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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10.3 years (wild)
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Life Expectancy

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The oldest fox sparrow recovered at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center was in 9 years and 8 months old.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
9.6 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
124 months.

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Fox sparrows have a voice that is thought to be one of the finest among sparrows. The song is generally presented while the sparrow sits on the top of a bush or on a low branch in a tree. The male usually sings in a concealed area in the territory around its nest. Fox sparrows sing very often during breeding season, but keep themselves hidden at the same time. A distinctive song is one that is used when the bird is alarmed. It is commonly heard when fox sparrows are in some way disturbed near their nest. Singing is occasional, but not common, in the winter.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Fox sparrows are protected under the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act. They are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction as a result of logging operations.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse affects of Paserella iliaca on humans.

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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While fox sparrows do not play a large economically important role, they are important in the bird watching community.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Fox sparrows act as predators of insects, spiders, millipedes and small snails and are important prey for their predators. It is also interesting to note that fox sparrows are occasionally parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Fox sparrows are omnivorous. They forage on the ground by double scratching and quickly kicking backwards with both feet simultaneously. They dig holes in the leaf litter and ground, which allows them to reach buried seeds or insects. They look for weed seeds, blueberries, other wild fruit and especially Polygonum (knotweed). They also look for spiders (Araneae), insects, millipedes (Diplopoda), and small snails (class Gastropoda). Nestlings are fed primarily insects.

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Fox sparrows, Passerella iliaca, are found in much of northern and western North America. In the summer during their breeding season, they are found across northern Canada and Alaska, and also south through parts of western North America. During the winter they migrate towards the Pacific coast, from southern British Columbia and south to northern Baja California. They also extend across the southern area of the United States, from northern Mexico to Illinois and Connecticut.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Fox sparrows commonly breed in coniferous or mixed forests, which have dense undergrowth and shrub. They also breed in woodland thickets, scrub, chaparral, and riparian woodland. During the winter months, fox sparrows are commonly found in forests, forest edges, woodlots, and other woodland habitats that have dense undergrowth.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: chaparral ; forest ; scrub forest ; mountains

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Fox sparrows are one of the largest of sparrows, measuring from 15 to 19 cm in length, and weighing from 26.9 to 49.0 grams. Their wingspan is typically from 26.67 to 29.85 cm and their basal metabolic rate is 66.9 cm^ oxygen per hour, on average. Fox sparrows are divided into 18 different races, all of which are large, but each looks slightly different. All fox sparrows also have a long tail and a bi-colored dark and pale yellow bill. They also have dark brown streaks on their breasts that meet at one common point. The 18 races are divided into three larger groups, including the northern and eastern birds, the southern Rocky Mountain and Sierra birds, and the northern Pacific coast birds. The eastern and northern races have a grayish head that is streaked with rust, and a red or rust rump and tail. They also have a blotchy white breast. The southern Rocky Mountain and Sierra group has a solid gray head, and also has a rust colored rump and tail. Finally, the northern Pacific coast group is very uniform and dark brown in color. Within each of the races, the individuals show no significant differences in coloration between males and females. The males are slightly larger than the females. Juvenile fox sparrows are very similar to the adults in appearance, however the upper-parts are slightly duller and the streaks on the breast are smaller and narrower.

Range mass: 26.9 to 49 g.

Average mass: 36.9 g.

Range length: 15 to 19 cm.

Range wingspan: 26.67 to 29.85 cm.

Average basal metabolic rate: 66.9 cm3.O2/g/hr.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Because their nests are placed on the ground, fox sparrows face predation by hawks (family Accipitridae), mammalian carnivores (order Carnivora), and possibly snakes (suborder Serpentes). In order to protect their young when there is a predator, adults give a broken wing display. During the display the adult limps around with one wing up, acting as if it was broken, and calls sharply. Once the predator is distracted, the adult flies back to the nest and young.

Known Predators:

  • hawks (Accipitridae)
  • mammalian carnivores (Carnivora)
  • snakes (Serpentes)
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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Untitled

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Fox sparrows are also referred to as ferruginous finches, foxy finches, fox-colored sparrows, and fox tails. They get their common name from the red or rusty color of their feathers.

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Fox sparrows tend to be monogamous and solitary while breeding. The male usually sings in the general area of the nest, while keeping himself hidden. The sounds created are identified as call-notes, and they have not been shown to be a way to attract females, but rather are a song as a protest against intrusion into the territory by other males. These typically shy birds only become defensive when their nest territory is invaded by other birds.

Mating System: monogamous

Fox sparrows may breed up to two times a year. The breeding season is from mid-May to July. The number of eggs laid per clutch ranges from 3 to 5. The eggs are pale blue to pale green with thick brown spots. The nests of fox sparrows are typically on the ground or in very low branches. They are typically no more than 7 feet above ground. The nests are made out of twigs, dried grass, stems, and bark. The cup shaped nest is lined with grass, animal hair and feathers. It takes from 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch; incubation is done mostly by females. The young are typically tended to and fed by both parents. The young fox sparrows fledge in 9 to 10 days after hatching. While there was no specific information on time to independence for this species, the time to independence for sparrows in general is about 10 days. On average, both sexes of fox sparrows reach reproductive maturity when they are about 1 year old.

Breeding interval: Fox Sparrows may breed up to two times a year.

Breeding season: Fox Sparrows breed from mid-May to July

Range eggs per season: 3 to 5.

Range time to hatching: 12 to 14 days.

Range fledging age: 9 to 10 days.

Average time to independence: 10 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

Average birth mass: 2.7 g.

Average eggs per season: 4.

Fox sparrows are altricial. The eggs hatch after about 12 to 14 days (females do most of the incubation), and the young fledge about 9 to 10 days later. Fox sparrows are tended to by both parents. They provide food (mainly insects) and protection. While there was no specific information on time to independence for this species, the time to independence for sparrows in general is about 10 days. Both parents will use the broken-wing display to protect their young from predators.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Kilgore, S. 2004. "Passerella iliaca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html
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Sherrill Kilgore, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Passerella iliaca

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

A large (6 ¾ -7 ½ inches) bunting, the Fox Sparrow is most easily identified by its reddish-brown back, streaked breast, and gray face. Other field marks include a large conical bill, long tail, and white throat patch. Male and female Fox Sparrows are similar in all seasons. The Fox Sparrow breeds across Alaska and central Canada. In the west, this species’ range extends south at higher elevations into the United States as far south as southern California. In winter, this species migrates south to the Pacific coast from Washington south to Baja California, the eastern U.S., and parts of the desert southwest. Fox Sparrows breed in a variety of thick shrubby woodland habitats, particularly those with low willow, fir, and spruce bushes. During the winter, this species may be found in thickets in shrub lands and along woodland edges. Fox Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, adding seeds and grains to their diets during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Fox Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on the ground below shrubs and small trees. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistles and trills that is softer and more fluid than that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Fox Sparrows are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Passerella iliaca

provided by EOL authors

A large (6 ¾ -7 ½ inches) bunting, the Fox Sparrow is most easily identified by its reddish-brown back, streaked breast, and gray face. Other field marks include a large conical bill, long tail, and white throat patch. Male and female Fox Sparrows are similar in all seasons. The Fox Sparrow breeds across Alaska and central Canada. In the west, this species’ range extends south at higher elevations into the United States as far south as southern California. In winter, this species migrates south to the Pacific coast from Washington south to Baja California, the eastern U.S., and parts of the desert southwest. Fox Sparrows breed in a variety of thick shrubby woodland habitats, particularly those with low willow, fir, and spruce bushes. During the winter, this species may be found in thickets in shrub lands and along woodland edges. Fox Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, adding seeds and grains to their diets during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Fox Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on the ground below shrubs and small trees. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistles and trills that is softer and more fluid than that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Fox Sparrows are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

References

  • Weckstein, Jason D., Donald E. Kroodsma and Robert C. Faucett. 2002. Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/715
  • eBird Range Map - Fox Sparrow. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Passerella iliaca. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Red Fox-sparrow (Passerella iliaca). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Passerella iliaca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerella iliaca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Passerella iliaca (Merrem)

The fox sparrow is infrequently reported as a cowbird victim. To the single previous record for the subspecies P. iliaca monoensis (Friedmann, 1963:167) as a victim of the brown-headed cowbird, may be added 2 more from Mono County, California, now in the collections of the Western Foundation.

A first instance of cowbird parasitism on the race P. iliaca stephensi was found by E. M. Hall at Barton Flat, San Bernardino County, California, on 21 July 1973, a late breeding date. In this case the cowbird egg was found at one side of the nest and possibly was not being incubated by the sparrow.

LINCOLN'S SPARROW
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Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235

Passerella iliaca ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Passerella iliaca ye un ave emberízida migratoria d'América del Norte. Componer de cuatro subespecies non siempres identificables nel campu, que dellos científicos alcen a rangu d'especies.

Descripción

Ye un miembru relativamente grande dientro de la so familia, algamando un llargor d'hasta 18 cm los adultos. D'alcuerdu a la subespecie, pue ser café escuro, gris o acoloratáu. Les partes ventrales tán bien rayaes, y el pechu, claro, estremar por tener rayes en forma de V invertida, que s'arrexunten formando un llurdiu grande nel centru del pechu.

Forrajean tascando nel suelu, lo que los fai vulnerables a gatos y otru depredadores, anque la Unión Internacional pal Caltenimientu de la Naturaleza considerar una especie abondosa. Aliméntase de granes ya inseutos principalmente, anque tamién de dellos frutos pequeños y les poblaciones costeñas tamién pueden alimentase de pequeños crustáceos.

En dómina reproductiva habita principalmente'l sotobosque de bosque de coníferes; tamién en vexetación montana y en marismes. Distribuyir na mayor parte d'Alaska (sacante l'estremu norte), na parte central de Canadá de mariña a mariña y nel oeste de los Estaos Xuníos. Nel iviernu migra al suroeste d'Estaos Xuníos, y algama l'estremu norte de la Península de Baxa California, cuando habita chaparrales, montes y xardinos urbanos.

El cantar del machu ye musical, compuestu de dos notes clares y una tercera esnidiosa. Añeren nun llugar protexíu, yá seya nel suelu, nun parrotal o sobre les cañes d'un árbol.

Sistemática

 src=
P. i. unalaschensis.

Estrémense cuatro subespecies, que pueden atopase xuntes na so área d'invernación:

  • P. iliaca iliaca (subespecie acoloratada). Tien el plumaxe más brillosu; distribúise dende Alaska hasta Terranova y Llabrador, en Canadá.
  • P. i. unalaschcensis (subespecie escura). De color pardu opacu con partes ventrales clares. Habita na mariña, dende les Aleutianas y el sur d'Alaska hasta l'estremu noroccidental de Washington (Estaos Xuníos).
  • P. i. schistacea (subespecie pizarrosa). De picu pequeñu y mariellu con cabeza y llombu gris, nales pardes, pechu blancu con rayes pardes y cola acoloratada. Montes Predresos.
  • P. i. megarhyncha (subespecie de picu grande). Plumaxe casi idénticu a la subespecie pizarrosa, pero con más gris azuláu na cabeza y la cola menos acoloratada. Picu bien llargu, hasta 3 vegaes mayor que la de la subespecie pizarrosa, y amás de color azuláu. Sierra Nevada (Estaos Xuníos).

Notes

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Passerella iliaca: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Passerella iliaca Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Passerella iliaca ye un ave emberízida migratoria d'América del Norte. Componer de cuatro subespecies non siempres identificables nel campu, que dellos científicos alcen a rangu d'especies.

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Brean gellrous ( Breton )

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Ar brean gellrous (liester : breaned gellrous)[1] a zo ur spesad golvaneged, Passerella iliaca an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Anvet e voe Fringilla iliaca (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1786)[2] gant ar bevoniour alaman Blasius Merrem (1761-1824).

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Ur brean gellrous.


Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar artropoded a bep seurt[3].

Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaver an daou isspesad[4] anezhañ e Norzhamerika :

  • Passerella iliaca iliaca, e kreiz ha reter Kanada,
  • P. i. zaboria, e gwalarn ha kreiz Alaska, kornôg Kanada.

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù



Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Brean gellrous: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar brean gellrous (liester : breaned gellrous) a zo ur spesad golvaneged, Passerella iliaca an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Anvet e voe Fringilla iliaca (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1786) gant ar bevoniour alaman Blasius Merrem (1761-1824).

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Pardal guineuer ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El pardal guineuer (Passerella iliaca) és un ocell de la família dels emberízids (Emberizidae) i única espècie del gènere Passerella. Habita el pis inferior dels boscos i zones arbustives d'Amèrica del Nord, criant en Alaska, Canadà i oest dels Estats Units, i arribant en estiu fins al nord de Mèxic.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pardal guineuer Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Pardal guineuer: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El pardal guineuer (Passerella iliaca) és un ocell de la família dels emberízids (Emberizidae) i única espècie del gènere Passerella. Habita el pis inferior dels boscos i zones arbustives d'Amèrica del Nord, criant en Alaska, Canadà i oest dels Estats Units, i arribant en estiu fins al nord de Mèxic.

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Bras mawr ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras mawr (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision mawr) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Passerella iliaca; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Fox sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. iliaca, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r bras mawr yn perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bras Brewer Spizella breweri Bras coed Spizella arborea
Spizella-arborea-002 edit2.jpg
Bras llwydaidd Spizella pallida
Spizella pallida4 edit.jpg
Bras meysydd Spizella pusilla
FieldSparrow23.jpg
Bras Pigddu Spizella passerina
Spizella-passerina-015 edit.jpg
Bras Worthen Spizella wortheni Bras yr Eira Plectrophenax nivalis
Plectrophenax nivalis1.jpg
Cardinal cribgoch Paroaria coronata
Bird Dario Niz (5).jpg
Cardinal pigfelyn Paroaria capitata
Yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata).JPG
Pila mynydd Periw Phrygilus punensis
Phrygilus punensis -near Cusco, Peru-8.jpg
Pila telorus bronwinau Poospiza thoracica
Poospiza thoracica Bay-chested Warbling-finch.jpg
Pila telorus llygatddu’r Dwyrain Poospiza nigrorufa
Poospiza nigrorufa siete vestidos (2).jpg
Pila telorus tingoch Poospiza lateralis
Microspingus (Poospiza) lateralis - Buff-throated warbling-finch; Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg
Pila unlliw Haplospiza unicolor
Haplospiza unicolor -Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Sao Paulo, Brazil -male-8.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Bras mawr: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras mawr (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision mawr) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Passerella iliaca; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Fox sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. iliaca, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Fuchsammer ( German )

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Die Fuchsammer (Passerella iliaca) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.

Merkmale

Die 18 cm lange Fuchsammer ist ein stämmiger Vogel. Die östliche und nördliche Populationen sind oberseits rostbraun gefärbt und unserseits weiß mit rostbraunen Streifen. Bei der westlichen Population tritt anstatt der rostbraunen Zeichnung eine dunkelbraune oder graue auf. Der Gesang der Fuchsammer ist melodisch, sie singt sogar im Winter von exponierter Warte aus.

 src=
Verbreitung in Nordamerika

Vorkommen

Die Fuchsammer lebt in Gebüsch, Dickichte und Mischwäldern in weiten Teilen Kanadas und der USA. In der kalten Jahreszeit zieht die Art etwas südlicher.

Verhalten

Die Fuchsammer hält sich vorwiegend am Boden auf, wo sie im Erdreich oder zwischen Blättern nach Insekten, Spinnen und anderen wirbellosen Tieren sucht. Auch pflanzliche Kost, wie Knospen, gehört zur Nahrung.

Fortpflanzung

Das schalenförmige Nest aus Zweigen und Gräsern wird am Boden oder dicht über dem Boden in einem Busch gebaut. Das Weibchen brütet alleine zwei bis fünf Eier etwa zwei Wochen lang aus. Das Männchen hilft später bei der Fütterung der Jungen.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Fuchsammer: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Fuchsammer (Passerella iliaca) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.

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Fox sparrow

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The fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is a large New World sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Passerella, although some authors split the species into four (see below).

Taxonomy

More specific information regarding plumage is available in the accounts for the various taxa.

  • Red fox sparrow, P. i. iliaca (Merrem, 1786) – this taxon breeds in the taiga of Canada and Alaska and winters in central and eastern North America. This is the brightest colored group.
  • Sooty fox sparrow, P. i. unalaschcensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – this taxon breeds along the Pacific coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands south to northwestern Washington, and winters from southeastern Alaska south to northern Baja California. It is browner and darker than the red fox sparrow.
  • Slate-colored fox sparrow, P. i. schistacea Baird, SF, 1858 – this taxon breeds in interior western North America and winters to the south and west. It has a gray head and mantle, brown wings, brown breast streaks, and a russet tail.
  • Thick-billed fox sparrow, P. i. megarhyncha Baird, SF, 1858 – this taxon is mostly restricted to California and Oregon. This group is similar in coloration to the slate-colored fox sparrow, but features a particularly thick bill, as its name suggests.

Description


Problems playing this file? See media help.

Adults are among the largest sparrows, heavily spotted and streaked underneath. All feature a messy central breast spot though it is less noticeable on the thick billed and slate-colored varieties. Plumage varies markedly from one group to another.

Measurements[2]:

  • Length: 5.9-7.5 in (15-19 cm)
  • Weight: 0.9-1.6 oz (26-44 g)
  • Wingspan: 10.5-11.4 in (26.7-29 cm)

Behavior

These birds forage by scratching the ground, which makes them vulnerable to cats and other predators, though they are generally common. Fox sparrows migrate on the west coast of the United States.

Diet

They mainly eat seeds and insects, as well as some berries. Coastal fox sparrows may also eat crustaceans.

Reproduction

Fox sparrows nest in wooded areas across northern Canada and western North America from Alaska to California. They nest either in a sheltered location on the ground or low in trees or shrubs. A nest typically contains two to five pale green to greenish white eggs speckled with reddish brown.[3]

Systematics

The review by Zink & Weckstein (2003),[4] which added mtDNA cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3, and D-loop sequence, confirmed the four "subspecies groups"[5] of the fox sparrow that were outlined by the initial limited mtDNA haplotype comparison (Zink 1994).[6] These should probably be recognized as separate species, but this was deferred for further analysis of hybridization. Particularly the contact zones between the slate-colored and thick-billed fox sparrows which are only weakly distinct morphologically were of interest; the other groups were found to be distinct far earlier.[7] A further study of the nuclear genome, using microsatellites, showed similar separation between the four groups.[8]

The combined molecular data is unable to resolve the interrelationship of the subspecies groups and of the subspecies in these, but aids in confirming the distinctness of the thick-billed group.[4] Biogeography indicates that the coastal populations were probably isolated during an epoch of glaciation of the Rocky Mountains range, but this is also not very helpful in resolving the remaining problems of within-group diversity, and inter-group relationships.

Major taxonomic authorities currently differ in their treatment of the fox sparrow complex. The IOC World Bird List/Birds of the World: Recommended English Names and the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World treat each of the four subspecies groups as a separate species, while eBird/The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World and The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World currently treat the complex as a single species.[9]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International. 2016. Passerella iliaca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T103779110A94696453. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103779110A94696453.en. Downloaded on 08 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Fox Sparrow Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  3. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster, Fireside. p. 596. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
  4. ^ a b Zink, Robert M.; Weckstein, Jason D. (2003). "Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella)". Auk. 48 (120(2)): 522–527. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85871498.
  5. ^ Not defined by the ICZN
  6. ^ Zink, Robert M. (1994). "The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca)". Evolution. 48 (1): 96–111. doi:10.2307/2410006. JSTOR 2410006. PMID 28567786.
  7. ^ Swarth, H. W. (1920). "Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California". University of California Publications in Zoology. 21: 75–224.
  8. ^ Zink (2008). "Microsatellite and mitochondrial dna differentiation in the fox sparrow". The Condor. 110 (3): 482–492. doi:10.1525/cond.2008.8496. S2CID 86360069.
  9. ^ Lepage, Denis. "Passerella [iliaca, unalaschensis, schistacea or megarhyncha]". Avibase - the world bird database. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
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Fox sparrow: Brief Summary

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The fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is a large New World sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Passerella, although some authors split the species into four (see below).

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Paserelo ( Esperanto )

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La Paserelo (Passerella iliaca) estas mezgranda birdo de la grupo de la Amerikaj paseroj kaj genro de Pasereloj. Ĝi estas la ununura membro de la genro Passerella, kvankam kelkaj fakuloj disigas la genron en kvar specioj (vidu sube).

Taksonomio

 src=
Ruĝa por la Ruĝa paserelo, Verda por la Ardezkolora paserelo, Blua por la Malhela paserelo kaj Flava por la Dikbeka paserelo

Pli specifa informo pri plumaro disponeblas en la informoj pro la variaj taksonoj.

  • P. i. iliaca Ruĝa paserelo estas la ĝenerale centra kaj orienta marborda taksono en la genro Passerella. Tiu estas la plej brilkolora grupo.
  • P. i. unalaschcensis Malhela paserelo estas la okcidenta marborda taksono de la genro Passerella. Ĝi estas pli bruna ol la Ruĝa paserelo.
  • P. i. schistacea Ardezkolora paserelo estas la taksono de la Roka Montaro de la genro Passerella. Ĝi estas fajnbeka birdo kun grizaj kapo kaj dorso, brunaj flugiloj, bruna brustostrieco kaj ruĝecbruna vosto.
  • P. i. megarhyncha Dikbeka paserelo estas la taksono de Sierra Nevada en la genro Passerella. Tiu grupo karakteras ĉefe pro dika beko.

Aspekto

Plenkreskuloj estas inter plej grandaj Amerikaj paseroj, tre punktecaj kaj striecaj supre. Ĉiuj havas svagan centran brustopunkton kvankam ĝi estas malpli rimarkinda ĉe la Dikbeka kaj ĉe la ardezkolora variaĵoj. Plumaro varias notinde el unu grupo al alia.

Kutimaro

Tiuj birdoj manĝas per skrapado de la grundo, kio faras ilin facilaj predoj por katoj kaj aliaj predantoj, kvankam ili estas ĝenerale abundaj. Pasereloj migras suden al la okcidenta marbordo kaj al orienta Usono.

Dieto

Ili manĝas ĉefe semojn kaj insektojn, same kiel kelkajn berojn. Marbordaj pasereloj povas manĝi ankaŭ krustulojn.

Reproduktado

Pasereloj nestumas en arbaraj areoj de norda Kanado kaj la okcidenta marbordo de Nordameriko el Alasko al Kalifornio. Ili nestumas ĉu en ŝirmita situo surgrunda aŭ malalte en arboj aŭ arbustoj.

Sistematiko

La pli kompletaj studoj de Zink & Weckstein (2003) per DNA konfirmis la 4 "subspeciajn grupojn"[1] de la Paserelo kiuj estis skizitaj de la komencaj pli limigitaj studoj per DNA kaj komparoj de haplotipoj (Zink 1994). Tiuj estos probable agnoskataj kiel separataj specioj, sed tio estu prokrastata ĝis plua analizo de hibridiĝo. Ĉefe la kontaktaj zonoj inter la Ardezkolora paserelo kaj la Dikbeka paserelo kiuj estas nur iomete distingaj morfologie estas interesaj; la aliaj grupoj troviĝis distingaj pli malfrue (Swarth 1920).

La kombine molekula informo ne kapablas solvi la interrilaton de la subspeciaj grupoj kaj de la subspecioj ĉe tiuj, sed helpas por konfirmi la distingecon de la grupo de la Dikbeka paserelo (Zink & Weckstein 2003). Biogeografio indikas, ke la marbordaj populacioj estis probable izolataj dum epoko de glacialo de la teritorio de la Roka Montaro, sed ankaŭ tio ne multe helpas por solvi la restajn problemojn de diverseco interna de la grupoj, kaj de la intergrupaj rilataroj.

Referencoj

Notoj

  1. Ne difine de la IKZN

Ĝeneralaj referencoj

  • Beadle, D. & Rising, J. D. (2002): Sparrows of the United States and Canada. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 0-691-11747-0
  • David Allen Sibley (2000): The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-679-45122-6
  • Swarth H. W. (1920): Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California. University of California Publications in Zoology 21: 75–224.
  • Zink, R. M. (1994): The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). Evolution 48(1): 96-111. COI:10.2307/2410006 (HTML resumo, unuapaĝa bildo)
  • Zink, Robert M. & Kessen, A. E. (1999): Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow. Birding 31: 508-517.
  • Zink, Robert M. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2003): Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella). Auk 120(2): 522–527. [Artikolo en angla kun hispana resumo] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2 HTML plena teksto (senbilda)

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Paserelo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Paserelo (Passerella iliaca) estas mezgranda birdo de la grupo de la Amerikaj paseroj kaj genro de Pasereloj. Ĝi estas la ununura membro de la genro Passerella, kvankam kelkaj fakuloj disigas la genron en kvar specioj (vidu sube).

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Passerella iliaca ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chingolo zorruno[2]​ o gorrión rascador[3]​ (Passerella iliaca) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Passerellidae.[4]​ Es un pájaro migratorio de América del Norte.

Descripción

 src=
Ejemplar en Kansas City.

Es un miembro relativamente grande dentro de su familia, alcanzando una longitud de hasta 18 cm los adultos. Sus partes superiores son de color castaño rojizo. Las partes ventrales son blancas aunque están muy veteadas, y el pecho, claro, se distingue por tener veteado en forma de V invertida, que se agrupan formando una mancha grande en el centro del pecho.

Buscan alimento rascando en el suelo, lo que los hace vulnerables a gatos y otros depredadores, aunque la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza la considera una especie abundante. Se alimentan de semillas e insectos principalmente, aunque también de algunos frutos pequeños y las poblaciones costeñas también pueden alimentarse de pequeños crustáceos.

En época reproductiva habita principalmente el sotobosque de bosques de coníferas; también en vegetación montana y en marismas. Se distribuye en la mayor parte de Alaska (excepto el extremo norte), en la parte central de Canadá de costa a costa y en el este de los Estados Unidos. En el invierno migra al sureste de Estados Unidos.

El canto del macho es musical, compuesto de dos notas claras y una tercera deslizante. Anidan en un lugar protegido, ya sea en el suelo, en un arbusto o sobre las ramas de un árbol.

Taxonomía

 src=
P. i. zaboria.

Anteriormentes se incluían en esta especie todas las poblaciones del género, pero en 2003 los estudios genéticos demostraron que se trataba de un complejo críptico de especies que tenía que dividirse.[5]​ Por ello, se escindieron como tres especies separadas las subespecies del oeste y centro de Norteamérica. En la actualidad solo se reconocen dos subespecies dentro de P. iliaca:[5]

  • P. iliaca iliaca - se distribuye desde Alaska y el noroeste de Canadá.
  • P. iliaca zaboria - cría desde el centro de Canadá hasta Terranova y Labrador.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2016). «Passerella iliaca». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2017.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2012). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimosexta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Thraupidae a Icteridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 59 (1): 157-166. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2017.
  3. Sada, Phillips y Ramos, 1984
  4. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  5. a b Frank Gill y David Donsker, New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers. IOC World Bird List v 9.1

Bibliografía

  • Peterson, Roger Tory, y Edward L. Chalif. 2008. Aves de México. Guía de campo. Editorial Diana, México. ISBN 978-968-13-3207-5
  • Sada, A.M.; Phillips, R., y Ramos, M.A. 1984. Nombres en castellano para las aves mexicanas. Publicación de Divulgación No. 17. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bióticos. México. Citado por Peterson y Chalif (2008).

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Passerella iliaca: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chingolo zorruno​ o gorrión rascador​ (Passerella iliaca) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Passerellidae.​ Es un pájaro migratorio de América del Norte.

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Rebassidrik ( Estonian )

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Rebassidrik (Passerella iliaca) on tsiitsitajalaste sugukonda kuuluv Põhja-Ameerika lind.

Eestis vaadeldi rebassidrikut esimest korda 2012. aasta 2. detsembril Haapsalus. [1]

Süstemaatika

Saksa loodusteadlane Blasius Merrem kirjeldas 1786. aastal Kanadas taksoni Fringilla iliaca. Rebassidrikut käsitletakse mõnikord perekonnas Zonotrichia.[2] Eristatakse rida alamliike [3][4], mida vahel rühmitatakse mitmeks liigiks [2][4].

Välimus

Pikkus 18 cm. Olenevalt levikupiirkonnast on sulestiku üldine värvus roostepruun, tumepruun või hall.

Levik ja bioloogia

Rebassidrik on levinud Kanadas ja USAs. Ta on tavaline asukas okasmetsavööndi ja mandri lääneosa mäestike vooluveekogude kaldavõsas. Osa linde talvitab Californias tšaparralis.[5].

Rebassidrik ehitab pesa varjulisse kohta maapinnale või madalale selle kohale puule või põõsale. Pesa on kausjas, paksuseinaline, koosneb rohust, samblast ja lehtedest. Kurnas on tavaliselt neli või viis muna.[6]

Toiduks on peamiselt putukad ja muud selgrootud, mida otsib maapinda jalgadega kraapides. Sööb ka seemneid ja marju.

Viited

Välislingid

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Rebassidrik: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Rebassidrik (Passerella iliaca) on tsiitsitajalaste sugukonda kuuluv Põhja-Ameerika lind.

Eestis vaadeldi rebassidrikut esimest korda 2012. aasta 2. detsembril Haapsalus.

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Passerella iliaca ( Basque )

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Passerella iliaca Passerella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Passerella iliaca: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Passerella iliaca Passerella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Kettusirkku ( Finnish )

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Kettusirkku (Passerella iliaca) on sirkkulien heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Levinneisyys

Kettusirkkuja elää Pohjois-Amerikassa.[1] Euroopassa laji on hyvin harvinainen harhailija. Se havaittiin Suomen Utössä joulukuussa 2012. Se on havaittu Euroopassa aikaisemmin kolmesti: Islannissa marraskuussa[2] 1944, Irlannissa kesäkuussa[2] 1961 ja Viron Haapsalussa joulukuussa 2012.[3] Kuvien perusteella on päätelty, että juuri Haapsalun lintu olisi sama yksilö kuin Utössa tavattu.[4]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Passerella iliaca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 16.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Svensson, Lars: Lintuopas - Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut, s. 421. Otava, 2010. ISBN 978-951-1-21351-2.
  3. Pohjoisamerikkalainen kettusirkku ensi kertaa Suomessa BirdLife Suomi. Viitattu 22.12.2012.
  4. Jorma Tenovuo: Amerikanvieras yllätti Utön. Suomen Luonto, 2/2013, 72.. vsk, nro 2, s. 82. Helsinki: Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto. ISSN 0356-0678.
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Kettusirkku: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Kettusirkku (Passerella iliaca) on sirkkulien heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Bruant fauve ( French )

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Passerella iliaca

Le Bruant fauve (Passerella iliaca) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae. Cette espèce résulte de la division en quatre de l'espèce historique[1].

Taxinomie

À la suite des études de Zink (1994), Zink & Kessen (1999) et Zink & Weckstein (2003), suivant l'avis de Handbook of the Birds of the World (volume 16), le Congrès ornithologique international (classification version 5.1, 2015) divise cette espèce en quatre[1] :

Liste des sous-espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des deux sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :

  • Passerella iliaca zaboria Oberholser, 1946 ; présente dans le nord-ouest et le centre de l'Alaska, à l'ouest du Canada ;
  • Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem, 1786) ; centre et est du Canada.

Habitat et répartition

 src=
  • Aire de nidification
  • Voie migratoire
  • Présent à l'année
  • Aire d'hivernage
 src=
plumage d'hiver (Missouri)

Il niche en Amérique du Nord du nord-ouest et du centre de l'Alaska à l'est du Canada[1]. Il peuple les forêts de conifères et celles de feuillus à sous-bois denses et surtout les bosquets au bord des cours d'eau.

Mensurations

Le Bruant fauve mesure environ 18 cm de longueur.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit entre autres d'arthropodes, de diptères, de lépidoptères, de coléoptères etc.

Notes et références

Annexes

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Bruant fauve: Brief Summary ( French )

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Passerella iliaca

Le Bruant fauve (Passerella iliaca) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae. Cette espèce résulte de la division en quatre de l'espèce historique.

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Gealbhan sionnaigh ( Irish )

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Is éan é an gealbhan sionnaigh Is baill d'fhine na Emberizidae iad.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Rode roodstaartgors ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De rode roodstaartgors (Passerella iliaca) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort telt 2 ondersoorten:[2]

  • P. i. iliaca: Midden en Oost-Canada.
  • P. i. zaboria: noordwestelijk en centraal Alaska en westelijk Canada.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Rode roodstaartgors: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rode roodstaartgors (Passerella iliaca) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).

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Pasówka rudosterna ( Polish )

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Pasówka rudosterna[5] (Passerella iliaca) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny pasówek (Passerellidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Passerella.

Systematyka

Wyróżniono kilkanaście podgatunków P. iliaca[6][5]:

  • P. iliaca unalaschcensispasówka północnaAleuty i południowo-zachodnia Alaska.
  • P. iliaca insularisKodiak.
  • P. iliaca sinuosa – południowa Alaska.
  • P. iliaca annectensYukutat Bay.
  • P. iliaca townsendi – południowo-wschodnia Alaska, Wyspy Królowej Charlotty.
  • P. iliaca chilcatensis – południowo-wschodnia Alaska do północno-zachodniej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej.
  • P. iliaca fuliginosa – wybrzeża południowo-wschodniej Alaski do północno-zachodniego USA.
  • P. iliaca megarhynchapasówka grubodzioba – południowo-zachodni Oregon i Kalifornia.
  • P. iliaca olivacea – południowo-zachodnia Kanada i północno-zachodnie USA.
  • P. iliaca schistaceapasówka szarawa – Kanada (południowo-zachodnia do południowo-środkowej), północno-środkowe i zachodnio-środkowe USA.
  • P. iliaca swarthi– północno-zachodni Utah i południowo-wschodnie Idaho.
  • P. iliaca canescens – wschodnia Kalifornia i centralna Nevada.
  • P. iliaca altivagans – wewnętrzna część południowo-zachodniej Kanady.
  • P. iliaca zaboria – północno-zachodnia i środkowa Alaska, zachodnia Kanada.
  • P. iliaca iliacapasówka rudosterna – środkowa i wschodnia Kanada.

Morfologia

Długość ciała 16–19 cm. U wschodniego podgatunku ogon rdzawy, także rdzawa barwa na szarej głowie i grzbiecie oraz na skrzydłach. Podgatunek z rejonów centralnych ma grzbiet oraz głowę szarą, z rdzawym nalotem. U podgatunków z zachodniego wybrzeża pióra ciemnobrązowe. Wszystkie podgatunki mają pierś w gęste kreski, często z plamą na środku.

Zasięg, środowisko

Zarośla w północnej części Ameryki Północnej; na południu w zachodnich górach. Zimę spędza wzdłuż środkowo-zachodniego i południowo-zachodniego wybrzeża, środkowo-wschodniej i południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

Przypisy

  1. Passerella iliaca, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Passerella, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 2013-05-27]
  3. Red Fox-sparrow (Passerella iliaca) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2013-05-27].
  4. a b BirdLife International 2012, Passerella iliaca [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-4 [dostęp 2015-12-20] (ang.).
  5. a b P. Mielczarek, M. Kuziemko: Rodzina: Passerellidae Cabanis & Heine, 1850-51 - pasówki - New world sparrows and allies (wersja: 2015-07-08). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2015-12-20].
  6. F. Gill, D. Donsker: Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2015-12-20].

Bibliografia

  1. Wiesław Dudziński, Marek Keller, Andrew Gosler: Atlas ptaków świata. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Multico, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
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Pasówka rudosterna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Pasówka rudosterna (Passerella iliaca) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny pasówek (Passerellidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Passerella.

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Rosträvsparv ( Swedish )

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Rosträvsparv[2] (Passerella iliaca) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen amerikanska sparvar med omstridd systematik.[3]

Utseende

Rosträvsparven är en stor sparv med en längd på 15–19 centimeter och en vingbredd på 27 centimeter.[4][5] Huvudet är grått med rostfärgade örontäckare. Strupen är vit med ett rostrött streck på vardera sida. Näbben är svart ovan och gulvit nedan. Bröstet har rödbruna streck med en suddig fläck i mitten. Strecken fortsätter ner mot flankerna, men buken är generellt vit. Kombinationen av distinkta rödbruna och grå strimmor på ryggen med en grå övergump är diagnostisk. Könen liknar varandra.

Utbredning och underarter

Rosträvsparv delas in i två underarter med följande utbredning:[6]

Rosträvsparven är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa med endast tre godkända fynd av fåglar som tros ha nått dit på naturlig väg: 1944 på Island, 1961 på Irland och i december 2012 samma individ i Finland och Estland.

Släktskap

Ofta betraktas alla fyra arter rävsparvar som en och samma art, med det vetenskapliga namnet iliaca och det svenska namnet rävsparv.[6] Rävsparvarnas närmaste släkting är tundrasparven (Spizelloides arborea).

Ekologi

Rosträvsparven häckar i ett brett bälte mestadels i tajga från Newfoundland till norra Alaska. Den häckar helst i täta pil- och alsnår men även i barrskogsmyrar.

Fågeln häckar på marken eller i buskar och träd upp till två meter över marken.[7] Honan lägger tre till fem blå till blekgröna kraftigt brunfläckade ägg som hon ruvar i tolv till 14 dagar.[8] Det tar ytterligare nio till elva dagar innan ungarna blir flygga.[9]

Flyttning

Flyttningen söderut inleds i början av oktober. De allra flesta individer har återvänt till häckningsområdena i början av maj.[10] [11]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling som inte tros vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2016 Passerella iliaca Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2015. IOC World Bird List (v 5.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.5.2.
  4. ^ Kilgore, S (2002). Passerella iliaca. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerella_iliaca.html. Läst 15 april 2008.
  5. ^ Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. sid. 45. ISBN 0-679-45120-X
  6. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-08-11
  7. ^ Erin Koran, E (2008). Passerella iliaca. NatureServe Explorer: An encyclopedia of Life. NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Passerella+iliaca. Läst 22 april 2008.
  8. ^ Terres, J. K. (1980). The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. sid. 343. ISBN 0-394-46651-9
  9. ^ ”Passerella iliaca”. Discover Life in America. Discover Life in America. 2008. Arkiverad från originalet den 2007-07-02. https://archive.is/20070702201953/http://www.dlia.org/atbi/species/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/Passeriformes/Emberizidae/Passerella_iliaca.shtml. Läst 22 april 2008.
  10. ^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). ”A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio”. Wilson Bulletin 18 (2): sid. 47–60. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v018n02/p0047-p0060.pdf.
  11. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Arkiverad 18 juli 2004 hämtat från the Wayback Machine..

Externa länkar

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Rosträvsparv: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Rosträvsparv (Passerella iliaca) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen amerikanska sparvar med omstridd systematik.

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Passerella iliaca ( Vietnamese )

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Passerella iliaca là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.[2]

Phân loài

  • P. i. iliaca (Merrem, 1786)
  • P. i. unalaschcensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
  • P. i. schistacea Baird, SF, 1858
  • P. i. megarhyncha Baird, SF, 1858

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Passerella iliaca. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Passerella iliaca  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Passerella iliaca
  • Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster, Fireside. tr. 596. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
  • Swarth, H. W. (1920). “Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California”. University of California Publications in Zoology 21: 75–224.
  • Zink, Robert M. (1994). “The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca)”. Evolution 48 (1): 96–111. doi:10.2307/2410006.
  • Zink, Robert M.; Weckstein, Jason D. (2003). “Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella)”. Auk 48 (120(2)): 522–527. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2.
  • Gill, Frank; Donsker, David biên tập (2014). “IOC World Bird List (v 4.4): Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers”. International Ornithologists’ Union. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.4.4. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 12 năm 2014.
  • Beadle, D.; Rising, J. D. (2002). Sparrows of the United States and Canada. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-691-11747-0.
  • Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  • Zink, Robert M.; Kessen, A. E. (1999). “Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow”. Birding 31: 508–517.
  • Weckstein, J. D., D. E. Kroodsma, and R. C. Faucett. (2002). Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database
  • Blacquiere JR. M.Sc. (1980). Some aspects of the breeding biology and vocalizations of the fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca, Merrem, in Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada.
  • Kessen AE. Ph.D. (2004). Population structure in the fox sparrow: An investigation using microsatellites. University of Minnesota, United States—Minnesota.
  • Martin DJ. Ph.D. (1976). STRUCTURE OF SONGS AND ORGANIZATION OF SINGING IN FOX SPARROWS BREEDING IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO. Utah State University, United States—Utah.
  • Zink RM. Ph.D. (1983). PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SCHISTACEA GROUP OF THE FOX SPARROW (PASSERELLA ILIACA) (OREGON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA). University of California, Berkeley, United States—California.
  • Anon. (1968). Fox Sparrow Very Rare Summer Resident 10-11-65 Swamp Sparrow Rare Winter Visitor 9-11-67 10-29-67 Lykins Gulch Colorado USA. Colorado Field Ornithologist. vol 4, pp. 13–14.
  • Banks RC. (1970). The Fox Sparrow on the West Slope of the Oregon Cascades. Condor. vol 72, no 3. pp. 369–370.
  • Bell CP. (1997). Leap-frog migration in the fox sparrow:: Minimizing the cost of spring migration. Condor. vol 99, no 2. pp. 470–477.
  • Blankson ENT & McKernan RL. (1995). Evolutionary and ecological considerations of seven subspecies of the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) wintering in California. Strauss, M. vol S, p. Unity in Diversity.
  • Burns KJ. (1993). Geographic variation in ontogeny of the fox sparrow. Condor. vol 95, no 3. pp. 652–661.
  • Burns KJ & Hackett SJ. (1993). Nest and nest-site characteristics of a western population of fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca). Southwestern Naturalist. vol 38, no 3. pp. 277–279.
  • Burns KJ & Zink RM. (1990). Temporal and Geographic Homogeneity of Gene Frequencies in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca. Auk. vol 107, no 2. pp. 421–425.
  • Christie DS. (1968). Summer Occurrence of the Fox Sparrow in New-Brunswick Canada Passerella-Iliaca. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 82, no 1.
  • Hubert P & Smith A. (1974). Possible Fox Sparrow Nesting in Minnesota. Loon. vol 46, no 1.
  • Jewer OD & Threlfall W. (1978). Parasites of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Northern Waterthrush Seiurus-Noveboracensis in Newfoundland Canada. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. vol 45, no 2. pp. 270–272.
  • Johnson JW & Johnson L. (1972). Fox Sparrow Observations in the Huron Area. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 24, no 4.
  • Martin DJ. (1977). Songs of the Fox Sparrow Part 1 Structure of Song and Its Comparison with Song in Other Emberizidae. Condor. vol 79, no 2. pp. 209–221.
  • Martin DJ. (1979). Songs of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca 2. Intra Population and Inter Population Variation. Condor. vol 81, no 2. pp. 173–184.
  • Martin DJ. (1980). Response by Male Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca to Broadcast of Particular Con Specific Songs. Wilson Bulletin. vol 92, no 1. pp. 21–32.
  • Martin DJ. (1990). Songs of the Fox Sparrow 3. Ordering of song. Wilson Bulletin. vol 102, no 4. pp. 655–671.
  • Martin DJ, Naugler CT & Smith PC. (1993). Song similarity in populations of fox sparrows: A rejection of Naugler's and Smith's conclusions—Comment/reply. The Condor. vol 95, no 4. p. 1057.
  • Naugler CT & Smith PC. (1991). Song Similarity in an Isolated Population of Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca. Condor. vol 93, no 4. pp. 1001–1003.
  • Peyton LJ. (1971). Geographical Variation of Fox Sparrow Songs in Alaska. Proceedings of the Alaska Science Conference. vol 22, no 39.
  • Robert MZ & Jason DW. (2003). Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella). The Auk. vol 120, no 2. p. 522.
  • Ryan AG. (1974). An Incubation Period and a Nestling Period for the Fox Sparrow. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 88, no 2. pp. 230–231.
  • Schmid U. (1979). 2 Rare Guest Birds on North Sea Island of Scharhoern West Germany Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Scarlet Grosbeak Carpodacus-Erythrinus. Vogelkundliche Berichte aus Niedersachsen. vol 11, no 2. pp. 45–46.
  • Threlfall W & Blacquiere JR. (1982). Breeding Biology of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca in Newfoundland Canada. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 53, no 3. pp. 235–239.
  • Webster JD. (1975). The Fox Sparrow in Southwestern Yukon and Adjacent Areas. Condor. vol 77, no 2. pp. 215–216.
  • Webster JD. (1983). Passerella-Iliaca-Chilcatensis New-Subspecies a Fox Sparrow from Alaska USA. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. vol 96, no 4. pp. 664–668.
  • Zink RM. (1983). Evolutionary and Systematic Significance of Temporal Variation in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca. Systematic Zoology. vol 32, no 3. pp. 223–238.

Liên kết ngoài


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Passerella iliaca: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Passerella iliaca là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.

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Пестрогрудая овсянка ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Passerella iliaca
(Merrem, 1786)
Синонимы
  • Zonotrichia iliaca

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

ITIS 179464 NCBI 44389 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 106008976

Пестрогру́дая овся́нка[1] (лат. Passerella iliaca) — североамериканская певчая птица из семейства овсянковых.

Описание

Пестрогрудая овсянка длиной 18 см — это коренастая птица. Восточная и северная популяции имеют сверху красно-бурое, а снизу белое оперение с красно-бурыми полосами. У западной популяции встречается вместо красно-бурого рисунка тёмно-коричневый или серый. Пение пестрогрудой овсянки мелодично, она поёт даже зимой из укрытия.

Распространение

Пестрогрудая овсянка живёт в кустарнике, чащах и смешанных лесах в дальних частях Канады и США. В холодное время года вид перемещается немного ближе к югу.

Образ жизни

Пестрогрудая овсянка держится преимущественно на земле, разыскивая в грунте или между листьями насекомых, пауков и других беспозвоночных животных. Такая растительная пища, как почки, также входит в рацион её питания.

Размножение

Гнездо в форме чаши из веток и трав овсянка строит на земле или низко над землей в кустах. Самка одна высиживает от 2 до 5 яиц примерно 2 недели. Самец позже помогает выкармливать птенцов.

Подвиды

  • P. i. altivagans (Riley, 1911)
  • P. i. annectens (Ridgway, 1900)
  • P. i. canescens (Swarth, 1918)
  • P. i. chilcatensis (J. D. Webster, 1983)
  • P. i. fuliginosa (Ridgway, 1899)
  • P. i. iliaca (Merrem, 1786)
  • P. i. insularis (Ridgway, 1900)
  • P. i. megarhyncha (S. F. Baird, 1858)
  • P. i. olivacea (Aldrich, 1943)
  • P. i. schistacea (S. F. Baird, 1858)
  • P. i. swarthi (Behle & Selander, 1951)
  • P. i. townsendi (Audubon, 1838)
  • P. i. unalaschcensis (Gmelin, 1789)
  • P. i. zaboria (Oberholser, 1946)

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 405. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Пестрогрудая овсянка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Пестрогру́дая овся́нка (лат. Passerella iliaca) — североамериканская певчая птица из семейства овсянковых.

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ゴマフスズメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ゴマフスズメ ゴマフスズメ 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : ホオジロ科 Emberizidae : ゴマフスズメ属 Passerella : ゴマフスズメ P. iliaca 学名 Passerella iliaca
(Merrem, 1786) 和名 ゴマフスズメ 英名 Fox Sparrow

ゴマフスズメ(胡麻斑雀、学名:Passerella iliaca)は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

分布[編集]

北アメリカに生息する。主に北アメリカの北部、西部(アメリカカナダ)、アラスカアリューシャン列島で繁殖し、冬はアメリカの南部からメキシコ北部方面へ移動する。

日本では迷鳥で、長い間1935年11月に栃木県日光市で観察された1例しか記録がなかった。その後1985年冬に室蘭市で記録されたが、それ以降の観察記録はない。

形態[編集]

全長17cm。スズメの名前がつくがホオジロの仲間で、ホオジロ類としては大型の部類となる。頭から背中、肩羽がすすけた黒褐色。喉から腹にかけての体の下面は白っぽいが、黒斑が密にある(この模様が和名の由来である)。多くの亜種があり、亜種毎の形態差が大きい。

生態[編集]

平野部の森林やその周辺に生息する。「チッ、チッ」とよくさえずっている。

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
スズメ小目 Passerida
スズメ上科 Passeroidea
ホオジロ亜科 Emberizinae

保全状態評価[編集]

関連項目[編集]

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wikipedia 日本語

ゴマフスズメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ゴマフスズメ(胡麻斑雀、学名:Passerella iliaca)は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
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partner site
wikipedia 日本語