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Life » … » Plants » … » Dicotyledons » … » True Grasses

Cocksfoot Or Orchard Grass

Dactylis

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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza nigrella mines leaf of Dactylis

Foodplant / miner
solitary larva of Agromyza rondensis mines leaf of Dactylis

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 2-8

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium phaeospermum is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: esp. 7-8

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
gregarious, with smoky-brown pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta graminicola causes spots on fading leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: late summer

Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Blumeria graminis parasitises live sheath of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 7-10

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia nigra may be found in leaf-mine of Dactylis

Foodplant / parasite
Sphacelia anamorph of Claviceps purpurea parasitises inflorescence of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 7

Foodplant / parasite
colony of Drechslera dematiaceous anamorph of Drechslera biseptata parasitises live Dactylis

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, mycelial matted perithecium of Gaeumannomyces graminis infects and damages dead leaf sheath (lower part) of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 3-10

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus scutula is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 10-1

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Keissleriella culmifida is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum carneolum var. longisporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: (2-)6-8(-10)

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella alpestris is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella nigroannulata is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis

Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph of Lidophia graminis infects and damages live inflorescence of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 5-10, esp. 7

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Liriomyza flaveola may be found on leaf of Dactylis
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium of Lophiostoma semiliberum is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 12-4

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Lophodermium culmigenum is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 3-8

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina igniaria is saprobic on dry, scorched or burnt Dactylis
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraploa dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina tetraploa is saprobic on Dactylis
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
pseudothecium of Massariosphaeria rubelloides is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 4-8

Foodplant / saprobe
pseudothecium of Massariosphaeria straminis is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 4-9

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Microdiscula coelomycetous anamorph of Microdiscula phragmitis is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 6-11

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Oulema melanopus/rufocyanea agg. feeds on leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Paraphaeosphaeria michotii is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 1-7

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. triticae is saprobic on dead Dactylis
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria eustoma is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria luctuosa is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: spring, summer
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria nigrans is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pycnidium of Septoria anamorph of Phaeosphaeria nodorum is saprobic on dead stem (esp node) of Dactylis
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Phomatospora berkeleyi is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 2-9

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial conidioma of Dinemasporium coelomycetous anamorph of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous stroma of Phyllachora dactylidis is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 10-4

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Pleospora phaeocomoides is saprobic on dead stem of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 2-10

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, crowded or in rows pycnidium of Pseudoseptoria coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudoseptoria stomaticola causes spots on leaf of Dactylis

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Psilachnum eburneum is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 4-9

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Puccinia coronata parasitises live leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: mid 8-

Foodplant / parasite
telium of Puccinia striiformis var. dactylidis parasitises live Dactylis

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered or in small groups, immersed pseudothecium of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is saprobic on dead sheath of Dactylis

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium orthosporum causes spots on live sheath of Dactylis

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed stromatic of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium secalis causes spots on live sheath of Dactylis

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Selandria serva grazes on leaf of Dactylis
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, subepidermal then piercing pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora graminella is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 10-5

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed stroma of Pseudocercosporella dematiaceous anamorph of Tapesia yallundae infects and damages live stem of Dactylis

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helicosporium anamorph of Tubeufia paludosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Dactylis
Remarks: season: 3-11

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago striiformis causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Dactylis

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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Perennial. Inflorescence a contracted panicle, lobed, 1-sided, the spikelets grouped in compact fascicles at the ends of the main branches. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, laterally flattened. Glumes keeled. Lemmas 5-nerved, keeled, spiny-ciliate on the keel, entire or 2-dentate, mucronate or with a short awn.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Dactylis Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=126
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
original
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Dactylis

provided by wikipedia EN

Dactylis is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the bluegrass subfamily within the grass family.[3][4] Dactylis is native to North Africa, they are found throughout the world, and are an invasive species.[5] They are known in English as cock's-foot or cocksfoot grasses, also sometimes as orchard grasses.

Taxonomy

The genus has been treated as containing only a single species Dactylis glomerata by many authors, treating variation in the genus at only subspecific rank within D. glomerata,[6][7][8] but more recently, there has been a trend to accept two species,[9] while some authors accept even more species in the genus, particularly island endemic species in Macaronesia.[10][11][12][13]

Description

Dactylis species are perennial grasses, forming dense tussocks growing to 15–140 centimetres tall, with leaves 20–50 cm long and up to 1.5 cm broad, and distinctive tufted triangular flowerheads comprising a panicle 10–15 cm long, turning pale grey-brown at seed maturity. The spikelets are 5–9 mm long, typically containing two to five flowers. The stems have a flattened base, which distinguishes them from many other grasses.[7][14][15][16]

Accepted species[2]
Formerly included[2]

Many species now considered better suited to other genera: Aeluropus Ammochloa Cutandia Desmostachya Dinebra Elytrophorus Eragrostis Festuca Koeleria Odyssea Poa Rostraria Schismus Spartina Tribolium Trisetaria Wangenheimia

Ecology

Dactylis is most commonly known as orchard grass. Orchard grasses are suited for habitats like waste lands and meadows.[17] These grasses are able to grow in dry and mildly wet areas. [17] They are a food source for many species of insects and birds. The insect and animals consume the grass's seeds, leaves, and roots. [18] Dactylis, orchard grass, supports meadow ecosystems by feeding many insects and birds that dominate the areas; these species include: beetles, grasshoppers, larvae, caterpillars, sparrows, and horned larks. [18] Snakes, small mammals, and insects also use orchard grass as a means of shelter and stealth through grass lands. [18]

Cytology

The taxa show several different levels of polyploidy. The taxa show three levels of polyploidy, including tetraploid, diploid, and hexaploidy.[19] Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata and D. glomerata subsp. hispanica are tetraploid forms with 28 chromosomes. Several of the other taxa, including D. glomerata. subsp. himalayensis (syn. D. himalayensis), D. glomerata subsp. lobata (syn. D. polygama), D. metlesicsii, and some forms of D. smithii, are diploid with 2n = 14; hexaploids with 42 chromosomes also occur rarely.[7][11][20] Dactylis are reproductively able to produce natural triploid and pentaploid.[21] This occurs in habitats of large populations of diploid and tetraploid Dactylis showing one way gene flow. [21]

References

  1. ^ "Dactylis". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 71. in Latin
  4. ^ Tropicos, Dactylis L.
  5. ^ "Orchard grass | plant". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  6. ^ Flora Europaea: Dactylis glomerata Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b c Flora of China Town: Dactylis
  8. ^ Wetschnig, W. (1991). Karyotype morphology of some diploid subspecies of Dactylis glomerata L. (Poaceae). Phyton (Horn, Austria) 31 (1): 35-55 fulltext
  9. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Species Records of Dactylis, Dactylis glomerata.
  10. ^ Parker, P. F. (1972). Studies in Dactylis II. Natural variation, distribution and systematics of the Dactylis smithii Link. complex in Madeira and other Atlantic islands. New Phytologist fulltext
  11. ^ a b Schönfelder, P., & Ludwig, D. (1996). Dactylis metlesicsii (Poaceae), eine neue Art der Gebirgsvegetation von Tenerife, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 26 (1–2): 217–223. Full text Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Banco de Datos de Biodiversidad de Canarios Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Flora of Pakistan: Dactylis
  14. ^ Kew GrassBase: Dactylis
  15. ^ Interactive Flora of NW Europe Dactylis glomerata (Cock's-foot)
  16. ^ FAO factsheet: Dactylis glomerata
  17. ^ a b "Dactylis glomerata Cock's Foot, Orchardgrass, Ascherson's orchardgrass PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  18. ^ a b c "Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  19. ^ "Evolution and Genetic Resources in Cocksfoot". Developments in Plant Genetics and Breeding. 2: 379–397. 1991-01-01. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-88260-8.50025-2. ISSN 0168-7972.
  20. ^ Míka, V., Kohoutek, A., & Odstrèilová, V. (2002). Characteristics of important diploid and tetraploid subspecies of Dactylis from point of view of the forage crop production. Rostlinná Výroba 48 (6): 243–248. Full text Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ a b Zohary, Daniel; Nur, Uzi (1959). "Natural Triploids in the Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata L., Polyploid Complex and Their Significance for Gene Flow From Diploid to Tetraploid Levels". Evolution. 13 (3): 311–317. doi:10.2307/2406108. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2406108.
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Dactylis: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Dactylis is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the bluegrass subfamily within the grass family. Dactylis is native to North Africa, they are found throughout the world, and are an invasive species. They are known in English as cock's-foot or cocksfoot grasses, also sometimes as orchard grasses.

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copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
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