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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 6.4 years (wild) Observations: These animals have a short lifespan and high mortality rates in the wild. Annual adult mortality can be over 80%, though that value drops to 52-59% if hunting is excluded. Ageing has also been suggested as an underlying factor for all causes of death. Maximum longevity in the wild is 6.4 years and very few individuals live more than 5 years (http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/). A lifespan of 10 years has been suggested (http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/), but this has not been confirmed.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Behavior

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The well known "bob-white" call is a minor part of northern bowhites' overall vocal repetoire. Their entire vocal array is known and has been classified into calls based on group movement, food-finding, avoidance of enemies, and reproduction (sexual and parental). Nonvocal interactions are diverse and characteristic of many small quails. For example, head-shaking, head-scratching and preening are characteristic of dominant birds.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Populations of northern bobwhite are declining. Habitat loss, particularly due to the increase in large-scale farming and the reduction of fence rows and suitable habitat plots are thought to be the major factor in the decline. One subspecies, the masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), is considered endangered. Northern bobwhite are listed as near threatened by the IUCN.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: endangered; no special status

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse affects of northern bobwhites on humans.

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Economically, northern bobwhites are one of North America's most important game birds, especially in the southern and midwestern United States. Annual harvest in 1970 was estimated to be 35 million birds in 37 states and 2 Canadian provinces, the largest harvest of non-migratory upland game birds (Dimmick 1992). Northern bobwhites are one of the most extensively studied species of birds in the world. They have played a major role in captive laboratory studies to test the physiological and behavioral effects of pesticides on wildlife. They also were the subject of the first modern systematic study of a wild animal's life history in relation to environmental and habitat factors that influence its abundance.

Positive Impacts: food ; research and education

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Northern bobwhites are host to parastic worms. These worms do not often kill their host, but their presence is associated with low body weight in northern bobwhites and this may negatively influence survival and reproduction. Northern bobwhites also host a wide variety of external parasites such as lice, ticks, mites, and fleas.

Northern bobwhites are important prey for birds of prey and small, terrestrial predators. They are also important seed and foliage predators and may influence the plant communities in which they live.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Lice
  • Ticks
  • Mites
  • Fleas
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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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The diet consists primarily of seeds but also includes green leafy material, fruits, and invertebrates. Approximately 85% of the diet is vegetation and 15% animal matter. However, the relative quantity of each is seasonal (Ehrlich, et al 1988).

In early spring, leafy material is an important source of vitamins. Insects are important from spring until autumn; during these months they may constitue a quarter of the diet. Females consume more insects than males in response to elevated need for protein during egg laying. Fruits are also an important summer source of carbohydrates. Seeds and legumes constitute the majority of the bobwhite diet in fall and winter. Hatchlings are completely dependent on insects as a food source (Landers and Mueller 1986).

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Granivore )

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Northern bobwhites can be found from southeastern Ontario to Central America. Highest population densities are reached in the eastern United States and Mexico. Bobwhites can also be found throughout Cuba. Disjunct populations exist in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and northwestern Mexico.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

provided by Animal Diversity Web

In forest habitats, northern bobwhites show a clear preference for early successional vegetation created by disturbances from fire, agriculture, and timber-harvesting. In rangeland habitats, bobwhites are found in both early and later successional vegetation. Bobwhite habitats must contain a diversity of invertebrates, seeds, and herbaceous plants. Cover that provides protection from predators, weather, and provides nesting material is also essential. Water is not normally an important factor in habitat determination of the bobwhite because ample water can be obtained from dew.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Northern bobwhites have a short life span and high mortality rates. Few individuals live longer than five years, and about 80% live less than one year. Exposure is an important source of mortality during the winter. Deep snows and prolonged periods of cold may cause extensive losses. Also, feeding in agricultural environments can lead to exposure to contaminants which often have lethal effects.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
6 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
8 to 12 months.

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bibliographic citation
Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Bobwhites are small (140 to 170 grams) galliform birds with rounded wings and a square tail. They range in length from 20.3 to 24.7 cm with a wingspan from 9 to 12 cm. Bobwhites are sexually dimorphic with regard to facial and throat coloration, wing coverts, and beak color. Adult males are distinguished by white facial stripes and throat in contrast to the buff coloration of females and juveniles. The wing coverts of males have sharply contrasting black markings on the feathers while the wing coverts of females lack color distinctions. The base of the mandible is black in males and yellow in females. White edges, dark bars, and vermiculations on the reddish brown back and white breast create a mottled appearance.

Range mass: 140 to 170 g.

Range length: 20.3 to 24.7 cm.

Range wingspan: 9 to 12 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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bibliographic citation
Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Predation is an important source of mortality for northern bobwhites. Known predators include Cooper's hawks, raccoons, opossums, skunks and foxes. When adults with chicks encounter predators, they perform distraction displays such as fluttering and wing-dragging. This anti-predator behavior seems to be learned and is rarely seen in captive-reared birds. Their coloration helps to make them hard to see in the dense undergrowth that is their preferred habitat.

Known Predators:

  • Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • foxes (Vulpes)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Originally thought to be monogamous, there is now clear evidence of ambisexual polygamy among northern bobwhites, meaning that both males and females are known to incubate and raise broods with more than one mate during the breeding season.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Courtship and pair formation can begin as early as February in south Texas while occurring later at higher latitudes. Nest building, egg laying, and incubation occur intensively from May to August. The beginning of the nesting season in Texas has been tied to rainfall and vegetation growth. Bobwhites mate in their first year of life and rear one brood a year. Nests destroyed before hatching will be rebuilt while broods lost after hatching are usually not replaced. South Texas broods have been reported as late as November and December.

Breeding pairs build ground nests of dead grasses. Dimmick (1992) reports the frequent use of broomsedge (-Andropogon virginicus-) in nests. Nests are saucer shaped softball size depressions in the ground (Klimstra and Roseberry 1975, Dimmick 1992). Klimstra and Roseberry (1975) found 85% of nests to be domed or covered with a canopy. Nest with no canopies were found to be significantly more common later in the breeding season (Klimstra and Roseberry 1975). Dimmick (1992) reports nest construction can occur over two days and take approximately 4 hours. Data are conflicting as to which sex actually builds nests. Klimstra and Roseberry (1975) and Stokes (1967) observed pairs building nest while other studies have found that males completed the majority of nest building (Dimmick 1992). Eggs are laid at a rate of one per day beginning one day after the nest is completed (Dimmick 1992). Multiple hens have been shown to lay eggs into a single nest with average clutch sizes of 12 to 14 eggs (Dimmick 1992). Klimstra and Roseberry (1975) report variation in single female clutch sizes of 6 to 28 eggs. Bobwhites reduce clutch size after each nest failure (Dimmick 1992). The incubation period is approximately 23 days (Dimmick 1992). Klimstra and Roseberry (1975) reported incubation by males at 26.4% of nests observed. Stokes (1967) observed exclusive incubation by both males and females. Females have been observed laying a second clutch and incubating them while the male tends to the original nest. Both parents alternate brooding of the young. Both parents have been observed to defend young by attacking perceived aggressors and by performing broken wing displays.

Breeding interval: Northern bobwhites typically breed once yearly, although there can be up to three broods per breeding season.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from February to October, depending on the region.

Range eggs per season: 6 to 28.

Average eggs per season: 12-14.

Average time to hatching: 23 days.

Average fledging age: 14 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average time to hatching: 23 days.

Average eggs per season: 15.

Bobwhite hatchlings are able to walk about and follow their parents almost immediately following hatching. Both males and females incubate the eggs, brood the hatchlings, and provide for the young until they reach independence at about 2 weeks old. Both parents have been observed to defend young by attacking perceived aggressors and by performing broken wing displays.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Chumchal, M. 2000. "Colinus virginianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colinus_virginianus.html
author
Matthew Chumchal, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
editor
Kathleen Bachynski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Colinus virginianus

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

The only native quail in much of its range, the Northern Bobwhite is most easily identified by its small size (8 ½ - 10 ½ inches), mottled brown body, small black bill, and short tail. Males have a white throat, white eye-stripe, and black cheek patch, while females have a more brownish head. The Northern Bobwhite inhabits a large part of the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. Other populations occur in Mexico and the West Indies. This species is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Northern Bobwhites inhabit a variety of open habitats, including overgrown fields, forest clearings, grasslands, and scrub. Traditionally, forest fires helped create habitat for this species by removing thicker vegetation; today, human activity has a similar impact on habitat in certain areas. Northern Bobwhites mainly eat seeds and other plant material, but insects make up a higher proportion of this species’ diet in summer. Due to its preference for semi-open habitat types, Northern Bobwhites may be most easily observed foraging for food on the ground. When startled, this species may either run away or “explode” into the air and fly a short distance to safety. Northern Bobwhites are most active during the day.

Threat Status: Near Threatened

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Smithsonian Institution
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Reid Rumelt

Colinus virginianus

provided by EOL authors

The only native quail in much of its range, the Northern Bobwhite is most easily identified by its small size (8 ½ - 10 ½ inches), mottled brown body, small black bill, and short tail. Males have a white throat, white eye-stripe, and black cheek patch, while females have a more brownish head. The Northern Bobwhite inhabits a large part of the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. Other populations occur in Mexico and the West Indies. This species is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Northern Bobwhites inhabit a variety of open habitats, including overgrown fields, forest clearings, grasslands, and scrub. Traditionally, forest fires helped create habitat for this species by removing thicker vegetation; today, human activity has a similar impact on habitat in certain areas. Northern Bobwhites mainly eat seeds and other plant material, but insects make up a higher proportion of this species’ diet in summer. Due to its preference for semi-open habitat types, Northern Bobwhites may be most easily observed foraging for food on the ground. When startled, this species may either run away or “explode” into the air and fly a short distance to safety. Northern Bobwhites are most active during the day.

References

  • Brennan, Leonard A. 1999. Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/397
  • Colinus virginianus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • eBird Range Map - Northern Bobwhite. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Smithsonian Institution
bibliographic citation
Rumelt, Reid B. Colinus virginianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Colinus virginianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
author
Robert Costello (kearins)
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Associated Plant Communities

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: hardwood

Northern bobwhite primarily inhabit hardwood forests of the eastern
United States and pine (Pinus spp.) forests of the South. They also
inhabit grasslands, and in the Southwest, shrubby savannahs [2,16].
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
northern bobwhite
bobwhite quail
bobwhite
quail
colin
partridge
Virginia partridge
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent
changes in status may not be included.
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cactus, cover, density, forbs, woodland

Northern bobwhite need brushy cover for hiding and resting, but cover
should be open enough to allow the birds to move about and see
predators. In the Southwest, a mature mesquite, paloverde (Cercidium
spp.), and wolfberry (Lycium spp.) overstory with lovegrass (Eragrositis
spp.) and gramma grass (Bouteloua spp.) in the understory provides ample
cover for masked bobwhite quail [6]. Mesquite mixed with pricklypear
cactus and sumac (Rhus spp.) also provides good cover [10]. Cover
should be 100 to 200 yards (91.4-182.8 m) apart and 3 to 10 yards
(2.7-9.1 m) in diameter [10].

Northern bobwhite nest in shallow depressions on the ground in areas
where density of grasses and forbs is moderate [2,15]. A mix of
cropland, woodland, and pasture that provides essential foods is ideal
[15]. Northern bobwhite roost in coveys (formations of birds in a
circle) in thick vegetation during winter [16].
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The northern bobwhite's range extends from southern Maine and Ontario
south to Florida and west to the eastern fringes of Wyoming, Colorado,
and New Mexico. Isolated populations inhabit eastern Washington,
western Idaho, and northwestern Oregon [2,7]. Populations of northern
bobwhite have been introduced to parts of Hawaii and southern British
Columbia [12]. Ranges of individual subspecies are listed below [7].

C. v. subsp. marilandicus - from southwestern Maine through central
Virginia
C. v. subsp. mexicanus - eastern United States from the Atlantic Seaboard
to the Midwest
C. v. subsp. virginianus - from Virginia south to northern Florida and
southeast Alabama
C. v. subsp. floridanus - south peninsular Florida
C. v. subsp. taylori - from South Dakota to northern Texas and east to
western Missouri and northwestern Arkansas
C. v. subsp. texanus - southwestern Texas south into Mexico
C. v. subsp. ridgwayi - extreme south-central Arizona into Mexico
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: mast

Northern bobwhite eat primarily seeds, fruits, and insects, as well as
new plant growth in the spring [2]. They tend to eat a larger amount
and greater variety of legume (Leguminosae) seeds than seeds from any
other plant family, except in southern Florida and the West [15]. Some
food plants include oak, pine, and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
mast, mesquite, bayberry (Myrica cerifera), persimmon (Diospyros spp.),
redbay (Persea borbonia), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), partridge
pea (Cassia spp.), lespedeza (Lespedeza spp.), milkpea (Galactia spp.),
gallberry (Ilex spp.), skunk daisy (Ximenesia encelioides), plum (Prunus
spp.), grape (Vitis spp.),, hackberry (Celtis spp.), panicgrass (Panicum
spp.), and clover (Trifolium spp.). Quail also consume cowpeas (Vigna
spp.), corn (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum spp.), and other cultivated
small grains, but these grains are usually gleaned from fields after
harvest; quail seldom damage growing crops. Insects eaten by northern
bobwhite include mosquitoes, beetles (Coleoptera), grasshoppers
(Orthoptera), and ants (Hymenoptera) [2,3,10,13,15,16].
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, shrubs

Prescribed burning has been deemed one of the most effective means of
stimulating and controlling vegetation for improvement of northern
bobwhite habitat [15]. Prescribed fires in the pine forests of Alabama
increased the number of legume species and improved these species'
quality, which caused an increase in quail numbers [21]. Burning in
these habitats after March, however, can kill lespedeza, an important
food, as well as destroy nesting cover [22]. Frequent fires that do not
allow regeneration of adequate nesting cover may also be detrimental to
quail.

Pine-oak types in Georgia were burned each year for 3 years to determine
the effects of fire on northern bobwhite nesting success [23]. Sites
were burned in late March and early April. The most preferred nesting
sites were those areas left unburned for 1 year. Those burned in the
current spring were least preferred. Lotebush, the primary cover for
bobwhite quail in the Texas Rolling Plains, increased in response to
prescribed burning. Shrubs, however, did not fully recover and become
useful to quail until the 5th or 6th postfire year.
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

1 Jack pine
15 Red pine
21 Eastern white pine
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
43 Bear oak
57 Yellow-poplar
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweet gum
67 Mohrs ("shin") oak
68 Mesquite
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
72 Southern scrub oak
74 Cabbage palmetto
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow poplar
89 Live oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
97 Atlantic white-cedar
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
109 Hawthorn
111 South Florida slash pine
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Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
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Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: cactus, forest, shrub

K026 Oregon oakwoods
K027 Mesquite bosque
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K039 Blackbrush
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
K062 Mesquite - live oak savanna
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K071 Shinnery
K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K080 Marl - everglades
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K085 Mesquite - buffalograss
K086 Juniper - oak savanna
K087 Mesquite - oak savanna
K088 Fayette prairie
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
K115 Sand pine scrub
K116 Subtropical pine forest
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Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, shrubs

Good northern bobwhite habitat requires good interspersion of food
species and cover that is not too dense. Good habitat can support about
one bird per acre (2.5/ha) [11]. In a habitat improvement experiment in
Florida, pine forests were cleared and subterranean clover (Trifolium
subterraneum) planted to encourage the establishment of arthropods, an
important food for chicks [14]. Habitat management programs in Illinois
included planting food patches and a combination of prescribed burning
and sharecropping. Food patch plantings generally failed to be of any
long-term value. Areas that were sharecropped and burned during winter
and spring at 2-year intervals produced more quail than areas planted
with food patches or areas that were sharecropped but not burned [3].

Rosene [15] recommended managing forests on an uneven-aged rotation
basis, and thinning after 20 years to maintain an open canopy. He also
suggested creating parklike woodlands in the South with high open
canopies and a thin, spotty pattern of shrubs in the understory. For
woodlands in the northern fringes of northern bobwhite range, it is best
to maintain groups of conifers with low growing limbs as insulation
against severe weather.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals

AL
AZ
AR
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI

ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
MD
MA
MI

MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC

OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT

VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY



BC
ON



MEXICO

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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Predators of adult northern bobwhite include hawks and eagles
(Accipitridae), falcons (Falconidae), foxes (Vulpes, Urocyon), bobcat
(Lynx rufus), and domestic cats (Felis sylvestris) and dogs (Canis
domesticus). Predators of chicks and eggs include weasels and skunks
(Mustelidae), raccoons (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis
virginiana), snakes (Coluber spp.; Elaphe spp.), crows and ravens
(Corvus spp.), rats (Ratus norvegicus), and squirrels and chipmunks
(Sciuridae) [8,11,16].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cactus, cover, hardwood, shrub, tree, woodland

Northern bobwhite prefer open hardwood forests and southern pine
forests, as well as grasslands, pastures, meadows, and agricultural land
with shrubby cover. Northern bobwhite tend to avoid areas with dense
tree and shrub cover [2,10,16]. In a Texas study, however, northern
bobwhite selected dense herbaceaous cover and selected areas with grass
cover as opposed to bare ground [20]. In the Southwest, bobwhite quail
may select mesquite canyons with pricklypear cactus (Opuntia spp.)
cover in the summer and open woodlands in the winter [2]. Nest sites
are usually found near woodland openings where ground cover is not too
thick [15]. In Arizona, masked bobwhite quail select areas with 75
percent to 100 percent ground cover near edges of mesquite and
grassland/forb communities [6].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
license
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bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently accepted scientific name for northern bobwhite is Colinus
virginianus Linnaeus. There are seven subspecies in North America
[7,26]:

Colinus virginianus subsp. floridanus (Coues)
Colinus virginianus subsp. marilandicus (Linnaeus)
Colinus virginianus subsp. mexicanus (Linnaeus)
Colinus virginianus subsp. ridgwayi Brewster
Colinus virginianus subsp. taylori Lincoln
Colinus virginianus subsp. texanus (Lawrence)
Colinus virginianus subsp. virginianus
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: forest

Mating Season - April through June in the South, but can be as early as
February and March; begins a few weeks later in the
North.
Clutch - 14 to 16 eggs, usually laid 15 to 18 days after mating;
incubation period is 23 days; two females may lay eggs
in one nest; may lay subsequent clutches if others fail.
Fledge - 14 days, but juveniles remain with adults for about 50 days.
Lifespan - up to 10 years [8,11,15,16].



Northern bobwhite nest.

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

U.S. Federal Legal Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The masked bobwhite quail, subspecies ridgwayi, is listed as Endangered
throughout its range [19].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, duff, fire regime, forest

Prescribed burning can improve and increase food species, clear dense
vegetation, provide more forest openings, and encourage early seral
types that provide cover [3,11,18]. Fire is a frequently used
management tool for northern bobwhite habitat improvement in the South
[15]. Here, late winter or fall burning is recommended over spring and
summer burning [11,21,22]. Burning between mid-February and the end of
March can make available seeds that are buried below the duff layer.
Insects begin to emerge after March in the South, and late-spring fires
could kill this food source, as well as consume seeds, important to
northern bobwhite [15]. Other evidence suggests that spring or summer
fires may increase food plants, including some legumes and Desmodium
spp. [25]. Prescribed burning should only be employed if, after
determining quail population limiting factors, fire can improve those
limiting factors [22]. Renwald and others [24] make recommendations for
burning in mesquite types to ensure adequate bobwhite quail cover.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Colinus virginianus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Kolin Virjinia ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Ar c'holin Virjinia (liester : kolined Virjinia)[1] a zo ur spesad evned, Colinus virginianus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Anvet e voe Tetrao virginianus (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1758)[2] gant an naturour svedat Carl von Linné (1707-1778).

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Ur c'holin Virjinia.
 src=
Kolin Virjinia, tresadenn gant Audubon.


Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar zivellkeineged bihan ha plant.

Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaver an naontek isspesad[3] anezhañ e Kreizamerika, Mec'hiko ha Norzhamerika :

  • C. v. aridus, e biz Mec'hiko,
  • C. v. atriceps, e kornôg stad Oaxaca (kreisteiz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. coyoleos, e reter Oaxaca, hanternoz Chiapas (kreisteiz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. cubanensis, e Kuba,
  • C. v. floridanus, e stad Florida (gevred stadoù-Unanet Amerika (Sua)), Bahamas,
  • C. v. godmani, e reter stad Veracruz (gevred Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. graysoni, e kornôg-kreiz Mec'hiko,
  • C. v. harrisoni, e mervent Oaxaca (kreisteiz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. insignis, e gevred Chiapas (kreisteiz Mec'hiko), gwalarn Guatemala,
  • (†) C. v. insulanus, e Key West, Florida (SUA) ; (isspesad aet da get),
  • C. v. maculatus, e reter-kreiz ha kreiz Mec'hiko,
  • C. v. minor, e stad Tabasco, biz Chiapas (gevred Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. nigripectus, e reter Mec'hiko,
  • C. v. pectoralis, e kreiz Veracruz (gevred Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. ridgwayi, e stad Sonora (hanternoz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. salvini, e kreisteiz Chiapas (kreisteiz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. taylori, e kreiz SUA,
  • C. v. texanus, eus mervent stad Texas (kreisteiz-kreiz SUA) da stadoù Coahuila, Nuevo León ha Tamaulipas (hanternoz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. thayeri, e biz Oaxaca (kreisteiz Mec'hiko),
  • C. v. virginianus, e reter-kreiz, reter Norzhamerika, eus kreisteiz-kreiz Kanada da hanternoz Florida.

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù



Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Kolin Virjinia: Brief Summary ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Ar c'holin Virjinia (liester : kolined Virjinia) a zo ur spesad evned, Colinus virginianus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Anvet e voe Tetrao virginianus (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1758) gant an naturour svedat Carl von Linné (1707-1778).

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Colí de Virgínia ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
 src=
Placa 76 de les Aus d'Amèrica per John James Audubon representa Virginian Partridge.
 src=
Colinus virginianus

El colí de Virgínia (Colinus virginianus) és un ocell de la família dels odontofòrids (Odontophoridae) que habita zones arbustives, praderies i terres de conreu de la meitat oriental dels Estats Units i Mèxic. A més s'ha introduït a molts indrets arreu el món.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Colí de Virgínia Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Colí de Virgínia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
 src= Placa 76 de les Aus d'Amèrica per John James Audubon representa Virginian Partridge.  src= Colinus virginianus

El colí de Virgínia (Colinus virginianus) és un ocell de la família dels odontofòrids (Odontophoridae) que habita zones arbustives, praderies i terres de conreu de la meitat oriental dels Estats Units i Mèxic. A més s'ha introduït a molts indrets arreu el món.

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Sofliar Virginia ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sofliar Virginia (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: soflieir Virginia) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Colinus virginianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Northern bobwhite. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. virginianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r sofliar Virginia yn perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Ceiliog coedwig coch Gallus gallus Ceiliog coedwig gwyrdd Gallus varius
Stavenn Gallus varius 0.jpg
Ceiliog coedwig llwyd Gallus sonneratii
Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg
Ffesant Amherst Chrysolophus amherstiae
Chrysolophus amherstiae 18092009.jpg
Ffesant euraid Chrysolophus pictus
Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve, Sichuan.jpg
Ffesant Sclater Lophophorus sclateri
Lophophorus sclateri.jpg
Ffesant Tsiena Lophophorus lhuysii
Lvwhzh.jpg
Gallus lafayetii Gallus lafayetii
Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg
Petrisen Barbari Alectoris barbara
Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg
Petrisen goesgoch Arabia Alectoris melanocephala
Alectoris melanocephala 2.jpg
Petrisen graig Alectoris graeca
Steinhuhn Alectoris graeca.jpg
Petrisen graig Philby Alectoris philbyi
Philby-Steinhuhn.jpg
Petrisen siwcar Alectoris chukar
A Chukar - near South Pullu, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir India.jpg
Petrisen Udzungwa Xenoperdix udzungwensis
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Sofliar Virginia: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sofliar Virginia (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: soflieir Virginia) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Colinus virginianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Northern bobwhite. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. virginianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Křepel virginský ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Křepel virginský (Colinus virginianus) je jedním z asi 30 druhů hrabavých ptáků z čeledi křepelovitých.

Výskyt

Tento původem ryze severoamerickýstředoamerický pták se vyskytuje od jihu kanadské provincie Ontario až do Střední Ameriky. V největších počtech se vyskytuje na východě USA a Mexika, hojný je i na Kubě. Odloučené populace se v menších počtech vyskytují na západě USA, na severozápadě Mexika a na většině karibských ostrovů. Křepel virginský byl záměrně rozšířen i mimo území Ameriky.

Vyskytuje se nejčastěji v borových, dubových i bukových lesích a oborách, v křovinatých savanách i na travnatých pláních. Vyžaduje místa s občasným hustým porostem pro úkryt před predátory. Je to velmi plachý pták, který se v případě vyrušení snaží ukrýt do husté vegetace, kde přikrčen výborně využívá svého ochranného zbarvení. Při průměrné úživnosti prostředí žijí 2,2 až 2,4 ptáci na 1 ha, při zvlášť dobrých zdrojích potravy může 1 ha uživit až 6,6 ptáků.[2]

Popis

Jsou to ptáci poměrně malí, měří od 20 do 25 cm a váží jen 140 až 170 gramů. Rozpětí jejich drobných zaoblených křídel je 9 až 12 cm, ocas mají krátký a zakulacený. Peří je kombinaci barvy šedé, hnědé a bílé. Jsou pohlavně dimorfní, kohouti se vyznačují bílými pruhy na tváři i krku a na křídlech mají kontrastní černé skvrny, slepice jsou zbarveny jednotvárněji, jsou méně strakaté. Jejich krátké, ale silné zobáky mající po obvodě drobné zoubkování, kohout má spodní čelist černou, kdežto slepice bílou. Oči mají tmavě hnědé. Jsou jedením z několika mála druhů křepelů, kteří nemají na hlavě pérovou chocholku. Hlasově jsou to bohatí ptáci, rozlišuje se až 19 různých pískavých volání.

Letci nejsou dobří, létají sice rychle ale za usilovného a hlasitého mávání křídel a jen na krátké vzdálenosti; využívají svých křídel převážně jen na rychlé přemístění do úkrytu. Mnohem častěji však dokazují jak jsou dobří běžci, dokáži velmi hbitě a téměř nepozorovaně odběhnout do bezpečí.[2][3][4][5]

Stravování

Křepel virginský, stejně jako ostatní křepelové je všežravec, zhruba 15 % stravy je živočišného původu a zbylých 85 % rostlinného. Živočišná potrava je zdrojem bílkovin, které potřebují nejvíce dorůstající kuřata a slepice před snůškou vajec; rostlinná skládající se převážně ze semen je zase nutná pro vytvoření zásoby sacharidů pro zimní období, kdy je potravy všeobecně mnohem méně. Jeho hlavní strava se liší podle místa výskytu, podle pěstovaných plodin v okolí i podle ročního období. Žere v podstatě všechna semena, od kulturních rostlin přes volně rostoucí semena plevelů až po žaludy v zimním období.[2][3][4][5]

Rozmnožování

 src=
Colinus virginianus

V průběhu roku žijí křepelové virginští ve skupinách, které se rozštěpují až před obdobím rozmnožování, kdy se dvojice připravuji na zahnízdění. Samci předvádějí rituální tance před samicemi. Jsou pravděpodobně ve většině případů monogamní, bývá také zaznamenáno i polygamní chování. Rozmnožují se, v závislosti na regionu, v širokém časovém období. V nejteplejších oblastech začínají již v únoru, jinde však až od května do srpna. Podstatná je nejen teplota ale i nástup období bohatých dešťových srážek, ty přinášejí příslib dostatku potravy.

Vejce snášejí jednou ročně, v případě ztráty snesených vajec se slepice může pokusit o snůšku ještě jednou nebo dvakrát. Hnízdo je buď jen důlek vystlaný trávou nebo složitější s rostlinných krytem z živé vegetace maskující i vchod do hnízda. Bylo pozorováno, že do jednoho hnízda snáší i více slepic, to se pak v hnízdě najde i přes 20 vajec. Běžně jedna slepice snese 12 až 14 matně bílých vajec, která inkubuje 23 až 26 dnů. Vylíhlá kuřata jsou soběstačná, jsou schopna si nalézt sama potravu. Oba rodiče je vodí a ochraňují asi 14 dnů, pak rychle rostoucí kuřata schopna již dobře běhat i létat se postupně osamostatňují.[2][3][4][5]

Ohrožení

Předpokládá se, že jen 20 % narozených se dožije věku 1 roku, kdy poprvé snesou vejce. Jen málo jedinců je naopak starších pěti let. Nejvíce ptáků hyne v zimním období při dlouhé sněhové pokrývce důsledkem nedostatku potravy a podchlazení. Hodně jich mají na svědomí také kontaminovaná semena, např. po postřiku proti plevelům. Jedná se o nechráněného ptáka, který je řazen mezi běžnou lovnou zvěř, jeho odstřel je "sportem". Odhaduje se, že v roce 1970 bylo v Severní Americe sportovními lovci střeleno asi 35 milionů křepelů virginských.[2]

Přestože jeho populační trend je klesající, vzhledem k rozšíření na poměrně širokém teritoriu není podle červeného seznamu IUCN považován křepel virginský za ohrožený druh.[6]

Taxonomie

Křepel virginský, který se vyskytuje na geografický rozlehlých a odlišných územích v několika oddělených populacích, vytváří těchto 21 uznávaných poddruhů, které lze rozdělit do tří skupin ("group") s podobnými znaky:[7][8]

  • Virginianus group
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. virginianus
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. aridus Aldrich, 1942
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. cubanensis (Gray, 1846)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. floridanus (Coues, 1872)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. graysoni (Lawrence, 1867)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. maculatus Nelson, 1899
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. marilandicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1766)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. nigripectus Nelson, 1897
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. taylori Lincoln, 1915
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. texanus (Lawrence, 1853)
  • Coyolcos group
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. coyolcos (Müller, 1776)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. harrisoni Orr et Webster, 1968
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. insignis Nelson, 1897
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. ridgwayi Brewster, 1885
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. salvini Nelson, 1897
  • Pectoralis group
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. pectoralis (Gould, 1843)
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. godmani Nelson, 1897
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. minor Nelson, 1901
    • Colinus virginianus (L., 1758) subsp. thayeri Bangs et Peters, 1928

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. a b c d e CHUMCHAL, Matthew. Animal Diversity Web: Colinus virginianus [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, rev. 2000 [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. a b c Other Free Encyclopedias, Animal Life Resource: Colinus virginianus [online]. NET Industries, Kingston, Ontario, CA [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b c CARROLL, John Patrick. Novelguide.com: Odontophoridae [online]. Novelgiude.com, Thomson Learning Inc., UK, rev. 2003 [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b c Oiseaux: Colinus virginianus [online]. Oiseaux.net, Roubaix-Tourcoing, FR [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (francouzsky)
  6. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2010 [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. CLEMENTS, J. F; SCHULENBERG, T. S; LLIFF, M. J. The Clements Checklist, verze 6.5 [online]. Cornell University, Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA, rev. 2010 [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  8. POŘÍZ, Jindřich. BioLib.cz: Colinus virginianus [online]. Ondřej Zicha, rev. 17.06.2010 [cit. 2011-04-02]. Dostupné online. (česky)
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Křepel virginský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Křepel virginský (Colinus virginianus) je jedním z asi 30 druhů hrabavých ptáků z čeledi křepelovitých.

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Virginiawachtel ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src=
Weibchen der Virginiawachtel (Colinus virginianus)
 src=
Weibchen und Männchen der Virginiawachtel in freier Wildbahn
 src=
Aufgebaumtes Virginiawachtelmännchen

Die Virginiawachtel (Colinus virginianus), seltener auch Virginia-Baumwachtel genannt, ist ein in Amerika heimischer Hühnervogel aus der Familie der Zahnwachteln. Sie gilt als die am weitesten verbreitete und bekannteste Vertreterin ihrer Familie und weist zahlreiche Unterarten auf. Die Virginiawachtel zählt zu den wichtigsten Federwildarten Nordamerikas. Wegen der Bedeutung der Jagd auf sie erhielt sie im US-Bundesstaat Tennessee sogar den Titel „official game bird“ (offizielles Federwild).

Die Virginiawachtel ist ein beliebter Volierenvogel und wurde außerdem als Federwild in mehreren Weltregionen angesiedelt. Eingeführt wurde sie unter anderem im Nordwesten Nordamerikas, das nicht zu ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet gehört, auf den Bahamas, auf verschiedenen Inseln der Karibik sowie in Neuseeland. Einbürgerungsversuche gab es außerdem auf den Britischen Inseln sowie in Mittel- und Südeuropa.[1]

Merkmale

Die 24–27 cm lange Virginiawachtel wird bei einer Flügelspannweite von 36–41 cm zwischen 140 und 200 g schwer. Der Vogel trägt ein braun gesprenkeltes Gefieder mit hellerer Unterseite, wobei beim Männchen die Musterung kräftiger ausfällt als beim Weibchen. Weiterhin unterscheiden sich die Geschlechter beim Überaugenstreif und beim Kehlfleck, welche beim Männchen weiß, beim Weibchen aber beigefarben sind.

Die Nestlinge sind auf der Körperunterseite gräulich beige Buden. Die Kopfseiten sind gelblich beige, die Stirn dagegen gelblich rostfarben. Sie haben eine Kappe auf dem Scheitel, die sich bis zum Nacken hinzieht und kastanienrot ist. Ein schwärzlicher Streif verläuft vom Auge zum Nacken. Auf der Körperoberseite befindet sich ein breiter, kastanienroter Mittelstreifen. Die Flanken sind rotbraun mit schwärzlichen und beigen Sprenkeln. Der Schnabel, die Läufe und die Zehen sind bräunlich rosa.[2]

Die Virginiawachtel kann in ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet mit keiner anderen Art verwechselt werden. Die Montezumawachtel weist oberflächlich einige Ähnlichkeiten auf. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet überschneidet sich mit dem der Virginiawachtel jedoch nur im Süden von Texas.[3]

Vorkommen und Bestände

Die Virginiawachtel kommt vom südlichen Kanada bis zum Golf von Mexiko zwischen Atlantikküste und Rocky Mountains natürlich vor. Weiter westlich (in Kalifornien, Oregon und Washington) wurde sie zu Jagdzwecken ausgesetzt. Obwohl die Virginiawachtel in Teilen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes noch häufig ist, ist ihr Bestand in den Vereinigten Staaten insgesamt auffällig zurückgegangen und fehlt in Teilen ihres früheren Verbreitungsgebietes vollständig. Als Ursachen des Bestandsrückgangs gelten Habitatvernichtung und die Ausbreitung der in den USA eingeschleppten Roten Feuerameise.[4]

Die Virginiawachtel lebt in buschreichen Wiesen und lichten Wäldern. Sie brütet an Waldrändern. In landwirtschaftlich genutzten Regionen nutzt sie Hecken und Gebüsche für die Nestanlage.

In Europa gab es Einbürgerungsversuche z. B. in Frankreich, Italien, Irland, Großbritannien, Deutschland, Kroatien, Spanien, Slowenien und Schweden. Nur in Nordwestitalien und möglicherweise in Kroatien und Frankreich gibt es aktuell sich selbst erhaltende Bestände.[5]

Verhalten

Die Virginiawachtel lebt außerhalb der Brutzeit in Gruppen von 5 bis 30 Tieren. In der Nacht liegen sie kreisförmig in einer Erdmulde, mit den Köpfen nach außen, um sich gegenseitig zu wärmen und Fressfeinde aus jeder Richtung rasch zu erkennen. Bei Gefahr fliegen sie in alle Himmelsrichtungen auseinander. In sicheren Situationen bevorzugt die Virginiawachtel allerdings einen typischen Vogelgang, der sogar in ein Rennen ausschlagen kann.

Virginiawachteln fressen Pflanzensamen und -beeren sowie kleine Wirbellose wie beispielsweise Schnecken, Grashüpfer und Kartoffelkäfer. Zur pflanzlichen Nahrung gehören auch verschiedene landwirtschaftlich angebaute Getreidesamen. Ihre Nahrung suchen sie bevorzugt auf offenem Gelände, das einige Stellen mit höherer Vegetation aufweist.[6]

Fortpflanzung

Die Brutperiode beginnt im Süden Nordamerikas ab Mitte März, in nördlicheren Regionen dagegen bis Ende Mai. Virginiawachteln können zwei Bruten pro Jahr großziehen.

Die Gruppen, die sich außerhalb der Brutzeit gebildet haben, lösen sich zum Beginn der Brutperiode wieder auf. Das Männchen errichtet ein Balzterritorium und ruft von erhöhter Stelle laut und klangvoll den Paarungsruf („bob-weit“, daher auch der englische Name bobwhite). Sich ihm nähernde Weibchen umwirbt das Männchen durch Vor-ihnen-auf- und abgehen, wobei es seine Flügel spreizt und sich immer wieder verbeugt.

Das Nest ist eine flache mit Pflanzenteilen ausgelegte Mulde. Am Nestbau sind beide Elternvögel beteiligt.

Das Weibchen legt ein Gelege, das 12–16 weiße Eier umfasst, die 30 mm lang und 24 mm dick sind. Die Ablage erfolgt jeweils im Tagesabstand. Nach etwa 23 Tagen Brutzeit schlüpfen die Küken. Sie werden von beiden Elternvögeln gehudert und geführt. Häufig, möglicherweise sogar in der Regel, übernimmt das Männchen die Führung der Jungvögel, während das Weibchen mit einer zweiten Brut beginnt. Nestlinge der Virginiawachteln haben sehr schnell wachsende Schwungfedern, sie können bereits mit einem Lebensalter von zwei Wochen fliegen. Die Konturfedern wachsen dagegen erst zwischen der vierten und achten Wochen. Ausgewachsen sind die Jungvögel in einem Lebensalter von zwei Monaten.

Unterarten

 src=
Tafel 76 der Birds of America von John James Audubon, die Virginiawachteln darstellt
 src=
Männchen
 src=
Colinus virginianus, Ei

Es werden 21 Unterarten anerkannt, die in vier Gruppen aufgeteilt werden. Eine Unterart ist mittlerweile ausgestorben.

  • Östliche Gruppe
    • C. v. aridus (Lawrence, 1853)
    • C. v. cubanensis (G. R. Gray, 1846)
    • C. v. floridanus (Coues, 1872), sogenannte Florida-Virginiawachtel, Verbreitungsgebiet sind große Teile von Florida
    • C. v. insulanus (Howe, 1904) – Key West-Virginiawachtel – Florida Keys
    • C. v. maculatus (Nelson, 1899)
    • C. v. marilandicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • C. v. mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1766)
    • C. v. taylori (Lincoln, 1915) – plains bobwhite – South Dakota bis in den Norden Texas, westliches Missouri und nordwestliches Arkansas
    • C. v. texanus (Lawrence, 1853) – Texas-Virginiawachtel – verbreitet vom Südwesten Texas bis in den Norden Mexikos
    • C. v. virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Nominatform
  • Grayson-Gruppe
    • C. v. graysoni (Lawrence, 1867)
    • C. v. nigripectus (Nelson, 2015)
  • Schwarzbrüstige Gruppe
    • C. v. godmani (Nelson, 1897)
    • C. v. minor (Nelson, 1901)
    • C. v. pectoralis (Gould, 1883)
    • C. v. thayeri (Bangs & Peters, 1928) – Nordosten Oaxacas
  • Maskierte Gruppe
    • C. v. atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893)
    • C. v. coyolcos (Statius Müller, 1776)
    • C. v. harrisoni (Orr & Webster, 1968)
    • C. v. insignis (Nelson, 1897)
    • C. v. ridgwayi (Brewster, 1885)
    • C. v. salvini (Nelson, 1897)

Literatur

  • Jonathan Alderfer (Hrsg.): Complete Birds of North America. National Geographic, Washington D.C. 2006, ISBN 0-7922-4175-4.
  • Colin Harrison und Peter Castell: Jungvögel, Eier und Nester der Vögel Europas, Nordafrikas und des Mittleren Ostens. 2., überarbeitete Auflage, Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-89104-685-5.
  • Steve Madge, Phil McGowan und Guy M. Kirwan: Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse. A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails and Sandgrouse of the world. Christopher Helm, London 2002, ISBN 0-7136-3966-0.

Einzelbelege

  1. Colin Harrison und Peter Castell: Jungvögel, Eier und Nester der Vögel Europas, Nordafrikas und des Mittleren Ostens. S. 107
  2. Colin Harrison und Peter Castell: Jungvögel, Eier und Nester der Vögel Europas, Nordafrikas und des Mittleren Ostens.
  3. Jonathan Alderfer (Hrsg.): Complete Birds of North America. S. 56
  4. Jonathan Alderfer (Hrsg.): Complete Birds of North America. S. 56
  5. Michael Blair, Ward J.M. Hagemeijer: The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance Poyser 1997, S. 216–217
  6. Northern Bobwhite. Wildlife Habitat Council. S. 2–3. September 1999.
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Virginiawachtel: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Weibchen der Virginiawachtel (Colinus virginianus)  src= Weibchen und Männchen der Virginiawachtel in freier Wildbahn  src= Aufgebaumtes Virginiawachtelmännchen

Die Virginiawachtel (Colinus virginianus), seltener auch Virginia-Baumwachtel genannt, ist ein in Amerika heimischer Hühnervogel aus der Familie der Zahnwachteln. Sie gilt als die am weitesten verbreitete und bekannteste Vertreterin ihrer Familie und weist zahlreiche Unterarten auf. Die Virginiawachtel zählt zu den wichtigsten Federwildarten Nordamerikas. Wegen der Bedeutung der Jagd auf sie erhielt sie im US-Bundesstaat Tennessee sogar den Titel „official game bird“ (offizielles Federwild).

Die Virginiawachtel ist ein beliebter Volierenvogel und wurde außerdem als Federwild in mehreren Weltregionen angesiedelt. Eingeführt wurde sie unter anderem im Nordwesten Nordamerikas, das nicht zu ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet gehört, auf den Bahamas, auf verschiedenen Inseln der Karibik sowie in Neuseeland. Einbürgerungsversuche gab es außerdem auf den Britischen Inseln sowie in Mittel- und Südeuropa.

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Northern bobwhite

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The northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia. It is a member of the group of species known as New World quail (Odontophoridae). They were initially placed with the Old World quail in the pheasant family (Phasianidae), but are not particularly closely related. The name "bobwhite" is an onomatopoeic derivation from its characteristic whistling call. Despite its secretive nature, the northern bobwhite is one of the most familiar quails in eastern North America, because it is frequently the only quail in its range. Habitat degradation has contributed to the northern bobwhite population in eastern North America declining by roughly 85% from 1966 to 2014.[4] This population decline is apparently range-wide and continuing.[5][6]

There are 20 subspecies of northern bobwhite, many of which are hunted extensively as game birds. One subspecies, the masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), is listed as endangered with wild populations located in the northern Mexican state of Sonora and a reintroduced population in Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona.

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Plate 76 of Birds of America by John James Audubon depicting Virginian Partridge.

There are 20 recognized subspecies in four groups. One subspecies, the Key West bobwhite (C. v. insulanus), is extinct. The subspecies are listed in taxonomic order:[7][8]

  • Eastern group
  • Grayson's group
    • C. v. graysoni (Lawrence, 1867) - Grayson's bobwhite - west-central Mexico
    • C. v. nigripectus (Nelson, 1897) - Puebla bobwhite - eastern Mexico
  • Black-breasted group
    • C. v. pectoralis (Gould, 1843) - black-breasted bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central Veracruz
    • C. v. godmani (Nelson, 1897) - Godman's bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central Veracruz
    • C. v. minor (Nelson, 1901) - least bobwhite - northeastern Chiapas and Tabasco
    • C. v. thayeri (Bangs and Peters, 1928) - Thayer's bobwhite - northeastern Oaxaca
  • Masked group
    • C. v. ridgwayi (Brewster, 1885) - masked bobwhite - north-central Sonora; reintroduced to Arizona
    • C. v. atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893) - black-headed bobwhite - interior of western Oaxaca
    • C. v. harrisoni (Orr and Webster, 1968) - Harrison's bobwhite - southwestern Oaxaca
    • C. v. coyoleos (Müller, PLS, 1776) - Coyoleos bobwhite - Pacific Coast of Oaxaca and Chiapas
    • C. v. salvini (Nelson, 1897) - Salvin's bobwhite - coastal and southern Chiapas
    • C. v. insignis (Nelson, 1897) - Guatemalan bobwhite - Guatemala (Rio Chiapas Valley) and southeastern Chiapas (includes former subspecies nelsoni)

The holotype specimen of Ortyx pectoralis Gould (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842 (1843), p.182.) is held in the collections of the National Museums Liverpool at the World Museum, with accession number D3713. The specimen died in the aviary at Knowsley Hall, Lancashire and came to the Liverpool national collection via the 13th Earl of Derby's collection, which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool in 1851.

Description

C. virginianus is a moderately-sized quail, and is the only small galliform native to eastern North America. The bobwhite can range from 24 to 28 cm (9.4 to 11.0 in) in length with a 33 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) wingspan. As indicated by body mass, weights increase in birds found further north, as corresponds to Bergmann's rule. In Mexico, northern bobwhites weigh from 129 to 159 g (4.6 to 5.6 oz) whereas in the north they average 170 to 173 g (6.0 to 6.1 oz) and large males can attain as much as 255 g (9.0 oz).[9][10] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 9.7 to 11.7 cm (3.8 to 4.6 in), the tail is 5 to 6.8 cm (2.0 to 2.7 in) the culmen is 1.3 to 1.6 cm (0.51 to 0.63 in) and the tarsus is 2.7 to 3.3 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in).[11] It has the typical chunky, rounded shape of a quail. The bill is short, curved and brown-black in color. This species is sexually dimorphic. Males have a white throat and brow stripe bordered by black. The overall rufous plumage has gray mottling on the wings, white scalloped stripes on the flanks, and black scallops on the whitish underparts. The tail is gray. Females are similar but are duller overall and have a buff throat and brow without the black border. Both sexes have pale legs and feet.

Distribution and habitat

The northern bobwhite can be found year-round in agricultural fields, grassland, open woodland areas, roadsides and wood edges. Its range covers the southeastern quadrant of the United States from the Great Lakes and southern Minnesota east to New York State and southern Massachusetts, and extending west to southern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado front-range foothills to 7,000 feet, and all but westernmost Texas.

It is absent from the southern tip of Florida (where the extinct Key West bobwhite subspecies once lived) and the highest elevations of the Appalachian Mountains, but occurs in eastern Mexico and in Cuba, and has been introduced to Hispaniola (both the Dominican Republic and Haiti), the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands (formerly), Puerto Rico, France, China, Portugal, and Italy. Isolated populations also have been introduced in Oregon and Washington. The northern bobwhite has also been introduced to New Zealand.[12]

There is no self-sustaining population in Pennsylvania, where the bird is considered extirpated;[13] it is also considered extirpated in the states of New Hampshire[14] and Connecticut.[15] Its distribution in New York has been limited to Suffolk and Nassau Counties on Long Island, as well as potential population pockets in Upstate New York. The bird is considered declining or extirpated throughout much of the Northeastern United States.[16] Similarly, the bird is almost extirpated from Ontario (and Canada as a whole), with the only self-sustaining population confirmed to exist recorded on Walpole Island.[17]

Vocalizations

The clear whistle "bob-WHITE" or "bob-bob-WHITE" call is very recognizable. The syllables are slow and widely spaced, rising in pitch a full octave from beginning to end. Other calls include lisps, peeps, and more rapidly whistled warning calls.

Behavior and ecology

Egg

Like most game birds, the northern bobwhite is shy and elusive. When threatened, it will crouch and freeze, relying on camouflage to stay undetected, but will flush into low flight if closely disturbed. It is generally solitary or paired early in the year, but family groups are common in the late summer and winter roosts may have two dozen or more birds in a single covey.[18]

Breeding

The species was once considered monogamous, but with the advent of radio telemetry, the sexual behavior of bobwhites has better been described as ambisexual polygamy.[19] Either parent may incubate a clutch for 23 days, and the precocial young leave the nest shortly after hatching. The main source of nest failure is predation, with nest success averaging 28% across their range.[20] However, the nest success of stable populations is typically much higher than this average, and the aforementioned estimate includes values for declining populations.

Brooding behavior varies in that amalgamation (kidnapping, adopting, creching, gang brooding) may occur.[21][22] An incubating parent may alternatively stay with its young. A hen may re-nest up to four times until she has a successful nest. However, it is extremely rare for bobwhites to hatch more than two successful nests within one nesting season.[23]

Food and feeding

The northern bobwhite's diet consists of plant material and small invertebrates, such as ticks, snails, grasshoppers, beetles, spiders, crickets, and leafhoppers.[24] Plant sources include seeds, wild berries, partridge peas, and cultivated grains. It forages on the ground in open areas with some spots of taller vegetation.[25]

Optimal nutrient requirements for bobwhite vary depending on the age of bird and the time of the year. For example, the optimal protein requirement for egg laying hens (23% protein) is much higher than for males (16%).[26][27]

Relationship to humans

Introduced populations

European Union

Northern bobwhite were introduced into Italy in 1927,[28] and are reported in the plains and hills in the northwest of the country. Other reports from the EU are in France, Spain, and Yugoslavia.[29] As bobwhites are highly productive and popular aviary subjects, it is reasonable to expect other introductions have been made in other parts of the EU, especially in the U.K. and Ireland, where game-bird breeding, liberation, and naturalization are relatively common practices.[30]

New Zealand

From 1898[31] to 1902, some 1,300 birds were imported from America and released in many parts of the North and South Islands,[32] from Northland to Southland. The bird was briefly on the Nelson game shooting licence, but: "It would seem that the committee was a little too eager in placing these Quail on the licence, or the shooters of the day were over-zealous and greedy in their bag limits, for the Virginian Quail, like the Mountain Quail were soon a thing of the past."[33] The Taranaki (Acclimatisation) Society released a few in 1900 and was confidant that in a year or two they might offer good sport; two years later, broods were reported and the species was said to be steadily increasing; but after another two years they seemed to have disappeared and that was the end of them. The Otago (Acclimatisation) Society imported more in 1948,[34] but these releases did no good.[35][36] After 1923, no more genuinely wild birds were sighted until 1952, when a small population was found northwest of Wairoa in the Ruapapa Road area. Since then, bobwhite have been found at several localities around Waikaremoana, in farmland, open bush and along roadsides.[32]

More birds have been imported into New Zealand by private individuals since the 1990s and a healthy captive population is now held by backyard aviculturists and have been found to be easily cared for and bred and are popular for their song and good looks. A larger proportion of the national captive population belong to a few game preserves and game bird breeders. Though the birds would be self-sustaining in the wild if they were protected; it is tricky to guess what the effect of an annual population subsidy and hunting has on any of the original populations from the Acclimatisation Society releases.

An albino hen was present in a covey in Bayview, Hawkes Bay for a couple of seasons sometime around 2000.[37]

Captivity

Domesticated northern bobwhite

Housing

Bobwhites are generally compatible with most parrots, softbills and doves. This species should, however, be the only ground-dwelling species in the aviary. Most individuals will do little damage to finches, but one should watch that nests are not being crushed when the species perches at night. Single pairs are preferred, unless the birds have been raised together as a group since they were chicks. Some fighting will occur between cocks at breeding time. One cock may be capable of breeding with several hens, but the fertility seems to be highest in the eggs from the preferred hen. Aviary style is a compromise between what is tolerated by the bird and what is best for the bird. Open parrot-style type aviaries may be used, but some birds will remain flighty and shy in this situation. In a planted aviary, this species will generally settle down to become quite tame and confiding. Parents with chicks will roost on the ground, forming a circular arrangement, with heads facing outwards. In the early morning and late afternoon, the cock will utter his call, which, although not loud, carries well and may offend noise-sensitive neighbors. Most breeding facilities keep birds in breeding groups on wire up off the ground. This keeps the birds clean and generally avoids diseases and parasites, which can devastate a covey. Cages with mesh floors for pairs and trios are also employed, but usually where there is a photo-period manipulation to keep birds breeding through winter.

Feeding

In the wild the northern bobwhite feeds on a variety of weed and grass seeds, as well as insects. These are generally collected on the ground or from low foliage. Birds in the aviary are easily catered for with a commercial small seed mix (finch, budgerigar, or small parrot mix) when supplemented with greenfeed. Live food is not usually necessary for breeding, but will be ravenously accepted. High protein foods such as chicken grower crumble are more convenient to supply and will be useful for the stimulation of breeding birds. Extra calcium is required, especially by laying hens; it can be supplied in the form of shell grit, or cuttlefish bone.[38]

Breeding

If a nesting site and privacy are not provided, hens will lay anywhere within an open aviary. Hens that do this may, in a season, lay upwards of 80 eggs, which can be taken for artificial incubation and the chicks hand-raised. Hens with nesting cover that do make a nest (on the ground) will build up 8–25 eggs in a clutch, with eggs being laid daily.[39]

Mutations and hybrids

Some captive bobwhite hybrids recorded are between blue quail (scaled quail),[40] Gambel's quail, California quail, and mountain quail. It has long been suggested that there are Japanese quail hybrids being bred commercially; however, there is a distinct lack of photographic proof to substantiate this. Inter-subspecific hybrids have been common.

Several mutations have long been established, including Californian Jumbo, Wisconsin Jumbo, Northern Giant, Albino, Snowflake, Blonde, Fawn, Barred, Silver, and Red.

Status

The northern bobwhite is rated as a Near-threatened species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[41] The northern bobwhite is threatened across its range due to habitat loss and habitat degradation. Changing land use patterns and changing fire regimes have caused once prime habitat to become unfavorable for the bobwhite.

Masked bobwhite

The masked bobwhite subspecies, C. v. ridgwayi, is listed as endangered in the U.S. The birds were twice declared extirpated in Arizona in the past century. It was originally endemic to southern Arizona in the U.S., and northern Sonora in Mexico. It is considered a Critically Imperiled Subspecies by NatureServe.[42]

The masked bobwhite was in decline since its discovery in 1884. By 1900, the subspecies was already extinct in the U.S. Populations remained in Mexico, but their study was curtailed by political events in Mexico, including the Mexican Revolution and the last of the Yaqui Wars. A population of the masked bobwhite was finally discovered and studied in Mexico, in 1931 and 1932.[43]

A native population historically existed in Sonora, but by 2017, its population appeared to be declining, or possibly extinct.[43] A 2017 study recorded no wild sightings of the bird in Sonora.[44] Decline of the species has been attributed to intense livestock grazing in an ecosystem that does not rejuvenate quickly.

A captive flock was established in Arizona in the 1970s. The George Miksch Sutton Avian Research Center (Sutton Center) became involved with conservation efforts in 2017 to establish a breeding population at the Sutton Center in Oklahoma, in order to reintroduce birds to Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (BANWR).[45] In 2019, biologists from the Sutton Center transported 1,000 chicks by road vehicle to Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge. In 2020, a projected total of 1,200 birds will be transported by airplanes to BANWR.[46] These recent actions are supplemental, and in addition to other conservation efforts in the past, seem to aid the subspecies' future conservation efforts.[47][48]

In popular culture

In 2023, the masked bobwhite subspecies will be featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp will be dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Colinus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22728956A178045540. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Northern Bobwhite". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  4. ^ "Northern Bobwhite". Cornell University. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  5. ^ "The 116th Christmas Bird Count Summary". National Audubon Society. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  6. ^ "BBS Trend Maps - Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Megapodes, guans, guineafowl, New World quail – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  8. ^ Brennan, Leonard A.; Hernandez, Fidel; Williford, Damon (2020). "Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.norbob.01.
  9. ^ Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World (Princeton Field Guides) by Tami Davis Biddle. Princeton University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0691089089.
  10. ^ Nelson, A. L. and A. C. Martin. 1953. Gamebird weights. J. Wildl. Manage. 17:36-42.
  11. ^ Aldrich, J. W. 1946. The United States races of the bob-white. The Auk 63:493-508.
  12. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Colinus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. October 2016.
  13. ^ "Northern Bobwhite Quail".
  14. ^ "Official New Hampshire State Bird List". New Hampshire Audubon. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  15. ^ Gallo, Frank (18 June 2021). "Checklist of the Birds of Connecticut". Connecticut Ornithological Association. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  16. ^ "Species Assessment for Northern bobwhite" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 1 November 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  17. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  18. ^ National Audubon Society (n.d.). "Northern bobwhite: Colonus virginialis". www.audubon.org. National Audubon Society. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  19. ^ Hernandez, F (2012). Beef, Brush, and Bobwhites. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9781603444750.
  20. ^ Rollins, D; Carroll, JP (2001). "Impacts of Predation on Northern Bobwhite and Scaled Quail". Journal of Wildlife Management. 29: 39–51.
  21. ^ Faircloth, BC; Palmer, WE; Carroll; JP (2005). "Post-Hatching Brood Amalgamation in Northern Bobwhites / Mezcla polluelos parvadas de Colinus virginianus". Journal of Field Ornithology. 76: 175–182. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-76.2.175. S2CID 53983235.
  22. ^ Brooks, JL (2007). "Gang-Brooding in Northern Bobwhites in West Texas". Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 119: 137–138. doi:10.1676/06-040.1. S2CID 86453173.
  23. ^ Sisson, DC (2017). "TRIPLE BROOD PRODUCTION BY NORTHERN BOBWHITES". National Quail Symposium. 8: 238.
  24. ^ Butler, DA; Palmer, WE; Cook, MP (2012). "The invertebrate diet of northern bobwhite chicks in Georgia, United States". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 35 (2): 415–418. doi:10.32800/abc.2012.35.0415.
  25. ^ "Northern Bobwhite" (PDF). Wildlife Habitat Council. September 1999. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  26. ^ Nestler, RB (1949). "Nutrition of Bobwhite Quail". Journal of Wildlife Management. 13 (4): 342–358. doi:10.2307/3795628. JSTOR 3795628.
  27. ^ Case, RM; Robel, RJ (1974). "Bioenergetics of the Bobwhite". Journal of Wildlife Management. 38 (4): 638–652. doi:10.2307/3800031. JSTOR 3800031.
  28. ^ Ghigi, 1968
  29. ^ Meriggi, Alberto; Gariboldi, Armando; Magnani, Barbara (January 1992). "Habitat requirements of the bobwhite quail in northern Italy". Bolletino di Zoologia. 59 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1080/11250009209386651.
  30. ^ "Bobwhite Quail".
  31. ^ Ayson, L.F. 1899:1.
  32. ^ a b K.E. Westerskov, MSc, PhD. Complete Book of New Zealand Birds
  33. ^ Ann.Rep. Nelson Acclimatisation Society, 1968:38
  34. ^ Ann. Rep. Otago Acclimatisation Society, 1948
  35. ^ Ann. Rep. North Canterbury Acclimatisation Society, 1954:21
  36. ^ Gamekeepers for the Nation, 1994, R.M. McDowell
  37. ^ J.J. Holland
  38. ^ Coles, Brian H. (2009). Handbook of Avian Medicine (Second ed.). Saunders Ltd. pp. 309–334. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-2874-8.X0001-6. ISBN 978-0-7020-2874-8.
  39. ^ The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. "Northern Bobwhite". All About Birds.org. Cornell University. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  40. ^ McCabe, Robert A. (1954). "Hybridization between the Bob-White and Scaled Quail". The Auk. 71 (3): 293–297. doi:10.2307/4081671. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4081671.
  41. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  42. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  43. ^ a b Brown, David; Clark, Kevin (8 November 2017). "The Saga of the Masked Bobwhite: Lessons Learned and Unlearned". National Quail Symposium Proceedings. 8 (1). ISSN 2573-5667.
  44. ^ García-Solórzano, David; López-González, Edgardo; Islas, Carlos (8 November 2017). "Conservation Status of the Masked Bobwhite in Sonora, Mexico". National Quail Symposium Proceedings. 8 (1). ISSN 2573-5667.
  45. ^ "Masked Bobwhite – Sutton Center". suttoncenter.org. George Miksch Sutton Avian Research Center. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  46. ^ Bostian, Kelly. "Tiny birds, big wings - volunteer flights helping to prop up endangered quail population". Tulsaworld.com. Tulsa World. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  47. ^ "Masked Bobwhite | 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. March 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  48. ^ Carpenter, James W.; Gabel, Robert R.; Goodwin, John G. (1991). "Captive breeding and reintroduction of the endangered masked bobwhite". Zoo Biology. 10 (6): 439–449. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430100602. ISSN 1098-2361.
  49. ^ "Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species". United States Postal Service. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.

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Northern bobwhite: Brief Summary

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The northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia. It is a member of the group of species known as New World quail (Odontophoridae). They were initially placed with the Old World quail in the pheasant family (Phasianidae), but are not particularly closely related. The name "bobwhite" is an onomatopoeic derivation from its characteristic whistling call. Despite its secretive nature, the northern bobwhite is one of the most familiar quails in eastern North America, because it is frequently the only quail in its range. Habitat degradation has contributed to the northern bobwhite population in eastern North America declining by roughly 85% from 1966 to 2014. This population decline is apparently range-wide and continuing.

There are 20 subspecies of northern bobwhite, many of which are hunted extensively as game birds. One subspecies, the masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), is listed as endangered with wild populations located in the northern Mexican state of Sonora and a reintroduced population in Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona.

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Virginia koturno ( Esperanto )

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La Virginia koturno (Colinus virginianus) estas surgrundoloĝanta birdo indiĝena de Usono, Meksiko, kaj Karibio. Ĝi estas la ununura koturno indiĝena de orienta Usono. Ĝi estas membro de la grupo de specioj konataj kiel Amerikaj koturnojOdontoforedoj.

Ili estis dekomence situigitaj kun la malnovmondaj koturnoj en la fazana familio de Fazanedoj, sed ili ne estas rilataj. La nomo "Colinus" devenas el la karaktera fajfa alvoko.

Spite al sia sekretema naturo, la Virginia koturno estas unu el la plej familiaraj koturnoj en orienta Nordameriko ĉar ĝi estas ofte la ununura koturno en sia teritorio. Estas 22 subspecioj de la Virginia koturno, kaj multaj el la birdoj estas ĉasataj etende kiel ĉasbirdoj. Ĝi havas blankan viandon tre aprezatan de ĉasistoj.

Ĝi loĝas en centra kaj orienta Usono, Kubo, Meksiko kaj Gvatemalo. Ĝi estis enmetita en Hispaniolo, Puerto Rico, Insulo Santa Cruz kaj en tiuj de Andros kaj Nova Providenco en Bahamoj.

Habitato

La Virginia koturno povas troviĝi la tutan jaron en agrikulturaj kampoj, herbejoj, malfermaj arbaraj areoj kiaj savanoj, ŝoseflankoj kaj arbarbordoj. Ĝi forestas el densaj arbaroj. Ĝiaj teritorioj kovras la sudorientan kvaronon de Usono el la Grandaj Lagoj kaj suda Minesoto orienten al Pensilvanio kaj suda Masaĉuseco, kaj etende okcidenten al suda Nebrasko, Kansaso, Oklahomo kaj ĉio escepte de plej okcidenta Teksaso. Tiuj birdoj forestas el suda pinto de Florido kaj la plej altaj lokoj de la Apalaĉoj, sed troviĝas en orienta Meksikio kaj en Kubo (laŭdire enmetitaj en la 19a jarcento sed kun diferencoj inter la loka subspecio kaj la kontinentaj birdoj). Izolataj populacioj de tiuj ĉasbirdoj estis enmetitaj en Oregono kaj Vaŝingtonio.

En Meksikio la birdoj distribuiĝas oriente laŭlonge de la ebenaĵo de la Golfo de Meksikio, el Rio Grande del Norte al Tabasco kaj Chiapas, atingante okcidentan Gvatemalon. Ankaŭ en la marbordo de Pacifiko de Jalisco kaj Nayarit, kaj nordoriente (Sonora).

Aspekto

Beko: Mallonga, kurba, brunecnigra.
Grando: 23 cm longa kun enverguro de 15-coloj, rondoforma, diketa korpo; la ino iom pli malgranda; la vosto estas mallonga.
Koloroj: Bruna, sablokolora, ruĝeca, blanka, nigra, griza.
Markoj: Seksa dimorfismo. Maskloj havas tre blankajn gorĝon kaj superokulan strion nigrabordan. La ĝenerala ruĝeca plumaro (ĉefe ĉe flankoj) havas grizan makuletecon en flugiloj kaj grizan voston, kaj flankoj montras blankajn strietojn. Blankecaj subaj partoj havas nigrajn striojn horizontalajn. Inoj estas similaj sed pli senkoloraj ĝenerale kaj havas sablokolorajn gorĝon kaj superokulan strion sen nigra bordo. Ambaŭ seksoj havas palajn krurojn kaj piedojn.

En la sudo de la areo de distribuado estas ampleksa variado en la specio; Peterson kaj Chalif identigas kvin bazajn tipojn en Meksikio, ĉiuj samspeciaj kaj kapablaj interreproduktiĝi. La inoj estas similaj inter si. Junuloj estas similaj al inoj, sed pli senkoloraj.

En la specimenoj tipaj de Usono kaj nordorienta Meksikio, la masklo estas ruĝecbruna, kun frunto kaj superokulo blankaj, la kapopinto nigra kaj strio kaj subokula kaj malantaŭokula ankaŭ nigra. La malantaŭa kolo estas blanka kun nigraj makuloj. La resto de la dorso estas makuleca je nigra, griza kaj bruna. La antaŭa kaj flanka kolo estas blanka. En brusto havas grandan nigran makulon. La suba parto de la ventro estas blanka kun nigraj kaj flavecaj strioj. La vosto estas griza.

La specimenoj de la centro kaj okcidento de Meksikio similas al la antaŭe menciita priskribo, kun similaj kapokoloroj, sed kun la subaj partoj pli ruĝecaj.

En suda Meksikio la kapobildo estas simila al la du menciitaj priskriboj, kaj kun blanka gorĝo, sed la brusto estas nigra kaj la subaj partoj ruĝecaj.

La formo de Sonora prezentas nigran gorĝon, kio havigas maskecan aspekton, kaj la brusto ruĝeca.

En la formo plej suda, de Chiapas kaj Gvatemalo, la kapo kaj brusto estas nigraj, sen superokulo aŭ kun ĝi tre malmulte markata.

Subspecioj

Oni konas 21 subspeciojn de Colinus virginianus:[1]

  • Grupo virginianus
Colinus virginianus marilandicus - nordoriente de Usono (el sudorienta Majno al Pensilvanio kaj centra Virginio).
Colinus virginianus virginianus – marbordo de Atlantiko de Virginio norde de Florido kaj sudoriento de Alabamo).
Colinus virginianus floridanus - Duoninsulo de Florido.
Colinus virginianus cubanensis - Kubo kaj insulo Pinos.
Colinus virginianus mexicanus – el orienta Usono al okcidento de atlantika marbordo al la Grandaj Ebenaĵoj.
Colinus virginianus taylori - de Suda Dakoto al norda Teksaso, okcidenta Misurio kaj nordokcidenta Arkansaso.
Colinus virginianus texanus - el sudorienta Teksaso al norda Meksikio (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).
Colinus virginianus aridus - orienta Meksikio (el centra kaj centra-okcidenta Tamaulipas al sudorienta San Luis Potosí).
Colinus virginianus maculatus - oriento de Meksikio (el centro de Tamaulipas al norda Veracruz kaj sudorienta San Luis Potosí).
  • Grupo graysoni/nigripectus
Colinus virginianus graysoni - centra-okcidenta Meksikio (el suda Nayarit al Morelos, suda Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí).
Colinus virginianus nigripectus - oriente de Meksikio (Puebla, Morelos kaj Meksikio).
  • Grupo pectoralis
Colinus virginianus pectoralis - sudorienta Meksikio (oriento de las montaro de centra Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus godmani – malaltaj teroj de sudorienta Meksikio (Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus minor - sudorienta Meksikio (nordoriente de Chiapas kaj apudaj zonoj de Tabasco).
Colinus virginianus thayeri - suda Meksikio (nordorienta Oaxaca).
  • Grupo coyolcos
Colinus virginianus ridgwa - nordokcidenta Mekŝikio (centra-norda Sonora); formortinta en Arizono.
Colinus virginianus atriceps - suda Meksikio (interno kaj okcidento de Oaxaca).
Colinus virginianus harrisoni - suda Meksikio (sudokcidenta Oaxaca).
Colinus virginianus coyolcos – marbordo de Pacifiko de suda Meksikio (Oaxaca kaj Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus salvini - suda Meksikio (suda marbordo de Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus insignis (=nelsoni) - suda Meksikio (suda Chiapas) kaj apudaj areoj de Gvatemalo.

Kutimaro

Ili grupiĝas en malgrandaj aroj. Tiuj birdoj estas ĝenerale solemaj aŭ troviĝas pare komence de la jaro, sed familiaj grupoj estas komunaj fine de la somero kaj vintraj ripozantaroj povas havi du dekduojn aŭ pliajn birdojn en ununura birdaro. Restas surgrunde piedire serĉe de nutraĵo plej parton de la tempo. La flugmaniero ne estas longa, sed malalta kaj bruema.

Kiel plej parto de ĉasbirdoj, ĝi estas timida kaj kaŝema. Kaze de minaco, ili kaŭriĝas kaj senmoviĝas, fidemaj je kamuflo. Kaze de ĝenado ili disiĝas per mallonga flugo (kio konfuzigas predanton) kaj poste kuras. Poste ili povas reunuiĝi danke al la maskla alvoko kiu sonas “bob-bob-vaj”. Se timigas ĝin hundo, ĝi restas surarbe atende ties foriron.

Dieto

Ili manĝas semojn, malgrandajn fruktojn, insektojn (kiuj varias depende de la sezono) kaj verdajn burĝonojn.

Reproduktado

Tiuj birdoj estas ĝenerale monogamaj, kvankam estas konstato de poligamio. La reprodukta sezono estas el aprilo al julio komence per partnera allogo per maskla kanto. Ambaŭ gepatroj konstruas neston el pajloj en grunda skrapaĵo kovrita el herboj kaj ŝirme de arbustoj. Ambaŭ gepatroj kovas ovaron de 10 al 18 blankaj ovoj, kiuj estas 3,2 cm longaj kaj 2,5 cm larĝaj, dum 23-24 tagoj. Elnestiĝo de frumaturaj idoj okazas tuj post eloviĝo. Ambaŭ gepatroj idozorgas dum 14-16 tagoj antaŭ ties ekflugo post 6 aŭ 7 tagoj.

Tiuj birdoj povas zorgi 1-2 ovarojn de 10-18 ovoj ĉiujare. Dua ovodemetado okazas kaze de problemo ĉe la unua, tiele ke 75 % de inoj produktas idojn. Krome 2 aŭ 3 inoj povas kunhavi neston se koturnoj abundas kaj plantaro raras. La ino demetas po unu ovon ĉiutage dum periodo de 18 ak 20 tagoj ĝis averaĝo de 11 al 15 ovoj .

Referencoj

  • García, F. (1987). Las Aves de Cuba. Especies endémicas. Subespecies endémicas. Tomos I y II. Editorial Gente Nueva, La Habana. 207 pp.
  • Garrido, O.H.; Kirkconnell, A. (2000). Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.
  • Peterson, Roger Tory, y Edward L. Chalif (2008). Aves de México. Guía de campo. Editorial Diana, México. 473 pp.
  • Colinus virginianus, Ruĝa Listo de IUCN, konsultita la 11-a de februaro de 2009, IUCN, en angla

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Virginia koturno: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Virginia koturno (Colinus virginianus) estas surgrundoloĝanta birdo indiĝena de Usono, Meksiko, kaj Karibio. Ĝi estas la ununura koturno indiĝena de orienta Usono. Ĝi estas membro de la grupo de specioj konataj kiel Amerikaj koturnojOdontoforedoj.

Ili estis dekomence situigitaj kun la malnovmondaj koturnoj en la fazana familio de Fazanedoj, sed ili ne estas rilataj. La nomo "Colinus" devenas el la karaktera fajfa alvoko.

Spite al sia sekretema naturo, la Virginia koturno estas unu el la plej familiaraj koturnoj en orienta Nordameriko ĉar ĝi estas ofte la ununura koturno en sia teritorio. Estas 22 subspecioj de la Virginia koturno, kaj multaj el la birdoj estas ĉasataj etende kiel ĉasbirdoj. Ĝi havas blankan viandon tre aprezatan de ĉasistoj.

Ĝi loĝas en centra kaj orienta Usono, Kubo, Meksiko kaj Gvatemalo. Ĝi estis enmetita en Hispaniolo, Puerto Rico, Insulo Santa Cruz kaj en tiuj de Andros kaj Nova Providenco en Bahamoj.

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Colinus virginianus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La codorniz cotuí, codorniz de Virginia, [1]colín de Virginia o codorniz cotuí norteña (Colinus virginianus) [2]​ es una especie perteneciente a la familia Odontophoridae. Esta ave rechoncha mide aproximadamente 23 cm de largo y tiene la cola corta; la hembra es de menor tamaño. Las características de la especie varían dependiendo la región; en México se han identificado cinco tipos básicos, todos coespecíficos y capaces de entrecruzarse. Las hembras son similares entre sí, sus arcos superciliares y garganta son de color pardo claro. Esta codorniz habita en el centro y este de Estados Unidos, así como en Cuba, México y Guatemala. La especie ha sido introducida en La Española, Puerto Rico e Isla de Santa Cruz, así como en las islas de Andros y Nueva Providencia en Bahamas. En México se distribuye por el oriente del país a lo largo de la llanura del Golfo, desde el Río Bravo hasta Tabasco. En la costa Pacífica se encuentra en Sonora y desde Nayarit y Jalisco continuando por la Sierra Madre del Sur y alcanzando el estado de Chiapas. [1]​ En la península ibérica ha sido introducida para la caza, provocando conflictos con otras especies y con consecuencias que pueden llegar a ser graves.[cita requerida] Prefiere habitar sabanas, pastizales y campos cultivados. La UICN2019-1 considera a la especie como casi amenazada. Posee una carne blanca muy apreciada por los cazadores. [1]

Nombres

Colinus en griego es “codorniz”, virginianus en latín “de Virginiacubaensis es “de Cuba”. En inglés es llamada northern bobwhite, y la subespecie cubana Cuban common bobwhite, debido a que “bob-juait” es la llamada de reclamo del macho. En España se llama codorniz a Coturnix coturnix, una especie parecida, pero menor.

En México se la llama codorniz cotuí norteña, debido al silbido que emiten (cotuí), y para diferenciarla de una especie cercana, la codorniz cotuí yucateca (Colinus nigrogularis).

Hábitat

Le gustan las sabanas, pastizales y campos cultivados con alguna espesura densa cercana. No entra en los bosques. Es común en Cuba, donde hay relatos sobre su introducción en diversas regiones en el siglo XIX. Se duda de que sea introducida por las diferencias que tiene la subespecie local con las del continente. Lo que se atribuye a la existencia previa en el país de una subespecie de distribución restringida a las escasas sabanas naturales. En México se distribuye por el oriente a lo largo de la llanura del Golfo, desde el Río Bravo hasta Tabasco y Chiapas, alcanzando el oeste de Guatemala. También en la costa Pacífica de Jalisco y Nayarit, y en el noreste del país (Sonora).

Descripción

Son aves rechonchas de aproximadamente 23 cm de largo (la hembra de menor tamaño), con la cola corta. En el sur del área de distribución hay amplia variación en la especie; Peterson y Chalif identifican cinco tipos básicos en México, todos coespecíficos y capaces de entrecruzarse. Las hembras son similares entre sí: tienen los arcos superciliares y la garganta de color pardo claro. El juvenil es similar a la hembra pero más opaco.

En los especímenes típicos de los Estados Unidos y el noreste de México, el macho es de color castaño-rojizo, con la frente y el arco superciliar blanco, el vértice de la cabeza negro y una banda por abajo y atrás del ojo también negra. El cuello por detrás es blanco con manchas negras. El resto del dorso está manchado de negro, gris y castaño. El cuello por el frente y los lados es blanco. En el pecho tiene una mancha negra grande. La parte baja del vientre es blanca con barras negras y amarillentas. La cola es gris.

Los especímenes del centro y occidente de México se asemejan a la descripción anterior, con el patrón de coloración de la cabeza muy similar, pero con las partes inferiores de color rojizo.

En el sur de México el patrón de la cabeza es similar a las dos descripciones anteriores, y con la garganta blanca, pero el pecho es negro y las partes inferiores rojizas.

La forma de Sonora presenta la garganta negra, lo que le da una apariencia enmascarada, y el pecho rojizo.

En la forma más sureña, de Chiapas y Guatemala, la cabeza y el pecho son negros, sin el arco superciliar o muy levemente marcado.

Se agrupan en bandadas pequeñas. Permanecen en el suelo caminando en busca de alimento la mayor parte del tiempo. El vuelo no es prolongado, es bajo y ruidoso. Cuando son asustados se desbandan en vuelo corto y luego corren. Después pueden reunirse por la llamada de reclamo del macho suena “bob-bob-juait”. Si las asusta un perro se posan en un árbol en espera de que se vaya. Comen semillas, frutas pequeñas, insectos y retoños tiernos.

Nido

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Colinus virginianus

Anidan desde abril a julio. Hacen el nido con pajas en una depresión del suelo que esté protegida por arbustos. La puesta es de 10 a 18 huevos blancos que miden 3,2 cm de alto por 2,5 cm de ancho.

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Placa 76 de Birds of America, de John James Audubon, representando colines de Virginia.

Subespecies

Se conocen 21 subespecies de Colinus virginianus:[3]

  • Grupo virginianus
Colinus virginianus marilandicus - noreste de Estados Unidos (del sudeste de Maine hasta Pennsylvania y Virginia central).
Colinus virginianus virginianus - costa atlántica de Virginia al norte de Florida y sudeste de Alabama).
Colinus virginianus floridanus - Península de Florida.
Colinus virginianus cubanensis - Cuba e isla de Pinos.
Colinus virginianus mexicanus - del este de Estados Unidos al oeste de litoral atlántico hasta las Grandes Llanuras.
Colinus virginianus taylori - de Dakota del Sur al norte de Texas, oeste de Misuri y noroeste Arkansas.
Colinus virginianus texanus - del sudoeste de Texas al norte de México (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).
Colinus virginianus aridus - este de México (del centro y centro-oeste de Tamaulipas al sudeste de San Luis Potosí).
Colinus virginianus maculatus - este de México (del centro de Tamaulipas al norte de Veracruz y sudeste de San Luis Potosí).
  • Grupo graysoni/nigripectus
Colinus virginianus graysoni - centro-oeste de México (del sur de Nayarit a Morelos, sur de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí).
Colinus virginianus nigripectus - este de México (Puebla, Morelos y México).
  • Grupo pectoralis
Colinus virginianus pectoralis - sudeste de México (vertiente este de las montañas del centro de Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus godmani - tierras bajas del sudeste de México (Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus minor - sudeste de México (noreste de Chiapas y zonas adyacentes de Tabasco).
Colinus virginianus thayeri - sur de México (noreste de Oaxaca).
  • Grupo coyolcos
Colinus virginianus ridgwayi - noroeste de México (central-norte de Sonora); extinguido en Arizona.
Colinus virginianus atriceps - sur de México (interior y oeste de Oaxaca).
Colinus virginianus harrisoni - sur de México (sudoeste de Oaxaca).
Colinus virginianus coyolcos - costa pacífica del sur de México (Oaxaca y Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus salvini - sur de México (costa meridional de Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus insignis (=nelsoni) - sur de México (sur de Chiapas) y áreas adyacentes de Guatemala.

Mitología mexica

El nombre de la codorniz en lengua náhuatl es solin (plural solimeh). En la mitología mexica la codorniz era un animal sagrado asociado a la fertilidad.

En su libro Fiestas y costumbres aztecas (México, DF, 1927), Gregorio Torres Quintero dice que en la coronación de un rey azteca se sacrificaban varias codornices, y su sangre se derramaba sobre los instrumentos teponaztli y huehuetl, para así bendecirlos. De este modo, el solin era un ave relacionada con la fiesta de Xochipilli-Macuilxochitl, divinidad de las flores y la fertilidad. Este mismo ritual es descrito por Francisco López de Gómara, en su Historia de las conquistas de Hernando Cortés (1560), y por fray Bernardino de Sahagún, en su Historia General de las cosas de la Nueva España (1570), en el contexto de las celebraciones en honor de Xochipilli.

Referencias

  • García, F. (1987). Las Aves de Cuba. Especies endémicas. Subespecies endémicas. Tomos I y II. Editorial Gente Nueva, La Habana. 207 pp.
  • Garrido, O.H.; Kirkconnell, A. (2000). Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.
  • Peterson, Roger Tory, y Edward L. Chalif (2008). Aves de México. Guía de campo. Editorial Diana, México. 473 pp.
  • UICN. «Colinus virginianus Lista Roja de la IUCN» (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2009.

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Colinus virginianus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La codorniz cotuí, codorniz de Virginia, ​ colín de Virginia o codorniz cotuí norteña (Colinus virginianus) ​ es una especie perteneciente a la familia Odontophoridae. Esta ave rechoncha mide aproximadamente 23 cm de largo y tiene la cola corta; la hembra es de menor tamaño. Las características de la especie varían dependiendo la región; en México se han identificado cinco tipos básicos, todos coespecíficos y capaces de entrecruzarse. Las hembras son similares entre sí, sus arcos superciliares y garganta son de color pardo claro. Esta codorniz habita en el centro y este de Estados Unidos, así como en Cuba, México y Guatemala. La especie ha sido introducida en La Española, Puerto Rico e Isla de Santa Cruz, así como en las islas de Andros y Nueva Providencia en Bahamas. En México se distribuye por el oriente del país a lo largo de la llanura del Golfo, desde el Río Bravo hasta Tabasco. En la costa Pacífica se encuentra en Sonora y desde Nayarit y Jalisco continuando por la Sierra Madre del Sur y alcanzando el estado de Chiapas. ​ En la península ibérica ha sido introducida para la caza, provocando conflictos con otras especies y con consecuencias que pueden llegar a ser graves.[cita requerida] Prefiere habitar sabanas, pastizales y campos cultivados. La UICN2019-1 considera a la especie como casi amenazada. Posee una carne blanca muy apreciada por los cazadores. ​

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Kolin ( Basque )

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Colinus virginianus

Kolin (Colinus virginianus) Colinus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Odontophoridae familian sailkatua dago.

Tarin txoriari ere Kolin edo Kolika esaten zaio Debagoienean eta Gernika-Bermeon.[3]

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List
  3. Tarina txoriak.eus webgunean (2017-07-25)

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Kolin: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Kolin (Colinus virginianus) Colinus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Odontophoridae familian sailkatua dago.

Tarin txoriari ere Kolin edo Kolika esaten zaio Debagoienean eta Gernika-Bermeon.

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Peltoviiriäinen ( Finnish )

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Peltoviiriäisen muna

Peltoviiriäinen, aikaisemmalta nimeltään virginianviiriäinen[2] (Colinus virginianus) on amerikanviiriäisten heimoon kuuluva kanalintulaji. Se on yksi Yhdysvaltojen suosituimmista riistalinnuista[2].

Tuntomerkit

Peltoviiriäinen on 24-26 senttimetriä pitkä. Sen höyhenpuku on väritykseltään punaruskea ja siinä on mustia ja valkoisia täpliä sekä juovia. Koiraan pää on musta ja sillä on valkoinen silmäkulmajuova ja kurkku. Naaraalla on päässään tumman- ja ruosteenruskeita kuvioita. Peltoviiriäisen soidinääni on kirkas ”tih tviit” -vihellys.[3]

Levinneisyys

Peltoviiriäisiä pesii luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikassa. Sitä on istutettu paikoin Etelä-Eurooppaan.[3]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Colinus virginianus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 27.3.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 2042. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.
  3. a b Svensson, Lars: Lintuopas - Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut, s. 423. Otava, 2010. ISBN 978-951-1-21351-2.
Tämä lintuihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Peltoviiriäinen: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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 src= Peltoviiriäisen muna

Peltoviiriäinen, aikaisemmalta nimeltään virginianviiriäinen (Colinus virginianus) on amerikanviiriäisten heimoon kuuluva kanalintulaji. Se on yksi Yhdysvaltojen suosituimmista riistalinnuista.

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Colin de Virginie ( French )

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Colinus virginianus

Le Colin de Virginie (Colinus virginianus) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Odontophoridae.

Description

Petit et trapu, cet oiseau mesure de 24 à 27 cm environ[1].

Il présente un dimorphisme sexuel. Le mâle à des marques blanches à la gorge tandis que la femelle a une gorge jaune clair, des stries crème à beige clair et des dessins moins contrastés.

Répartition

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Carte de répartition

Cette espèce peuple l'est des États-Unis, l'Amérique centrale et les Antilles.

En captivité

  • comportement social : couple, plusieurs femelles pour un mâle
  • logement : espace, grande volière extérieure abritée et bien plantée
  • température : abri isolé
  • alimentation : nourriture pour colin ou caille, verdure, insectes, gravier
  • activités : se perche sur des arbustes, prend des bains de sable
  • nourriture oisillons : nourriture spéciale pour jeunes colins, insectes
  • nombre d'œuf(s) : 14 à 18
  • incubation : 22 à 23 jours
  • mutations : blanc, fauve et isabelle
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Colinus virginianus - Muséum de Toulouse

Notes et références

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Colin de Virginie: Brief Summary ( French )

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Colinus virginianus

Le Colin de Virginie (Colinus virginianus) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Odontophoridae.

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Gearg bhabaight ( Irish )

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Gearg ghoirt, dúchasach do Mheiriceá Thuaidh is Láir, a tugadh isteach sna hIndiacha Thiar. Áitríonn sí talamh shaothraithe, coillearnach oscailte is scrobarnach. Itheann sí síolta, gráinní is feithidí. De ghnáth, maireann sí i scata de 30 cinn nó níos mó.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Colinus virginianus ( Italian )

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Il colino della Virginia (Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello selvatico di piccole dimensioni appartenente alla famiglia Odontophoridae, originario del Nuovo Mondo.[2]

Descrizione

Molto somigliante alla quaglia, ha un piumaggio rossiccio con sfumature chiare nelle parti inferiori e il ventre chiazzato di bianco. Il dimorfismo sessuale è molto evidente: il maschio ha gola e sopracciglia bianche, la femmina rossicce. Il piumaggio variegato gli permette di mimetizzarsi con il sottobosco. Solitamente i maschi sono più grandi e possono arrivare ad una lunghezza di 25 cm.

Biologia

 src=
Uovo di Colinus virginianus

Alimentazione

La sua dieta occupa una vasta gamma di nutrienti presenti sul suolo, dai germogli alle foglie, talvolta anche radici, ma si nutre principalmente di semi e di insetti[3].

Comportamento

Il colino della Virginia è stanziale, in primavera in particolare si riuniscono in coppie o in piccoli gruppi familiari e si alimentano insieme o costruiscono nidi vicini tra loro; per il resto dell'anno si raccolgono in piccoli stormi. Quando dormono, si accorpano tutti insieme gli uni agli altri sul terreno, con la testa rivolta verso l'esterno, cosicché se messi in allarme, possano prendere il volo e disperdersi. Si possono vedere correre o camminare sul terreno avventurandosi in campi aperti (nonostante siano anche in grado di volare). Se disturbati, dapprima si acquattano tra i cespugli, poi volano basso da un riparo all'altro frullando le ali.

Riproduzione

Nel periodo riproduttivo, i maschi attirano le femmine con il loro forte richiamo, emesso da un posatoio. Il colino è un animale monogamo, e in primavera inizia l'accoppiamento con la deposizione di piccole uova colore bianco di circa 10-12 grammi, da cui dopo 23 giorni d'incubazione nascono dei piccoli pulcini. Il nido viene costruito in una depressione sul terreno, foderata di vegetali secchi; spesso viene costruito in un luogo aperto come un prato o un pascolo.

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è diffusa sul versante orientale di Canada e Stati Uniti, in Messico in Guatemala e a Cuba[1]. Inoltre, è stata introdotta in Paesi vicini per scopi ornamentali, con popolazioni locali provenienti da uccelli fuggiti da allevamenti.

Lo si trova nelle boscaglie, negli arbusteti, nei boschi aperti e talvolta si spinge fino alle praterie, ai pascoli ed ai prati.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Colinus virginianus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Odontophoridae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 5 maggio 2014.
  3. ^ Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus, in BirdLife International Species factsheet, 2012.

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Colinus virginianus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il colino della Virginia (Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello selvatico di piccole dimensioni appartenente alla famiglia Odontophoridae, originario del Nuovo Mondo.

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Boomkwartel ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De boomkwartel of bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) is een vogel uit de familie Odontophoridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Kenmerken

De boomkwartel wordt ongeveer 24 tot 28 cm lang. Hij is overwegend bruin met een donkere kop met een witte streep. De keel is wit en de onderzijde zwart-wit geschubd.[2]

Leefwijze

Hun voedsel bestaat in hoofdzaak uit insecten, bessen en zaad.

Voortplanting

Het legsel bestaat uit 12 tot 24 eieren. Beide partners belasten zich met het broeden.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in het midden-oosten en zuidoosten van de Verenigde Staten, Canada en Mexico tot Guatemala op akkers en steppen in lage struiken of bomen.[3]

De soort telt 20 ondersoorten:

  • C. v. virginianus: de zuidelijke en oostelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • C. v. floridanus: Florida en de Bahama's.
  • C. v. insulanus: Key West en Florida.
  • C. v. cubanensis: Cuba.
  • C. v. taylori: de centrale Verenigde Staten.
  • C. v. ridgwayi: Sonora.
  • C. v. texanus: van zuidwestelijk Texas tot Coahuila de Zaragoza, Nuevo León en Tamaulipas.
  • C. v. maculatus: het oostelijke deel van Centraal-en centraal Mexico.
  • C. v. aridus: noordoostelijk Mexico.
  • C. v. graysoni: het westelijke deel van Centraal-Mexico.
  • C. v. nigripectus: oostelijk Mexico.
  • C. v. pectoralis: centraal Veracruz.
  • C. v. godmani: oostelijk Veracruz.
  • C. v. minor: Tabasco en noordoostelijk Chiapas.
  • C. v. insignis: zuidoostelijk Chiapas en noordwestelijk Guatemala.
  • C. v. salvini: zuidelijk Chiapas.
  • C. v. coyoleos: oostelijk Oaxaca en noordelijk Chiapas.
  • C. v. thayeri: noordoostelijk Oaxaca.
  • C. v. harrisoni: zuidwestelijk Oaxaca.
  • C. v. atriceps: westelijk Oaxaca.

Beschermingsstatus

Op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN heeft de soort de status gevoelig.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • De grote dierenencyclopedie, (1993) Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar, België. ISBN 90-243-5204-5.
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Boomkwartel: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De boomkwartel of bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) is een vogel uit de familie Odontophoridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

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Nordkrattvaktel ( Norwegian )

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 src=
Plate 76 av Birds of America, av John James Audubon, skildrer Virginian Partridge.
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Colinus virginianus

Nordkrattvaktel (vitenskapelig navn Colinus virginianus) er en fugl.

Eksterne lenker


ornitologistubbDenne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Nordkrattvaktel: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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 src= Plate 76 av Birds of America, av John James Audubon, skildrer Virginian Partridge.  src= Colinus virginianus

Nordkrattvaktel (vitenskapelig navn Colinus virginianus) er en fugl.

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Przepiór wirginijski ( Polish )

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Przepiór wirginijski (Colinus virginianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przepiórowatych (Odontophoridae).

Systematyka

Wyróżniono dwadzieścia podgatunków C. virginianus[4][5]:

  • C. virginianus virginianusprzepiór wirginijski – południowe i wschodnie USA.
  • C. virginianus floridanusFloryda, Bahamy.
  • C. virginianus insulanus – takson wymarły, występował na Key West na Florydzie.
  • C. virginianus cubanensisKuba.
  • C. virginianus taylori – środkowe USA.
  • C. virginianus ridgwayiprzepiór sonorskiSonora.
  • C. virginianus texanus – południowo-zachodni Teksas do Coahuili, Nuevo León i Tamaulipas.
  • C. virginianus maculatus – wschodnio-środkowy i środkowy Meksyk.
  • C. virginianus aridus – północno-wschodni Meksyk.
  • C. virginianus graysoniprzepiór rdzawy – zachodnio-środkowy Meksyk.
  • C. virginianus nigripectus – wschodni Meksyk.
  • C. virginianus pectoralisprzepiór czarnopierśny – środkowe Veracruz.
  • C. virginianus godmaniprzepiór czarnobrzuchy – wschodnie Veracruz.
  • C. virginianus minorTabasco, północno-wschodnie Chiapas.
  • C. virginianus insignis – południowo-wschodnie Chiapas, północno-zachodnia Gwatemala.
  • C. virginianus salvini – południowe Chiapas.
  • C. virginianus coyolcosprzepiór czarnogłowy – wschodnia Oaxaca, północne Chiapas.
  • C. virginianus thayeri – północno-wschodnia Oaxaca.
  • C. virginianus harrisoni – południowo-zachodnia Oaxaca.
  • C. virginianus atriceps – zachodnia Oaxaca.

Morfologia i ekologia

Długość ciała 25 cm. Wierzch ciała brązowy, z kasztanowatymi smugami; spód biały, z czarnymi plamkami. U samca czarne ciemię, brwi szeroki i długie, ciągną się na kark; poniżej czarne paski oczne, które kontrastują z brwiami; gardło białe. U samicy czerń została zastąpiona brązem, a spód biały na kolor płowy. W chłodne dni widywany w stadach liczących ok. 8-25 ptaków. Spłoszony chowa się w gęstym poszyciu, podczas zimy nocuje grupowo w zaspach; w razie nagłego zagrożenia wzbija się w powietrze.

Zasięg, środowisko

Rzadkie lasy i pola Ameryki Północnej. Introdukowany w południowej Europie, gdzie gniazduje m.in. w centralnej Francji (rzadki) i północnych Włoszech[6].

Przypisy

  1. Colinus virginianus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2012-09-09].
  3. Colinus virginianus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Megapodes, guans, guineas & New World quail (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.1. [dostęp 2015-03-08].
  5. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Paweł Mielczarek, Marek Kuziemko: Podrodzina: Odontophorinae Gould, 1844 - przepióry (wersja 2015-02-09). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2014-03-08].
  6. Lars Svensson: Ptaki Europy i obszaru śródziemnomorskiego. Przewodnik Collinsa. Multico, 2012, s. 422. ISBN 978-83-7073-972-0.

Bibliografia

  1. Andrew Gosler: Atlas Ptaków Świata. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
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Przepiór wirginijski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Przepiór wirginijski (Colinus virginianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przepiórowatych (Odontophoridae).

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Perdiz-da-virgínia ( Portuguese )

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Colinus virginianus - MHNT

A Perdiz-da-virgínia (Colinus virginianus), também chamada de uru-do-norte, codorniz-da-virgínia, codorna bob white ou codorna americana é uma espécie de ave da família Odontophoridae pertencente ao género Colinus endêmica dos Estados Unidos, México e Caribe.

Apresenta dimorfismo sexual, tendo os macho estrias brancas na cabeça e gravata branca e as fêmeas riscos dourados (amarelos) na cabeça. Já no restante do corpo, ambos apresentam camuflagem adaptada ao meio onde vivem.

O macho atinge sua maturidade sexual aos 5 meses, iniciando o canto e o acasalamento, já as fêmea atinge sua maturidade sexual aos 4 meses ficando prontas para postura. A postura ocorrem de outubro a março, podendo uma fêmea botar 200 ovos neste período. Os ovos são de cor branca, desprovidos de camuflagem, pesando em média 10 a 12 gramas. A incubação dura de 22 ou 24 dias em uma temperatura de 37,5° C e umidade de 40% nos primeiros 20 dias e 65% nos dias finais.

Fotos

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Perdiz-da-virgínia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Colinus virginianus - MHNT

A Perdiz-da-virgínia (Colinus virginianus), também chamada de uru-do-norte, codorniz-da-virgínia, codorna bob white ou codorna americana é uma espécie de ave da família Odontophoridae pertencente ao género Colinus endêmica dos Estados Unidos, México e Caribe.

Apresenta dimorfismo sexual, tendo os macho estrias brancas na cabeça e gravata branca e as fêmeas riscos dourados (amarelos) na cabeça. Já no restante do corpo, ambos apresentam camuflagem adaptada ao meio onde vivem.

O macho atinge sua maturidade sexual aos 5 meses, iniciando o canto e o acasalamento, já as fêmea atinge sua maturidade sexual aos 4 meses ficando prontas para postura. A postura ocorrem de outubro a março, podendo uma fêmea botar 200 ovos neste período. Os ovos são de cor branca, desprovidos de camuflagem, pesando em média 10 a 12 gramas. A incubação dura de 22 ou 24 dias em uma temperatura de 37,5° C e umidade de 40% nos primeiros 20 dias e 65% nos dias finais.

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Vitstrupig vaktel ( Swedish )

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Vitstrupig vaktel[2] (Colinus virginianus) är en fågel i familjen tofsvaktlar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.[3]

Utseende och läte

Vitstrupig vaktel är i grunden en rödbrun relativt liten hönsfågel, 24–26 centimeter i längd, fläckad och streckad i svart och vitt. Hanen har svart huvud med vitt ögonbrynsstreck och vit strupe, därav namnet. Honan har ett mer finspräckligt huvud. Spellätet är ett karakteristiskt visslande tvåstavigt "tyh tveeiit", som gett arten dess engelska namn Bobwhite.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Vitstrupig vaktel delas in i 21 underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

  • virginianus-gruppen
  • graysoni/nigripectus-gruppen
    • Colinus virginianus graysoni – väst-centrala Mexiko (södra Nayarit till Morelos, södra Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí)
    • Colinus virginianus nigripectus – östra Mexiko (Puebla, Morelos och delstaten Mexiko)
  • pectoralis-gruppen
    • Colinus virginianus pectoralis – sydöstra Mexiko (östsluttningarna av bergen i centrala Veracruz)
    • Colinus virginianus godmani – lågland i sydöstra Mexiko (Veracruz)
    • Colinus virginianus minor – sydöstra Mexiko (nordöstra Chiapas och intilliggande Tabasco)
    • Colinus virginianus thayeri – södra Mexiko (nordöstra Oaxaca)
  • coyolcos-gruppen
    • Colinus virginianus ridgwayi – nordvästra Mexiko (nord-centrala Sonora), utrotad i Arizona
    • Colinus virginianus atriceps – södra Mexiko (inre västra Oaxaca)
    • Colinus virginianus harrisoni – södra Mexiko (sydvästra Oaxaca)
    • Colinus virginianus coyolcos – Stillahavskusten i södra Mexiko (Oaxaca och Chiapas)
    • Colinus virginianus salvini – södra Mexiko (kusten i södra Chiapas)
    • Colinus virginianus insignis – södra Mexiko (södra Chiapas) och angränsande Guatemala

Underarterna marilandicus och mexicanus inkluderas ofta i nominatformen.[5] Ibland urskiljs också den utdöda underarten insulanus med tidigare utbredning i Key West.[5]

Vitstrupig vaktel är även inplanterad i ett antal länder, på vissa platser så pass att den etablerat självförsörjande bestånd, bland annat i mellersta Frankrike och norra Italien.[4]

Status och hot

IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad.[1]

Bildgalleri

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Colinus virginianus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ [a b] Svensson, Lars; Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström (2009). Fågelguiden: Europas och Medelhavsområdets fåglar i fält (andra upplagan). Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta. sid. 423. ISBN 978-91-7424-039-9
  5. ^ [a b] Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird List (v 7.3). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.7.3.

Externa länkar

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Vitstrupig vaktel: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vitstrupig vaktel (Colinus virginianus) är en fågel i familjen tofsvaktlar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.

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Перепелиця віргінська ( Ukrainian )

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 src=
Пластина 76 Птахи Америки, на Джон Джеймс Одюбон, зображенням Вірджинії Партрідж.
 src=
Яйце Colinus virginianus

Перепелиця віргінська[1] (Colinus virginianus) — птах родини зубчастодзьобих куріпок (Odontophoridae), що мешкає в Північній Америці і Вест-Індії.

Це птахи середньої величини, дзьоб у них короткий, високий, стиснутий з боків, кінчик наддзьобка з щербинками. Ноги з високим плесном, довгими пальцями і без острогів. У віргінської перепілки від лоба до шиї іде біла, а над нею чорна смуги, потилиця червонувато-брунатна. Пера верхньої частини чорні і обідком охоплюють біле горло, а на зашийку — сірі з білими кінчиками. Верхня частина тіла червонувато-брунатна, нижня — такого ж кольору, але з широкими світлими смужками. На грудях червонувато-брунатна пера з чорною облямівкою. Загальна довжина птаха 22 см, хвіст з 6 см.

Ці перепілки населяють сільськогосподарські землі, луки із заростями кущів, інколи водяться і в рідких світлих лісах. У травні самиця починає будувати гніздо в неглибокій ямці біля пучка високої трави, вистеляючи його сухою травою і торішнім листям. У повній кладці 8-14 яєць. Насиджування триває 23-24 дні.

У Європі цих перепілок часто утримують в зоопарках і в домашніх умовах.

Примітки

  1. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.
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Перепелиця віргінська: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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 src= Пластина 76 Птахи Америки, на Джон Джеймс Одюбон, зображенням Вірджинії Партрідж.  src= Яйце Colinus virginianus

Перепелиця віргінська (Colinus virginianus) — птах родини зубчастодзьобих куріпок (Odontophoridae), що мешкає в Північній Америці і Вест-Індії.

Це птахи середньої величини, дзьоб у них короткий, високий, стиснутий з боків, кінчик наддзьобка з щербинками. Ноги з високим плесном, довгими пальцями і без острогів. У віргінської перепілки від лоба до шиї іде біла, а над нею чорна смуги, потилиця червонувато-брунатна. Пера верхньої частини чорні і обідком охоплюють біле горло, а на зашийку — сірі з білими кінчиками. Верхня частина тіла червонувато-брунатна, нижня — такого ж кольору, але з широкими світлими смужками. На грудях червонувато-брунатна пера з чорною облямівкою. Загальна довжина птаха 22 см, хвіст з 6 см.

Ці перепілки населяють сільськогосподарські землі, луки із заростями кущів, інколи водяться і в рідких світлих лісах. У травні самиця починає будувати гніздо в неглибокій ямці біля пучка високої трави, вистеляючи його сухою травою і торішнім листям. У повній кладці 8-14 яєць. Насиджування триває 23-24 дні.

У Європі цих перепілок часто утримують в зоопарках і в домашніх умовах.

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Cút Virginia ( Vietnamese )

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Cút Virginia (danh pháp khoa học: Colinus virginianus) là một loài chim trong họ Odontophoridae.[3] Cút Virginia là loài bản địa Hoa Kỳ, Mexico và Caribe. Loài này có 21 phân loài.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Colinus virginianus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ “Northern Bobwhite”. World Bird Info. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 5 năm 2013.
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src=
Trứng cút Virginia (Colinus virginianus)


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Gà này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cút Virginia: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cút Virginia (danh pháp khoa học: Colinus virginianus) là một loài chim trong họ Odontophoridae. Cút Virginia là loài bản địa Hoa Kỳ, Mexico và Caribe. Loài này có 21 phân loài.

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Виргинская американская куропатка ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Вид: Виргинская американская куропатка
Международное научное название

Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Синонимы
Perdix virginiana Latham[1]
Ortyx virginianus[2]
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 175863NCBI 9014EOL 1049187FW 129785

Виргинская американская куропатка[3] (Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)) — птица семейства зубчатоклювых, или древесных, куропаток. Водится на юге Северной Америки[2].

Описание

Виргинская американская куропатка характеризуется длиной 24—27 см, размахом крыльев 36—41 см, весом от 140 до 200 г. Оперение птицы коричневого цвета с крапинами, нижняя сторона светлая.

Самцы отличаются от самок цветом надбровных дуг и пятен на горле: у самцов они белые, а у самок бежевого цвета.

Распространение

 src=
Группа виргинских американских куропаток, подвергнувшаяся нападению хищной птицы (иллюстрация Дж. Дж. Одюбона)[1]

Виргинская американская куропатка распространена от южной Канады до Мексиканского залива между побережьем Атлантики и Скалистыми горами.

Она живет на густо поросших кустарником лугах и в светлых лесах.

Образ жизни

Виргинская американская куропатка живёт вне периода гнездования в группах от 5 до 30 животных. Ночью они лежат по кругу в низине на земле, головами наружу, чтобы согреться и быстро распознать хищников. При опасности они разлетаются во все стороны.

Питаются куропатки всевозможными семенами.

Размножение

В апреле группы снова распадаются. Самец сооружает территорию токования и громко и звучно призывает с возвышенного места самок. Самец широко расставляет перед приближающимися самками крылья и совершает постоянные поклоны.

Самка дважды в год откладывает от 14 до 16 белых яиц размером 30 мм × 24 мм. Примерно через 23 дня появляются птенцы, которые уже через несколько дней могут летать.

Через две недели молодые птицы становятся самостоятельными, а через восемь недель они уже становятся взрослыми птицами. Большинство выводка погибает ещё на первом году жизни.

Разведение в неволе

Вид разводят в большом количестве в неволе не только в Америке, но и в Европе (например, в Англии). В данном отношении виргинские американские куропатки сходны с европейскими куропатками[2].

Генетика

Молекулярная генетика

Виргинская американская куропатка является генетически наиболее изученным представителями семейства зубчатоклювых куропаток, и ей принадлежит бо́льшая часть депонированных нуклеотидных последовательностей.

Геномика

В 2014 году было осуществлено геномное секвенирование вида[4].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Audubon J. J. The Virginian Partridge // Ornithological Biography. — Edinburgh: Adam Black, 1831. — Vol. 1. — P. 388—393. (англ.)
  2. 1 2 3 Вагнер Ю. Н. Фазановые // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
  3. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 58. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  4. Search results for Colinus virginianus (англ.). European Nucleotide Archive (ENA). EMBLEBI (20 March 2014). Проверено 29 июля 2015. Архивировано 29 июля 2015 года.
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Виргинская американская куропатка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Виргинская американская куропатка (Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)) — птица семейства зубчатоклювых, или древесных, куропаток. Водится на юге Северной Америки.

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山齒鶉 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Colinus virginianus
Linnaeus, 1758)
 src=
雄鳥
 src=
山齒鶉的蛋

山齒鶉学名Colinus virginianus)是原住於北美洲中美洲北部及加勒比海的一種陸上鳥類。牠們最初被分類在雉科中,現在則分類在齒鶉科中。

特徵

 src=

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山齒鶉的眼睛後有深色的斑紋,雄鳥的斑紋是黑色的,雌鳥的則是褐色。雄鳥介乎斑紋之間的是白色,雌鳥的是黃褐色的。牠們的身體呈褐色,希黑色或白色的斑點。牠們平均重145-200克。

山齒鶉的叫聲清晰,很多時是由雄鳥於春天夏天發出。其他的包括吱吱的哨聲。

分佈

山齒鶉主要棲息在針葉林硬木林及草本林。其棲息地由墨西哥東至美國科羅拉多州,北至中西部北面及東北部。在美國南部,御穀是牠們主要的食糧。

繁殖

山齒鶉在非繁殖季節的群落是由5-30隻成員組成。在4月中開始的繁殖季節,牠們的群落會解散。此時牠們會與不明關係的異性成對的生活。約每日就會生蛋,23天後就會孵化。鳥蛋呈白色,末端比雞蛋較尖。

雄鳥及雌鳥都會孵蛋,但大多是由雌鳥負責。若第一次的蛋未能孵化,牠們會再生及孵蛋。若能成功孵化,雛鳥是很早熟的,出生後24小時就能離開鳥巢。繁殖季節一直到10月中,雌鳥可以生及孵三批蛋。

威脅

山齒鶉是很受歡迎的獵鳥,尤其是在美國南部。牠們是田納西州喬治亞州華盛頓的官方獵鳥。棲息地的破壞威脅著牠們的野外群落,牠們於是大量被飼養,作為捕獵之用。牠們頗受到捕獵的影響,在一些地區甚至全面消失。[2]

山齒鶉若站著不動,在森林中是很難見到的。狐狸郊狼浣熊負鼠貓頭鷹人類也會獵食牠們。

參考

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:山齒鶉
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维基百科作者和编辑

山齒鶉: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 雄鳥  src= 山齒鶉的蛋

山齒鶉(学名:Colinus virginianus)是原住於北美洲中美洲北部及加勒比海的一種陸上鳥類。牠們最初被分類在雉科中,現在則分類在齒鶉科中。

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维基百科作者和编辑

コリンウズラ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
コリンウズラ Virginiawachtel 2007-06-16 065.jpg 保全状況評価 NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : キジ目 Galliformes : ナンベイウズラ科 Odontophoridae : Colinus : コリンウズラ C. virginianus 学名 Colinus virginianus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 和名 コリンウズラ 英名 Bobwhite Quail
 src=
コリンウズラの卵

コリンウズラ(学名:Colinus virginianus)は、キジ目ナンベイウズラ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

分布[編集]

アメリカ中東部、メキシコ

狩猟目的や飼育用に日本へ輸入され、猟犬の訓練用に放たれたものが野生化したといわれている。現在、神奈川県大阪府で確認されており、神奈川県では定着している可能性が高い。日本以外でもドミニカ共和国ハイチイギリスニュージーランドなどにも定着している[1]

形態[編集]

全長20-25cmと、ウズラより一回り大きい。背中から胸、腹は赤褐色で、羽の縁は白色または黒色である。雄は額とくちばしの付け根、眼下部分は黒色で、のど、眉斑は白色であるが、雌は淡い黄色である。21の亜種に分けられており、北部のものほどサイズは大きくなる。鳴き声はBob-whiteと聞こえ、英名の由来となっている。

生態[編集]

原産地では、マツ林などの開けた林や農地、草地、牧場などに生息している。ドングリやアザミ、エノコログサなどの植物の種子のほか、農地ではコムギやトウモロコシなどの穀物を食べる。4月から6月が繁殖盛期であり、繁殖期には昆虫類が重要な餌となっている。地面の窪みに枯れ草を敷き巣を作る。一回の産卵数は10-15個ほどである。

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類

脚注[編集]

参考文献[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、コリンウズラに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにコリンウズラに関する情報があります。
  • 多紀保彦監修 財団法人自然環境研究センター編著『日本の外来生物』、平凡社、2008年
 title=
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cc-by-sa-3.0
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語

コリンウズラ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
 src= コリンウズラの卵

コリンウズラ(学名:Colinus virginianus)は、キジ目ナンベイウズラ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語