Diagnostic Description
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Body deep, with depth 2.5 to 3 times in standard length (Ref. 4832). Has a large, upturned mouth (Ref. 3264), with a prominent protruding lower jaw (Ref. 4832). Pectoral fins long, extending to pelvic fins; scales conspicuously large (Ref. 4832).
Diseases and Parasites
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White spot Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Fish louse Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Dactylogyrus Gill Flukes Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Sporozoa-infection (Myxobolus sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Trichodinosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Acanthogyrus Infestation 5. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
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Neascus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Migration
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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Morphology
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Dorsal soft rays (total): 17; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 7 - 8
Trophic Strategy
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Occurs in rivers, lakes and culture ponds (Ref. 41236). Distribution limited to maximum altitude of 500 m and minimum temperature of 14°C. Surface and mid-water feeders, mainly omnivorous with juveniles feeding on aquatic and terrestrial insects, detritus and phytoplankton. Breeds in rivers (Ref. 4832). Spawners migrate during the monsoon season towards the littoral zones of flood plains (see Ref. 555).
Biology
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Adults occur in rivers, lakes and culture ponds (Ref. 41236). Mature individuals breed in rivers (Ref. 4832). Surface and mid-water feeders, mainly omnivorous with juveniles feeding on aquatic and terrestrial insects, detritus and phytoplankton.
Importance
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fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes