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Black Sea Nettle

Chrysaora achlyos Martin, Gershwin, Burnett, Cargo & Bloom 1997

Chrysaora achlyos ( Azerbaijani )

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Chrysaora achlyos (lat. Chrysaora achlyos) - chrysaora cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Chrysaora achlyos: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Chrysaora achlyos (lat. Chrysaora achlyos) - chrysaora cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Chrysaora achlyos

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The black sea nettle (Chrysaora achlyos), sometimes informally known as the black jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish that can be found in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Its range is thought to be from Monterey Bay in the north, down to southern Baja California and Mexico,[2] though there are reports of sightings as far north as British Columbia. The initial acknowledgment of the species occurred in 1997,[3] after large groups were found on the Pacific coast.

Etymology

Black sea nettle in San Diego Bay
A black sea nettle swimming in a tank at Monterey Bay Aquarium.
Chrysaora achlyos 4.jpg

The generic name, Chrysaora, is derived from Chrysaor, the brother of Pegasus in Greek mythology. Translated literally, Chrysaor means "he who has a golden sword".[4] The specific epithet, achylos, is constructed from the Greek achlys or akhlús (ἀχλύς), meaning "mist, darkness, and obscurity", in reference to both the species' coloration and the rarity of its sightings.[5]

Description

The black sea nettle can be quite massive, with a bell diameter potentially up to 1 metre (3 ft) and oral arms extending to 5 or 6 metres (16 or 20 ft). The bell color is a distinctive opaque dark purple to nearly black, with the margin having a lighter brown reticulated pattern. No other West Coast jelly that visits nearshore waters has this dark pigmentation. Four gonads are attached to finger-like projections that extend through subumbrellar openings (the ostia). Marginal sense organs are spaced around the bell margin after every set of 3 tentacles, for a total of 8.

Black sea nettles are occasionally seen in large numbers in surface waters off the coast of Baja California and southern California. Large swarms have occurred most recently in 1989 and 1999. During most years their whereabouts are unknown. Despite the distinctive nature of this species and its abundance when present, it was only recently officially described and is actually the largest invertebrate to have been described in the 20th century.[6]

While sightings have been rare, when they are seen it is often as part of a massive swarm of the creatures, such as those that occurred in surface waters off the coast of Baja California and southern California in 1989, 1999 & 2010.[7] These sightings seem to coincide with incidents of red tides, which consist of the zooplankton that black sea nettles feed upon.

Feeding habits

Black sea nettles are carnivorous. Their mouth is located at the center of one end of the body, which opens to a gastrovascular cavity that is used for digestion. It has tentacles that surround the mouth to capture food. Nettles have no excretory or respiratory organs. They generally feed on zooplankton and other jellyfish.[7] Nettles immobilize and obtain their prey using their stinging tentacles.

Defense mechanisms

Each nettle tentacle is coated with thousands of microscopic nematocysts; in turn, every individual nematocyst has a "trigger" (cnidocil) paired with a capsule containing a coiled stinging filament. Upon contact, the cnidocil will immediately initiate a process that ejects the venom-coated filament from its capsule and into the target. This will inject toxins capable of killing smaller prey or stunning perceived predators. On humans, this will most likely cause a nonlethal, but painful stinging sensation that can last for forty minutes. In addition, the black sea nettle's stomach is lined with a fibrous network of vessels that attach themselves to a swallowed victim and darkmaws for quick digestion or breaking apart large prey, though the maws will close when exposed to bright lights, hence their name.

References

  1. ^ Martin, J. W.; Gershwin, L. A.; Burnett, J. W.; Cargo, D. G.; Bloom, D. A. (1997-08-01). "Chrysaora achlyos, a Remarkable New Species of Scyphozoan from the Eastern Pacific". The Biological Bulletin. 193 (1): 8–13. doi:10.2307/1542731. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1542731. PMID 28581843. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
  2. ^ "Online Field Guide: Black Sea Nettle". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  3. ^ Radwan, F. F.; Gershwin, L.; Burnett, J. W. (November 2000). "Toxinological studies on the nematocyst venom of Chrysaora achlyos". Toxicon. 38 (11): 1581–1591. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00092-1. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 10775757.
  4. ^ "Pacific Sea Nettle". Georgia Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  5. ^ Martin, J. W.; Gershwin, L. A.; Burnett, J. W.; Cargo, D. G.; Bloom, D. A. (1997). "Chrysaora achlyos , a Remarkable New Species of Scyphozoan from the Eastern Pacific". The Biological Bulletin. 193 (1): 8–13. doi:10.2307/1542731. ISSN 0006-3185.
  6. ^ "Chrysaora achlyos". The JelliesZone. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  7. ^ a b "Black Sea Nettle". Trek Nature. Retrieved 2007-10-21.

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Chrysaora achlyos: Brief Summary

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The black sea nettle (Chrysaora achlyos), sometimes informally known as the black jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish that can be found in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Its range is thought to be from Monterey Bay in the north, down to southern Baja California and Mexico, though there are reports of sightings as far north as British Columbia. The initial acknowledgment of the species occurred in 1997, after large groups were found on the Pacific coast.

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Chrysaora achlyos ( French )

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La méduse noire géante (Chrysaora achlyos) est une espèce de méduse qui peut être trouvée dans les eaux de l'océan Pacifique. Sa répartition va de la baie de Monterey au nord jusqu'à la Basse-Californie et au Mexique au sud[1], de plus elle a été vue aussi loin au nord qu'en Colombie-Britannique[2]. C'est une méduse géante avec une ombrelle mesurant jusqu'à 1 m et des bras péribuccaux pouvant atteindre 6 m de long[1]. Malgré sa taille et sa proximité occasionnelle des villes de la côte Pacifique, la méduse noire géante fut seulement reconnue et scientifiquement décrite comme une espèce séparée en 1997[3], bien qu'une photo ayant donné lieu à une mauvaise identification fut prise en 1925[1]. Elle serait la plus grande espèce d'invertébré découverte au XXe siècle[4] mais si l'on prend en compte les tentacules, elle fait pâle figure par rapport à la méduse de Nomura qui peut étendre ces organes jusqu'à 35 m)[5].

Bien qu'elle soit rarement vue, quand ce fut le cas, c'est comme partie de bancs immenses tels ceux qui apparurent à la surface des eaux de la côte de Basse-Californie et de la Californie du sud en 1989 et 1999[6]. On peut noter que ces apparitions semblent coïncider avec des efflorescences algales.

Alimentation

Les méduses noires géantes sont carnivores. Elles se nourrissent généralement de zooplancton et d'autres méduses[7].

Mécanisme de défense

Chaque tentacule urticant est couvert de centaines de nématocystes microscopiques.

Références

  • Martin, Gershwin, Burnett, Cargo & Bloom, 1997 : Chrysaora achlyos, a remarkable new species of scyphozoan from the eastern Pacific. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), 193-1 p. 8–13.
  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

Voir aussi

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Chrysaora achlyos: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

La méduse noire géante (Chrysaora achlyos) est une espèce de méduse qui peut être trouvée dans les eaux de l'océan Pacifique. Sa répartition va de la baie de Monterey au nord jusqu'à la Basse-Californie et au Mexique au sud, de plus elle a été vue aussi loin au nord qu'en Colombie-Britannique. C'est une méduse géante avec une ombrelle mesurant jusqu'à 1 m et des bras péribuccaux pouvant atteindre 6 m de long. Malgré sa taille et sa proximité occasionnelle des villes de la côte Pacifique, la méduse noire géante fut seulement reconnue et scientifiquement décrite comme une espèce séparée en 1997, bien qu'une photo ayant donné lieu à une mauvaise identification fut prise en 1925. Elle serait la plus grande espèce d'invertébré découverte au XXe siècle mais si l'on prend en compte les tentacules, elle fait pâle figure par rapport à la méduse de Nomura qui peut étendre ces organes jusqu'à 35 m).

Bien qu'elle soit rarement vue, quand ce fut le cas, c'est comme partie de bancs immenses tels ceux qui apparurent à la surface des eaux de la côte de Basse-Californie et de la Californie du sud en 1989 et 1999. On peut noter que ces apparitions semblent coïncider avec des efflorescences algales.

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Chrysaora achlyos ( Italian )

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Chrysaora achlyos è una medusa appartenente alla famiglia Pelagiidae, diffusa nelle acque dell'oceano Pacifico. Si tratta della più grossa specie di invertebrati descritta durante il XX secolo[1].

Descrizione

La C. achlyos può raggiungere dimensioni ragguardevoli, con una campana emisferica del diametro di 1 metro e appendici orali che si estendono fino a 6 metri. Ha un colore sul viola scuro che a volte ha sfumature quasi nere, da cui il suo nome anglosassone di black sea nettle (Chrysaora nera). La campana è liscia, senza nematocisti[2]. I margini dell'esombrella portano motivi reticolati di colore più chiaro.

Le gonadi si trovano alla fine di estensioni della campana a forma di dito, che si estendono attraverso aperture della subombrella chiamate "ostia". Gli otto organi sensori, i ropali semplici delle scyphomeduse, si trovano sul margine della campana, separati l'uno dall'altro da gruppi di tre tentacoli. Il margine porta 32 bargigli e 24 tentacoli sottili di un colore rosa pallido che si estendono per circa la metà della lunghezza delle appendici orali[2].

La C. achlyos ha molti punti di somiglianza con la C. plocamia[3]. Quest'ultima però si distingue dalla C. achlyos facilmente dal colore e dalle dimensioni, dato che sulla campana traslucida della C. plocamia sono presenti strisce scure a raggiera, un motivo ben distinto dall'uniforme rosso-bruno della C. achlyos.

Pericolosità

Data la scarsità di incontri con meduse di questa specie, pochi sono stati gli umani punti dai tentacoli dalla C. achlyos. Un caso registrato dal biologo marino J. Martin parla di una puntura non troppo dolorosa e sicuramente meno forte di quella della C. quinquecirrha, una medusa capace di produrre bruciature di media intensità, con nausea e giramenti di testa[4].

Distribuzione e habitat

Si tratta di una specie che abita le acque del Pacifico orientale, lungo la penisola della Bassa California e a sud della California. La sua distribuzione non è perfettamente conosciuta e gli avvistamenti sono rari, tant'è che questa specie è stata descritta solamente alla fine del XX secolo, malgrado la sua relativa abbondanza e caratteristiche distintive.

Raggruppamenti di massa

Nuoto della Chrysaora achlyos, al Monterey Bay Aquarium.

Si possono però incontrare in grandi banchi di queste meduse nelle acque superficiali al largo delle coste californiane in certe occasioni. Questi avvistamenti di massa coincidono con le "maree rosse", ossia con una straordinaria abbondanza nelle acque superficiali di zooplancton, del quale la C. achlyos si ciba. Raggruppamenti di questo tipo sono stati segnalati negli anni 1926, 1965[1], 1989[5], 1999 e nel 2010[6]. Le immagini pubblicate nel 1926 da Crowder[7] menzionavano la specie semplicemente come "medusa nera"[1], mentre le fotografie pubblicate da Halstead nel 1965 (e ristampate nel 1992) identificavano erroneamente la specie come Cyanea capillata[1][8]. Nel 1989 avvennero numerosi spiaggimenti di C. achlyos, ampiamente pubblicizzati dalla stampa locale[9] e di cui rimangono alcuni esemplari sono conservati al Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ed al Cambrillo Marine Aquarium a San Pedro[1]. Gli avvistamenti in superficie sono spesso di animali moribondi, trascinati a nord dalle correnti verso le spiagge di La Jolla o di Venice Beach[3].

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e Martin et al., p. 8..
  2. ^ a b Martin et al., p. 10..
  3. ^ a b Martin et al., p. 11..
  4. ^ Martin et al., p. 13..
  5. ^ Martin,J. W., H. G. Kuck, Invertebrate associates of a new species of Scyphozoa found nearshore from southern California to Baja California in 1989, in South. Calif Acad. Sci. Abstracts of Annual Meeting, vol. 64, maggio 1990.
  6. ^ TrekNature | Black Sea Nettle Photo, su www.treknature.com. URL consultato il 16 agosto 2016.
  7. ^ W. Crowder, The life of the moon-jelly, in National Geographic, vol. 50, 1926, pp. 187-202.
  8. ^ Halstead, B. W., Phylum Coelenterata, in Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, Invertebrates, Washington DC, U.S. Government, 1965, pl. 43.
  9. ^ Filmato audio Nature's Seasons in the Sea, National Geographic e Howard Hall Productions, 1990.

Bibliografia

  • J. W. Martin, L. A. Gershwin, J. W. Burnett, D. G. Cargo e D. A. Bloom, Chrysaora achlyos, a Remarkable New Species of Scyphozoan from the Eastern Pacific (abstract), in Biol. Bull., vol. 193, n. 1, agosto 1997, pp. 8-13.

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Chrysaora achlyos: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Chrysaora achlyos è una medusa appartenente alla famiglia Pelagiidae, diffusa nelle acque dell'oceano Pacifico. Si tratta della più grossa specie di invertebrati descritta durante il XX secolo.

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Chrysaora achlyos ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Chrysaora achlyos (Zwarte zeenetel) is een schijfkwal uit de familie Pelagiidae. De kwal komt uit het geslacht Chrysaora. Chrysaora achlyos werd in 1997 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Martin, Gershwin, Burnett, Cargo & Bloom.

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13-12-2011
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