dcsimg

Associations

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dacrymyces stillatus is saprobic on decayed wood (worked) of Trees

Fungus / associate
Itersonilia perplexans is associated with fruitbody of Dacrymyces stillatus

Fungus / parasite
internal basidiome of Tremella giraffa parasitises live basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus

Fungus / parasite
internal basidiome of Tremella obscura parasitises live basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Fungus / parasite
internal basidiome of Tremella penetrans parasitises live basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus

Fungus / saprobe
basidiome of Tulasnella anguifera is saprobic on dead, decayed basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus

Fungus / parasite
internal basidiome of Tulasnella pinicola parasitises live basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus

Fungus / parasite
internal basidiome of Tulasnella thelephorea parasitises live hymenium of basidiome of Dacrymyces stillatus

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Characteristic features of dacrymyces stillatus (pictures and text)

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Guidance for identification (German text)

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Diagnostic Description

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The species was originally discovered by Nees (1816) and described by Fries (1921), when the genus’ name was changed from Dacryomyces to Dacrymyces. Fries described the fruiting body as gelatinous, homogeneous, and composed of ascending, interwoven filaments with spores born on all sides of the fructification, or fruiting structure.

D. stillatus has two stages. The arthrosporus stage, or the vegetative stage, has bright orange or reddish frutications. It is usually the first to appear and has smaller fruit bodies, which are reguarly hemispherical, dark reddish orange, and opaque due to the dense outer layer consisting largely of closely and irregularly packed arthrospores, or vegetative spores. These spores are formed from vegetative hyphal tissue, or the everyday tissue that comprises the fungus. This stage is quite firm but elastic, with a solid consistency.

The basidiferous stage, or reproductive stage, is bigger and more irregular and lobed, because the surface layer is thrown into a few relatively coarse convoluted folds and also because small group so neighboring fruit bodies coalesce and stick together. This reproductive stage appears to be pale yellow and semi-translucent due to the lack of the thick layer of arthrospores. It has instead basidiospores, which are formed on specialized reproductive structures called basidia that occur in the phylum Basidiomycota. This stage is gelatinous, not distinctly rooted, but attaches to the substrate by a central point.

The main difference biologically is that the basidiferous stage allows for sexual reproduction: the bi-nucleate cell (cell with two nuclei) undergoes karyogamy and the two nuclei fuse. Meiosis, or sexual recombination, occurs, and genetically different daughter cells result. In the vegetative stage, it’s as if the fungi puts a piece of itself in a spore. The resulting individual that grows from this spore should be genetically identical to the parent in most cases.

D. stillatus produces both stages simultaneously and close together so that often one observes what looks like two separate morphological species in close proximity. In both stages, when the spores depart the fungus and lands on a suitable substrate, both types of spores germinate and produce another specimen.

The basidia of D. stillatus are shaped like tuning forks. D. stillatus produces both catenate or chained arthrospores as well as spores that are oblong, curved cylindrical. The hyphae are septate, with divisions between different hyphal cells, and there are no clamp connections (a special type of cellular connection). It can be distinguished from most other species in Dacrymyces because it has an arthrosporus stage, though recently some other species (D. ellisii) have been defined with such a stage as well.

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Distribution

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Specimens of D. stillatus have been found across Europe: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. They also are found in New Zealand, and along the western coast of the United States.

The family Dacrymycetaceae is widely distributed in temperate regions, mostly in the northern hemisphere. Individuals have been documented in Europe, Japan, and the Americas.

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General Description

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This saprotrophic, or decomposer, jelly fungus is notable for its small orange gelatinous appearance. Its common name is the Jelly Spot Fungus. Growing to sizes between 2-8mm, Dacrymyces stillatus is gregarious and appears in large groups and clusters on coniferous and deciduous woods. The fruiting bodies are broad, round, convex and at length plicate, meaning that it can grow to become shell or fan shaped.

It frequently grows on the stumps of trees, fallen branches and human construction. D. stillatus decays wood rails used in human homes, fences and railroads, particularly in Europe. This fungus consumes mostly the lignin in the wood, which is integral in the decomposition process, but structurally weakens wooden man-made structures. In many parts of the world where it appears, D. stillatus is considered a pest.

D. stillatus appears mainly during wetter periods, when it absorbs water, expands its size and grows. As a jelly fungus, D. stillatus can survive in desiccated form during drier periods. It dries as a rusty-brown crust on the substrate and can be revived with moisture. It is among the first fungi to appear after a rain, the dried, fruiting bodies quickly regaining their gelatinous texture.

There is some debate about the naming of D. stillatus versus D. deliquescens. Older literature reported the two as separate species, with D. stillatus distinguishable due to its bright orange color which is persistent. Furthermore, it is smaller, less depressed (maintains roundness) and firmer. However, Lorene L. Kennedy (1956) reports that D. stillatus is merely the bright orange arthrosporous or imperfect state of D. deliquescens, as opposed to the pale yellow basidiferous state. Now, D. stillatus is considered the preferred synonym to D. deliquescens and describes both states. Currently, this name is still widely accepted in the academic community.

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Habitat

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Historically, people thought this this fungus was only found in coniferous forests. Later, scientists realized that they are found on both angiosperms and gymnosperms (coniferous and deciduous), consuming both soft and hard woods. In California, it has been found on the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata).

Away from the forest, this fungus is also a common occurrence on man made structures such as fence posts, decks, pine rails (for train tracks) and in houses. In Northern Europe, work has been done to prevent this fungus from speeding the decay of wood used in construction.

In terms of climate, it prefers wetter, temperate habitats. It will generally fruit all year whenever moisture is available.

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Look Alikes

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It can be distinguished from two other common jelly fungi, D. palmatus and Tremella mesenterica by its smaller size and shape, appearing as individual spheres rather than in convoluted lobes.

Historically, Dacrymyces, along with other jelly fungi were considered part of the order Tremellales, but since then, the taxonomic classification has been reevaluated and the two separated. There are however many species of lobed yellow jelly fungi in order Tremellales.

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Uses

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Most jelly fungi are edible, but usually not palatable, often tasting like soil. Some species of the order Tremellales are used in Asian and Western cuisine. A notable one is Witch’s Butter (Tremella mesenterica). Typically, jelly fungi are dried and then reconstituted for consumption. A common culinary use for jelly fungus is in soups.

Due to its small size, however, D. stillatus in particular is not of culinary value. Its larger relative, the spongy D. palmatus is sometimes eaten.

This fungus has historically been studied for its bright orange hues, which are indicative of the carotenoids it contains. α-carotene, β-carotene, ξ-carotene, torulene, crypoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and phytofluene have been associated with with D. stillatus. The β-carotene occurs in significant quantities. β-carotene exists in many naturally orange organisms. This organic compound is the primary source of vitamin A.

Some species in the family Dacrymycetaceae are known to produces antibiotics, but these are not used commercially.

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Zerfließende Gallertträne ( German )

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Die Gelbe oder Zerfließende Gallertträne (Dacrymyces stillatus, auch Dacryomyces stillatus) ist eine sehr häufige Pilzart aus der Familie Gallerttränenverwandten (Dacrymycetaceae).

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale

Die Fruchtkörper sind anfangs knopf- bis walzenförmig, 1–2 mm breit und orange bis satt rotgelb getönt. Später färben sie sich goldgelb bis weißlich gelb und wachsen auf 3–6 mm am Substrat an. Sie fließen meist mit benachbarten Fruchtkörpern zusammen (Name!) und besitzen entsprechende Höcker und Furchen. Die Konsistenz ist weich gallertig. Im eingetrockneten Zustand bilden sie eine kaum erkennbare, dünne Haut von gelb- bis rötlich brauner Farbe. Bei feuchter Witterung zerfließen die Fruktifikationen.

Mikroskopische Merkmale

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Septierte Spore der Zerfließenden Gallertträne mit dicken Zellwänden

Die Hyphen der jungen Fruchtkörper bilden Konidien, die mit 8–30 × 3–5 Mikrometern eine zylindrische bis elliptische Form besitzen, ein- bis mehrzellig und farblos bis gelblich gefärbt sind. Die Basidien mit den Sporen entwickeln sich erst bei älteren Exemplaren. Letztere sind farblos, lang-elliptisch geformt und besitzen eine glatte Oberfläche. Sie weisen im reifen Zustand bis zu drei Septen auf, an deren Stellen die Sporen eingeschnürt erscheinen. Sie messen 10–16 (18) × 5–6,5 (7) µm. Manchmal sind kleinere, seitlich gebildete Nebensporen vorhanden. Die Zellwände sind an allen Stellen deutlich verdickt. Die Hyphen besitzen keine Schnallen.

Artabgrenzung

Innerhalb der Gattung gibt es einige Arten, deren Fruchtkörper der Zerfließenden Gallertträne ähneln. Wird sie zusammen mit ihrem orangefarbenen Konidienstadium angetroffen, ist die Bestimmung makroskopisch recht zuverlässig. Sonst sind die dickwandigen, bis zu dreimal septierten Sporen charakteristisch.

Ökologie

Die Zerfließende Gallertträne ist in allen Wald- und Forstgesellschaften, auch in Parks und Gärten, zu finden. Besonders häufig ist sie in Nadelwäldern an Fichtenholz anzutreffen. Der Pilz lebt als Saprobiont an be- und entrindeten Stämmen, Ästen und Zweigen, aber auch an verbautem Holz. Er besiedelt das Substrat in der Initial- bis zur frühen Finalphase der Vermorschung. Er ist das ganze Jahr über zu finden, fällt allerdings nur bei feuchter Witterung auf.

Verbreitung

Die Zerfließende Gallertträne ist fast kosmopolitisch anzutreffen. Neben Nord-, Mittel- und Südamerika und Europa ist sie auch in weiten Teilen Asiens, in Nord-, Ost- und Südafrika sowie in Australien, Tasmanien und Neuseeland verbreitet. In Europa ist der Pilz meridional bis boreal anzutreffen; nach Norden reicht das Gebiet bis zu den Shetlandinseln und Island. Fast überall ist er dabei gemein und häufig.

Quellen

Literatur

Weblinks

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Zerfließende Gallertträne: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Gelbe oder Zerfließende Gallertträne (Dacrymyces stillatus, auch Dacryomyces stillatus) ist eine sehr häufige Pilzart aus der Familie Gallerttränenverwandten (Dacrymycetaceae).

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Tava-pisarseen ( Estonian )

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Tava-pisarseen (Dacrymyces stillatus) on kandseente hulka kuuluv seeneliik.

Seent on leitud ka Eestist.[1]

Viited

  1. Gerrit J. Keizer. Seente entsüklopeedia. Tallinn: Sinisukk, 2006. Lk 87

Välislingid

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Tava-pisarseen: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Tava-pisarseen (Dacrymyces stillatus) on kandseente hulka kuuluv seeneliik.

Seent on leitud ka Eestist.

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Trémelle déliquescente ( French )

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Dacrymyces stillatus

La Trémelle déliquescente ou Protoclavaire déliquescente, Dacrymyces stillatus, est une espèce de champignons lignicoles saprophytes que l'on trouve sur les souches et le bois mort. On la reconnaît aux petites boules gélatineuses de 3-5 mm de diamètre, d'une couleur allant de jaune, ocre à orange foncé selon l'âge du champignon. Le pied est très court (1 à 3 mm) [1]

Cette espèce est très proche de Dacrymyces microsporus. Elle est non comestible.

Références

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Trémelle déliquescente: Brief Summary ( French )

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Dacrymyces stillatus

La Trémelle déliquescente ou Protoclavaire déliquescente, Dacrymyces stillatus, est une espèce de champignons lignicoles saprophytes que l'on trouve sur les souches et le bois mort. On la reconnaît aux petites boules gélatineuses de 3-5 mm de diamètre, d'une couleur allant de jaune, ocre à orange foncé selon l'âge du champignon. Le pied est très court (1 à 3 mm)

Cette espèce est très proche de Dacrymyces microsporus. Elle est non comestible.

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Łzawnik rozciekliwy ( Polish )

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Dacrymyces stillatus A2 (3).jpg
 src=
Zarodniki z 3 grubymi przegrodami

Łzawnik rozciekliwy (Dacrymyces stillatus Nees) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny łzawnikowatych (Dacrymycetaceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Dacrymyces, Dacrymycetaceae, Dacrymycetales, Incertae sedis, Dacrymycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Synonimy[2]:

  • Calloria stillata (Nees) Fr. 1849
  • Dacrymyces abietinus (Pers.) J. Schröt. 1888
  • Dacrymyces abietinus (Pers.) J. Schröt. 1888 var. abietinus
  • Dacrymyces abietinus var. triseptata L.S. Olive 1948
  • Dacrymyces stillatus var. lutescens Fr. 1822
  • Dacrymyces stillatus Nees 1816 var. stillatus
  • Tremella abietina Pers. 1796

Nazwę polską nadał Franciszek Błoński w 1890 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym gatunek ten opisywany był też jako łzawnik rozpływający lub łzawnik jodłowy[3].

Morfologia

Owocnik

Mały, poduszeczkowaty, nieregularnie pofałdowany i zrastający się z sąsiednimi; jaskrawy, złocistożółty do pomarańczowego; 2-3 mm szerokości. Łzawnik rozciekliwy tworzy dwa rodzaje owocników. W stadium niedoskonałym, konidialnym, są one kuliste, o gładkiej górnej powierzchni i widoczne jako małe, pomarańczowożółte, później rozpływające się punkciki. Dojrzałe owocniki stadium doskonałego są trochę większe, nieraz pofałdowane, bladożółte. Nieraz obydwie formy występują obok siebie. Miąższ galaretowaty, miękki, bardzo wodnisty, bez smaku i zapachu[4]. Po wyschnięciu owocnik łzawnika zamieni się w cienką, ledwie widoczna żółtopomarańczową błonkę[5].

Cechy mikroskopowe

Strzępki nie mają sprzążek. U młodych owocników tworzą bezbarwne lub żółtawe konidia o kształcie od cylindrycznego do elipsoidalnego i rozmiarach 8-30 × 3-5 μm. Podstawki z bazydiosporami rozwijają się tylko u starszych okazów. Bazydiospory są bezbarwne, długo eliptyczne i mają gładką powierzchnię. Mają rozmiar 10-16 (18) × 5-6.5 (7) μm i są podzielone trzema grubościennymi przegrodami. Czasami powstają mniejsze zarodniki[5].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Jest rozprzestrzeniony na wszystkich kontynentach półkuli północnej, ale występuje także w niektórych miejscach na półkuli południowej: na Nowej Zelandii, wyspach Georgia Południowa i Sandwich Południowy oraz Wyspie św. Tomasza[6]. W Europie jest wszędzie pospolity, północna granica jego zasięgu sięga po Islandię i Szetlandy[5]. W Polsce jest pospolity[4].

Saprotrof. Można go spotkać przez cały rok, głównie jednak w okresach wilgotnej pogody[5]. Często tworzy duże skupiska na zrzezach pni drzew liściastych i iglastych, a także na zewnętrznej stronie okoronowanych kłód[4].

Gatunki podobne

Jest w Polsce kilka podobnych gatunków łzawników. W razie trudności z ich odróżnieniem konieczne jest badanie cech mikroskopowych. Dla łzawnika rozciekliwego charakterystyczne są grubościenne zarodniki z trzema przegrodami[5]. Najbardziej podobny jest łzawnik główkowaty (Dacrymyces capitatus). Często posiada trzonek, jego owocniki nie rozpływają się tak łatwo, odróżnia się ponadto większymi bazydiosporami[7].

Przypisy

  1. a b Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-09-15].
  2. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-04-15].
  3. Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  4. a b c Edmund Garnweidner, Hertha Garnweidner, Alicja Borowska, Alina Skirgiełło: Grzyby : przewodnik do poznawania i oznaczania grzybów Europy Środkowej. Warszawa: MUZA SA, 2006, s. 214. ISBN 83-7319-976-4.
  5. a b c d e German J. Krieglsteiner: Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs. Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil. Ständerpilze: Gallert-, Rinden-, Stachel- und Porenpilze. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ​ISBN 3-8001-3528-0
  6. Discover Life Maps. [dostęp 2014-08-20].
  7. California Fungi. Dacrymyces capitatus. [dostęp 2016-12-27].
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Łzawnik rozciekliwy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Dacrymyces stillatus A2 (3).jpg  src= Zarodniki z 3 grubymi przegrodami

Łzawnik rozciekliwy (Dacrymyces stillatus Nees) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny łzawnikowatych (Dacrymycetaceae).

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花耳 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Dacrymyces stillatus

花耳学名Dacrymyces stillatus)是属于花耳目花耳科花耳属的一种真菌,生长在阔叶树或针叶树朽木上。该种分布于中国日本巴拿马丹麦芬兰俄罗斯法国英国挪威玻利维亚美国荷兰瑞士瑞典新西兰意大利德国墨西哥澳大利亚等地。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 中国科学院中国孢子植物志编辑委员会. 花耳. 中国真菌志(第二卷)银耳目和花耳目.[永久失效連結]
小作品圖示这是一篇與真菌類相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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花耳: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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花耳(学名:Dacrymyces stillatus)是属于花耳目花耳科花耳属的一种真菌,生长在阔叶树或针叶树朽木上。该种分布于中国日本巴拿马丹麦芬兰俄罗斯法国英国挪威玻利维亚美国荷兰瑞士瑞典新西兰意大利德国墨西哥澳大利亚等地。

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