Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, the largest wren in the United States, is 7-9 inches (17.8-22.9 cm) long. Sexes are similar, characterized by a long, slightly decurved bill, dark crown with a distinctive white stripe over the eye, white throat, gray-brown back streaked with white and black, and white to buff belly and sides, densely spotted at the breast. The wings and tail feathers are mostly black with white barring and the legs are dark. Juveniles resemble adults, but have fewer, lighter chest spots and a shorter tail (Anderson 1973; Udvardy 1994; McCarthey 2000; Gough 1998).
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 6.3 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 76 months.
The Cactus Wren is common throughout the southwestern United States. This arid desert, dominated by cholla and other succulent cacti and spiny trees and shrubs, is characterized by high temperatures, low humidity, and scarce water. Arid hillsides and valleys will also be used. The Cactus Wren is generally found below 4,000 feet, although it is found at elevations up to 6,000 feet in areas of New Mexico. They are common even in urban areas planted with native desert vegetation (Anderson 1973; Ricklefs 1968; McCarthey 2000).
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune
The Cactus Wren is a permanent resident of arid and semi-arid desert regions of the southwestern United States, ranging from southern California, Nevada, and Utah, and central New Mexico and Texas, southward to central Mexico (Anderson 1973; Ricklefs 1968; McCarthy 2000).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
The Cactus Wren primarily eats insects, including ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and wasps. Occasionally, it will take seeds and fruits. Foraging begins late in the morning and is versatile; the cactus wren will search under leaves and ground litter and overturn objects in search of insects, as well as feeding in the foliage and branches of larger vegetation. Increasing temperatures cause a shift in foraging behavior to shady and cooler microclimates, and activity slows during hot afternoon temperatures. Almost all water is obtained from food, and free standing water is rarely used even when found (Udvardy 1994; Ricklefs 1968; McCarthey 2000).
The Cactus Wren disperses potentially important semi-arid rangeland plants through the material used in building nests; viable seeds can be spread over long distances in this manner (Milton et al. 1998).
No information is available on negative impacts.
The Cactus Wren is common throughout its range and is not considered threatened or endangered though it is protected, along with all songbirds, by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Their native habitat is not considered threatened and the Cactus Wren also does well in urban areas planted with native species. There are no immediate management needs (McCarthey 2000).
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The cactus wren has been the state bird of Arizona since 1931; its presence and song are considered characteristic of southwestern deserts.
The genus Campylorhynchus is derived from Greek words meaning curved beak. The specific epithet is Latin; brunneus means brown, and capillus means hair, denoting the brown cap and back (Anderson 1973; McCarthey 2000).
The breeding habitat of the Cactus Wren is successional scrub. Nesting occurs on well defined and defended territories, which are occupied most of the year. The females select a nest site high in native thorny trees and shrubs, showing a preference for cholla cacti. Nest building has also been observed in non-native trees and shrubs as well as in non-thorny native plants, though it is not known if these are only used for roosting purposes. Both the male and female help build the large spherical nest of dry grasses, often lined with feathers. Nests are protected from predators by having only a narrow side entrance and the substrate armature. Breeding begins in late February or early March and continues through June. Clutches consist of 4-5 buff colored eggs, speckled with brown. The female incubates the first clutch for approximately 16 days, beginning with the first egg laid, while the male builds secondary nests and defends the territory. Both parents feed the young and fledging occurs at 19-23 days. After fledging, young continue to stay in the parent's territory for about a month, sleeping in roosting nests; this post-fledgling care is long compared to most temperate-zone passerines. Additional nests, built by the males, can be used to rear second, sometimes third, broods. Clutch size, clutch survival, and additional reproductive behavior are often limited by food availability; fluctuating brood size appears to be an advantageous adaptation to unpredictable desert environments and food availability (Anderson 1973; Ricklefs 1975; Ricklefs 1968; Gough 1998; MacCarthey 2000; Simons and Martin 1990; Farley and Stuart 1994).
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average time to hatching: 16 days.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Cactus Wrens are fairly large, conspicuous birds with a loud, monotonous, churring call. They are easily recognized by their heavily streaked and spotted plumage. They have a long white eye stripe, buff belly, dense black spots on the upper breast, black and white streaks and spots on the back and upper wings, and a long tail with black and white bars. Males and females look very similar.
Cactus Wrens are residents of arid habitats in the southwestern United States and Mexico. They are quite common in urban areas, especially in gardens and vacant lots with cacti and shrubs like jojoba and creosote. Males and females build large grass nests in cactus, especially chollas, shrubs or small trees. These birds have a long, slender, slightly curved bill and feed mostly on insects on the ground or near the ground in cactus or shrubs.
Cactus Wrens are members of the almost exclusively South and Middle American wren family, the Troglodytidae. This group consists of about 80 species of mostly small, brown birds.
Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) is the Arizona State Bird. Characterized by the white eye stripe just behind each eye, heavily spotted dark brown and black throat and breast, and its wings and tail barred with black, white and brown feathers. It has an overall appearance of a creamy colored brown with black and white patterns covering its body. In addition, it also has a curved beak.
The cactus wren consist of many types of food such as fruit pulp, seeds, ants, grasshoppers, beetles, and other arthropods. It often finds its food by turning over rocks or other objects it finds on the ground in search of tasty morsels.
Common predators of the Cactus Wren are Coachwhips and other whipsnakes, which navigate their way through the cactus and often will take eggs or nestlings, while adult birds can be food for coyotes, hawks, fox, bobcats and domestic cats.
Found in the Sonoran Desert, southern California, southern Nevada, western Texas and southwest Utah, the cactus wren builds its nest in the shape of a football with an opening at one end. They will construct this nest out of grasses and other annual plants, but also have been known to include scraps of cloth and other woven fibers that they find. They typically will build their nest in cholla, but have also been seen building their nest in palo verde, acacias, saguaros, or the hanging pot in backyards.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus[3] tamién conocíu como matraca del desiertu, matraca desértica o mura desértica,[4] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae nativa del suroeste d'Estaos Xuníos y el norte de Méxicu. Ye l'ave estatal d'Arizona.[5]
Ye un ave de rexones grebes y puede ser atopada de cutiu en redol a plantes de yucca, mezquite o saguaro. Añera nun cactus o delles vegaes nel furacu d'un saguaro, el so nial va tar protexíu por escayos de cactus, una choya o les fueyes d'una yuca.
Reconócense 8 subespecies:[2]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus tamién conocíu como matraca del desiertu, matraca desértica o mura desértica, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae nativa del suroeste d'Estaos Xuníos y el norte de Méxicu. Ye l'ave estatal d'Arizona.
El caragolet dels cactus[1] (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) és un ocell de la família dels troglodítids (Troglodytidae) que habita els matollars dels deserts, amb cactus o iuca. Des del sud de Califòrnia, sud de Nevada, sud-oest de Utah, Arizona, Nou Mèxic i Texas cap al sud fins al sud de Baixa Califòrnia, Sonora, nord-oest de Sinaloa, Michoacán, Hidalgo i Tamaulipas.
El caragolet dels cactus (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) és un ocell de la família dels troglodítids (Troglodytidae) que habita els matollars dels deserts, amb cactus o iuca. Des del sud de Califòrnia, sud de Nevada, sud-oest de Utah, Arizona, Nou Mèxic i Texas cap al sud fins al sud de Baixa Califòrnia, Sonora, nord-oest de Sinaloa, Michoacán, Hidalgo i Tamaulipas.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw cactws (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod cactws) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Cactus-wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. brunneicapillus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r dryw cactws yn perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Dryw Bewick Thryomanes bewickii Dryw canion Catherpes mexicanus
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw cactws (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod cactws) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Cactus-wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. brunneicapillus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Der Kaktuszaunkönig (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) ist eine im Südwesten der USA und in Mexiko vorkommende Art aus der Vogelfamilie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae). Er ist der Staatsvogel des US-Bundesstaats Arizona.[1]
Der Kaktuszaunkönig gehört mit einer Gesamtlänge von 18 bis 22 Zentimetern zu den größten Vertretern der Zaunkönige. Der Schwanz wird meist hochgestellt. Der spitze, leicht gebogene Schnabel ist im oberen Teil schwarzbraun, im unteren Teil gelblich gefärbt. Die Iris des Auges ist schwarzbraun. Bei adulten Tieren ist der Oberkopf rotbraun bis haselnussbraun gefärbt mit deutlichem weißen Überaugenstreif. Das Kinn ist weißlich, die Kehle schwärzlich. Brust- und Bauchseiten sind cremefarben bis hell orange-gelb und mit schwarzbraunen Flecken gemustert. Das übrige Gefieder ist bräunlich und mit vielen unregelmäßig verteilten weißen Flecken überzogen. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 20 bis 30 Zentimeter, das Gewicht 32 bis 47 Gramm. Ein Sexualdimorphismus besteht nicht. Die Jungvögel gleichen den Altvögeln, sind jedoch etwas blasser gefärbt.
Der Gesang des Kaktuszaunkönigs besteht aus einer Abfolge meist sehr lauter, rau, krächzend oder schnarrend klingender Töne, die im Verlaufe des Gesangs an Intensität und Tonhöhe zunehmen.[2]
Der Kaktuszaunkönig kommt im Süden Kaliforniens und Nevadas, in Arizona, New Mexico, Westtexas, Utah sowie im Norden Mexikos vor. Hauptlebensraum sind mit Kakteen bewachsene Wüstengebiete. Er ist auch am Rande von Wohnsiedlungen anzutreffen. Die maximale Höhenverbreitung in New Mexico liegt bei 6000 ft (ca. 1800 Meter).
Die Vögel halten sich einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen bei der Nahrungssuche vorzugsweise am Boden oder in niedriger Vegetation auf, wo sie sich in erster Linie von verschiedenen Insektenarten und Spinnentieren sowie von Beeren und Samen ernähren. Zuweilen werden auch kleine Eidechsen erbeutet. Die Früchte von Kakteen sowie Nektar erweitern gelegentlich das Nahrungsspektrum. Eine zusätzliche Aufnahme von Wasser ist nicht erforderlich. Kaktuszaunkönige wurden auch dabei beobachtet, wie sie die Nester anderer Vogelarten plünderten.[3] Männchen und Weibchen bewohnen ganzjährig ein permanentes Revier, bleiben in der Regel lebenslang zusammen und brüten mehrmals im Jahr. Die Lebenserwartung der Vögel beträgt sieben bis zehn Jahre.[4] Gefahr droht den adulten Kaktuszaunkönigen vor allem durch Prädatoren. Zu den Bodenfeinden zählen Kojoten, Füchse, Luchse und Katzen.
Männchen und Weibchen beteiligen sich gemeinsam am Nestbau. Dabei werden ein Nest für die Aufzucht der Jungen sowie weitere zur Rast der Altvögel angelegt. Diese Nester baut das Männchen. Alle Nester werden bevorzugt in Cylindropuntia-Kakteen in Höhen bis zu drei Metern eingefügt. Seltener sind Bruthöhlen in Saguaro-Kakteen. Die Nester haben eine kugelähnliche Form mit einem Eingang an der Seite. Als Nistmaterial dienen dürre Zweige, verdorrtes Gras, Federn und Tierhaare.
In der Regel werden drei bis vier Eier pro Brut gelegt, die das Weibchen alleine ausbrütet. Die Eier haben eine weißliche bis blass rosa Farbe und zeigen einige bräunliche Punkte. Die Brutzeit beträgt 16 Tage. Von Nesträubern kann den Eiern und Jungvögeln im Besonderen die Gewöhnliche Kutscherpeitschennatter (Coluber flagellum) gefährlich werden. Nach dem Schlüpfen werden die Nestlinge von beiden Eltern mit Nahrung versorgt. Nach 19 bis 23 Tagen verlassen sie das Nest und verbleiben noch einige Zeit im Revier der Eltern.[5]
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Jungvogel
Nest in Cylindropuntia
Altvogel
Der Kaktuszaunkönig ist in seinen Verbreitungsgebieten nicht selten und wird demzufolge von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als 
„least concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[6] Er ist vom United States Fish and Wildlife Service gemäß dem Migratory Bird Treaty Act geschützt.[7]
Folgende Unterarten werden unterschieden:[8]
Die Erstbeschreibung des Kaktuszaunkönigs erfolgte 1835 durch Frédéric de Lafresnaye unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Picolaptes brunneicapillus. Das Typusexemplar befand sich in der Sammlung von Charles Brelay (1791–1857), der vermutete, dass es aus Kalifornien stammte.[14] 1824 führte Johann Baptist von Spix die für die Wissenschaft neue Gattung Campylorhynchus ein.[16][A 1] Dieser Name leitet sich von »campylos, camptō καμπυλος, καμπτω« für »gebogen, biegen« und »rhynkhos ῥυγχος« für »Schnabel« ab.[17] Der Artname »brunneicapillus« ist das lateinische Wortgebilde aus »brunneus, brunius« für »braun« und »-capillus, capillus« für »-gekrönt, Haarschopf«.[18] »Bryanti« ist Walter E. Bryant (1861–1905) gewidmet[9] und »couesi« Elliott Coues[13]. »Seri« bezieht sich auf das Volk der Seri, die einst auf Isla Tiburón lebten.[19] »Guttatus« bedeutet »gefleckt« von »gutta« für »Fleck«[20]. »Sandiegensis« bezieht sich auf San Diego.[9] »Affinis« hat seinen Ursprung in »ad« für »nach, zu« und »finis« für »Ende, Grenze«, so dass man es als »Nachbar, Verwandter, Affinität« übersetzen kann.[21]
Der Kaktuszaunkönig (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) ist eine im Südwesten der USA und in Mexiko vorkommende Art aus der Vogelfamilie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae). Er ist der Staatsvogel des US-Bundesstaats Arizona.
The cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) is a species of wren that is endemic to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern and central Mexico. It is the state bird of Arizona, and the largest wren in the United States. Its plumage is brown, with black and white spots as markings. It has a distinctive white eyebrow that sweeps to the nape of the neck. The chest is white, whereas the underparts are cinnamon-buff colored. Both sexes appear similar. The tail, as well as flight feathers, are barred in black and white. Their song is a loud raspy chirrup; akin in the description of some ornithologists to the sound of a car engine that will not start. It is well-adapted to its native desert environment, and the birds can meet their water needs from their diet which consists chiefly of insects, but also of some plant matter. The cactus wren is a poor flier and generally forages for food on the ground. Ornithologists generally recognize seven subspecies, with the exact taxonomy under dispute.
Its common name derives from their frequenting desert cactus plants such as the saguaro and cholla, building nests, roosting, and seeking protection from predators among them. Its bulky and globular nests are constructed of plant material and lined with feathers. They do not migrate; instead, they establish and defend the territories around their nests where they live all year-round. It lives in pairs, or as family groups from late spring through winter. Pairing among cactus wrens is monogamous; in each breeding season, the males chiefly build nests, the females incubate eggs, and both parents feed the young.
Populations have declined as the species faces threats related to human activities and habitat loss, although the species remains abundant. Habitat fragmentation and fire have been of particular concern, as the cactus wren is slow to disperse into new habitats. Introduced species have also hurt populations. Feral cats hunt many birds in urban settings, and invasive grasses take up valuable foraging space, reducing habitat size. Despite these threats, the cactus wren has proved adaptable. Cactus wrens have learned to coexist with humans effectively, using human materials and structures for nesting, and even learning to take insects from vehicle radiator grilles. The population still numbers in the millions, leading the International Union for Conservation of Nature to consider the cactus wren a species of least concern.
The wren family is a group of generally small passerine birds, found – with one exception – only in the New World.[3] Although the cactus wren is the largest wren in the U.S., globally the title is shared between the giant wren and the bicolored wren.[4] It was historically considered conspecific (of the same species) with the Yucatan wren and Boucard's wren, but there are numerous morphological and behavioral differences between the species. A 2007 genetic study by Barker indicated that all three were distinct species.[3][5][6] Work on wren taxonomy in the 20th century postulated that the Yucatan, Boucard's, and cactus wrens – along with the spotted wren – might constitute a superspecies. The 2007 study showed this to be unlikely, as the cactus wren was found to be ancestral to the other species. Study of the evolution of the cactus wren suggests that it evolved in central Mexico about one million years ago and quickly spread to its modern range.[5][6][7]
The first description of a cactus wren was in 1835 by ornithologist Frédéric de Lafresnaye.[8] Lafresnaye was a Frenchman who never visited America; his specimen was gifted to him by ornithologist and businessman Charles Brelay. Brelay procured the specimen from a naval officer who had recently returned from California. It is likely that the bird was picked up at the port of Guaymas, in Sonora.[9] However, Lafresnaye did not know that, and thought the specimen – which he called Picolaptes brunneicapillus – might have come from Peru (far outside the range of the wren), as the officer had stopped there on his journey. The unclear geographic origin contributed to much ensuing taxonomic confusion. Because the original description of the wren had been geographically imprecise, ornithologists described the cactus wren multiple times as different species; incorrect descriptions happened until as late as 1898. Subspecies were also incorrectly described as independent species. Matters were not helped by ornithologist John Gould, who described the cactus wren – as Thryothorus guttatus – independently in 1836 and also failed to say precisely where his specimen had come from. Lafresnaye renamed Gould's find Campylorhynchus guttatus in 1846, still not realizing they had described the same bird. Although ornithologist Spencer Baird suggested in 1864 that Lafresnaye and Gould's birds might be the same, Lafresnayes and Gould's separate descriptions continued to be used until 1945, when it was determined that they were different subspecies of the same bird. The cactus wren was placed in the genus Helodytes by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1894, but they returned it to Campylorhynchus in 1947.[10]: 212–215
The genus name Campylorhynchus is Greek, and roughly translates to 'curved beak'. The specific epithet brunneicapillus translates as 'brown hair', referring to the bird's brown head and back.[11] The bird's common name comes from its frequent use of cacti as nesting sites,[12][13] its association with cacti,[10]: 1 as well as the use of cacti for perches, roosting, and seeking protection from predators.
The 2007 study by Barker established the relationships between the cactus wren and related wrens in the genus Campylorhynchus, including select subspecies. Those relations are summarized in the following cladogram:[6]
CampylorhynchusVeracruz wren (C. rufinucha)
Spotted wren (C. gularis)
Boucard's wren (C. jocosus)
Bicolored wren (C. griseus)
Giant wren (C. chiapensis)
Yucatan wren (C. yucatanicus)
Cactus wren (C. brunneicapillus)
Thrush-like wren (C. turdinus)
Stripe-backed wren (C. nuchalis)
Band-backed wren (C. zonatus s.s. zonatus)
Gray-barred wren (C. megalopterus)
Band-backed wren (C. zonatus s.s. vulcanius)
Fasciated wren (C. fasciatus)
White-headed wren (C. albobrunneus)
Various subspecies of the cactus wren have been described, and seven are generally recognized.[2][3] The exact taxonomy of the cactus wren remains under debate, and not all subspecies are universally recognized.[14] Ornithologists Anders and Anne Anderson, in their compendium of 40 years of cactus wren research published in 1973, recognize seven subspecies and do not classify C. b. sandiegensis as an independent subspecies.[10]: 211 The International Ornithologists' Union recognizes seven subspecies – including C. b. sandiegensis – but does not recognize C. b. purus.[15] Below are all proposed subspecies:
The cactus wren is the largest wren in the United States. It is between 18 and 19 cm (7.1 and 7.5 in) long, and weighs between 33.4 and 46.9 g (1.18 and 1.65 oz),[3] with an average of 38.9 g (1.37 oz).[10]: 207 It has a thick, heavy bill that is dull black, curves slightly downwards, and is about the same length as the head.[3][5][10][19] The lower mandible is grayish and pale,[3] and the tail is long and rounded.[10]: 207
The cactus wren's coloration is brown with white speckles. The crown is chocolate-brown with a light red tinge. A distinctive white supercilium (eyebrow) runs from the bill to the nape of its neck,[19] which is brown with white markings. The chin is white, while the neck has black markings on a mostly white background. Their chest is white with brown or black speckles, and the belly is generally white with some brown or black streaks. The rump and back are gray to brown with white and black streaks. Both the lower underparts and the flanks are cinnamon-buff colored.[3]
The cactus wren's ten primary and nine secondary flight feathers are barred, alternating between black and off-white. Its twelve rectrices are barred, alternating between brownish-black and pale gray-brown. The outer rectrices are white tipped.[3][5] When flying, a white band can be seen on the underside of the tail feathers.[5] The tail is barred in alternating stripes of black, white, and brown.[20] The legs are brown to pink-brown.[3]
Males and females look alike; juveniles can be distinguished by their paler coloration and red-brown to muddy-gray eyes.[19] Adults have more red-brown[3] to red eyes.[5] Other distinctive features of juveniles include the lack of a white nape streak, and less noticeable black chest markings.[3] Summer often takes a harsh toll on plumage; the intense desert sun and prickly vegetation fade and damage feathers. This wear and tear can make identification of juveniles more difficult. Worn feathers are replaced by molting, which happens in adults from July through October, usually in the bird's own territory. Not all feathers will molt in a single season.[5]
Although the cactus wren looks similar to other wrens in its genus, cactus wren identification is made easier since the habitat of Campylorhynchus wrens does not overlap. A notable difference that can assist in identification of the cactus wren is the white tail band seen in flight. The spotted wren looks similar, but is paler and has fewer markings, and its habitat is in oak woodlands (where cactus wrens do not usually live).[5]
The main call of the cactus wren is a harsh and raspy series of jar-jar-jar,[3] or char, notes, which increase in volume and pitch as the song goes on. Each part of the call lasts around four seconds, with four to eight seconds between calls; calls can carry up to 300 metres (1,000 ft). Cornell University ornithologists described it as sounding "like a car that just won't start". Males are the primary singers, although females can also sing – their song is weaker and higher pitched.[21] Males begin singing before dawn and prefer to vocalize from high vantage points, such as trees, telephone poles, tall cacti, or roofs. At least eight other songs exist besides the main call. A buzz or tek is given as a warning call. Growls serve as a mating and identification call. Rack calls are used for locating an existing mate, or other wrens – this call is often the first vocalization made upon leaving the nest. A high pitched "squeal" is given only during nest building, and is heard rarely. Scri notes are let out during territorial disputes with other wrens. Chicks make various begging vocalizations, including a soft peep. A dzip call is known to be made exclusively by fledglings. The main call is made while the beak is held just slightly above horizontal, and makes the feathers on the bird's throat noticeably extend from their normal position and vibrate.[5][10]: 32
The cactus wren is a bird of arid and semi-desert regions, and generally requires spiny cacti to nest in. Its range includes the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. The cactus wren is not migratory,[3] and establishes a permanent territory which it defends vigorously. Territories are typically 1.3 ha (3.2 acres) to 1.9 ha (4.7 acres).[14] The size and shape of territories change very little throughout the season.[10]: 18 Territory is defended from other birds by fluffing tails and feathers and vocal scolding. Persistent trespassers may cause the wrens to give chase.[22]
The cactus wren is found only in the United States and Mexico. In the U.S., it is present in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In California, it is found mainly as southern coastal populations existing below 600 m (2,000 ft), but some have been found up to 950 m (3,120 ft). Nevada represents the northernmost extent of its range; it is found in the southern tip of the state and the northernmost breeding population is found in Nye County, near Tonopah. In Utah, it is found only in the extreme southwest. Its range in Arizona is widespread in the southern part of the state and along the Colorado River,[5] where it is found from sea-level up to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).[3] Populations in New Mexico exist in the south, down to along the Rio Grande and into Mexico. Its range in both New Mexico and Texas may be expanding northward. Texas cactus wrens live between sea-level and 1,800 m (5,900 ft) throughout the Texas Panhandle, Central Texas, and as far east as Travis County. In Mexico, it is found in Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Hidalgo, and throughout Baja California.[5] On the Central Mexican plateau and in New Mexico, it is found up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[3] Populations may be expanding their range in Baja California, but they are not found in the mountains or interior of Baja.[5]
Cactus wrens generally feed and live in pairs,[23] or in family groups from late spring through winter.[14] Flocks of cactus wrens have been reported, but seem to be extremely rare. Flocking has been observed only in areas of abundant forage and does not last longer than a few hours.[10]: 18–19 As ground feeders, they spend much of their time on the ground and are not strong fliers, with any flights being somewhat erratic – switching between rapid wing flapping and gliding.[22]
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Cactus wrens form permanent pair bonds, and the pairs defend a territory where they live year-round.[14] There is a distinctive greeting ceremony between pair members, where they spread their wings and tails and give a harsh call.[23] The same motions are used as a breeding display, but with a non-ritualized duet call.[14] Since males and females are identical, birds recognize members of the opposite sex not by size or color but by behavioral differences. Males are more aggressive and are more frequent singers.[10]: 34 Mating displays begin with a growl-like noise, and end in gentle pecking.[22] Displays are much shorter than in most bird species, lasting only two to three seconds.[10]: 35 Mating season begins in late February and runs through March.[24]
Nests are built in cacti (commonly cholla, prickly pear, and saguaro), thorny desert trees, or yucca.[23] Where available, jumping cholla is overwhelmingly preferred.[5][10]: 22 Nests average about 1 m (3.3 ft) off the ground,[14] and are usually less than 3.0 m (10 ft) off the ground, but have been recorded as high as 9.1 m (30 ft). Nests are prolate spheroidal – the size and shape of an American football or rugby ball – when possible, and are pouchlike in nature. The exact shape and size of nests varies depending on the surroundings; nests are generally loose, bulky and globose, and adapted to fit the nest site. The exterior is constructed of grass, twigs, feathers, weeds and other light detritus, while it is lined with feathers and down – which may come from cactus wrens or other species.[20][23] Nests built in urban settings use a much wider variety of materials, including many human made items such as paper, string, and lint. Chicken feathers are also used as nest lining in great quantities where available.[10]: 24 Urban materials, while easily available, make for weaker and less sturdy nests.[10]: 28 A tubelike entrance, about 15 cm (6 in) long, leads to the main nest cavity.[14] The entrance is often oriented to take advantage of the cooling effects of prevailing winds.[25] Nest building takes between one and six days, with Anderson and Anderson reporting an average time of 2.7 days.[10]: 26 The nesting pair usually focuses on nest building only for the first three hours of each morning.[22]
Multiple nests are often built. The first nest of a season may use an existing nest that has been renovated; subsequent nests will usually be built from scratch. Adult roosting nests are not usually used as breeding nests, and are less sturdily constructed.[5] While the female lays a clutch in one nest, the male will start to build a second. As soon as the first brood fledges, the female will assist in additional nest building. Once completed, a new clutch will be laid.[3] Up to six broods may be attempted in a year, but it is rare for more than three to survive.[3][20][24] One or two broods is more typical.[14]
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Egg laying occurs no sooner than 18 days after copulation, with March being the height of the laying season.[10]: 73, 76 Under favorable conditions, eggs may be laid as early as mid January,[10]: 73 but egg laying is delayed at higher elevations.[3] Heavy seasonal rainfall can extend breeding: young have been recorded in nests as late as August.[5] Cactus wrens usually lay three or four eggs (although as many as seven have been recorded) which are smooth and ovate, colored white to pale pink[3] and covered in brown speckles. Eggs are approximately 23 mm (0.91 in) × 17 mm (0.67 in) and average 3.57 g (0.126 oz) in weight. Egg laying begins about a week after nest completion, with one egg per day being laid in the morning. Incubation takes about 16 days and is done solely by females. Wrens are known to destroy the eggs and nests of other nearby birds, but do not engage in, nor suffer from, brood parasitism.[5]
Young hatch asynchronously over the course of about three days. Chicks have closed eyes and are mostly bald, with sparse patches of fuzzy white down.[5][22] They are fed (mostly insects) by both parents. Young make begging vocalizations at least as early as two days old, with the vocalizations evolving as the chicks age.[5] Chicks are dependent on their parents for the first three weeks after hatching. Nestlings open their eyes after between six and eight days, and grow feathers starting at eight days post hatching (although quills emerge as early as two days after hatching).[5] Adult feather length is reached after twenty days.[5] Nestlings reach adult weight after about 38 days, and gain independence between 30 and 50 days post-hatching.[14] The young may remain in the parent's territory for a while after fledging,[23] but will be driven off by the next breeding season. Juveniles that have not left may help take care of successive broods.[14]
The cactus wren is primarily an insectivore,[26] although it will also take seeds, fruits, nectar, and even small reptiles. They are inquisitive foragers, and will overturn leaves and other objects on the ground to find food. Though primarily ground feeders, they will also forage in larger plants.[11][23] Some individuals have learned to take insects caught in vehicle radiator grills.[3] Feeding begins in the late morning.[11] As temperatures rise, they seek out shaded areas in order to forage in cooler environments.[22] This is partly to conserve water and to thermoregulate, but also because their insect prey is more sluggish and thus easier to catch in cool temperatures.[5] The cactus wren can survive as a true xerophile, existing without any free water as it receives almost all water from its diet.[14] Eating cactus fruits is an important source of water, and individuals have been seen drinking cactus sap from wounds inflicted by Gila woodpeckers.[5] Cactus wrens also sip nectar from saguaro blossoms and eat insects trapped within, serving as pollinators in the process.[10]: 187 Parents feed young with whole insects, although they may first remove wings or legs. One study found that the average caloric need of a developing chick is about 15 medium-sized grasshoppers per day.[5]
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With freshly caught insect prey, showing the preference for ground feeding
Feeding on a saguaro cactus blossom in an urban environment
Nests built in cactus provide a degree of protection to young; yet even in a cactus, young wrens are vulnerable to predation by coachwhip snakes.[20] When threatened, young in nests were observed to try to blend in with the nest and flattened themselves against the nest walls.[5] Adults are preyed upon by coyotes, foxes, hawks, bald eagles, domestic cats, and greater roadrunners.[5][20][22] Upon detection of predators, cactus wrens will usually mob the predator and vocally scold it.[22] They may also chase ground based predators and intruders.[5] Predator alarm calls are usually a low buzz, or sometimes a staccato tek which is repeated.[3] In response to birds of prey, adults may attempt to move closer to the ground or leave calling spots.[5]
Cactus wrens can live at least five years in the wild,[10]: 152 but average lifespan is two years for males and 1.3 years for females.[5] Year-over-year decline is high, often a result of predation. Roughly one-third of clutches laid each year are lost. Fledglings are most vulnerable to predation, and adult wrens may occasionally fail to lead all fledglings back to roosting spots. Fledglings left outside of roosts overnight face greatly increased predation. The main cause of death in fledglings seems to be starvation due to lack of foraging experience.[10]: 195
Numerous parasites affect the cactus wren. A study of Californian cactus wrens showed that a common parasite is Avifilaris (a type of microfilaria parasitic worm), which are spread by biting insects. Little is known about the life cycle of the worms, beyond that they are not transmissible to humans. Leucocytozoon species also affect the wren, although the prevalence and effects are not well known. The same study found that Neoschoengastia americana, the turkey chigger, affects birds during late summer and early fall. The tiny biting insects cause skin lesions, but may not cause harm to their host except in large numbers.[27]
Cactus wrens share a similar range to the curve-billed thrasher, as well as the jumping cholla, a favored plant for both species to nest in. Because of this, interspecific conflict is frequent. Fights over food are rare, but fights to protect fledglings are heated. They will vigorously work to destroy each other's nests, although typically only roosting nests, not breeding nests, are destroyed. Despite this, broods of curve-billeds and cactus wrens may still be concurrently and successfully raised even feet away from each other. Anderson and Anderson noted a minimum nest distance of a highly unusual 20 centimetres (6 in) (neither nest was destroyed by the other throughout an entire season), although average interspecific nest distances were well over 30 metres (100 ft). Nest destruction is almost always unsuccessful, and less intense, during breeding times, as both species adamantly defend their own nests. Once mating season wanes and fledglings emerge, competition becomes more fierce.[10]: 168–187
Juvenile on a sidewalk
Any high perch, not just cacti, can serve as respite from ground-based predators.
The cactus wren is the state bird of Arizona, so designated on 16 March 1931 by the Arizona State Legislature in House Bill 128.[12][28] The bill specifically designates the subspecies C. b. couesi as the state bird, and refers to the bird as both the "Cactus Wren" and "Coues' Cactus Wren".[10]: 1 The subspecies' namesake, Elliot Coues, served as a surgeon at Fort Whipple in Arizona from 1864 until at least 1871, and again in 1880, and was involved in nature surveys of the Arizona Territory.[29]
The cactus wren is abundant in most of its native range, although its numbers may be declining in Texas and southern California.[23] The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies its population as "decreasing", but ranks the species's conservation status as least concern.[1] Current population estimates put the species at about seven million individuals, with slightly more than half in Mexico, and the balance in the United States. Populations declined by 55% between 1966 and 2015.[22] This decline was not consistent across the range: U.S. populations decreased more than Mexican ones, but locally – such as in Nevada, New Mexico, and the Chihuahuan desert – populations have increased. Populations in Texas have faced the steepest declines, followed by Arizona and California.[5]
Coastal populations in southern California face threats due to habitat loss as a result of suburban development. Populations have been highly fragmented due to urbanization, which may lead to genetic differentiation among isolated populations and could threaten overall species viability. Similar species (such as the wrentit and Bewick's wren) that nest in coastal sage scrub (the preferred nesting habitat of coastal cactus wrens) have faced high levels of local extinction.[14][30] California subspecies C. b. sandiegensis was petitioned to be listed as federally endangered in 1990, but was not due to taxonomic disputes as to whether C. b. sandiegensis was actually distinct from the rest of the cactus wren population. C. b. sandiegensis is, however, listed as a "California Species of Special Concern".[5]
Across the cactus wren's range, habitat fragmentation is a major problem. Urban populations have faced especially steep declines. Habitat degradation at the edge of the habitat/urban interface has led to general population loss. Study has shown that fire has a large impact on cactus wrens due to their territoriality, with populations persisting only in unburned pockets. These issues are compounded by the apparently poor ability of the cactus wren to disperse: each subsequent generation will usually not travel far to establish a territory. Most young once chased out of their parents' territory, will generally establish their new territory directly adjacent to that of their parents. Other issues include invasive grasses, which take up valuable foraging space, as the wren forages in mostly open areas. Domestic cats also take a high proportion of birds in urban settings.[5] Despite the threats it faces, the cactus wren has proved adaptable, especially to human modifications. It can survive in degraded environments as long as suitable nesting habitat, such as spiny cactus, remains.[3]
The cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) is a species of wren that is endemic to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern and central Mexico. It is the state bird of Arizona, and the largest wren in the United States. Its plumage is brown, with black and white spots as markings. It has a distinctive white eyebrow that sweeps to the nape of the neck. The chest is white, whereas the underparts are cinnamon-buff colored. Both sexes appear similar. The tail, as well as flight feathers, are barred in black and white. Their song is a loud raspy chirrup; akin in the description of some ornithologists to the sound of a car engine that will not start. It is well-adapted to its native desert environment, and the birds can meet their water needs from their diet which consists chiefly of insects, but also of some plant matter. The cactus wren is a poor flier and generally forages for food on the ground. Ornithologists generally recognize seven subspecies, with the exact taxonomy under dispute.
Its common name derives from their frequenting desert cactus plants such as the saguaro and cholla, building nests, roosting, and seeking protection from predators among them. Its bulky and globular nests are constructed of plant material and lined with feathers. They do not migrate; instead, they establish and defend the territories around their nests where they live all year-round. It lives in pairs, or as family groups from late spring through winter. Pairing among cactus wrens is monogamous; in each breeding season, the males chiefly build nests, the females incubate eggs, and both parents feed the young.
Populations have declined as the species faces threats related to human activities and habitat loss, although the species remains abundant. Habitat fragmentation and fire have been of particular concern, as the cactus wren is slow to disperse into new habitats. Introduced species have also hurt populations. Feral cats hunt many birds in urban settings, and invasive grasses take up valuable foraging space, reducing habitat size. Despite these threats, the cactus wren has proved adaptable. Cactus wrens have learned to coexist with humans effectively, using human materials and structures for nesting, and even learning to take insects from vehicle radiator grilles. The population still numbers in the millions, leading the International Union for Conservation of Nature to consider the cactus wren a species of least concern.
La Kaktokampilorinko aŭ Kaktotroglodito (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko, sed la plej granda ene de tiu familio ĉar ĝi estas 18–23 cm longa.
Malkiel la plej etaj trogloditoj, la Kaktokampilorinko estas facile vidata. Ili havas la laŭtan voĉon karakteran de trogloditoj. La Kaktokampilorinko estas multe malpli timida ol plejparto de la familio.
Ĝi estas 18 al 23 cm longa kun enverguro de 27–28 cm kaj pezo de 32-47 gr. Ties tre markita blanka superokula strio, bruna krono, striitaj flugiloj kaj vosto, kaj punktitaj vostoplumoj faciligas ties identigon. Estas malmulta seksa dimorfismo. Kiel plej parto de birdoj de tiu genro, ĝi havas iome kurbecan bekon kaj ĝenerale estas brunaj supre kaj pli helaj sube, sed la kontrasto ne estas tiom markita kiom ĉe plej parto de aliaj samgenranoj.
Pli precize la kapo montras la tipan bildon sed kun tre ĉokoladbruna kaj senmarka krono, de kie venas la nomo de la specio en la latina scienca nomo, ĉar brunneicapillus signifas pli malpli “kun bruna krono”) kaj tre larĝa kaj blanka superokula strio kiu atingas la nukon; sub tiu la vizaĝo estas blankeca sed ege markita de nigraj punktoj kiuj en la gorĝo estas amaso kaj faras ĝin nigra zono (tamen la mentono estas blanka). Ankaŭ en la ŝultroj estas kombino de nigraj kaj blankaj punktoj kaj la dorso estas ĉokoladbruna kiel la krono sed montrante blankajn vertikalajn striojn fajne borditajn je nigro. La flugilplumoj montras nigrajn kaj blankajn striojn kiel la longa vosto. La subaj partoj estas flavecaj en brusto kaj pli markite helbrunaj aŭ rufbrunaj ventre; la amaso da nigraj punktoj de la gorĝo kaj supra brusto ŝajnas elpluvi sur la suba brusto kaj iĝas linioj de amkuletoj en la ventro kie plie kontrastas kun la ĝenerala rufa koloro.
La iriso estas malhelruĝecbruna, la beko nigreca sed kun pala bazo ĉe la malsupra makzelo. La gamboj estas brunaj aun brunrozecaj.
Junuloj diferenciĝas pro ne tiom imponaj brustaj markoj kaj neesto de blankaj strioj ĉe nuko kaj dorso. Ĝenerale estas pli senkoloraj. La iriso estas grizbruna.
La kanto estas serio de akraj notoj 'jar jar jar' kiu faras dekduo da silaboj pli energiaj kaj pli laŭtaj fine. La alarmo estas bastona zumado, kaj rapida 'tek' ripetita. La krio de rekono estas plendeca. Dum teritoriaj luktoj sonas raŭkaj notoj.
La Kaktokampilorinko manĝas ĉefe insektojn, inklude formikojn, skarabojn, lokustojn kaj vespojn. Eventuale ĝi manĝas ankaŭ semojn kaj fruktojn. Temas pri specio aktive manĝanta. La Kaktokampilorinko serĉas manĝaĵojn sub folioj kaj grunda restaĵaro kaj forturnas objektojn (foje tre grandajn) serĉe de insektoj, krom manĝi en la foliaro kaj branĉaro de la pli granda vegetaĵalaro. Plialtigo de temperaturoj kaŭzas ŝanĝon en la manĝokutimo al pli freŝaj mikroklimatoj, kaj la aktiveco malrapidas dum varmaj tagmezaj temperaturoj. Preskaŭ ĉiu akvo estas akirita el manĝaĵo kaj malofte la specio trinkas eĉ se estas akvo (Udvardy 1994; Ricklefs 1968; McCarthey 2000).
Temas pri bruema kaj memmontrema birdo, kuraĝa kaj maltimida. Ili foje kuregas inter kaktoj. La flugo estas malalta, rekta kaj mallonga. Ili agitas ofte la voston, sed ne levas ĝin kiel faras aliaj trogloditoj. Ili banas sin sursable sed rare en akvo. La kanto estas ofte elsendata el elstara ripozejo kiel kaktopinto, aŭ en urba medio, de telefofosto, stratolampo aŭ eĉ pinto de konstruaĵo.
La Kaktokampilorinko formas konstantajn parojn, kiuj defendas la teritorion kie ili loĝas la tutan jaron. Ili nestumas en diversaj specioj de kaktoj kaj depende de la specio ili estas je 1 al 2 m, je 2 ĝis 3,70 m kaj ĉe saguaroj ĝis 6 m. Plej rare ili uzas truojn en subtegmentoj de konstruaĵoj. Temas pri grandaj nestoj kun mallarĝa koridoro kiu enfluas en granda reprodukta ĉambro. Tiuj estas konstruitaj el sekaj herberoj kaj aliaj fibroj kaj kovritaj per plumoj.
En malaltaj lokoj de Arizono la reproduktado komencas jam januare sed en pli altaj altitudoj ĝis en marto aŭ eĉ aprilo. Okazas ĝis 6 klopodoj de ovodemetadoj sed fakte okazas ĝis 3. La ino demetas el 2 al 7 ovojn, sed plej ofte 3 al 5. La ovoj estas rozeckoloraj kun brunaj makuletoj. La ino kovas la ovojn dum 16 tagoj. Eloviĝo okazas laŭvice dum 2 aŭ 3 tagoj. La gepatroj manĝigas la idojn nur per insektoj kaj elnestiĝo okazas post 21 tagoj. La maskloj ekkonstruas duan neston kiam la ino ekkovas. Kiam la unua reproduktado finas, la ino zorgas la finkonstruadon kaj ovodemetas duafoje. Tiu specio ne ĝuas helpan zorgon de parencoj, kiel okazas ĉe aliaj specioj de trogloditedoj.
Krome tiu specio konstruas neston por ripozi kaj protektiĝi kontraŭ eventualaj predantoj la tutan jaron, solece se temas pli aĝulo kaj grupe se temas pri junuloj.
La Kaktokampilorinko estas indiĝena de sudokcidenta Usono suden al centra Meksiko. Ĝi estas birdo de aridaj regionoj, kaj ĝi troviĝas ofte ĉe juko, prozopo aŭ saguaro; ili nestumas en kaktoj, foje en truo de saguaro, foje kie ties nesto estu protektita de la pikegaj kaktodornoj de cilindropunktoj aŭ folioj de jukp. Ili manĝas ĉefe insektojn, kvankam eventuale ili manĝas semojn aŭ fruktojn. Ili rare trinkas akvon, kaj akiras sian humidecon el la manĝo.
Ili estas loĝantaj birdoj en duondezertoj kun diversaj tipoj de flaŭro. Ili loĝas el marnivelo ĝis 1400 m en Arizono kaj ne tiom komune ĝis 2000 m en Nova-Meksikio kaj ĉe la meksika ebenaĵo. Ili nepre bezonas dornajn kaktojn por nestumi. Ili ne loĝas en arbustejoj kie ne estas kaktoj kaj de tia nepro devenas la nomo de Kaktokampilorinko. Ili adaptiĝas al urbaj aŭ ĉeurbaj medioj kaj degraditaj habitatoj kiel ŝtonminejoj aŭ restaĵejoj, se restas almenaŭ kelkaj kaktoj
La Kaktokampilorinko estas endemia de sudokcidenta Usono kaj norda Meksiko. Pli precize en suda kaj sudorienta Arizono, suda Nevado, suda Nova-Meksiko kaj Teksaso. Same ili estas en tuta Baja California, okcidenta marbordo de Meksikio ĝis Culiacán. En la meksika ebenaĵo, ili estas el rivero Río Grande ĝis Meksiko. Ili estas komunaj en plej parto de sia areo.
Ĝi estas la ŝtata birdo de Arizona.
La Kaktokampilorinko aŭ Kaktotroglodito (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko, sed la plej granda ene de tiu familio ĉar ĝi estas 18–23 cm longa.
El cucarachero desértico (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)[3] también conocido como matraca del desierto, matraca desértica o ratona desértica,[4] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae nativa del suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México. Es el ave estatal de Arizona.[5]
Es un ave de regiones áridas y puede ser encontrada a menudo en torno a plantas de yucca, mezquite o saguaro. Anida en un cactus o algunas veces en el agujero de un saguaro, su nido estará protegido por espinas de cactus, una choya o las hojas de una yuca.
Se reconocen 8 subespecies:[2]
El cucarachero desértico (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) también conocido como matraca del desierto, matraca desértica o ratona desértica, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae nativa del suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México. Es el ave estatal de Arizona.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Campylorhynchus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Campylorhynchus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.
Kaktuspeukaloinen (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) on Pohjois-Amerikan kuivilla alueilla tavattava peukaloisiin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Kaktuspeukaloinen on kooltaan noin 18–22 cm. Laji on heimonsa kookkamipia edustajia ja suurin Yhdysvalloissa tavattavista peukaloisista.[3] Kaktuspeukaloisen päälaki on tumman ruskea. Selkä on pojaväriltään harmahtavan ruskea ja hyvin voimakkaasti mustan ja valkoisen pilkulliset. Päässä on valkoinen silmäkulvajuova. Linnun nokka on pitkä ja hieman kaartuva. Kurkku ja rinta ovat valkoiset ja selkeästi mustapilkulliset. Pilkut eivät erotu aivan yhtä selkeästi vatsassa, joka on väriltään kellertävän ruskea. Tummissa siivissä ja pyrstössä on valkoisia juovia.[4]
Kaktuspeukaloista levinneisyysalue ulottuu Yhdysvaltain lounaisosista Meksikon keskiosiin. Lajin elinympäristöä ovat kuivat aavikot, joilla kasvaa kaktuksia ja muita mehikasveja sekä jukkapalmuja, Prosopis-suvun puita. Lisäksi lintua tavataan avointa piikkipensaikkoa kasvavilta seuduilta. Laji on sopeutunut myös hyvin kaupunkiympäristöön, kunhan alkuperäistä aavikkokasvillisuutta on lähettyvillä.[4][5]
Kaktuspeukaloinen käyttää ravinnokseen pääasiassa hyönteisiä ja muita niveljalkaisia, mutta syö myös hedelmiä ja siemeniä. Ravintoaan lintu etsii matalista puista tai maasta. Kaktuspeukaloiset ruokailevat usein pareittain tai pieninä ryhminä.[5]
Kaktuspeukaloisten pesimäkausi kestää maaliskuulta heinäkuulle. Pesimäkauden aikana samalla parilla voi pesiää useaan kertaan. Pesä rakennetaan kaktuksen tai pensaikon suojiin.[6] Koiraat voivat rakentaa useita pesämäisiä rakennelmia, joita voidaan käyttää toisen pesueen pesänä tai nukkumispaikkana.[4] Naaras munii neljästä seitsemään vaaleanpunertavaa pilkullista munaa.[6]
Kaktuspeukaloinen (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) on Pohjois-Amerikan kuivilla alueilla tavattava peukaloisiin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Le Troglodyte des cactus (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Troglodytidae. Il s'agit de l'oiseau national de l'État d'Arizona[1].
Avec ses 18 à 22 cm de longueur, il est le plus grand des Troglodytidae nord-américain[2].
Le Troglodyte des cactus a une calotte brune, barrée d'une longue bande blanche qui s'étire du bec à la nuque, en passant au-dessus de l'œil. Le dessus du corps est brun strié de blanc, le dessous est plus clair. Au niveau des ailes et de la queue, ces stries sont disposées de façon à réaliser des rayures blanches transversales. La poitrine est crème, parsemée de points bruns ; les points sont très nombreux sur la gorge et le haut de la poitrine. Le ventre est plus roux et ne présente que quelques points bruns.
Le Troglodyte des cactus batit des nids dortoirs, qui ne sont pas uniquement destinés à la nidification mais aussi au repos, ou qui servent d'abri lorsqu'il pleut[2].
Le Troglodyte des cactus cherche sa nourriture au sol, fouillant méthodiquement la litière à la recherche d'invertébrés.
Cris et chants sont graves et rauques, et répétitifs.
Il vit dans les déserts (désert de Chihuahua, désert de Sonora, désert des Mojaves) et sur les flancs de collines arides, couverts de buissons de mesquites et de touffes de yuccas.
Son aire de répartition s'étend du sud-ouest des États-Unis jusqu'au centre du Mexique.
D'après Alan P. Peterson, 7 sous-espèces ont été décrites :
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Nid dans un Cylindropuntia fulgida
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Le Troglodyte des cactus (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Troglodytidae. Il s'agit de l'oiseau national de l'État d'Arizona.
De cactuswinterkoning (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) is een vogel uit de familie der winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).
Het verenkleed van deze vogel is aan de onderzijde zandkleurig met donkerbruine vlekken, aan de bovenzijde donkerbruin met lichte strepen. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 20 cm.
Zijn voedsel bestaat uit insecten en andere ongewervelde diertjes.
Het bolvormig nest heeft een tunnelingang aan de zijkant en is gebouwd in een cactus of doornstruik. Daarin legt het vrouwtje 2 tot 10 gespikkelde, witte eieren.
Deze soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika, van Nevada tot Mexico in dorre en droge streken en telt 7 ondersoorten:
De cactuswinterkoning (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) is een vogel uit de familie der winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Strzyż kaktusowy, brunatniczek kroplisty[4] (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny strzyżyków (Troglodytidae).
Strzyż kaktusowy, brunatniczek kroplisty (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny strzyżyków (Troglodytidae).
Systematyka Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków C. brunneicapillus: Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus sandiegensis – południowo-zachodnia Kalifornia (południowo-zachodnie USA) i północno-zachodnia Kalifornia Dolna (północno-zachodni Meksyk). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus bryanti – północna Kalifornia Dolna (północno-zachodni Meksyk). strzyż kalifornijski (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus affinis) – południowa Kalifornia Dolna (północno-zachodni Meksyk). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus seri – Tiburón (Zatoka Kalifornijska). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus couesi – niziny południowo-zachodniego i południowo-środkowego USA i północny Meksyk. strzyż kaktusowy (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus brunneicapillus) – Sonora do Sinaloy (północno-zachodni Meksyk), zwany także brunatniczkiem kroplistym. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus guttatus – środkowy Meksyk. Morfologia i tryb życia Długość ciała 18–22 cm. Czapeczka rdzawobrązowa; brew biała. Pióra brązowe, ciemniejsze z wierzchu, z czarno-białymi prążkami i plamkami. Obie płci są podobne. Największy strzyżyk w Ameryce Północnej, której jest endemitem. Z sylwetki podobny bardziej do przedrzeźniaczy z rodzaju Toxostoma. Żeruje na ziemi; lata powoli, gwałtownie uderzając skrzydłami. Śpiewa z wierzchołków kaktusów. Rzadko zadziera ogon. Zasięg, środowisko Osiadły na południowo-zachodnich pustyniach, szczególnie porośniętych dużymi kaktusami Opuntia cholla i Inga circinalis. Pospolity także w osiedlach pustynnych.Kaktusgärdsmyg[2] (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Kaktusgärdsmyg delas in i sju underarter med följande underarter:[3]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör kaktusgärdsmyg.
Wikispecies har information om Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.
Kaktusgärdsmyg (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.
Tiêu liêu xương rồng (danh pháp hai phần: Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Tiêu liêu. Đây là loài bản địa của phía nam phần Tây Nam Hoa Kỳ đến miền Trung Mexico.
Tiêu liêu xương rồng là loài hồng tước lớn nhất Bắc Mỹ, dài 18–23 cm. Không giống như các loài hồng tước nhỏ hơn, có thể dễ dàng bắt gặp Tiêu liêu xương rồng. Tiêu liêuxương rồng nhút nhát ít hơn nhiều hơn so với hầu hết các loài trong họ. Tiêu liêu xương rồng có viền mắt trắng, đầu màu nâu, cánh và đuôi bị cấm, và đốm lông đuôi làm cho nó dễ dàng để xác định. Giống như hầu hết các loài chim trong chi của nó, nó có một cái mỏ hơi cong. Tiêu liêu xương rồng là loài lưỡng hình giới tính.
Tiêu liêu xương rồng chủ yếu ăn côn trùng, kiến, bọ cánh cứng, châu chấu, và ong bắp cày. Thỉnh thoảng, nó nó ăn hạt, trái cây, các loài bò sát nhỏ và ếch. Việc tìm kiếm thức ăn bắt đầu vào cuối buổi sáng, Hồng tước xương rồng tìm kiếm thức ăn ở lớp lá trên mặt đất và các vật đổ trong tìm kiếm của côn trùng, cũng như thức ăn trong những tán lá và các nhánh của thảm thực vật lớn hơn. Nhiệt độ tăng lên gây ra một sự thay đổi trong hành vi tìm kiếm thức ăn của Hồng tước xương rồng và chúng hoạt động chậm lại trong nhiệt độ buổi chiều nóng nực.
Tiêu liêu xương rồng (danh pháp hai phần: Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Tiêu liêu. Đây là loài bản địa của phía nam phần Tây Nam Hoa Kỳ đến miền Trung Mexico.
В строительстве гнезда участвуют самцы и самки. Обычно оно располагается внутри цилиндропунций на высоте до трёх метров, реже в карнегиях. Колючки кактуса защищают гнездо от хищников. Гнёзда имеют сферическую форму с одним боковым входом. В качестве гнездового материала используются сухие веточки, увядшая трава, перья и шерсть животных.
Самка откладывает три-четыре яйца, высиживает их в одиночку. Яйца от беловатого до бледно-розового цвета с небольшими коричневыми точками. Инкубационный период составляет 16 дней. Для яиц и птенцов опасность представляют хищники, особенно ужеобразные. После вылупления птенцов выкармливают оба родителя. Через 19—23 дней птенцы покидают гнездо[8].
В строительстве гнезда участвуют самцы и самки. Обычно оно располагается внутри цилиндропунций на высоте до трёх метров, реже в карнегиях. Колючки кактуса защищают гнездо от хищников. Гнёзда имеют сферическую форму с одним боковым входом. В качестве гнездового материала используются сухие веточки, увядшая трава, перья и шерсть животных.
Самка откладывает три-четыре яйца, высиживает их в одиночку. Яйца от беловатого до бледно-розового цвета с небольшими коричневыми точками. Инкубационный период составляет 16 дней. Для яиц и птенцов опасность представляют хищники, особенно ужеобразные. После вылупления птенцов выкармливают оба родителя. Через 19—23 дней птенцы покидают гнездо.
棕曲嘴鷦鷯（英语：Cactus wren，學名：Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus）是曲嘴鷦鷯屬下的一種鳥類，原產於美國西南部到墨西哥中部的地區內，是亞利桑那州的州鳥。它是一種大型的鷦鷯，體長在18～23厘米（7.1～9.1英寸）間，沒有明顯的兩性異形特征。
棕曲嘴鷦鷯（英语：Cactus wren，學名：Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus）是曲嘴鷦鷯屬下的一種鳥類，原產於美國西南部到墨西哥中部的地區內，是亞利桑那州的州鳥。它是一種大型的鷦鷯，體長在18～23厘米（7.1～9.1英寸）間，沒有明顯的兩性異形特征。
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 科 : ミソサザイ科 Troglodytidae 属 : サボテンミソサザイ属 Campylorhynchus 種 : サボテンミソサザイ サボテンミソサザイ（学名：Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus）は、スズメ目ミソサザイ科に分類される鳥類の一種。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。 
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