m alt. [Eg01-VN-179, - 180]. S. Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City [R.H. Crozier, MCZC]. Thailand: Bangkok: Campus of Kasetsart Univ. [Eg01-TH-585, -586, -587], Bang Khean (Residential area) [TH03-SKY-106]. Philippines: Luzon: Asin Hot Spring, Benguet, W. Beguio [S. Schodl]; Surigao del N. Dinagat I.: 6.8 road km N. Dinagat vill., Busay [S. Schodl]; Catanduanes: Virac La Tri Lodge and Rest., Virac [H. Zettel]. W. Malaysia: Penang: Campus of Univ. Sains Malaysia [C.Y. Lee]. E. Malaysia: Sabah: Tawau Hills Park [K. Eguchi]. Brunei: Tasek Merimbun [Eg99-BOR-004]. Indonesia: W. Sumatra: Muko Muko, Maninjau [SNS coll.]; Mentawai Is.: Rokot, Plau Sipora [SNS coll.]. Lombok I.: Selong [Eg98-LMB-1020, -1021]; C. Java: Gajah Mada Univ., Yogyakarta [JV02/03-SKY-20]. Nepal: 16 km NE. Tumlingtar, 27°25'N, 87°19'E, 670 m alt. [C. Carpenter]. India: Utter Pradesh: Rajaji N.P., 600-700 m alt., 10 km SE. Dehra Dun [A. Schulz & K. Vock]. Sri Lanka: Kandy: Campus of Univ., Peradeniya [LK01-SKY-16, -26]. Germany: Cottbus [A. Buschiuger]. Austria: Wien: Tiergarten (Zoo) [G. Hillebrand]. Eguchi's informal species code " Pheidole sp. eg-56" has been applied to these specimens.
Worker measurements & indices: Major (data from Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007). - HL 0.96-1.07 mm; HW 0.85-0.92 mm; CI 85-92; SL 0.41-0.45 mm; SI 45-51; FL 0.57-0.62 mm; FI 64-68.
Minor (data from Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007). - HL 0.43-0.54 mm; HW 0.39-0.50 mm; CI 88-94; SL 0.38-0.46 mm; SI 84-102; FL 0.39-0.48 mm; FI 93-109.
Worker description
Major. - Head in lateral view not or very weakly impressed on vertex; frons to anterior part of vertex longitudinally rugose; posterior part of vertex rusogo-reticulate; dorsal and dorsolateral faces of vertexal lobe reticulate or rusogo-reticulate; frontal carina absent or inconspicuous (present just as weak rugulae); antennal scrobe absent; median longitudinal carina on clypeus absent, or rarely present but weak; hypostoma with median and submedian processes in addition to conspicuous lateral processes; median process often lower than submedian process, or sometimes almost disappearing; submedian processes usually conspicuous; outer surface of mandible (excluding area around the base) smooth or dimly rugose partly, sparsely with (very) short appressed hairs; antenna with a 3-segmented club; maximal diameter of eye longer than antennal segment X. Promesonotal dome in dorsal view rugoso-reticulate or irregularly rugose with interspaces smooth or dimly to distinctly punctured, or punctured weakly; the dome in lateral view at most with an inconspicuous mound on its posterior slope; humerus weakly produced laterad; the dome at the humeri almost as broad as or broader than at the bottom. Petiole much longer than postpetiole (excluding helcium); petiolar node in lateral view relatively high; postpetiole not massive; first gastral tergite weakly rugoso-punctate in its anterior 1/3 or at least around its articulation with postpetiole.
Minor. - Dorsum of head punctured and often overlain by weak rugoso-reticulation; preoccipital carina absent or inconspicuous dorsally; median part of clypeus smooth or weakly punctured; median longitudinal carina absent, or present but weak; antenna with a 3-segmented club; scape exceeding posterior margin of head by less than half length of antennal segment II, or not reaching the posterior margin; maximal diameter of eye longer than antennal segment X. Mesosoma punctured; punctuation on dorsum of promesonotal dome often overlain sparsely by weak rugulae; promesonotal dome in lateral view relatively weakly convex, at most with an inconspicuous mound on its posterior slope; humerus in dorso-oblique view very weakly produced; propodeal spine elongate-triangular. Petiole much longer than postpetiole (excluding helcium); postpetiole not massive.
Recognition: This species is characterized among Indo-Chinese species by the combination of the following features: in the major frontal carina almost absent; in the major hypostoma in the middle with 3 processes (median process is often low, rarely much reduced); in the minor scape exceeding posterior margin of head by less than half length of antennal segment II, or not reaching the posterior margin; in the minor maximal diameter of eye longer than antennal segment X; in the minor dorsal and lateral faces of head and mesosoma punctured; in the major and minor posterior slope of promesonotal dome lacking a conspicuous prominence/ mound.
P. parva is most similar to P rabo Forel . In the minor of the latter, however, scape usually exceeds posterior margin of head by almost the length of antennal segment II, and maximal diameter of eye is almost as long as or a little shorter than antennal segment X.
Distribution & bionomics: Widely distributed in the Oriental region, Austro-Malayan subregion and W. Pacific. This species prefers open lands, tillage and gardens to woody habitats, and nests under the ground. In rural areas of N. Vietnamese this species and P. yeensis are the most dominant Pheidole species.
Pheidole parva is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae.[1]
Pheidole parva is a widespread and probably invasive species in parts of the Old World and belongs to the P. rinae complex. Most likely it is an introduced species to the Malagasy region. Indeed, live ants of this species have recently been found travelling onboard different ships. Also its ubiquity in many different habitats and microhabitats on Mauritius and the Seychelles and its presence in ports there indicate that it is well-adapted to human environments and thus a likely candidate to invade new areas through human commerce. This tiny and relatively inconspicuous ant is very common in places and can be found in soil and leaf litter, under stones or root mats, in rotten logs, foraging on or nesting in the ground, as well as in lower vegetation and even under the bark of live trees. It was collected in a variety of different habitats, from parks and gardens, to mangrove and coastal scrub, to degraded dry forest, littoral and mixed forest, and rainforest, in elevations between 1 and 445 m. It has also been found on the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia and in the United Arab Emirates, on farms mostly inland from the coast at elevations of 675 and 735 m. As the nests were also found under potted plants, it is very likely that P. parva has been introduced to the Arabian Peninsula by human commerce.[2]
On the smaller islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean, P. parva can be superficially confused with P. jonas, especially because the minors are relatively similar in their morphologies. The main characters distinguishing both worker castes of these two species are: the relative length of the postpetiole in both castes; the scapes of the workers of P. parva are distinctly shorter than those of P. jonas; and the heads of majors are distinctly longer than wide in P. parva, versus on average as long as wide in P. jonas.[3]
This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse, revise, remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose: *Fischer, G.; Fisher, B.L. (2013), "A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala", Zootaxa, 3683 (4): 301–356, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1 Please check the source for the exact licensing terms.Pheidole parva is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae.
