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Tripidlər ( Azerbaijani )

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Tripidlər fəsiləsi-(lat. Thripidae) Buğumayaqlılar tipinin Saçaqlıqanadlar dəstəsinə aid olan fəsilə.

Xarici görünüşü

Bığcıqları 6-9 buğumludur. Son buğumlar ensiz olub, qrifel və ya stilus adlanır. Bığcığın 8-ci və 4-cü buğumlarının trixomaları, bir qayda olaraq cütdür və ümumi kökdən kənarlara ayrılır. Qanadları ensiz, ucları itidir. Qanadın kostal kənarında uzun tükcüklərdən saçaq vardır. Qabaq qanadda iki uzununa və bir kənar damar vardır. Qanadsız formalara da rast gəlinir. Yumurtaqoyan aşağı əyilmişdir. Sürfələrin bığcığı 6 buğumlu, yalnız Heliothripinae yarımfəsiləsində 7 buğumludur. 2-ci yaş sürfələrinin bığcığı 1-ci yaşa nisbətən daha az dartılmışdır. Sürfələrin önkürəklərində 4 önkənar, 2 cüt lateral və 6 arxakənar qıllar vardır.[1]

Həyat tərzi

Növlərlə zəngin olan Thrips cinsi (14 növ) mədəni bitkilərin ziyanvericisidir. Bu cinsdən ən təhlükəli növ – tütün tripsidir. Fəsilənin adi və geniş yayılmış nümayəndələri Fronulinella cinsinə aiddir. Məsələn, F. intonsa Trybon pambıq, dənli, meyvə-tərəvəz bitkilərinin, eləcə də bir çox alaq otlarının çiçəklərində qidalanır. Təbiətdə apreldən oktyabra qədər rast gəlinir.

Yayılması

MDB-də 129 növ, Azərbaycanda 7 cinsdən 32 növ yaşayır (Franklinella, Aptinothrips, Kareothrips, Thaeniothrips, Odontothrips, Thrips, Scolothrips cinsləri).

Təsnifatı

Cinslər

Ədəbiyyat

  • Azərbayvcanın heyvanlar aləmi, II cild. Bakı, Elm, 2004

Həmçinin bax

Yumurtaqoyanlar yarımdəstəsi

Aolotripidlər

Floeotripidlər

Xarici keçidlər

İstinadlar

  1. Azərbayvcanın heyvanlar aləmi, II cild. Bakı, Elm, 2004
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Tripidlər: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Tripidlər fəsiləsi-(lat. Thripidae) Buğumayaqlılar tipinin Saçaqlıqanadlar dəstəsinə aid olan fəsilə.

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Trips ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els trips[1] (Thripidae) són la família de tisanòpters amb més espècies, té uns 290 gèneres que consta d'unes dues mil espècies.[2] Es distingeixen dels altres tisanòpters per tenir un ovopositor en forma de serra, ales estretes amb dues venes i antenes amb de sis a deu antenòmers (parts de les antenes).[3] Diverses espècies són plagues agrícoles i algunes espècies invasores. Gairebé totes d'entre aquestes pertanyen a la subfamília Thripinae. Han desenvolupat trets que els permeten ser fitòvors ocults que viuen en les zones estretes de la base de les fulles i dins les flors.[4][5]

Importància econòmica

Els danys ocasionats pels trips, en general, consisteixen en alteracions provocades per la succió dels sucs vegetals i de l'emissió de saliva, que té efectes assecants dels vegetals. Sobre òrgans de les plantes ja desenvolupats les alteracions es noten en el color, sobre es fulles provoquen decoloració acompanyada de reflexos platejats. Sobre òrgans en creixement fan atròfies, deformacions, etc. Aquests danys són particularment importants sobre plantes ornamentals, ja que representen la pèrdua total del producte.

També poden transmetre virus de les plantes i bacteris.

Entre les espècies de trips més importants hi ha:

Referències

  1. «Trips». Cercaterm. TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia.
  2. Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips – so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
  3. Mound, L. A. 1998. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. CAB International, Oxon, New York.
  4. Gentile, A. G., and S. F. Bailey. 1968. A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World, with a catalogue of world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Press, Berkely, CA.
  5. Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips. Their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press, London, GB.

Bibliografia

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Trips Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata

Viccionari

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Trips: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Els trips (Thripidae) són la família de tisanòpters amb més espècies, té uns 290 gèneres que consta d'unes dues mil espècies. Es distingeixen dels altres tisanòpters per tenir un ovopositor en forma de serra, ales estretes amb dues venes i antenes amb de sis a deu antenòmers (parts de les antenes). Diverses espècies són plagues agrícoles i algunes espècies invasores. Gairebé totes d'entre aquestes pertanyen a la subfamília Thripinae. Han desenvolupat trets que els permeten ser fitòvors ocults que viuen en les zones estretes de la base de les fulles i dins les flors.

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Thripidae

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The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species.[2] They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV.[3]

They are considered to be among the more derived of thrips, having evolved many traits key to specializing as cryptophilous phytovores, living in the narrow spaces at the bases of leaves and within flowers.[4][5]

Several species are economically significant pests, some of them invasive. Almost all of them are typical thrips which belong in the largest subfamily, the Thripinae.

Systematics

Many of the divisions within the Thripidae are not based on common ancestry, but are instead based on common environment and morphological homoplasy, and these distinctions tend to be irrelevant to true phylogenetic relationships.[6] As a result, many species of the Thripidae have undergone recent drastic taxonomic revision, splitting and promoting two tribes, Dendrothripini and Sericothripini, to subfamily status,[7] with the possibility of greater reorganizations to come as modern phylogenetic methods and a more comprehensive morphological analysis provide additional evidence defining evolutionary relationships.[8] This revision is probably necessary, as more than half of the genera in family Thripidae are monobasic, with the majority of monotypic species concentrated in subfamily Thripinae.[9] However, a 2012 molecular phylogeny found that the Thripinae was paraphyletic; further work will be needed to clarify the relationships within the group.[10]

Subfamilies

The Thripidae are thus ordered into four subfamilies:

References

  1. ^ Stephens, J.F. (1829). A systematic catalogue of British insects. London. p. 363.
  2. ^ Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips – so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
  3. ^ Mound, L. A. 1998. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. CAB International, Oxon, New York.
  4. ^ Gentile, A. G., and S. F. Bailey. 1968. A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World, with a catalogue of world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
  5. ^ Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips. Their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press, London, GB.
  6. ^ Mound, L. A., and D. C. Morris. 2004. Thysanoptera Phylogeny – the Morphological Background. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 39: 101 - 113.
  7. ^ Moritz, G., D. C. Morris, and L. A. Mound. 2001. Thrips ID: an interactive identification and information system (CD), Pest thrips of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
  8. ^ Grimaldi, D., A. Shmakov, and N. Fraser. 2004. Mesozoic Thrips, and early evolution of the Order Thysanoptera (Insecta). Journal of Paleontology 78: 941 - 952.
  9. ^ Mound, L. A. 2005. Thysanoptera: diversity and interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 247 - 269.
  10. ^ Buckman, Rebecca S.; Mound, Laurence A.; Whiting, Michael F. (2012). "Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci". Systematic Entomology. 38 (1): 123–133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00650.x. S2CID 84909610.

Further reading

  • Hoddle, M.S. & Mound, L.A. (2003). The genus Scirtothrips in Australia (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa 268:1-40. PDF

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Thripidae: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species. They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV.

They are considered to be among the more derived of thrips, having evolved many traits key to specializing as cryptophilous phytovores, living in the narrow spaces at the bases of leaves and within flowers.

Several species are economically significant pests, some of them invasive. Almost all of them are typical thrips which belong in the largest subfamily, the Thripinae.

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Thripidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Thripidae es la familia más populosa de Thysanoptera (trips); incluye más de 290 géneros que comprenden más de dos mil especies.[1]​ Los Thripidae se diferencian de otros por su ovipositor en forma de sierra con una curvatura descendente, alas angostas con dos venas, y antenas con seis a diez segmentos con conos sensores en forma de agujas en los segmentos III y IV.[2]

Se considera que son los tisanópteros más derivados, ya que han desarrollado muchos rasgos clave para especializarse como fitófagos criptófilos, que viven en espacios estrechos en la base de las hojas y dentro de las flores.[3][4]

Varias especies son pestes con impacto económico significativo, algunas de ellas son especies invasoras. Casi todas ellas son trips típicas que pertenecen a la mayor subfamilia Thripinae.

Subfamilias

Thripidae se encuentra subdividida en cuatro subfamilias:

Referencias

  1. Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips – so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
  2. Mound, L. A. 1998. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. CAB International, Oxon, New York.
  3. Gentile, A. G., and S. F. Bailey. 1968. A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World, with a catalogue of world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
  4. Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips. Their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press, London, GB.

Bibliografía

  • Hoddle, M.S. & Mound, L.A. (2003). The genus Scirtothrips in Australia (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa 268:1-40. PDF

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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Thripidae es la familia más populosa de Thysanoptera (trips); incluye más de 290 géneros que comprenden más de dos mil especies.​ Los Thripidae se diferencian de otros por su ovipositor en forma de sierra con una curvatura descendente, alas angostas con dos venas, y antenas con seis a diez segmentos con conos sensores en forma de agujas en los segmentos III y IV.​

Se considera que son los tisanópteros más derivados, ya que han desarrollado muchos rasgos clave para especializarse como fitófagos criptófilos, que viven en espacios estrechos en la base de las hojas y dentro de las flores.​​

Varias especies son pestes con impacto económico significativo, algunas de ellas son especies invasoras. Casi todas ellas son trips típicas que pertenecen a la mayor subfamilia Thripinae.

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Thripidae ( French )

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Les Thripidae sont une famille d'insectes thysanoptères.

C'est la famille de thrips la plus riche en espèces, avec plus de 290 genres représentent un peu plus de deux mille espèces[1] Celles-ci se distinguent des autres thrips par un oviscapte en forme de scie courbée vers le bas, des ailes étroites à deux nervures, et des antennes de six à dix antennomères avec des cônes sensoriels fourchus en forme de stylet sur les antennaires III et IV[2].

On considère que les membres de cette famille sont les plus évolués des thrips, ayant développé des traits caractéristiques de spécialisation comme phytophages cryptophiles, vivant dans des espaces réduits à la base des feuilles ou à l'intérieur des fleurs[3],[4].

Plusieurs de ces espèces sont des ravageurs ayant un impact économiquement significatif en agriculture, certaines d'entre elles sont considérées comme des espèces envahissantes. Presque toutes sont des thrips typiques, appartenant à la plus importante sous-famille, celle des Thripinae.

Systématique

Liste des sous-familles

Selon ITIS (14 août 2013)[5] :

Selon NCBI (14 août 2013)[6] :

Liste des genres

Selon Catalogue of Life (14 août 2013)[7] :

Notes et références

  1. (en) Laurence A. Mound, « So many thrips, so few tospoviruses? in Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera », CSIRO Entomology, 2002, p. 15-18.
  2. (en) L.A. Mound, G. Kibby, Thysanoptera: an identification guide, New York, CAB International, 1998, 74 p. (ISBN 978-0-85199-211-2).
  3. (en) Adrian G. Gentile et Stanley F. Bailey, A Revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World: with a catalogue of the world species, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1968, 26 p.
  4. (en) Trevor Lewis, Thrips: their biology, ecology and economic importance, Academic Press, 1973, 349 p. (ISBN 978-0-12-447160-3)
  5. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 14 août 2013
  6. NCBI, consulté le 14 août 2013
  7. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 14 août 2013

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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Les Thripidae sont une famille d'insectes thysanoptères.

C'est la famille de thrips la plus riche en espèces, avec plus de 290 genres représentent un peu plus de deux mille espèces Celles-ci se distinguent des autres thrips par un oviscapte en forme de scie courbée vers le bas, des ailes étroites à deux nervures, et des antennes de six à dix antennomères avec des cônes sensoriels fourchus en forme de stylet sur les antennaires III et IV.

On considère que les membres de cette famille sont les plus évolués des thrips, ayant développé des traits caractéristiques de spécialisation comme phytophages cryptophiles, vivant dans des espaces réduits à la base des feuilles ou à l'intérieur des fleurs,.

Plusieurs de ces espèces sont des ravageurs ayant un impact économiquement significatif en agriculture, certaines d'entre elles sont considérées comme des espèces envahissantes. Presque toutes sont des thrips typiques, appartenant à la plus importante sous-famille, celle des Thripinae.

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Thripidae ( Italian )

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I Tripidi (Thripidae Stevens, 1829) sono una famiglia di insetti fitomizi dell'ordine dei Thysanoptera. Rappresentano il raggruppamento più importante dell'ordine sia per il numero di specie sia per i danni causati all'agricoltura.

Descrizione

I Tripidi sono insetti di piccole dimensioni, poco appariscenti, dal corpo esile e allungato, generalmente di colore nerastro.

Il capo è ipognato, provvisto di antenne di 6-8 articoli e, come la generalità dei Tisanotteri, apparato boccale pungente-succhiante, asimmetrico per l'assenza della mandibola destra. Il labbro superiore è conformato a doccia e forma un cono che avvolge gli stiletti boccali, costituiti dalle lacinie mascellari, dalla mandibola sinistra e dalla prefaringe, e chiuso ventralmente dal labbro inferiore. Il canale di suzione è formato dall'accollamento delle lacinie mascellari, la funzione perforante è svolta dalla mandibola e l'immissione della saliva avviene lungo una doccia ventrale che percorre la prefaringe.

Le ali sono lunghe e sottili, percorse da una sola nervatura longitudinale, frangiate da lunghe setole lungo i margini anteriore e posteriore, acuminate all'apice. In posizione di riposo sono ripiegate orizzontalmente lungo il corpo e sono poco evidenti.

L'addome è stretto e allungato, le femmine hanno ovopositore rivolto verso il basso, composto da due paia di valve, utilizzato per deporre le uova nei tessuti vegetali.

Biologia

I Tripidi sono insetti fitomizi che si nutrono della linfa succhiata dalle foglie, dai fiori, dai frutti e dai giovani germogli. Sono ovipari e anfigonici, con determinazione del sesso subordinata alla fecondazione: le femmine sono diploidi e si sviluppano da uova fecondate, mentre i maschi sono aploidi e si originano da uova partenogenetiche. È frequente tuttavia anche la partenogenesi telitoca per assenza o rarefazione del sesso maschile.

Lo sviluppo postembrionale si svolge per neometabolia in quattro stadi preimmaginali: due di neanide, uno di preninfa e uno di subpupa; durante quest'ultimo stadio, l'insetto è immobile e non si nutre. Il ciclo vitale si svolge con una o più generazioni l'anno, secondo la specie.

Importanza economica

I danni causati dai Tripidi, in generale, consistono in alterazioni provocate dalla suzione dei succhi vegetali e dalla immissione della saliva, che ha effetti fitotossici. Su organi già sviluppati le alterazioni sono per lo più di tipo cromatico: sulle foglie causano decolorazioni accompagnate a riflessi argentei, un effetto ottico dovuto alla penetrazione di aria nei tessuti colpiti; sui frutti provocano spesso la comparsa di aree suberificate denominate comunemente rugginosità o scabbia. Sugli organi in accrescimento provocano anche alterazioni dello sviluppo come atrofie, deformazioni, ecc. Questi danni sono di particolare importanza nelle piante ornamentali in quanto comportano la perdita totale del prodotto.

Altro elemento di danno di non trascurabile importanza è la trasmissione di agenti fitopatogeni quali virus e batteri.

Fra le specie di maggior interesse agrario si citano le seguenti:

  • Heliothrips haemorroidalis (tripide degli agrumi e delle serre). Specie cosmopolita e polifaga, attacca un numero elevato di piante agrarie, fra cui gli agrumi, diversi fruttiferi e piante ornamentali, in particolare quelle coltivate in serra.
  • Thrips tabaci (tripide degli orti). Specie altamente polifaga, si rivela dannosa anche per le ferite inferte dall'ovopositore. Le colture maggiormente interessate da questo tripide sono diverse piante ortive, fra cui il pomodoro, la cipolla, la patata, le ornamentali, in particolare il garofano, e il tabacco.
  • Taeniothrips meridionalis (tripide delle nettarine). È uno dei fitofagi più dannosi nei confronti di queste varietà di pesco, le cosiddette "pesche noci", sulle quali provocano la comparsa di rugginosità che deprezza notevolmente il valore merceologico dei frutti. Nonostante il nome comune, associato al danno di maggiore importanza, è una specie polifaga che attacca anche numerose piante erbacee.
  • Drepanothrips reuteri (tripide della vite). Specie polifaga associata a diverse piante legnose, ma provoca i danni di maggior rilievo sulla vite, attaccata dalla prima generazione. Gli organi colpiti sono i germogli, i fiori e le foglie, sui quali provocano deformazioni, aborti e arresti di sviluppo e alterazioni confondibili con altre patologie. Attacchi di una certa entità possono provocare la caduta delle foglie e la cascola dei fiori. Sugli acini provoca invece la formazione della suberosità superficiale.
  • Frankliniella occidentalis (tripide occidentale delle serre). È senza dubbio il tripide più dannoso da alcuni decenni. Originario della regione neartica, si è in seguito diffuso in tutta la regione oloartica, in Sudamerica e in Australia, rivelandosi particolarmente dannoso alle colture ornamentali da fiore e alle ortive, sia in serra sia all'aperto. È ritenuto il fitofago più dannoso a carico delle colture da fiore reciso, in particolare la gerbera e il crisantemo. La problematicità di questo tripide è legata soprattutto alla trasmissione di virus fitopatogeni, come ad esempio il virus dell'avvizzimento maculato del pomodoro (TSWV, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus).
  • Liothrips oleae (tripide dell'olivo) è un parassita minore che interessa la coltura dell'olivo.

Bibliografia

  • Antonio Servadei, Sergio Zangheri, Luigi Masutti. Entomologia generale ed applicata. Padova, CEDAM, 1972.
  • Ermenegildo Tremblay. Entomologia applicata. Volume II Parte I. 1ª ed. Napoli, Liguori Editore, 1981. ISBN 978-88-207-1025-5.

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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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I Tripidi (Thripidae Stevens, 1829) sono una famiglia di insetti fitomizi dell'ordine dei Thysanoptera. Rappresentano il raggruppamento più importante dell'ordine sia per il numero di specie sia per i danni causati all'agricoltura.

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Thripidae ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Thripidae zijn een familie van tripsen (Thysanoptera). De familie kent 305 geslachten.[1]

Kenmerken

Dit tot 2 mm lang insect heeft een lichtgeel tot bruin of zwart lichaam met smalle, veervormige vleugels.

Leefwijze

Deze insecten zuigen plantensappen, maar sommige soorten vallen andere insecten aan. Tijdens warm, vochtig weer kunnen deze 'onweersbeestjes' enorme zwermen vormen.

Voortplanting

Sommige soorten kennen een ongeslachtelijke voortplanting.[2] Meestal worden de eieren afgezet in plantenweefsels met behulp van hun kleine legboor. De nimfen ontwikkelen zich in planten of in de bodem.

Verspreiding en leefwijze

Deze familie komt wereldwijd voor in bladstrooisel, op bladen, bloemen en vruchten van verschillende planten. Ze kunnen veel schade toevoegen aan landbouwgewassen, zoals tabak, katoen en meerdere soorten groenten, zoals bonen.

Taxonomie

De familie kent de volgende onderfamilies:[1]

In Nederland waargenomen soorten

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b Mound, L.A. (2013) Order Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703 (1): 49-50
  2. Evolution of asexuality via different mechanisms in grass thrips (Thysanoptera: Aptinothrips) van der Kooi, C.J. & T. Schwander (2014) Evolution 68: 1883-1893
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Thripidae zijn een familie van tripsen (Thysanoptera). De familie kent 305 geslachten.

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Thripidae ( Norwegian )

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Thripidae er en gruppe (familie) av insekter som tilhører ordenen trips (Thysanoptera). Trips er små insekter mellom 0,5 og 1,5 cm lange, men de fleste er under 5 millimeter.
I Norge er det funnet 65 arter. I verden er det omtrent 2000 arter, i Europa litt under 300. Thripidae omfatter de fleste artene i underordenen Terebrantia.


Utseende

Stort sett små til middelsstore, slanke trips. Hodet er gjerne forholdsvis kort og bredt. Antennene har seks til ni ledd, sansehårene på det tredje og fjerde leddet er vanligvis Y-formede. Hodet har vanligvis tre par børster rundt punktøynene. Pronotum har vanligvis to par børster ved bakhjørnene. Forvingen har vanligvis to lengdeårer, og bølgende hårfrynser langs bakkanten. Vingene kan være fullt utviklede, mer eller mindre reduserte eller helt borte. Hannene er oftere vingeløse enn hunnene. Bakkroppsspissen er ikke trukket ut til et rør.

Liv og utvikling

Mange av disse artene lever i blomster, andre på blader og noen kan finnes begge steder. Noen få arter er rene rovdyr som eter midd og andre smådyr, andre kan ta både plantekost og smådyr. Utviklingen går gjennom to larvestadier og to puppestadier, sistnevnte på bakken. De fleste artene har både hanner og hunner, men hannene er ofte sjeldne. Hos noen arter og mange populasjoner er hanner ukjente og man har bare parthenogentiske hunner.


Skadedyr og nyttedyr

Denne familien omfatter de fleste av de tripsene som er regnet som brysomme skadedyr. De kan suge planter for så mye plantesaft at bladene visner, men mer problematisk er det ofte at de sprer virus til plantene. Noen av de potensielt skadelige artene kan også opptre som nyttedyr ved at de spiser spinnmidd fra plantene. På den andre siden antar man at noen av disse artene som lever på blomster er viktige pollinatorer, blant annet Ceratothrips ericaerøsslyng.

Utbredelse

Denne familien forekommer så godt som over alt der det finnes vegetasjon, inkludert Arktis og øyene rundt Antarktis. Noen arter har blitt spredt med mennesker og har i dag en nesten verdensvid utbredelse.

Systematisk inndeling / norske arter

Treliste

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Thripidae er en gruppe (familie) av insekter som tilhører ordenen trips (Thysanoptera). Trips er små insekter mellom 0,5 og 1,5 cm lange, men de fleste er under 5 millimeter.
I Norge er det funnet 65 arter. I verden er det omtrent 2000 arter, i Europa litt under 300. Thripidae omfatter de fleste artene i underordenen Terebrantia.


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Thripidae ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Клада: Paraneoptera
Надотряд: Condylognatha
Отряд: Трипсы
Семейство: Thripidae
Международное научное название

Thripidae Stevens, 1829

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ITIS 103353NCBI 45053EOL 7434FW 179835

Thripidae (лат.) — семейство трипсов (Thysanoptera), крупнейшее в составе отряда. Около 2000 видов. Для фауны бывшего СССР указывалось около 160 видов (37 родов)[1].

Распространение

Встречаются повсеместно, практические всюду, где есть растения. Большинство видов отмечено в тропиках и субтропиках, но несколько видов отмечены даже в приполярных условиях от субарктики до субантарктики. Например, трипсы из семейства Thripidae найдены в Гренландии (Ceratothrips ericae) и на островах Кергелен (Frankliniella antarctica) и Маккуори. Такие виды, как Aptinothrips rufus, западный цветочный трипс (Frankliniella occidentalis) гладиолусовый трипс (Thrips simplex) и табачный трипс (Thrips tabaci) с помощью человеческой торговли расселись по многим материкам[2].

Описание

Длина 1—2 мм. Усики состоят из 6—9 члеников (чаще из 7—8). Нижнечелюстные щупики чаще 3-члениковые (реже состоят из 2 сегментов). На заострённых у вершины передних крыльях одна краевая и 1—2 продольные жилки (поперечных жилок нет). Яйцеклад самок изогнут вниз. Фитофаги, многие наносят вред культурным растениям. Известны хищники, которые питаются паутинными клещами[1]. Древнейшие ископаемые представители (Convexithrips robustus Shmakov, 2009), обнаружены в отложениях Мелового периода[3].

Систематика

Около 300 родов и 4 подсемейства, в крупнейшем подсемействе Thripinae около 1700 видов и более 200 родов. Более 40 % родов монотипические (то есть в каждом только один-единственный вид), и только в 30 рода более чем 10 видов. К крупнейшим родам относят Thrips (около 280 видов) и Frankliniella (около 220 видов)[2].

  • Dendrothripinae Priesner, 1925
    • Apodendrothrips — Asprothrips — Dendrothrips — Edissa — Ensiferothrips — Filicopsothrips — Halmathrips — Leucothrips — Parsiothrips — Petrothrips — Praedendrothrips — Projectothripoides — Pseudodendrothrips — Schedodendrothrips — Sussericothrips — Synnastothrips
  • Panchaetothripinae Bagnall, 1912
    • Anisopilothrips — Aoratothrips — Arachisothrips — Archaeothrips — Astrothrips — Australothrips — Bhattithrips — Brachyurothrips — Caliothrips — Chaeturothrips — Copidothrips — Dinurothrips — Elixothrips — Euhydatothrips — Euidothrips — Galeothrips — Helionothrips — Heliothrips — Hemingia — Hercinothrips — Hoffeinsithrips — Hoodothrips — Monilothrips — Moundothrips — Noathrips — Oneilliella — Opimothrips — Panchaetothrips — Parthenothrips — Phibalothrips — Retithrips — Rhipiphorothrips — Selenothrips — Sigmothrips — Stannardiola — Tryphactothrips — Xestothrips — Zaniothrips
  • Sericothripinae Karny, 1921
    • Biltothrips — Corcithrips — Elbuthrips — Hydatothrips — Kazinothrips — Neohydatothrips — Pyrothrips — Sariathrips — Sensothrips — Sericothrips — Zonothrips
  • Thripinae Stevens, 1829
    • Abacothrips — Acremonothrips — Adelphithrips — Afrothripella — Agalmothrips — Agerothrips — Agriothrips — Agrostothrips — Ajothrips — Akheta — Alathrips — Aliceathrips — Amalothrips — Ameranothrips — Amomothrips — Amorphothrips — Amphithrips — Amphorothrips — Anaphothrips — Anaphrygmothrips — Anarrhinothrips — Anascirtothrips — Aneristothrips — Aneurothrips — Apterothrips — Aptinothrips — Arenathrips — Aroidothrips — Arorathrips — Arpediothrips — Asphodelothrips — Aurantothrips — Ayyaria — Bacathrips — Baileyothrips — Baliothrips — Balticothrips — Bathrips — Belothrips — Bhattiana — Blascothrips — Bolacothrips — Bournierothrips — Bradinothrips — Bravothrips — Bregmatothrips — Brooksithrips — Calothrips — Capitothrips — Caprithrips — Catinathrips — Ceratothripoides — Ceratothrips — Cercyothrips — Cestrothrips — Chaetanaphothrips — Chaetisothrips — Charassothrips — Chilothrips — Chirothrips — Clypeothrips — Collembolothrips — Coremothrips — Corynothrips — Craspedothrips — Cricothrips — Ctenidothrips — Ctenothrips — Danothrips — Decorothrips — Dendrothripoides — Dentothrips — Desertathrips — Deuterobrachythrips — Diarthrothrips — Dichromothrips — Dictyothrips — Dikrothrips — Dodonaeathrips — Doonthrips — Drepanothrips — Dyseringothrips — Echinothrips — Enneothrips — Eochirothrips — Ephedrothrips — Ereikithrips — Eremiothrips — Ernothrips — Eryngyothrips — Euphysothrips — Exothrips — Faureana — Ficothrips — Filipinothrips — Firmothrips — Flavidothrips — Florithrips — Foliothrips — Frankliniella — Fulmekiola — Furcathrips — Furcithrips — Gabanithrips — Glaucothrips — Gnomonothrips — Graminothrips — Helenothrips — Hemianaphothrips — Hengduanothrips — Himalthrips — Hyalopterothrips — Idolimothrips — Incertothrips — Indusiothrips — Iridothrips — Isunidothrips — Javathrips — Kakothrips — Karphothrips — Kenyattathrips — Kranzithrips — Krokeothrips — Kurtomathrips — Laplothrips — Larothrips — Lefroyothrips — Lewisothrips — Limothrips — Lipsanothrips — Lomatothrips — Longothrips — Macrurothrips — Masamithrips — Mecothrips — Megalurothrips — Metaxyothrips — Microcephalothrips — Monothrips — Moundinothrips — Muscithrips — Mycterothrips — Neocorynothrips — Neurisothrips — Nexothrips — Nigritothrips — Octothrips — Odontanaphothrips — Odontothripiella — Odontothrips — Oelschlaegera — Okajimaella — Organothrips — Oxyrrhinothrips — Oxythrips — Ozanaphothrips — Paithrips — Palmiothrips — Pandorathrips — Parabaliothrips — Paraleucothrips — Parascirtothrips — Parascolothrips — Parexothrips — Paulus — Pelikanothrips — Pezothrips — Physemothrips — Platythrips — Plesiothrips — Plutonothrips — Priesneriola — Prionotothrips — Procerothrips — Projectothrips — Proscirtothrips — Prosopoanaphothrips — Prosopothrips — Protanaphothrips — Psectrothrips — Pseudanaphothrips — Pseudothrips — Pseudoxythrips — Psilothrips — Psydrothrips — Pteridothrips — Ranjana — Retanathrips — Rhabdothrips — Rhamphiskothrips — Rhamphothrips — Rhaphidothrips — Rhinothripiella — Rhinothrips — Rubiothrips — Salpingothrips — Saxonothrips — Sciothrips — Scirtidothrips — Scirtothrips — Scolothrips — Sericopsothrips — Siamothrips — Simulothrips — Sitothrips — Smeringothrips — Smilothrips — Sminyothrips — Solanithrips — Sorghothrips — Sphaeropothrips — Stannardia — Stenchaetothrips — Stenothrips — Striathrips — Synaptothrips — Systenothrips — Taeniothrips — Takethrips — Tamaricothrips — Tameothrips — Telothrips — Tenothrips — Theilopedothrips — Thermothripoides — Thermothrips — Thrips — Tmetothrips — Toxonothrips — Trachynotothrips — Trichromothrips — Tusothrips — Vulgatothrips — Watanabeothrips — Wegenerithrips — Xerothrips — Yaobinthrips — Yaothrips — Yoshinothrips — Zurstrassenia

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Определитель насекомых Дальнего Востока СССР. Т. I. Первичнобескрылые, древнекрылые, с неполным превращением / под общ. ред. П. А. Лера. — Л.: Наука, 1988. — С. 390. — 452 с.
  2. 1 2 Thripidae (англ.). anic.ento.csiro.au. Проверено 31 мая 2013. Архивировано 2 июня 2013 года.
  3. Shmakov, A. S. 2009: The oldest members of the families Aeolothripidae and Thripidae (Insecta: Thysanoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia. —Paleontologicheskii zhurnal, 43(4): 68-72. [in Russian, English translation in Paleontological journal, 43(4): 428—432. doi: 10.1134/S003103010904011X
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Thripidae: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Thripidae (лат.) — семейство трипсов (Thysanoptera), крупнейшее в составе отряда. Около 2000 видов. Для фауны бывшего СССР указывалось около 160 видов (37 родов).

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