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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 7.3 years (captivity)
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Conservation Status

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Water rats are widespread and abundant, they are not threatened.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Benefits

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Active burrowers, H. chrysogaster individuals have damaged channel banks and water-control structures. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Benefits

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Hydromys chrysogaster are able to withstand pollution in cities and even thrive there. They are often observed by humans because they are sometimes active during the day. Farmers benefit from H. chrysogaster because they often destroy yabbies, other small rodents, which destroy irrigation systems. By eating pond snails, water rats also protect livestock from the parasites that are transmitted through snails. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Associations

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Water rats are abundant and are an important prey base for many small to medium-sized predators. Their burrowing and foraging activities probably also help in the redistribution of nutrients in systems.

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Hydromys chrysogaster feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks, and fish, although they have been observed feeding on aquatic insects, frogs, house mice, the eggs and young of waterfowl, poultry, and turtles, and even attacking bats. Hydromys chrysogaster have also been observed eating cane toads, an introduced species that is toxic to many other predators. They often have a favorite feeding platform on which they collect piles of food before eating it. Hoarding food in the nest site is also common. Mussels are opened by their strong incisors.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; fish; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Distribution

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Hydromys chrysogaster dwells in freshwater lakes and rivers throughout Australia and Tasmania and on offshore islands. They are also found on New Guinea. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Habitat

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Hydromys chrysogaster individuals live mainly near permanent fresh water. They live on land but depend on the water for food. Also present along the coastline, H. chrysogaster do not need completely fresh water. They can also survive in areas where rivers and streams have become polluted or are brackish. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal

Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian ; estuarine

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Life Expectancy

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Longevity in water rats is unknown.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
7.3 years.

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Morphology

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About the size of a rabbit, H. chrysogaster is well adapted for water. The toes are webbed on front and hind feet, which are broad and act as paddles. Hydromys chrysogaster has numerous whiskers at the end of a long, blunt muzzle. The head is flat with small ears and eyes. The most notable characteristic is the water rat’s thick white tipped tail. Hydromys chrysogaster varies in color from a brown black to gray, making them somewhat cryptic in their surroundings. Some are uniform in color, while others have lighter undersides. The one unifying feature is the white tipped tail. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 850 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 2.97 W.

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydromys_chrysogaster.html
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Associations

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Eagles, buzzards and kites prey on water rats, as well as snakes and small mammalian carnivores. Water rats mainly escape predation by escaping to burrows or into the water. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

Known Predators:

  • eagles (Accipitridae)
  • buzzards (Accipitridae)
  • kites (Accipitridae)
  • snakes (Serpentes)
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Reproduction

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Little is known of the mating system of water rats.

Water rats breed in the spring and summer. Females have an estrous cycle of approximately eleven days. The gestation period is about 35 days. Females can enter estrus immediately after giving birth, so litters can be produced only 35 days apart. Usually, water rats have litters of four to five young. During a good breeding season, females can have two or three litters.

At birth, the young are blind. They are usually lighter in color than the adults, but already have the characteristic white tipped tail and partially webbed feet. The young grow quickly and are usually independent after about 35 days. However, after this initial growth, maturity to adulthood takes longer. Breeding does not occur until the young are at least one year old and full size is attained at about two years of age. (Watts and Aslin, 1981)

Breeding season: Breeding occurs during spring and summer.

Range number of offspring: 8 to 15.

Average gestation period: 35 days.

Average weaning age: 35 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Average birth mass: 24.39 g.

Average gestation period: 36 days.

Average number of offspring: 3.8.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
135 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
163 days.

Young are born helpless and are cared for by their mother in her nest burrow until they are weaned, at about 35 days old.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care

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wwf - Rakali

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WWF-Australia and the WA Department of Parks and Wildlife are conducting a Rakali Community Survey to learn more about the distribution of the elusive rakali or Australian water-rat in Western Australia.

wwf - Rakali

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WWF-Australia and the WA Department of Parks and Wildlife are conducting a Rakali Community Survey to learn more about the distribution of the elusive rakali or Australian water-rat in Western Australia.

Hydromys chrysogaster ( Asturian )

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La aguarón d'agua australiano o aguarón palustre d'Australia (Hydromys chrysogaster) ye un royedor endemicu d'Australia de la familia de los múridos.

Descripción

Esta especie vive en llurigues en bancos de arena de ríos, llagos y estuarios y aliméntase d'inseutos acuáticos, pexes, crustáceos, moxones, caracoles, xaronques, güevos d'aves y aves acuátiques. El so cuerpu mide ente 231 y 370 milímetros de llargor, pesen ente 340 y 1.275 gramos y tienen una gruesa cola que mide aprosimao de 242 a 345 milímetros. Tienen les pates traseres palmotiaes, piel impermeable, cabeza esplanada, una ñariz llargo y romo, abondosos bigotes y pequeñes oreyes y güeyos. Son de color ente negru y marrón con un banduyu de naranxa a blancu y la so cola ye escura cola punta blanca.

Nomes comunes

 src=
Un exemplar d'aguarón australianu ente vexetación acuática.

Hasta los años 1980, esta especie yera comúnmente conocida como aguarón acuáticu, pero mientres los años 1990 empecipióse un enclín a sustituyir los descriptivos nomes comunes utilizaos davezu polos nomes indíxenes. En 1995 l'Axencia de Caltenimientu de la Naturaleza australiana publicó un documentu nel que se rexistraron un bon númberu de nomes indíxenes pa H. chrysogaster. El so encamientu foi utilizar rakali como nome común,[1] y el Departamentu australianu de Patrimoniu y Ambiente adoptó esa propuesta. Anguaño utilícense dambos nomes comunes.

Referencies

  1. Braithwaite R. W. et al. (1995). Australian names for Australian rodents (n'inglés). Australian Nature Conservation Agency. ISBN 0642213739.

Enllaces esternos

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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La aguarón d'agua australiano o aguarón palustre d'Australia (Hydromys chrysogaster) ye un royedor endemicu d'Australia de la familia de los múridos.

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Rata d'aigua australiana ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La rata d'aigua australiana (Hydromys chrysogaster) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels múrids. Viu a altituds d'entre 0 i 1.900 msnm a Austràlia, Indonèsia i Papua Nova Guinea. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones humides. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1] El seu nom específic, chrysogaster, significa 'ventre daurat' en llatí.[2]

Referències

  1. Burbidge, A. A. Hydromys chrysogaster. UICN 2016. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2016, consultada el 16 gener 2018.
  2. Entrada «Hydromys» d'Animalia (en anglès).
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Rata d'aigua australiana: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La rata d'aigua australiana (Hydromys chrysogaster) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels múrids. Viu a altituds d'entre 0 i 1.900 msnm a Austràlia, Indonèsia i Papua Nova Guinea. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones humides. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie. El seu nom específic, chrysogaster, significa 'ventre daurat' en llatí.

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Myš bobří ( Czech )

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ikona
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Myš bobří (Hydromys chrysogaster) je druh myší z čeledi myšovití (Muridae) a rodu Hydromys.

Popis

Je známo asi 17 poddruhů těchto velkých myší, z nichž většina obývá řeky a bažiny v Austrálii, na Nové Guineji, přilehlých ostrovech a na Filipínách.

Tento mohutný hlodavec, který může měřit až 35 cm bez ocasu (ocas měří 20 – 35 cm) má štíhlý, hydrodynamický tvar vhodný do vodního prostředí. Zadní nohy jsou opatřeny malými plovacími blánami, jež umožňují obratné manévrování ve vodě.

Myš bobří se živí drobnými rybami, žábami, korýši a vodními ptáky, které aktivně pronásleduje a loví. Své úlovky často ukládá do zásobáren a konzumuje je později. Na jihu svého areálu se myši bobří rozmnožují brzy na jaře a rodí 4 – 5 mláďat; jedinci žijící více na severu se rozmnožují po celý rok.

Synonyma

  • Krysa bobří
  • Krysa zlatobřichá
  • Myš obří

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Myš bobří: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Myš bobří (Hydromys chrysogaster) je druh myší z čeledi myšovití (Muridae) a rodu Hydromys.

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Goldbauch-Schwimmratte ( German )

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Die Goldbauch-Schwimmratte (Hydromys chrysogaster) ist eine Nagetierart aus der Gruppe der Altweltmäuse (Murinae). Sie ist der bekannteste und am weitesten verbreitete Vertreter der Schwimmratten.

Merkmale

Goldbauch-Schwimmratten erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 21 bis 35 Zentimetern, hinzu kommt noch ein 24 bis 35 Zentimeter langer Schwanz. Ihr Gewicht beträgt 0,4 bis 1,2 Kilogramm. Ihr Körperbau ist an das Wasserleben angepasst: der Kopf ist langgestreckt, der Körper stromlinienförmig. Das dichte Fell ist graubraun bis schwarzbraun gefärbt, charakteristisch ist die weiße Schwanzspitze. Die Schnauze ist breit, die Augen sitzen hoch am Kopf, die Ohren sind klein. Die breiten Füße sind mit Schwimmhäuten versehen, der Schwanz ist rundlich.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Diese Nagetiere leben im nördlichen, östlichen und südwestlichen Australien einschließlich Tasmanien, auf Neuguinea und vorgelagerten Inseln wie den Aru-Inseln, den Kai-Inseln und den Obi-Inseln. Sie leben stets in der Nähe von Gewässern, dies können Seen und Flüsse, aber auch Mangrovengebiete und Brackwasserzonen sein.

Lebensweise und Ernährung

Goldbauch-Schwimmratten können sowohl am Tag als auch in der Nacht aktiv sein, gehen jedoch häufig während der Dämmerung auf Nahrungssuche. Sie leben in Erdbauen im Uferbereich, die Eingänge liegen oft unter einer Wurzel oder ähnlichem Versteckt. Baue können mehrere Kammern und zwei Eingänge haben. Sie sind territorial und leben einzelgängerisch, zwischen Männchen kann es auch zu heftigen Kämpfen kommen.

Sie jagen ihre Beute im Wasser. Die Nahrung besteht vorwiegend aus Krebstieren und Fischen, manchmal fressen sie aber auch Vögel, Frösche, kleine Säugetiere und Wasserinsekten.

Fortpflanzung

Die Paarung erfolgt zumindest in Australien im Frühling und Sommer. Nach einer rund 35-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein bis sieben (durchschnittlich drei bis vier) Jungtiere zur Welt. Diese öffnen nach zwei Wochen ihre Augen, werden mit vier Wochen entwöhnt und mit vier Monaten geschlechtsreif.

Gefährdung

Früher wurde die Goldbauch-Schwimmratte wegen ihres Felles gejagt, heute stellt die Verschmutzung der Gewässer eine größere Gefahr dar. Insgesamt ist die Art aber häufig und ist laut IUCN nicht gefährdet.

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 Bände. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD u. a. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Weblinks

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Goldbauch-Schwimmratte: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Goldbauch-Schwimmratte (Hydromys chrysogaster) ist eine Nagetierart aus der Gruppe der Altweltmäuse (Murinae). Sie ist der bekannteste und am weitesten verbreitete Vertreter der Schwimmratten.

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Australesch Waasserrat ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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Rakali ass en Numm deen aus der Aboriginisprooch kënnt a vun der australescher Regierung proposéiert ass fir déi Australesch Waasserrat (Hydromys chrysogaster) ze nennen.

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Commons: Hydromys chrysogaster – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien
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Australesch Waasserrat: Brief Summary ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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Rakali ass en Numm deen aus der Aboriginisprooch kënnt a vun der australescher Regierung proposéiert ass fir déi Australesch Waasserrat (Hydromys chrysogaster) ze nennen.

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Rakali

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The rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), also known as the rabe or water-rat, is an Australian native rodent first scientifically described in 1804.[2] Adoption of the Aboriginal name Rakali is intended to foster a positive public attitude by Environment Australia.[3]

One of four described species in the genus Hydromys, it is the only one with a range extending beyond Papua New Guinea and Indonesian West Papua. Having adapted to and colonised a unique niche of a semiaquatic and nocturnal lifestyle,[4] this species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries and feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali have a body 231–370 millimetres (9.1–14.6 in) in length, weigh 340–1,275 grams (0.750–2.811 lb), and have a thick tail measuring around 242–345 millimetres (9.5–13.6 in). Females are generally smaller than males but tail lengths are normally the same. They have partially webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. The body is streamlined with a skull that is large, flat and elongated, with two molars on the upper and lower jaw, similar to the water mouse. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.[4]

Long considered a nuisance animal, they were hunted for their soft fur, particularly in the Depression of the 1930s, when a ban was placed on imported pelts such as the American muskrat.[5] With their numbers under threat, a protection order was issued in 1938,[6] however they were still subject to destruction permits from 1938 to 1957 due to their effect on irrigation banks and alleged damage to fishing nets.[7] Additionally from 1957 to 1967 a number of licensed seasons were also held for this reason.[8][9]

Common names

Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as "water-rat" (also "common water-rat",[1] or "golden-bellied water-rat"[10]), but during the 1990s there was a push for such descriptive English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995, the Australian Nature Conservation Agency released a document in which the following indigenous names were recorded for H. chrysogaster. They recommended that "rakali" be adopted as the common name,[11] and the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion. Both common names are now widespread.

Taxonomy and description

Rakali: Breakwater St Kilda.

Hydromys chrysogaster is the most specialised of the Hydromyini rodent group for aquatics. They feature a flattened head, partly webbed hind feet and water repellent fur that also offers insulation.[15] Their waterproof thick coat varies from extremely dark fur, black to slate grey on their back and white to orange underneath. The thick dark tail is an identifying feature with its white tip. Their coat changes through the process of moulting, according to sex. Males and females moult in autumn and summer, and females additionally in spring. Moulting is conditional to temperature, reproductive condition, adrenal weight, health and social interaction.[16] The hind feet are wide and partially webbed, the broad face, flattened head and long whiskers are all distinguishing features. Their body grows to a length of 39 cm excluding the tail.[17]

This well-adapted semi-aquatic and territorial species may become very aggressive in high-density populations as they are mostly solitary. Fighting is common, leading to scarred tails from being bitten during fighting amongst both adult males and females.[17] Animals often exhibit ulcerated wounds, subcutaneous cysts and tumours mostly in the dorsal and posterior regions.[7]

Ecology

Distribution, Range and Habitat

Habitat: Rakali swimming in a creek

This widespread species can be found in permanent water systems in Australia, New Guinea and offshore islands. Rakali live near permanent water in a diverse range of habitat that varies from fresh slow-moving streams, brackish inland lakes and creeks to wetlands, rivers, estuaries and beaches on coastlines.[4] Found in all states and territories, this adaptable species has resumed resettlement populations in both Australia and New Guinea.[15] The map above shows their distribution throughout Australia and New Guinea.

Widely distributed through eastern Australia, west of the Kimberley, along the Northern coastline, throughout New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, their habitat varies from freshwater streams to brackish wetlands,[6] including shallow lakes (up to 2 m in depth) and farm dams, deep water storages, slow-moving rivers, creeks and streams, estuaries, coastal lakes and sheltered marine bays.[2]

Their home range typically comprises 1–4 km of waterways and they can travel a distance of between 200 m to a kilometre in a night when foraging.[3] They prefer low banks with flat, densely vegetated water edges for protection and ease of stalking prey,[17] spending time when not foraging resting in hollow logs and burrows.[3]

Diet and foraging

Helminth: various species of worms that infest water rats

The rakali is a predominantly carnivorous species, feeding on a variety of aquatic animals including fish, crustaceans, shellfish, small birds, eggs, mammals, frogs, and reptiles. In winter, when resources are limited, they will also feed on plants.[18] A mostly nocturnal species, they search for their food at dusk; guided by sight while in the water, and hunting at the water’s edge with the apparent memory of previous catches’ locations. They can also exhibit crepuscular habits, being found swimming and feeding in the early morning and evening. The animal does not tolerate low temperatures well, so they prefer terrestrial prey in winter over the aquatic species. They also spend longer winter periods in the warmth of their burrows.[17] A relatively new addition to their diet is, specifically, the heart and liver of the toxic cane toad, in regions where the toads have moved into their territory. The rakali have naturally figured out how to avoid the toad’s poisonous shoulder glands by flipping them onto their backs for ease of dispatch. They are, seemingly, unaffected by any poisonous secretions on the toads’ skin which they may inadvertently ingest. This makes the rakali one of the very few natural defenses in the fight to contain the cane toad’s population boom and spreading westward. Since the early twentieth century (when cane toads were blindly introduced to supposedly control sugar cane beetles on farms), the toads in Australia have multiplied from an initial 100 animals to as many as 100 million. Their poisonous skin secretions (which the eggs and tadpoles contain as well) can kill a dog or cat, and have contributed to the decline of several species of Australian reptiles, mammals, fish, and birds.[19]

Their diet makes this species susceptible to infestations of nematodes, with large numbers of Cosmocephalus australiensis recorded in 1959, burrowed into their stomach walls. Other worms, namely cestodes and trematodes, occur in high numbers in the small intestines. Sparganosis also afflicts rakali; these parasites coil under the skin surface around the shoulder and back region.[7][20][21] The extent of infestation, and the varieties of helminths that are present, vary according to the region which they inhabit.[22]

Metabolism

The rakali is not well adapted to hot and cold extremes as it has poor insulation qualities. Aquatic mammals need to maintain relatively constant body temperature to prevent or compensate for their thermally hostile environment. One of the few diurnal Australian rodents, they cannot maintain their body temperature below 15° and risk hyperthermia in temperatures that exceed 35°. Their vascular system has network adaptions for heat loss, but no major heat conserving vascular retia. This causes poor thermoregulation and poor insulative capacity in wet fur.[23] They control body temperature by remaining in the burrow in the heat of the day in summer and by foraging during the day in winter.[3][17][23]

Expending energy in this aquatic species is documented as lower, using less oxygen when moving on land than locomotion in water. Rakali have the capacity to run at twice their maximum swimming velocity. Their metabolic rate increases during running at a rate of 13-40% greater than when swimming.[24]

Predators and predation

Yabbies: most common food source

Humans have been their greatest predator, with rakali requiring protection by legislation in 1938. They were hunted for their soft fur and considered a pest species. Populations are considered to have recovered and in all states considered of 'least concern' with the exception of Western Australia.[18] Considered a pest in irrigation systems due to burrowing into banks and creating leaks, in a positive sense they have also been attributed to reduction of bank damage as they prey on freshwater crayfish (yabbies).

Predators of the rakali range from large fish and snakes when they are young and in the water, to birds of prey, foxes and cats.[2][17] The rakali has the unusual ability to kill cane toads without being poisoned.[17]

Behaviour and life history

Nesting

Rakali: reeds offer protection from predators

The breeding behaviours are influenced by seasonal conditions. Under good seasonal conditions the solitary water rat comes together with their mate and may produce several litters (if young are removed will reproduce again within two months), but separate on the birth of the young.[7] Limited information is available on home range, but suggests localised movement around the nesting sites and foraging areas. Rakali construct burrows dug into river banks but have also been documented building nests within sunken logs and reeds, in areas surrounded by roots and dense riparian vegetation for cover from predators.[2]

There is increasing evidence of altered nesting habitat with rakali using artificial shelters of drainage pipes, exhaust pipes in moored boats, and rubber tyres in human-modified areas.[3]

Breeding and growth

Females are able to reproduce from one-year-old or 425 g.[7] Mating commences from late winter to early spring with a gestation period of 34 days. Rakali have four mammae with nipples located in the abdominal inguinal area enabling litters of an average of four to five are born from September to February and are suckled for four weeks. Sexual maturity develops at around twelve months but has been documented to commence at 4 months and breeding in the season of their birth.[18] They are able to continue breeding until females are three and a half years old, and have a life expectancy of 3–4 years.[3][7]

A territorial species, they are mostly solitary excluding the periods of mating and rearing their young.[17] Their social organisation suggests adults are intra-sexually aggressive with their limited home range and overlapping sex and age classes. In captivity, only the dominant female in the hierarchy will successfully reproduce.[3] Fecundity is lower than that of other murid species producing only four to five litters, but fertility is very high which can create high population growth in a period of favorable breeding conditions. This can be also influenced by the rapid growth in juveniles who can reach maturity and size within their first year.[7]

H. chryogaster in comparison to the Rattus species mature late and have long reproductive lifecycles. They have lower reproductive output, delayed implantation, lactation anoestrus, winter anoestrus, longer estrous and longer gestation cycle. Their development occurs in stages associated with the eruption of incisors, hearing and eye-opening, eating solid foods, puberty and full reproductive maturity.[25]

Status

Although nationwide the populations appear stable there are individual populations facing a significant threat. Near threatened in Western Australia's Wheatbelt, urbanisation, salinisation, waterway degradation and pollution have all attributed to this status change.[2] In the Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania and New South Wales they are classified as 'least concern'. In the Victorian Lake Wellington, Lake Victoria and Lake Tyers region, numbers have declined in the past fifty years attributed to commercial eel-fishing, predation, loss of habitat due to commercial development and poisoning from baiting programs placing this species at risk.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b Aplin, K.; Copley, P.; Robinson, T.; Burbidge, A.; Morris, K.; Woinarski, J.; Friend, T.; Ellis, M. & Menkhorst, P. (2008). "Hydromys chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2015-02-06.old-form url
  2. ^ a b c d e Speldwinde, P.C; Close, P; Weybury, M; Comer, S (2013). "Habitat preference of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chryogaster) in a coastal wetland and stream, Two Peoples Bay, south-west Australia". Australian Mammalogy. 35: 188–194. doi:10.1071/AM12001.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Williams, G.A; Serena, M (2014). "Distribution and status of Australian water-rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) in the Gippsland Lakes" (PDF). A report to the Gippsland Lakes Ministerial Advisory Committee. Australian Platypus Conservancy. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  4. ^ a b c Atkinson, C. A; Lund, M. A; Morris, K. D (2008). "BiblioRakali: the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 (Muridae: Hydromyinae), a subject-specific bibliography" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia. 7 (1): 65–71. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  5. ^ "Water-rat". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Hydromys chrysogaster: Water-rat | Atlas of Living Australia". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g McNally, J (1959). "The biology of the water rat Hydromys chrysogaeter Geoffery (Muridae: Hydromyinae) in Victoria". Australian Journal of Zoology. 8: 170–180. doi:10.1071/zo9600170.
  8. ^ Seebeck, J; Menkhorst, P (2000). "Status and conservation of rodents in Australia". Wildlife Research. 27: 357–369. doi:10.1071/wr97055.
  9. ^ Smart, C; Speldewinde, P.C; Mills, H.R (2011). "Influence of habitat characteristics on the distribution of water-rat (Hydromys chrysogeaster) in the greater Perth region, Western Australia" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 94: 533–539. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  10. ^ Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "Hydromys chrysogaster" Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b Braithwaite R. W.; et al. (1995). Australian names for Australian rodents. Australian Nature Conservation Agency. ISBN 978-0-642-21373-0.
  12. ^ Garde, Murray. "yirrkku". Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 4 Nov 2021.
  13. ^ "Australian Water Rat". Bininj Kunwok Names for Plants and Animals. Bininj Kunwok Language Project. Retrieved 4 Nov 2021.
  14. ^ Goodfellow, Denise (1993). Fauna of Kakadu and the Top End. Kent Town (S. Aust.): Wakefield Press. ISBN 1862543062.
  15. ^ a b Hinds, F.E; Close, R. L; Campbell, M.T; Spencer, P.B.S (2002). "Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the water rat (Hydromys chryogaster)". Molecular Ecology Notes. 2: 42–44. doi:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00140.x.
  16. ^ Olsen, P (1980). "Seasonal and maturational pelage changes, and injuries, in the Eastern Water Rat, Hydromys chryogaster, at Griffith, N.S.W". Australian Wildlife Research. 7 (2): 217–233. doi:10.1071/wr9800217.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h "North Central Catchment management authority". Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster. Description and characteristics. North Central Catchment Management Authority. n.d. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  18. ^ a b c "Taxon Attribute Profiles, Hydromys chrysogaster". CSIRO, Water for a Healthy Country. n.d. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  19. ^ Parrott, Marissa; Doody, Sean; Clulow, Simon (23 September 2019). "Eat your heart out: native water rats have worked out how to safely eat cane toads". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  20. ^ Beveridge, I (1980). "Uncinaria Hydromydis SP. N (Nematoda Ancylostomatidae) from the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster". The Journal of Parasitology. 66 (6): 1027–1031. doi:10.2307/3280410. JSTOR 3280410.
  21. ^ Obendorf, D.L; Smales, L.R (1985). "The internal parasites and pathological findings in Hydromys chrysogaster (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Tasminia". Australian Journal of Zoology. 33: 33–8. doi:10.1071/zo9850033.
  22. ^ Smales, L.R; Cribb, T.H (1997). "Helminth Parasite communities of the water rat Hydromys chrysogaster, from Queensland". Wildlife Research. 24 (4): 445–457. doi:10.1071/wr96074.
  23. ^ a b Fanning, F.D; Dawson, T.J (1980). "Body temperature variability in the Australian water rat, Hydromys chryogaster, in air and water". Australian Journal of Zoology. 28 (2): 229–238. doi:10.1071/zo9800229.
  24. ^ Fish, F.E; Baudinette, R.V (1999). "Energetics of locomotion by the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): A comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (4): 353–363. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.4.353. hdl:2440/12191. PMID 9914144.
  25. ^ Smales, L.R (2006). "A new acuariid species (Spirurida, Acrididae) and other nematodes from Hydromys (Muridae, Hydromyinae) from Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 1110 (1110): 27–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1110.1.3.

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Rakali: Brief Summary

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The rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), also known as the rabe or water-rat, is an Australian native rodent first scientifically described in 1804. Adoption of the Aboriginal name Rakali is intended to foster a positive public attitude by Environment Australia.

One of four described species in the genus Hydromys, it is the only one with a range extending beyond Papua New Guinea and Indonesian West Papua. Having adapted to and colonised a unique niche of a semiaquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, this species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries and feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali have a body 231–370 millimetres (9.1–14.6 in) in length, weigh 340–1,275 grams (0.750–2.811 lb), and have a thick tail measuring around 242–345 millimetres (9.5–13.6 in). Females are generally smaller than males but tail lengths are normally the same. They have partially webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. The body is streamlined with a skull that is large, flat and elongated, with two molars on the upper and lower jaw, similar to the water mouse. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

Long considered a nuisance animal, they were hunted for their soft fur, particularly in the Depression of the 1930s, when a ban was placed on imported pelts such as the American muskrat. With their numbers under threat, a protection order was issued in 1938, however they were still subject to destruction permits from 1938 to 1957 due to their effect on irrigation banks and alleged damage to fishing nets. Additionally from 1957 to 1967 a number of licensed seasons were also held for this reason.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rata de agua australiana o rata palustre de Australia (Hydromys chrysogaster) es un roedor endémico de Australia de la familia de los múridos.

Descripción

Esta especie vive en madrigueras en bancos de arena de ríos, lagos y estuarios y se alimenta de insectos acuáticos, peces, crustáceos, mejillones, caracoles, ranas, huevos de aves y aves acuáticas. Su cuerpo mide entre 231 y 370 milímetros de longitud, pesan entre 340 y 1.275 gramos y tienen una gruesa cola que mide aproximadamente de 242 a 345 milímetros. Tienen las patas traseras palmeadas, piel impermeable, cabeza aplanada, una nariz larga y roma, abundantes bigotes y pequeñas orejas y ojos. Son de color entre negro y marrón con un vientre de naranja a blanco y su cola es oscura con la punta blanca.

Nombres comunes

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Un ejemplar de rata australiana entre vegetación acuática.

Hasta los años 1980, esta especie era comúnmente conocida como rata acuática, pero durante los años 1990 se inició una tendencia a sustituir los descriptivos nombres comunes utilizados habitualmente por los nombres indígenas. En 1995 la Agencia de Conservación de la Naturaleza australiana publicó un documento en el que se registraron un buen número de nombres indígenas para H. chrysogaster. Su recomendación fue utilizar rakali como nombre común,[1]​ y el Departamento australiano de Patrimonio y Ambiente adoptó esa propuesta. Actualmente se utilizan ambos nombres comunes.

Referencias

  1. Braithwaite R. W. et al. (1995). Australian names for Australian rodents (en inglés). Australian Nature Conservation Agency. ISBN 0642213739.

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rata de agua australiana o rata palustre de Australia (Hydromys chrysogaster) es un roedor endémico de Australia de la familia de los múridos.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Basque )

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Hydromys chrysogaster Hydromys generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Murinae azpifamilia eta Muridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. E. Geoffroy (1804) Muridae Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 354. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hydromys chrysogaster Hydromys generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Murinae azpifamilia eta Muridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Australianvesirotta ( Finnish )

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Australianvesirotta (Hydromys chrysogaster)[2] on alkuperäinen australialainen istukkanisäkäs.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Australianvesirotan väritys vaihtelee lähes mustasta kullanruskeaan ja tummanharmaaseen. Alapuoli voi olla ruskea, keltainen, valkea tai jopa kirkkaan oranssi.

Pituus: 23-37 cm
Hännän pituus: 23-35 cm
Paino: 0,3-1,3 kg

Levinneisyys

Australianvesirotan levinneisyysalue kattaa Australian, Tasmanian ja Uuden-Guinean sekä lukuisia läheisiä saaria, kuten Obi Islandin. Laji elää joissa ja jokisuistoissa, seisovissa vesissä sekä soilla.

Lisääntyminen

Australianvesirotta voi lisääntyä ympäri vuoden. Huippu on kuitenkin keväällä ja kesällä. Naaras synnyttää lyhyen tiineyden päätteeksi pesäänsä jopa 7 poikasta. Vastasyntyneet pennut ovat kaljuja, sokeita ja avuttomia sekä täysin riippuvaisia emonsa tarjoamasta ravinnosta ja suojasta. Huolenpito jälkeläisistä on vaativaa, ja emo viettääkin liki kaiken aikansa niiden parissa. Saalistamassa se käy lyhyesti yöllä. Pennut avaavat silmänsä kaksiviikkoisina ja alkavat pian tutkia pesää ja sen lähiympäristöä. Kuukauden vanhoina ne vieroitetaan, mutta vasta kuukautta myöhemmin ne itsenäistyvät.

Ravinto

Australianvesirotta etsii ravintonsa enimmäkseen joen tai kosteikon pohjalta. Se sukeltaa silmät auki ja näkee mainiosti myös veden alla. Herkät viiksikarvat auttavat havaitsemaan saaliseläimen liikkeitä. Tarkan näkö- ja tuntoaistinsa ansiosta australianvesirotta pystyy pyydystämään ravinnokseen monenlaisia otuksia: vesihyönteisiä ja niiden toukkia, kaloja, äyriäisiä, simpukoita, sammakoita, ja kilpikonnia. Uhrinsa se kiikuttaa pintaan, ja asettuu aterioimaan suosikkitukilleen tai -kivelleen tai rannalle paikalle, jossa saa ahmia rauhassa.

Lähteet

  1. Aplin, K., Copley, P., Robinson, T., Burbidge, A., Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Ellis, M. & Menkhorst, P.: Hydromys chrysogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 2, s. 228–231. (Englanninkielinen alkuteos The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2, sarjassa World of animals). Helsinki: Tammi, 1987. ISBN 951-30-6531-6.

Aiheesta muualla

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Australianvesirotta: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Australianvesirotta (Hydromys chrysogaster) on alkuperäinen australialainen istukkanisäkäs.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( French )

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Le rat d'eau australien (Hydromys chrysogaster) ou rakali est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des muridés endémique d'Australie.

C'est avec l'ornithorynque l'une des deux seules espèces de mammifères amphibies vivant en Australie.

Description

 src=
Hydromys chrysogaster

Il mesure 23 à 37 cm de long (avec une queue épaisse mesurant 24 à 34,5 cm) pour un poids de 340 à 1275 grammes. Il a un pelage noir ou brun avec un ventre blanc à orange. Il a des pattes arrière palmées, une fourrure imperméable, une tête aplatie, un long nez pointu, de grandes moustaches, de petits yeux et de petites oreilles.

Distribution et habitat

 src=

Il vit dans des terriers creusés sur les berges des rivières et des lacs de l'est de l'Australie (voir carte).

Alimentation

Il se nourrit d'insectes, de poissons, de crustacés, de moules, d'escargots, de grenouilles, d'œufs et d'oiseaux.

Dénomination

Le gouvernement australien recommande de lui donner le nom aborigène de rakali[1].

Références

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le rat d'eau australien (Hydromys chrysogaster) ou rakali est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des muridés endémique d'Australie.

C'est avec l'ornithorynque l'une des deux seules espèces de mammifères amphibies vivant en Australie.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Italian )

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Il ratto d'acqua comune o rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster E.Geoffroy, 1804) è un roditore della famiglia dei Muridi, diffuso nell'Ecozona australasiana.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Roditore di grandi dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 300 e 390 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 230 e 320 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 55 e 76 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 15 e 20 mm e un peso fino a 1,2 kg.[3]

Aspetto

Il corpo è snello, con una pelliccia molto densa e lucida. Il colore delle parti superiori è bruno-nerastro nei maschi, tendente al grigiastro nelle femmine, mentre le parti ventrali variano dal bianco-grigiastro al bianco-giallastro con la base dei peli grigio chiaro. Il muso è largo, il labbro superiore è insolitamente rigonfio e ricoperto fittamente di lunghe vibrisse, gli occhi sono piccoli, le narici sono posizionate sulla parte dorsale. Le orecchie sono relativamente corte. I piedi sono larghi e le tre dita centrali sono parzialmente palmate. La coda è più corta della testa e del corpo, è ricoperta densamente di lunghi peli nerastri e con l'estremità bianca. Il cariotipo è 2n=48 FN=52.

Biologia

Comportamento

 src=
Ratto d'acqua che nuota in un fiume

È una specie acquatica e notturna, sebbene sia stata osservata anche di giorno, con picchi di attività verso le prime ore del tramonto. Scava tane e cunicoli sulle sponde dei corsi d'acqua. È marcatamente territoriale e diventa molto aggressiva in aree ad elevata densità.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di invertebrati acquatici, pesci e insetti come il ditisco oppure varie specie di Hemiptera. Meno frequentemente fanno parte della dieta anche rane, rettili, piccoli mammiferi, uccelli, molluschi, ragni e durante i periodi di scarsa disponibilità anche di piante. Preferisce trasportare il cibo fuori dall'acqua e mangiarlo in aree riparate.

Riproduzione

Si riproduce in qualsiasi periodo dell'anno, con picchi tra settembre e gennaio. Le femmine partoriscono 3-4 piccoli fino a 5 volte l'anno se sono presenti condizioni ambientali favorevoli. L'allattamento dura per circa 4 settimane. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 4 mesi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa in Australia, Tasmania, Isole Molucche, Nuova Guinea ed alcune isole vicine.[1]

Vive in associazione ad habitat permanentemente acquatici fino a 1.900 metri di altitudine. È presente anche in mangrovie, estuari e zone irrigate artificialmente.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 5 sottospecie:

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la popolazione numerosa, classifica H.chrysogaster come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Aplin, K., Copley, P., Robinson, T., Burbidge, A., Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Ellis, M. & Menkhorst, P. 2008, Hydromys chrysogaster, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Hydromys chrysogaster, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Flannery, 1995.

Bibliografia

  • Tim F. Flannery, Mammals of New Guinea, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8014-3149-4.
  • Peter Menkhorst & Frank Knight, A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Oxford University Press, USA, 2001, ISBN 9780195508703.

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il ratto d'acqua comune o rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster E.Geoffroy, 1804) è un roditore della famiglia dei Muridi, diffuso nell'Ecozona australasiana.

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Australische beverrat ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Australische beverrat (Hydromys chrysogaster) is een knaagdier uit het geslacht Hydromys dat voorkomt op Nieuw-Guinea, in Australië en op vele omliggende eilanden. Van alle inheemse knaagdieren van het Australaziatisch gebied heeft hij de grootste verspreiding. Het is een sterk aan het water aangepast dier. Zijn nauwste verwanten zijn de beverrat van Nieuw-Brittannië (H. neobritannicus) en enkele onbeschreven soorten.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Dit dier leeft op Nieuw-Guinea, de Aru-eilanden, Biak, Fergusson, Goodenough, Japen, de Kai-eilanden, Kiriwina, Normanby en in heel Australië (behalve het droge midden), inclusief vele omliggende eilanden, waaronder Tasmanië, de Furneaux Group bij Tasmanië, Melville, Bathursteiland en Groote Eylandt in het Noordelijk Territorium, Frasereiland in Queensland en Barrow en Dorre-eiland bij West-Australië. Hij leeft in allerlei habitats in de buurt van water, zoals bergstromen, laaglandrivieren, meren, irrigatiekanalen, lagunes, mangroves en zelfs stromen en estuaria in grote steden. Hij kan in zoet, brak en zout water overleven. Het is een wijdverspreide en algemene soort in Australië. In Nieuw-Guinea komt hij tot op 1900 m hoogte voor (op Mount Erimbari). Op de eilanden rond Nieuw-Guinea is het een moeilijk te vinden soort. In veel gevallen kent de lokale bevolking het dier wel, maar is het niet mogelijk om een exemplaar te vinden.

Beschrijving

Deze soort is sterk aangepast aan een leven in het water, met een gestroomlijnde lichaamsvorm, kleine ogen en oren die hoog op de kop zijn geplaatst, een lange bek met veel snorharen, zwemvliezen aan de brede achtervoeten, een dichte, fluweelachtige vacht, en een dikke staart die als roer kan worden gebruikt. De kleur van de rug varieert van grijsbruin tot goudbruin of bijna zwart, de onderkant crèmekleurig of wit tot oranje. De dikke, lange, behaarde staart is donkergrijs of zwart, met een grote, witte punt. Hij verspreidt een karakteristieke, muskusachtige geur. Hij laat karakteristieke voetafdrukken achter in de modder. De grootte van dit dier is in nevenstaande tabel opgenomen. Vrouwtjes hebben 0+2=4 mammae, net als de meeste Australaziatische knaagdieren.

Geografische variatie

Grootte van de Australische beverrat in verschillende gebieden
(Alles in mm, behalve gewicht in g) Kenmerk Australië* Nieuw-Guinea** Fergusson*** Kop-romplengte 300-390 195-289 280-282 Staartlengte 230-320 202-300 255-258 Achtervoetlengte 55-76 46-61 55,0-55,3 Oorlengte 15-20 13-19 19,3-20,8 Gewicht 620-1200 210-500 430-540 *Menkhorst & Knight (2001); **Flannery (1995a); Musser & Piik (1982); ***Flannery (1995b)

De Australische beverrat is een zeer variabele soort. Zowel geografisch als binnen populaties verschillen individuen vaak sterk in factoren als grootte en vachtkleur. Op die variatie hebben allerlei variabelen een invloed, zoals het seizoen, de leeftijd en de sekse. Zie Tate (1951:228-236) voor een uitgebreide bespreking van de geografische variatie in H. chrysogaster.

Ten eerste is er een verschil in de grootte van de kiezen. In de vormen uit het binnenland van Australië varieert de grootte van de eerste bovenkies van 6,3 tot 7,0 mm, in de vormen uit Nieuw-Guinea en het noorden en oosten van Australië van 5,3 tot 6,3 mm. Ook de grootte van de schedel en andere kwantitatieve kenmerken variëren sterk; vaak is er niet of nauwelijks overlap tussen verschillende vormen, zoals ook in de tabel hiernaast te zien is. Over het algemeen zijn de Nieuw-Guineese vormen kleiner en de vormen met grotere tanden groter.

De buikvacht van H. chrysogaster is meestal gebroken wit, maar soms komen er oranje dieren voor, vooral mannetjes. Dat wordt waarschijnlijk ten minste deels verklaard door de seizoenen: oranje buiken komen 's zomers meer voor. Exemplaren uit West-Australië en Waigeo hebben weer een zeer grijze buik. Een ander variabel kenmerk is de grootte van de witte staarpunt. Die is meestal groter ten noorden van de Centrale Cordillera van Nieuw-Guinea dan ten zuiden ervan, maar veel van de variatie is niet-geografisch en lijkt bijna willekeurig.

Tate (1951) onderscheidde op basis van deze observaties zes ondersoorten, die hieronder kort besproken worden. Sindsdien is er weinig substantieel onderzoek gedaan naar de geografische variatie van de Australische beverrat. Exemplaren uit Obi en Goodenough, die eerst als H. chrysogaster werden geïdentificeerd, zijn mogelijk aparte, verwante soorten.

De eerste ondersoort, H. c. chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 (synoniemen: leucogaster Geoffroy, 1804; lutrilla Gould, 1863), komt voor op Tasmanië en langs de kust van Zuidoost-Australië. Deze ondersoort heeft kleine tanden en verschilt daarnaast in een aantal schedelkenmerken van andere vormen. Deze verschillen zitten in de vorm van de kiezen, de foramina incisiva en de ossa nasalia.

Een andere ondersoort, H. c. fulvolavatus Gould, 1853, komt voor ten westen van het verspreidingsgebied van H. c. chrysogaster, in het binnenland van het zuidoosten. Het is een vorm met grote tanden. Hij is nauw verwant aan H. c. reginae die verder naar het noorden voorkomt, en Tate gaf in feite geen kenmerken om ze van elkaar te scheiden.

In het zuidwesten van West-Australië leeft de ondersoort H. c. fuliginosus Gould, 1853, die ook grote tanden heeft. Daarnaast heeft deze vorm een bijzonder klein os lacrimale en een grijze buikvacht.

De ondersoort H. c. reginae Thomas & Dollman, 1909 (synoniem: lawnensis Troughton, 1935) leeft in het binnenland van Queensland, inclusief grote delen van Kaap York. Deze groottandige vorm is nauw verwant aan H. c. fulvolavatus, die verder naar het zuiden voorkomt.

H. c. beccarii Peters, 1875 (synoniemen: esox Thomas, 1906; caurinus Thomas, 1909; nauticus Thomas, 1921; melicertes Thomas, 1921; longmani Thomas, 1923; grootensis Troughton, 1935; moae Troughton, 1935) is een wijdverspreide ondersoort, die voorkomt in de zuidelijke helft van Nieuw-Guinea en langs de noordelijke en oostelijke kust van Australië. Het is een kleintandige vorm.

De laatste vorm, H. c. illuteus Thomas, 1922 (synoniem: oriens Troughton, 1937), uit het noorden van Nieuw-Guinea, lijkt sterk op H. c. beccarii. Deze twee ondersoorten verschillen van elkaar in de grootte van het witte deel van de staart, die zoals boven gezegd een zeer variabel kenmerk is.

Gedrag en ecologie

Deze soort is voornamelijk 's nachts actief, maar is vaak ook het meest actief bij zonsondergang. In Australië is het dier soms ook overdag actief, maar op Nieuw-Guinea nooit. Hij slaapt in een nest in een boomstam of in een tunnel aan de oever. Vaak wordt hij gezien terwijl hij zwemt, waarbij alleen de bovenkant van het hoofd en de rug zichtbaar zijn. 's Winters komt hij minder in het water en eet hij grotere prooidieren. Individuen vormen territoria, die in Zuidoost-Queensland twee tot tien hectare groot kunnen worden, afhankelijk van de habitat.

Hij brengt zijn voedsel naar zijn "eetplek", waar hij de oneetbare delen achterlaat. Hij foerageert voornamelijk in het water of er vlakbij. Hij eet allerlei waterdieren, zoals grote waterinsecten, mossels, schaaldieren, vissen, kikkers, kikkerdril, hagedissen, vogels en kleine zoogdieren. Op Barrow Island eten ze ook schildpadeieren en jonge schildpadjes.

Het dier paart het hele jaar, maar het meeste van de lente tot de late zomer. De paartijd wordt bepaald door allerlei factoren, zoals onder andere leeftijd en klimaat. Vrouwtjes kunnen vanaf acht maanden paren. De zwangerschap duurt ongeveer 34 dagen. Per jaar kunnen er vijf nesten van drie tot vier jongen geboren worden. De jongen worden onafhankelijk na acht weken.

De Australische beverrat wordt gegeten door slangen, grote vissen, roofvogels en katten.

Parasieten

Een onderzoek naar de parasieten van de Australische beverrat (Obendorf & Smales, 1985) gaf als resultaat dat op of in dit dier twee soorten rondwormen (Nematoda), één haakworm, drie lintwormen, zeven Trematoda en twee eencelligen (Toxoplasma gondii en Sarcocystis sp.) voorkomen. Een ander onderzoek (Smales et al., 1989) naar de parasieten van de Australische beverrat gaf iets andere resultaten. Er werd één haakworm, Corynosoma stanleyi gevonden, één lintworm, Hymenolepis diminuta en tien trematoden (Echinoparyphium hydromyos, Fibricola minor, Fibricola intermedius, Microphaflus minutus, Maritrema occysta, Plagiorchis jaenschi, nieuwe soorten van Notocotylus en Paramonostomum en ongeïdentificeerde leden van de families Heterophyidae en Psilostomidae). Verder zijn de rondwormen Synhimantus australiensis, Antechiniella suffodiax, Woolleya hydromyos en ongeïdentificeerde soorten van Antechiniela, Parastrongyloides en de Heteroxynematidae gevonden. Daarnaast werden de eencelligen Klossiella hydromyos, Toxoplasma gondii en Sarcomystis sp. gevonden. Ook werden de mijten Paraspeleognathopsis derricki, Murichirus parahydromys en Radfordia sp., de vliegen Acanthopsylla rothschildi en Echidnophaga (twee soorten), de luis Hoplopleura bidentata en de teek Zxodes tasmani gevonden. Andere voorbeelden van parasieten op dit dier zijn Uncinaria hydromydis (een rondworm uit de familie Ancylostomatidae) en Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.

Lokale namen

In verschillende delen van zijn verspreidingsgebied heeft deze soort andere namen. In het Engels wordt hij "common water rat", "beaver rat" of "water rat" genoemd, in het Indonesisch "tikus air biasa". De Daribi, een stam uit Chimbu Province in Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea, noemen hem "bomboro", de Mianmin (uit Sandaun Province) "ayam". In Australië heeft hij ongeveer 50 inheemse namen, waaronder "rakali" in het zuidwesten. Op Fergusson wordt hij "toeta" genoemd, op Biak-Supiori "manan fis feas" (maar dat is onzeker).

Literatuur

  • Flannery, T.F. 1995a. Mammals of New Guinea. Chatswood, New South Wales: Reed Books, 568 pp.
  • Flannery, T.F. 1995b. Mammals of the South-West Pacific and Moluccan Islands. Chatswood, New South Wales: Reed Books.
  • Husson A.M. (1955) Tabel voor het determineren van de landzoogdieren van Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea Zoologische Bijdragen Vol. 1 Nr. 1 p. 1-35 PDF
  • Mahoney J.A. (1969) A reidentification of the Australian Muridae in the Leiden Museum listed by F. A. Jentink in 1887 and 1888 Zoologische Mededelingen Vol. 43 p. 279-286 PDF
  • Menkhorst, P. & Knight, F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
  • Musser, G.G. & Piik, E. 1982. A new species of Hydromys (Muridae) from western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Zoologische Mededelingen 56(13):153-167, 7 mei 1982. PDF
  • Obendorf, D.L. & Smales, L.R. 1985. The Internal Parasites and Pathological Findings in Hydromys chrysogaster (Muridae: Hydromyine) from Tasmania. Australian Journal of Zoology 33(1):33-38.
  • Smales, L.R., Miller, A.K. & Obendorf, D.L. 1989. Parasites of the Water Rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, from Victoria and South Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 37(6):657-663.
  • Tate, G.H.H. 1951. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 65. The rodents of Australia and New Guinea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 97:183-430.

Originele beschrijvingen

  • Cuvier, F. 1837. Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Jourdan, de Lyon, convernant quelques mammiféres nouveaux. Comptes Rendes Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 6:2-6. (fulvoventer)
  • Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1804. Note sur un nouveau genre de Mammifères, de l'ordre des rongeurs, sous le nom d'hydromys. Bulletin de Société Philomathique de Paris 3(93):353-354. (chrysogaster, leucogaster)
  • Gould, J. 1853. The mammals of Australia, Pt 5. London: J. Gould. (fuliginosus, fulvolavatus)
  • Gould, J. 1863. The Mammals of Australia, pt. 13. London: J. Gould. (lutrilla)
  • Jourdan, [?]. 1837. Mémoire sur quelques mammiféres nouveaux. Comptes Rendes Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 5:521-524, October 1837. (fulvogaster)
  • Peters, W. 1874. Diagnosi di tre nuovi mammiferi della Nuova Guinea ed Isole Key. Annali Museo Civico di Storia Nature di Genova 6:303. (beccarii)
  • Thomas, O. 1906. New mammals from the Australian region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)17:324-332. (esox)
  • Thomas, O. 1909. Two new mammals from N. Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)4:197-198. (caurinus)
  • Thomas, O. 1921. Notes on Australasian rats, with a selection of lectotypes of Australasian Muridae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)8:425-433. (melicertes, nauticus)
  • Thomas, O. 1922. New mammals from New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)9:261-265. (illuteus)
  • Thomas, O. 1923. The Godman Exploration Fund. List of mammals from north Queensland collected by Mr T. Sherrin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)11:171-178. (longmani)
  • Thomas, O. & Dollman, G. 1909. Mammals from Inkerman, north Queensland, presented to the National Museum by Sir William Ingram, Bt., and the Hon. John Forrest. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1908:788-794. (reginae)
  • Troughton, E. le G. 1935. Five new rats of the genera Hydromys and Melomys from Northern Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 19:251-258. (grootensis, lawnensis, moae)
  • Troughton, E. le G. 1937. Descriptions of some New Guinea mammals. Records of the Australian Museum 20:117-127. (oriens)

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Hydromys chrysogaster van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Australische beverrat: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De Australische beverrat (Hydromys chrysogaster) is een knaagdier uit het geslacht Hydromys dat voorkomt op Nieuw-Guinea, in Australië en op vele omliggende eilanden. Van alle inheemse knaagdieren van het Australaziatisch gebied heeft hij de grootste verspreiding. Het is een sterk aan het water aangepast dier. Zijn nauwste verwanten zijn de beverrat van Nieuw-Brittannië (H. neobritannicus) en enkele onbeschreven soorten.

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Bobroszczur złotobrzuchy ( Polish )

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Bobroszczur złotobrzuchy[3], dawniej także bobroszczur[4] (Hydromys chrysogaster) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny myszowatych[5].

Polska nazwa zwyczajowa

We wcześniejszej polskiej literaturze zoologicznej Hydromys chrysogaster było oznaczane nazwą „bobroszczur”[4]. W wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” gatunkowi nadano nazwę bobroszczur złotobrzuchy, rezerwując nazwę bobroszczur dla rodzaju tych gryzoni[3].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Bobroszczury złotobrzuche zamieszkują brzegi jezior i rzek Australii i Tasmanii oraz części okolicznych wysepek. Można je również spotkać na terenie Nowej Gwinei[5].

Habitat

Bobroszczury złotobrzuche gnieżdżą się na brzegach zbiorników wodnych w wydrążonych przez siebie tunelach lub pustych kłodach. Są zwierzętami lądowymi jednak są zależne od zbiorników wodnych jako źródła pożywienia. Zamieszkują tereny otaczające zarówno naturalne, jak i sztuczne zbiorniki. Mogą również przeżyć w rejonach, gdzie zbiorniki wodne są zanieczyszczone lub w zbiornikach półsłonych[5].

Rozmnażanie

Rozmnażanie bobroszczurów złotobrzuchych rozciąga się na okres wiosny i lata. Ciąża trwa około 35 dni. Samice są gotowe do ponownego zapłodnienia od razu po porodzie, tak więc kolejne mioty mogą pojawiać się w 35-dniowych odstępach. Samice mogą wydać na świat do pięciu miotów rocznie, jednak zazwyczaj liczba ta waha się od jednego do trzech. Każdy miot składa się z trzech lub czterech młodych. Potomstwo bobroszczura złotobrzuchego rodzi się nagie i ślepe, jednak szybko się rozwija. Młode zazwyczaj osiągają niezależność po około 35 dniach, a po upływie roku są już zdolne do rozrodu[6].

Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova (1880) (18223522340).jpg

Budowa ciała

Długość ciała bobroszczura złotobrzuchego wynosi 231–370 mm, a masa 340–1275 g. Brak jest różnicy w rozmiarach ciała pomiędzy płciami[7]. Bobroszczury są dobrze przystosowane do żerowania w środowisku wodnym. Ich palce, zarówno u kończyn górnych, jak i dolnych, połączone są błoną pławną, a gęste futro nie przepuszcza wody. Bobroszczur złotobrzuchy ma spłaszczoną głowę, wydłużony, tępo zakończony pysk, małe uszy i oczy. Charakterystyczną cechą zwierzęcia jest gruby ogon o długości 242–345 mm. Poszczególne osobniki bobroszczurów złotobrzuchych różnią się nieco umaszczeniem. Gama barwna obejmuje szary, ciemnobrązowy, czasem niemal czarny. Cechą łączącą umaszczenie wszystkich osobników jest białe zakończenie ogona[6].

Pokarm

Bobroszczury złotobrzuche żywią się wodnymi ptakami i owadami, rybami, małżami, ślimakami, żabami oraz jajami. Mogą również żerować na nadbrzeżnej roślinności.

Przypisy

  1. Hydromys chrysogaster, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Hydromys chrysogaster. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b Zygmunt Kraczkiewicz: SSAKI. Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Zoologiczne - Komisja Nazewnictwa Zwierząt Kręgowych, 1968, s. 81, seria: Polskie nazewnictwo zoologiczne.
  5. a b c Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Hydromys chrysogaster. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2009-12-06]
  6. a b Barbara Lundrigan, Kim Pfotenhauer: Hydromys chrysogastergolden-bellied water rat (ang.). Animal Diversity Web., 2003. [dostęp 2014-03-23].
  7. G. H. H. Tate: Results of the Archbold expeditions. no. 65, The rodents of Australia and New Guinea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1951.
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Bobroszczur złotobrzuchy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Bobroszczur złotobrzuchy, dawniej także bobroszczur (Hydromys chrysogaster) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny myszowatych.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Portuguese )

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Hydromys chrysogaster é uma espécie de roedor nativo da Austrália. São animais que habitam em tocas junto a rios, lagos e estuários. Alimentam-se de insectos aquáticos, peixes, crustáceos, bivalves, gastrópodes, sapos, ovos de aves e também de aves aquáticas.

Possuem em comprimento de 231-370 mm, um peso de 340-1,275 g e uma cauda espessa que mede cerca de 242–345 mm. As patas traseiras possuem membranas, o seu pelo é à prova de água, a cabeça é achatada e com um focinho pontiagudo. Os olhos e as orelhas são de pequenas dimensões.

Referências

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Hydromys chrysogaster é uma espécie de roedor nativo da Austrália. São animais que habitam em tocas junto a rios, lagos e estuários. Alimentam-se de insectos aquáticos, peixes, crustáceos, bivalves, gastrópodes, sapos, ovos de aves e também de aves aquáticas.

Possuem em comprimento de 231-370 mm, um peso de 340-1,275 g e uma cauda espessa que mede cerca de 242–345 mm. As patas traseiras possuem membranas, o seu pelo é à prova de água, a cabeça é achatada e com um focinho pontiagudo. Os olhos e as orelhas são de pequenas dimensões.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Swedish )

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Hydromys chrysogaster[2] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av E. Geoffroy 1804. Hydromys chrysogaster ingår i släktet australiska vattenråttor, och familjen råttdjur.[3][4] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[3]

Svenska trivialnamn för arten är australisk vattenråtta,[5] australisk bisamråtta, australisk träskråtta eller australisk sumpråtta.[6]

Utseende

Arten har ungefär samma storlek som de andra medlemmarna i släktet australiska vattenråttor och väger ungefär 800 g. Den har breda bakfötter som används som paddel och simhud mellan tårna av fram- och bakfötter. Det avplattade huvudet kännetecknas av små öron och ögon. Svansens främre del är mörk och spetsen är vit. Pälsen har på ovansidan en brun- grå eller svartaktig färg. Undersidan är hos några individer gulaktig (jämför artens engelska [golden-bellied water rat[7]] eller tysk namn [Goldbauch-Schwimmratte]) men hos andra individer har buken samma färg som ryggen. Hydromys chrysogaster misstolkas ibland som näbbdjur (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) men den är inte lika bra anpassade för livet i vattnet. Till exempel är pälsen inte helt vattentät och därför kan arten frysa efter ett besök i vattnet under kalla dagar. Hydromys chrysogaster bildar ett brunt fett som fördelas i pälsen för att motverka bristen.[7]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna gnagare förekommer i Australiens östra och norra delar samt på Tasmanien. Dessutom finns en population vid Australiens sydvästra hörn och vid den västra kusten. Arten hittas även på Nya Guinea och på flera mindre öar i regionen. Hydromys chrysogaster vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1900 meter över havet. Den lever i olika habitat med behöver vattendrag eller insjöar.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna gräver sina tunnlar vid strandlinjen. Boets ingång (eller ingångar) ligger vanligen under en trädrot eller är gömd på annat sätt. I boet finns en eller två kamrar som är cirka 20 cm höga. Gnagaren hittar födan främst i vattnet samt i växtligheten vid vattenkanten. Arten äter främst vattenlevande djur som kräftdjur, musslor, grodor, vattenlevande insekter och sköldpaddor. På land hittar den gnagare, ägg, människans matrester och fladdermöss som vilar på marken som föda. Hydromys chrysogaster har även den introducerade agapaddan (Rhinella marina) som byten som är giftig för flera rovlevande djur.[7][1]

Honor har vanligen en eller två kullar per år och ibland upp till fem kullar. Per kull föds tre eller fyra ungar.[1] Dräktigheten varar cirka 35 dagar och ungarna är i början blinda. De växer under de första veckorna fort och är efter ungefär 35 dagar självständiga. Den första parningen sker efter ett år.[7]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] 2008 Hydromys chrysogaster Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Hydromys chrysogaster
  3. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (16 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/hydromys+chrysogaster/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  4. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  5. ^ australisk vattenråtta, svensk - ungersk ordbok
  6. ^ Bisamråtta 3, Svensk Akademisk Ordbok
  7. ^ [a b c d] Lundrigan & Pfotenhauer (16 april 2003). ”Golden-bellied water rat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hydromys_chrysogaster/. Läst 23 december 2015.

Externa länkar

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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Hydromys chrysogaster är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av E. Geoffroy 1804. Hydromys chrysogaster ingår i släktet australiska vattenråttor, och familjen råttdjur. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Svenska trivialnamn för arten är australisk vattenråtta, australisk bisamråtta, australisk träskråtta eller australisk sumpråtta.

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Hydromys chrysogaster ( Vietnamese )

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Hydromys chrysogaster là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chuột, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được E. Geoffroy mô tả năm 1804.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Aplin, K., Copley, P., Robinson, T., Burbidge, A., Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Ellis, M. & Menkhorst, P. (2008). Hydromys chrysogaster. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2008.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Hydromys chrysogaster”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến phân họ chuột Murinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hydromys chrysogaster: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Hydromys chrysogaster là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chuột, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được E. Geoffroy mô tả năm 1804.

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オオミズネズミ ( Japanese )

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オオミズネズミ Hydromys chrysogaster - Gould.jpg 保全状況評価 LOWER RISK - Least Concern (IUCN Red List Ver. 2.3 (1994))
Status iucn2.3 LC.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネズミ目 Rodentia : ネズミ科 Muridae : ミズネズミ属 Hydromys : オオミズネズミ H. chrysogaster 学名 Hydromys chrysogaster E.Geoffroy, 1804 和名 オオミズネズミ 英名 Australian Water Rat
Beaver-Rat
Golden-Bellied Water Rat

オオミズネズミ(大水鼠、学名: Hydromys chrysogaster)は、 ネズミ目(齧歯目) ネズミ科に属する、水棲生活に適応した大型のネズミ類の1種である。

生息地[編集]

ニューギニアからオーストラリア東部、タスマニアに棲息。オーストラリアでは保護の対象である。

形態[編集]

頭胴長29~39cm、尾長23~35cm、体重0.65~1.25kg に達する。幅が広く水かきの発達した後脚、灰色がかった褐色の毛皮、豊かな頬ヒゲ、先端が白い太く黒味がかった尾を持つ。 は普通のネズミに比べ、体の割に小さめ。

生態[編集]

住環境として常に水が豊富にある地域を必要とし、 それも完全に手付かずの環境より、ある程度人間の手が入った環境を特に好む。

巧みに泳ぐ事が出来、その様子から時折カモノハシと誤認される事がある。

食性は肉食。主に淡水性の巻貝や小魚、時にカエルカメ水鳥ハツカネズミコウモリ捕食する。 カラスガイなどは捕まえた後、陽だまりの岩の上に置いて、太陽光による熱射で殻が開き、中身が取り出しやすくなるのを待つ習性がある。

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wikipedia 日本語

オオミズネズミ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

オオミズネズミ(大水鼠、学名: Hydromys chrysogaster)は、 ネズミ目(齧歯目) ネズミ科に属する、水棲生活に適応した大型のネズミ類の1種である。

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오스트레일리아물쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

오스트레일리아물쥐 또는 라칼리(Hydromys chrysogaster)는 쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 오스트레일리아 토착종으로 1804년에 처음 기술되었다.[3] 호주 원주민이 부르던 이름 "라칼리"(Rakali)를 이름을 변경한 이유는 "환경 오스트레일리아"에 대한 대중의 긍정적인 태도를 촉진하기 위한 의도가 있다.[4] 물쥐속 중에서 오스트레일리아를 넘어 파푸아뉴기니인도네시아 서파푸아에도 분포하는 종이다. 반수생 및 야행성 생활이라는 독특한 생태적 지위를 개척하여 효과적으로 적응하고 살아남았다.[5] 강가와 호수, 강어귀의 언덕에 굴을 파고 생활하며, 수생 곤충과 물고기, 갑각류, 연체동물, 달팽이, 개구리, 새 알, 물새 등을 먹는다. 라칼리의 몸 길이는 231~370mm이고, 몸무게는 340~1275g, 두꺼운 꼬리 길이는 약 242~345mm이다. 암컷은 수컷보다 일반적으로 작지만 꼬리 길이는 거의 같다. 특히 뒷발에 물갈퀴가 있으며, 방수가 되는 털과 편평한 머리, 많은 수염, 길고 뭉툭한 코, 작은 귀와 눈을 갖고 있다.

각주

  1. Hydromys chrysogaster. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2014.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2015년 2월 6일에 확인함.
  2. Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). 〈Superfamily Muroidea〉 [쥐상과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 894–1531쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Speldwinde, P.C; Close, P; Weybury, M; Comer, S (2013). “Habitat preference of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chryogaster) in a coastal wetland and stream, Two Peoples Bay, south-west Australia”. 《CSIRO Publishing》 35: 188–194. doi:10.107/AM12001.
  4. Williams, G.A; Serena, M (2014). “DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS OF AUSTRALIAN WATER-RATS (Hydromys chrysogaster) IN THE GIPPSLAND LAKES” (PDF). 《A REPORT TO THE GIPPSLAND LAKES MINISTERIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE》. Australian Platypus Conservancy. 2015년 10월 23일에 확인함.
  5. Atkinson, C. A; Lund, M. A; Morris, K. D (2008). “BiblioRakali: the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 (Muridae: Hydromyinae), a subject-specific bibliography” (PDF). 《Conservation Science Western Australia》 7 (1): 65–71. 2015년 10월 25일에 확인함.
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오스트레일리아물쥐: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

오스트레일리아물쥐 또는 라칼리(Hydromys chrysogaster)는 쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아 토착종으로 1804년에 처음 기술되었다. 호주 원주민이 부르던 이름 "라칼리"(Rakali)를 이름을 변경한 이유는 "환경 오스트레일리아"에 대한 대중의 긍정적인 태도를 촉진하기 위한 의도가 있다. 물쥐속 중에서 오스트레일리아를 넘어 파푸아뉴기니인도네시아 서파푸아에도 분포하는 종이다. 반수생 및 야행성 생활이라는 독특한 생태적 지위를 개척하여 효과적으로 적응하고 살아남았다. 강가와 호수, 강어귀의 언덕에 굴을 파고 생활하며, 수생 곤충과 물고기, 갑각류, 연체동물, 달팽이, 개구리, 새 알, 물새 등을 먹는다. 라칼리의 몸 길이는 231~370mm이고, 몸무게는 340~1275g, 두꺼운 꼬리 길이는 약 242~345mm이다. 암컷은 수컷보다 일반적으로 작지만 꼬리 길이는 거의 같다. 특히 뒷발에 물갈퀴가 있으며, 방수가 되는 털과 편평한 머리, 많은 수염, 길고 뭉툭한 코, 작은 귀와 눈을 갖고 있다.

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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자