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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, though it has been estimated that they live over 10 years (Philip Altman and Dorothy Dittmer 1962).
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Benefits

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Cynomys gunnisoni is considered an agricultural pest and economically deleterious because of its tendency to burrow in lands used for farming (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Conservation Status

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Most deaths of Gunnison's prairie dogs can be attributed to predators, disease, and disturbance by man (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Predators include such animals as badgers, coyotes, weasels, and several species of raptors, and an occasional pup may be lost to the rattlesnakes that often inhabit the burrow systems of C. gunnisoni (Cully 1991 and Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Concerning disease, C. gunnisoni carries several types of ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks, and these fleas can carry Yersinia pestis - the causative agent of plague - to which both men and Gunnison's prairie dogs are susceptible (Cully 1991 and Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Disturbance by man is without a doubt the greatest danger to C. gunnisoni (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Extermination programs implemented at the turn of the century have greatly reduced the numbers and the range of Gunnison's prairie dog via such methods as drowning or treatments with carbon bisulfide, strychnine, or fluoride compound 1080 (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Fortunately, however, these animals have been given protection in some areas such as the Blue River Reservoir in Gunnison County, CO (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Untitled

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Gunnison's prairie dog has a diploid number of 40 chromosomes, which is strikingly different from all other species of prairie dogs, who have a diploid number of 50 chromosomes (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Benefits

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Although C. gunnisoni is primarily a graminivorous species, it has been known to consume small quantities of insects such as grasshoppers and beetles (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Therefore, it may play a role in the maintenance of insect populations in certain farming communities and help reduce insect-related crop damage.

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Trophic Strategy

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The masticatory muscles among members of the genus Cynomys are, proportionally, the stoutest and most highly developed among the Nearctic Sciuridae, and the crown height of their cheekteeth equals or exceeds that of all other Nearctic Sciuridae (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). These characteristics reflect the adaptation of Gunnison's prairie dogs to an almost exclusively graminivorous diet (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). In addition, analyses of the stomach contents of Gunnison's prairie dogs have shown that these creatures also eat forbs, sedges, and shrubs (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Distribution

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This species is limited to the high mountain valleys and plateaus in the southern Rocky Mountains, and it is found at elevations of 1,830 to 3,660 m (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Its distribution centers around the Four Corners region where the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona meet (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). The northernmost population of C. gunnisoni is found in South Park, CO, while the southernmost population resides near the Mogollon Mountains in southwestern New Mexico (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Habitat

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Compared to the habitats of other prairie dog species, the habitat of C. gunnisoni varies greatly with respect to topography and vegetation (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). In addition, the burrow systems of C. gunnisoni are more similar to those of ground squirrels than they are to other species of prairie dogs (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Entrances are usually located on slopes or small hummocks rather than in depressions, which protects the burrows from flooding (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). The older burrow systems are deeper, have more entrances at the surface, and more bifurcations below (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Usually, each burrow contains a single nest composed of dried vegetation, and there is no evidence that C. gunnisoni uses its burrow for food storage (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Morphology

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Gunnison's prairie dog is a stout-bodied creature whose total length varies from 309 to 373 mm (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Males are larger than females on average, and subspecies differ slightly in color and size (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). The dorsal pelage of these animals is yellowish buff intermixed with blackish hairs, while the top of the head, sides of the cheeks, and eyebrows are noticeably darker than the other portions of the pelage (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Two annual molts occur in these animals-- one in the spring and another in the fall (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). The spring molt begins anteriorly and proceeds posteriorly until the tail hair is renewed (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). In contrast, the winter coat renewal, which is usually complete by mid-September, begins in the posterior region of the body and progresses anteriorly (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Cynomys gunnisoni has a much shorter tail - 39 to 68 mm - than other prairie dogs, and it is uniquely colored (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). The proximal half of the tail is the same color as the dorsal pelage; however, the distal half is grayish with grayish-white hairs appearing at the terminus (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). This character is very useful in differentiating C. gunnisoni from other white-tailed species, which possess pure white hairs on the distal half of their tails (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

It should be noted that one of the most interesting physical characteristics of these animals is the placement of their eyes (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Their eyes, positioned on the sides of the head, appear to be adapted for detecting movement over a wide arc, and this allows these prairie dogs to detect predators with greater success (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 900 g.

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Reproduction

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The onset of reproduction is somewhat variable and dependent on latitiude, elevation, and seasonal variation (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Females are capable of reproducing at 1 year of age and bear a single litter per year (average size is 4.78 young) after a 30 day gestation period (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Previous studies have shown that parturition occurs between the months of April and early May (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Young remain underground for about a month after birth (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Consequently, little is known about growth and development during this period (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). During the lactation period newborns nurse from one of five pairs of mammae-- two pectoral and three inguinal (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). After the young begin emerging from the nesting burrow, nursing soon ends, and the offspring must become independent and feed on surrounding vegetation (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). After all the offspring are weaned, the mother leaves them in the nesting burrow and establishes herself in another burrow (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Soon thereafter, the young leave the nesting burrow and disperse to other unoccupied burrows (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973). Males of this species have a baculum which resembles that of ground squirrels (genus Spermophilus), and therefore, males are often described as spermophile-like (Pizzimenti and Hoffmann 1973).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average gestation period: 30 days.

Average number of offspring: 4.4.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
365 days.

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Landesman, N. 1999. "Cynomys gunnisoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynomys_gunnisoni.html
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Gosset de les praderies de Gunnison ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gosset de les praderies de Gunnison (Cynomys gunnisoni) és una espècie de rosegador esciüromorf de la família Sciuridae propi de la zona dels Four Corners dels Estats Units. Viu principalment en prades de matoll i hiberna de novembre a març.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gosset de les praderies de Gunnison Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Gosset de les praderies de Gunnison: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gosset de les praderies de Gunnison (Cynomys gunnisoni) és una espècie de rosegador esciüromorf de la família Sciuridae propi de la zona dels Four Corners dels Estats Units. Viu principalment en prades de matoll i hiberna de novembre a març.

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Gunnisons Präriehund ( German )

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Gunnisons Präriehund (Cynomys gunnisoni) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Präriehunde (Cynomys). Er kommt im Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten in den amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Utah, Colorado, Arizona und New Mexico vor.

Merkmale

Gunnisons Präriehund ist die kleinste Art der Präriehunde und erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von etwa 30,9 bis 33,8 Zentimetern, der Schwanz wird etwa 46 bis 61 Millimeter lang. Er ist damit wie bei allen Präriehunden deutlich kürzer als der restliche Körper. Das Gewicht liegt bei etwa 460 bis 1300 Gramm, wobei die Männchen bei Eintritt in den Winterschlaf etwa das 1,3fache des Gewichts der Weibchen haben. Die Tiere haben eine blassgelbe bis sandfarbene Rückenfarbe mit einigen schwarzen Anteilen ohne auffällige Zeichnung oder Fleckung. Die Bauchseite ist weiß bis cremefarben und geht an den Seiten langsam in die dunklere Rückenfarbe über. Der Kopf entspricht in seiner Färbung dem Rücken, ist jedoch oft auch heller cremefarben bis weiß. Zwischen den Augen und den Seiten der Schnauzenregion befindet sich häufig ein undeutlicher schwarzer Fleck. Der Schwanz besitzt eine hell sandfarbene oder weiße Spitze.[1]

Verbreitung

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Verbreitungsgebiet von Gunnisons Präriehund

Gunnisons Präriehund kommt im Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten im Südosten von Utah, dem Südwesten von Colorado, dem Nordosten von Arizona und dem Nordwesten von New Mexico vor.[1][2]

Lebensweise

Gunnisons Präriehund ist tagaktiv und lebt vor allem in offenen Tälern und Steppengebieten der Höhenlagen bis in die durch Kiefern und Wacholder geprägten Buschsteppen der Beckenregionen.[1]

Die Tiere sind herbivor und die Nahrung besteht wie bei anderen Erdhörnchen vor allem aus verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen wie Gräsern, Seggen, Blättern und Samen der vorkommenden Pflanzen, Insekten und andere tierliche Nahrung wird nur sehr selten aufgenommen. Die Tiere legen keine Nahrungslager an.[1] Wie andere Erdhörnchen leben sie am Boden und in unterirdischen Bauen. Sie halten einen Winterschlaf, der bis fünf Monate dauern kann und im Normalfall den Zeitraum von Oktober bis Februar einnimmt, und verbringen diese Zeit in ihren Bauen. Diese sind in der Regel 2 bis 3 Meter tief und im Durchschnitt etwa 13 Meter lang. Sie besitzen häufig drei bis vier Ein- und Ausgänge, es können jedoch auch bis zu sechs Eingänge vorhanden sein.[1] Die Präriehunde sind sehr sozial und leben in Kolonien, die überwiegend aus einem geschlechtsreifen Männchen, einem oder mehreren Weibchen sowie Jungtieren der letzten beiden Jahre bestehen. Die Territorien benachbarter Kolonien überlappen sich in der Regel nur leicht. Die Weibchen zumeist philopatrisch und bleiben in den Kolonien, in denen sie geboren wurden, die Weibchen der Kolonie sind entsprechend nahe verwandt. Die Männchen verlassen den Bau in der Regel im zweiten Lebensjahr. Untereinander pflegen die Tiere engen Körperkontakt, sie begrüßen sich durch das Aneinanderreiben der Wangen und das gegenseitige Beriechen im Analbereich und an den Duftdrüsen, zudem spielen sie miteinander. Zwischen den ausgewachsenen Tieren benachbarter Kolonien kommt es auch zu Konflikten um Territorien, die in kurzen Kämpfen und Drohgebärden ausgetragen werden. Bei Gefahr stoßen die Tiere spezifische Alarmrufe aus, in denen sie auch die Art der Gefahr ausdrücken können.[1]

Die Paarungszeit der Tiere beginnt in der Regel wenige Tage nach dem Erwachen der Weibchen im Frühjahr und variiert je nach Höhenlage und Witterung. Die Weibchen bekommen nur einmal im Jahr Nachwuchs und die Jungtiere werden nach einer Tragzeit von etwa 28 bis 30 Tagen im unterirdischen Nest geboren, dabei besteht ein Wurf aus durchschnittlich vier bis fünf und maximal bis sieben Jungtieren. Sehr häufig besteht der Wurf aus Nachkommen von mehreren Vätern, der Anteil an Mehrfachvaterschaften liegt bei etwa 80 Prozent. Die Jungtiere verlassen den Bau erstmals nach 5 bis 6,5 Wochen, die Entwöhnung erfolgt dann zwei bis drei Wochen später. Die Geschlechtsreife der Weibchen ist bereits im Folgejahr erreicht, Männchen paaren sich teilweise auch bereits als Jährlinge, verzögern dies jedoch in der Regel bis zum zweiten Lebensjahr.[1]

Die Mortalität der Tiere ist hoch. Etwa 50 Prozent der Tiere verstirbt bereits im ersten Jahr und nur etwa 15 Prozent überleben bis in das zweite Lebensjahr. Die maximale Lebensdauer der Männchen liegt bei etwa fünf Jahren, Weibchen können bis zu sechs Jahre alt werden. Die wichtigsten Fressfeinde sind verschiedene Raubtiere und Greifvögel, darunter auch Schwarzfußiltis (Mustela nigripes). Unter den Parasiten ist vor allem das durch Flöhe übertragene Pestbakterium Yersinia pestis für eine hohe Sterblichkeit verantwortlich.[1]

Systematik

 src=
Schädeldarstellung von Clinton Hart Merriam aus dem Jahr 1870

Gunnisons Präriehund wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Präriehunde (Cynomys) eingeordnet, die aus fünf Arten besteht. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von dem amerikanischen Zoologen Spencer Fullerton Baird aus dem Jahr 1858. Sie erfolgte anhand von Individuen vom Cochetopa-Pass in den Rocky Mountains in Saguache County, Colorado.[3][4] Benannt ist die Art nach Captain John Williams Gunnison, Offizier des Corps of Topographical Engineers, nach dem auch die Stadt Gunnison in Colorado und der Gunnison River benannt sind.[5]

Innerhalb der Art werden mit der Nominatform zwei Unterarten unterschieden:[1][4]

  • Cynomys gunnisoni gunnisoni: Nominatform; kommt im östlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes in den Bergregionen vor. Die Form ist etwas kleiner sowie blasser und mehr sandfarben als C. g. zuniensis
  • Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis: im Grasland im westlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes. Die Form ist etwas größer und mehr zimtfarben als die Nominatform.

Status, Bedrohung und Schutz

Gunnisons Präriehund wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern, LC) eingeordnet. Begründet wird dies durch das vergleichsweise große und kaum kleiner gewordene Verbreitungsgebiet, obwohl die Populationen und die Anzahl der Kolonien im Vergleich zu historischen Zeiten stark abgenommen haben.[2] Potenzielle Gefährdungen gehen vor allem durch den Pesterreger aus, der neben der Mortalität der Tiere auch zu einer starken Bejagung als Schädling in Weideflächen und als potenzieller Krankheitsüberträger und einem entsprechend starken Rückgang der Bestände geführt hat. Allein in Arizona wurden durch Jäger im Jahr 2001 91.000 Tiere geschossen. Hinzu kommt die Tötung durch Vergiftungen durch Landwirte. Ein weiterer Gefährdungsfaktor ist die Umwandlung von ehemaligen Steppengebieten in landwirtschaftliche Flächen.[2]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f g h i Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 260–261.
  2. a b c Cynomys gunnisoni in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016.1. Eingestellt von: A.V. Linzey, NatureServe (T. Mabee, S. Cannings, G. Hammerson), 2008. Abgerufen am 25. August 2016.
  3. John J. Pizzimento, Robert S. Hoffmann: Cynomys gunnisoni. Mammalian Species 25, 1973; S. 1–4. ( Volltext (Memento des Originals vom 15. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.science.smith.edu)
  4. a b Cynomys (Leucocrossuromys) gunnisoni. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  5. Bo Beolens, Michael Grayson, Michael Watkins: The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009; S. 170; ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Gunnisons Präriehund: Brief Summary ( German )

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Gunnisons Präriehund (Cynomys gunnisoni) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Präriehunde (Cynomys). Er kommt im Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten in den amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Utah, Colorado, Arizona und New Mexico vor.

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Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn ( Western Frisian )

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De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn (Latynske namme: Cynomys gunnisoni) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae), de tûke fan 'e grûniikhoarntsjes (Mamotini) en it skaai fan 'e prêrjehûnen (Cynomys). Dizze soarte libbet yn it súdwesten fan 'e Feriene Steaten. De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn is it naust besibbe oan 'e Utahprêrjehûn (Cynomys parvidens) en de wytsturtprêrjehûn (Cynomys leucurus).

Fersprieding

De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn komt foar yn in gebiet yn it súdwesten fan 'e Feriene Steaten, dat de súdeastlike hoeke fan 'e steat Utah, it súdwesten fan Kolorado, it noardwesten fan Nij-Meksiko en it noardeasten fan Arizona beslacht. Dit gebiet stiet ek wol bekend as de Four Corners ("Fjouwer Hoeken"), mei't de grinzen fan 'e neamde steaten der yn ien punt gearkomme. Ta dizze kontrei hearre guon fan 'e skildereftichste lânskippen fan 'e Feriene Steaten, wêrûnder Monument Valley, dat yn it ferline gauris as eftergrûn foar films tsjinne hat.

 src=
It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e ûnderskate prêrjehûne-soarten (de Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn yn dûnker-pears).

Uterlike skaaimerken

De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 30-37 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 3-6 sm en in gewicht fan ½-1 kg. De mantsjes binne trochinoar grutter as de wyfkes. De pels is gielbrún oant bêzje, mar der sitte ek swartkleurige hierren trochhinne. Boppe op 'e kop, op 'e wangen en op 'e wynbrauwen is de pels dúdlik dûnkerder as oer de rest fan it lichem. De sturt is koart en grizich wyt fan kleur, mei in ljochtgrize punt. Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen ferhierje twa kear yn 't jier, yn 'e maityd, as it ferhierjen by de kop begjint en by de sturt einiget, en hjerstmis, as it by de sturt begjint en by de kop einiget. Se hawwe in gebit dat út 22 tosken bestiet, en de wyfkes hawwe fiif pear oeren. De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn is de iennichste fan 'e fiif soarten prêrjehûnen dy't 40 gromosomen hat; alle oare soarten hawwe der 50.

Biotoop

Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen libje yn woastinen, steppes, op gerslân, greiden en heuvelskeanten en yn rivierdellings. Se jouwe de foarkar oan biotopen mei wat beskutting yn 'e foar fan strewelleguod. Yn 'e Rocky Mountains binne se oantroffen oant op in hichte fan hast 3.700 m.

Hâlden en dragen

De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn is oerdeis aktyf, fral ier op 'e moarn en let op 'e middei. By koeler waar kin er hast de hiele dei yn 't spier wêze, al bliuwt er by rein en snie binnendoar. Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen libje yn koloanjes dy't út in pear hûndert eksimplaren bestean kinne. Elts koloanje is ûnderferdield yn lytsere kloften fan 2-19 bisten mei in eigen territoarium dat se fûleindich ferdigenje, ek tsjin koloanjegenoaten dy't net ta de eigen kloft hearre. De kloften kinne opmakke wêze út in min ofte mear monogaam pearke, in mantsje mei in harem fan ferskate wyfkes, of in "kommune" fan in stikmannich mantsjes en wyfkes. Binnen de eigen kloft binne fral de froulike Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen tige sosjale bisten. Se kommunisearje troch oanrekking en mei alaarmroppen.

Winterdeis bringe Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen langere tiid yn har eigengroeven ûndergrûnske hoalen troch, dêr't se in wintersliep hâlde dy't maksimaal fan oktober oant maart of april duorje kin, al begjinne se der faak pas yn novimber of desimber mei. De peartiid set daliks nei de beëiniging fan 'e wintersliep útein, yn mids maart, en duorret oant mids maaie. De wyfkes binne mar ien dei yn it jier djoeisk en pearje dan mei 1-5 mantsjes, mar bringe jiers mar ien nêst fan 4-5 jongen fuort. De draachtiid duorret likernôch 30 dagen, en de jongen wurde mei 30-40 dagen ôfwûn. As se likernôch in moanne âld binne, komme se foar it earst boppe de grûn. As se âld genôch binne om selsstannich te libjen, ferhuzet it wyfke nei in oare hoale, en lit se har jongen efter, dy't koarte tiid letter útinoar geane en har yn eigen hoalen nei wenjen sette. De wyfkes binne mei 1 jier geslachtsryp, mar as der dat jiers itenskrapte bestiet, wachtsje se faak noch in jier foar't se oan 'e fuortplanting dielnimme. Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen libje yn it wyld 3-5 jier, mar kinne yn finzenskip wol 8 jier helje. Har natuerlike fijannen binne de sulverdas, prêrjewolf, wolf, reade lynks, wezeling, keningearn en ferskate soarten hauken. Foarhinne wie ek de swartpoatmurd slim gefaarlik, mar dy is no tige seldsum.

Fretten

Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen frette foar it meastepart gerzen, krûden en blêden. By 't maityd ferhapstûkje se ek de nije leaten fan strewellen. Simmerdeis beplúzje se fral ek in protte sieden. As it fretten hjerstmis en by 't winter krap is, nimme se har taflecht ta it fretten fan stâlen en woartels, en fierders frette se dan ek de itensfoarrieden dy't se oan 'e ein fan 'e simmer oanlein hawwe. Hoewol't Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen yn prinsipe herbivoaren binne, folje party har menu út en troch wolris oan mei ynsekten.

Status

De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt, al nimt de populaasje op 't heden dramatysk ôf fanwegen útbraken fan 'e sylvatyske pest en om't Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen troch feehâlders as skealik ûngedierte beskôge wurde, en sadwaande aktyf mei gewear en fergif bestriden wurde. Trijefearn fan 'e totale populaasje Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûnen libbet yn 'e steaten Arizona en Nij-Meksiko.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn (Latynske namme: Cynomys gunnisoni) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae), de tûke fan 'e grûniikhoarntsjes (Mamotini) en it skaai fan 'e prêrjehûnen (Cynomys). Dizze soarte libbet yn it súdwesten fan 'e Feriene Steaten. De Rocky-Mountainsprêrjehûn is it naust besibbe oan 'e Utahprêrjehûn (Cynomys parvidens) en de wytsturtprêrjehûn (Cynomys leucurus).

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Gunnison's prairie dog

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Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) is one of five species of prairie dog. This species belongs to the squirrel family of rodents, and are predominantly related to the North American and Eurasian ground squirrels. Gunnison's prairie dogs are primarily distributed in the Four Corners region of the United States.

Description

Gunnison's prairie dogs are 12 to 14 inches (30 to 37 centimeters) in length and have tails that measure 1.25 to 2.25 inches (3 to 6 centimeters). This species weighs from 1.5 to 2.5 lbs (0.5 to 1 kg). On average, males are larger in size than females. Gunnison's prairie dogs have 22 teeth, and five pairs of mammary glands.[3]

The Gunnison's prairie dog, C. gunnisoni, is the only prairie dog species that has 40 chromosomes. The other four species, black-tailed, white-tailed, Utah, and Mexican prairie dogs, have 50 chromosomes.[4] Their coats are yellow-toned buff merged with black-colored hairs. The upper head, sides of the cheek, and eyebrows are distinctly darker than the rest of the body. Their tails are mostly white with grayish-white ends and the tips are light gray.

The Gunnison's prairie dogs go through two yearly periodic moults during spring and fall. In spring, the shedding begins from the head to the rear tail. The process is reversed in the winter, it starts from the tail and proceeds to head.[5]

A distinguishing physical trait of the prairie dog is the placement of the eyes. They are situated on the sides of their heads, giving them a wide peripheral range of sight. This allows them to spot predators more easily and react as quickly as possible.[6]

Diet

The Gunnison's prairie dog typically feeds during the day, when they are most active.[7] Their diet usually consists of grasses, herbs, and leaves.[8] During the spring, they feed on newly grown shrubs. In the summer, they mainly consume seeds. Food is scarce in winter and fall. During these months, they feed on stems and roots, and stored food accumulated in the warmer months. While most prairie dogs are typically herbivores, some eat insects.[5]

Habitat

Three-quarters of the population of Gunnison's prairie dogs are located in Arizona and New Mexico.[7][9] They can be found in high desert, grasslands, meadows, hillsides, broad alluvial valleys and floodplains. They are often found in shrubs, such as rabbitbrush, sagebrush, and saltbrush. This species of prairie dogs resides in habitats ranging from 6,000-10,000 feet in altitude, although they have been recorded at altitudes as high as 12,000 feet.[10]

The sagebrush ecosystem is dependent on these animals. As a result of the Gunnison's prairie dogs burrowing, the soil is freshened, organic matter is added, and increased water penetration is able to occur. Their burrowing also creates habitats and exposes food sources for other creatures.

Social structure

Gunnison's prairie dogs live in colonies of up to several hundred individuals. Each colony is subdivided into smaller territories occupied by communal groups or solitary individuals.[11] These communities of prairie dogs vary from two to 19 individuals and may be composed of a single male/single female, single male/multiple females, or multiple males/multiple females.[11] Arrangement of the communities or social groups may be linked with the distribution of food resources. The territories inhabited by the Gunnison's prairie dog are defended by social groups, and violent behavior is common toward other animals who are not members. These prairie dogs often feed in feebly defended peripheral sections of territories that belong to other groups, but when members from different groups meet in these common feeding areas, conflicts can arise, with one prairie dog chasing the other back to its territory.[12]

Behavior

Gunnison's Prairie Dog

All prairie dogs, including the Gunnison's prairie dog, are diurnal.[7] This means they exert the most activity in the early morning and late afternoon. During warm weather, the highest activity levels occur at about 9 a.m., and from 2 p.m. to about an hour before the sunsets. When the temperature starts to cool, they become more active during the day. When it snows or rains, the prairie dogs will stay underground.

Their above-ground activities include making social contact, being aware of their surroundings and predators, grooming, burrowing, etc. Their main activity above ground is feeding. Although Gunnison's prairie dogs are considered to be less social than black-tailed prairie dogs, they are considered to be more social than the white-tailed prairie dogs. Studies have shown female Gunnison's prairie dogs are far more likely to engage in friendly social contact with other prairie dogs, and males are more likely to create conflict.

With the exception of two species, the black-tailed and Mexican, prairie dogs hibernate. During the winter, the Gunnison's prairie dog stays underground for long periods of time without food or water, using physiological adaptations to control their metabolism. Their bodies also rely on their stored body fat during hibernation. After hibernation, they become active again around March or April. This species is most active during the months of April through October.

Communication

The Gunnison's prairie dog communicates through forms of physical contact, such as cuddling and kissing, and through vocalization, such as a warning bark. Their vocal communication is the foundation to their survival and structure of their community. Their system of vocal communication is complex and may be one of the most advanced forms of communication of all-natural animal languages.[4][13] Con Slobodchikoff, a Northern Arizona University biology professor, has been researching the behavior of prairie dogs for 20 years, and states prairie dogs "have one of the most advanced forms of natural language known to science."

The bark is a combination of one or two high-pitched audible syllables, with the second syllable lower and deeper. Prairie dogs have a unique sound to identify each of various predators.[14] They also have different barks for warning and "all-clear" signals. Researchers and experts have been able to classify up to 11 distinct warning call the prairie dog uses to communicate.[15] Also, females with offspring are more likely to give off a warning bark than males.

The warning signal is their primary source of survival because it alerts the other prairie dogs to nearby danger. It can last for up to 30 minutes and can be heard nearly a mile away. As danger approaches, the intensity of the signal increases, and it ends after the prairie dog has entered its safe haven.

Studies have also shown prairie dogs can distinguish between the different colors of clothing people wear, and between people expressing threatening and nonthreatening behavior.

Breeding and life span

The Gunnison's prairie dog mating season begins in mid-March and lasts until mid-May. A female is able to reproduce at the age of one year. When food availability is scarce during the mating season, they may wait another year before breeding. Females can only engage in sexual intercourse for a single day during the mating season, and can mate with approximately five males, depending on the population density of their habitat. Gestation lasts, on average, 30 days.[11] Copulation usually occurs underground.[16] Females produce one litter per year of four to five pups.[17]

Once the pups are born, the mother Gunnison's prairie dog nurses the pups for about 30 to 40 days. During this time, the young pups remain safely in the nesting burrow located underground. Towards the end of lactation, the young are able to come out above ground; they must learn how to separate themselves from their mothers and survive on their own. As soon as the mother is done caring her young, she relocates herself to another burrow, leaving her now-independent young behind. Not too long after, they scatter to other vacant burrows.[5] A high percentage of female Gunnison's prairie dogs settle close to their birth territories for their entire lifetimes, whereas a significantly low percentage of the males stay close to their birth territories for longer than one year.[11]

The life span of a Gunnison's prairie dog is generally three to five years in the wild, but they can live up to eight years of age.

The population of the Gunnison's prairie dog is declining drastically due to three major factors: shootings, plague cycles, and poisoning.[11] Many concerned groups of people are requesting that the Gunnison's Prairie Dog be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act.[18]

Predators and disease

Predators include badgers, wolves, coyotes, bobcats, black-footed ferrets, weasels, golden eagles and large hawks.[7] Humans also affect prairie dog populations; for example, some ranchers implement poisoning programs to eliminate them.

Plague (disease), caused by Yersinia pestis and transmitted via fleas, can wipe out numerous individuals of the prairie dog populations.

Notes

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V.; Mabee, T.; Cannings, S. (NatureServe) & Hammerson, G. (NatureServe) (2008). "Cynomys gunnisoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.old-form url
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  3. ^ "Gunnison's prairie dog". Sevilleta LTER. Archived from the original on 2005-04-24. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  4. ^ a b "Gunnison's Prairie Dog". Prairie Dog Coalition. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  5. ^ a b c "Cynomys gunnisoni". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  6. ^ "Gunnison's Prairie Dog". U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  7. ^ a b c d "Prairie Dogs". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  8. ^ "Wildlife Gunnison's Prairie Dog". National Diversity Information Source. Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  9. ^ "Prairie Dogs". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  10. ^ "Gunnison's prairie dog". Sagebushsea. Archived from the original on 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Utah Gunnison's Prairie Dog and White-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Plan" (PDF). Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  12. ^ "Gunnison's prairie dog Cynomys gunnisoni". Native Ecosystems. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  13. ^ "Gunnison's Prairie Dog". Prairie Dog Coalition. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  14. ^ "Prairie Dogs". DesertUSA. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  15. ^ "About Prairie Dogs". City of Boulder, Colorado. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  16. ^ Hoogland, John L. "Estrus and copulation of Gunnison's prairie dogs." Journal of Mammalogy 79.3 (1998): 887-897.
  17. ^ "Gunnison's and White-tailed Prairie Dogs in Trouble Says National Wildlife Federation Report". Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  18. ^ "Protection sought for Gunnison's prairie dog". Animal Defense League of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2004-04-04. Retrieved 2008-11-13.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cynomys gunnisoni.
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Gunnison's prairie dog: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) is one of five species of prairie dog. This species belongs to the squirrel family of rodents, and are predominantly related to the North American and Eurasian ground squirrels. Gunnison's prairie dogs are primarily distributed in the Four Corners region of the United States.

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Cynomys gunnisoni ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El perrito de las praderas de Gunnison (Cynomys gunnisoni) es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae propio de la zona de las Cuatro Esquinas de Estados Unidos. Vive principalmente en praderas de matorral e hiberna de noviembre a marzo.

Descripción

El perrito de las praderas de Gunnison se distingue de las otras especies de perrito de la pradera por su color amarillento, más pálido que otras especies y tiene una cola más corta.[3]

Estado de conservación

Esta especie aparece en la lista roja de la UICN con un estado de riesgo menor.[4]

Subespecies

Se conocen dos subespecies de Cynomys gunnisoni.[5]

Referencias

  1. Cassola, F. (2016). «Cynomys gunnisoni». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016-3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2017.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  3. «US Fish and Wildlife Service». Archivado desde el original el 26 de septiembre de 2006. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2008.
  4. Lista roja de la UICN
  5. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Cynomys gunnisoni: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El perrito de las praderas de Gunnison (Cynomys gunnisoni) es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae propio de la zona de las Cuatro Esquinas de Estados Unidos. Vive principalmente en praderas de matorral e hiberna de noviembre a marzo.

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Cynomys gunnisoni ( Basque )

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Cynomys gunnisoni Cynomys generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Baird (1855) Sciuridae Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 334. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Cynomys gunnisoni: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Cynomys gunnisoni Cynomys generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Chien de prairie du Colorado ( French )

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Cynomys gunnisoni

Le chien de prairie du Colorado (Cynomys gunnisoni) est une espèce de rongeur du genre Cynomys.

Répartition et habitat

Il est endémique des États-Unis où on le trouve en Utah, au Colorado, en Arizona et au Nouveau-Mexique. Il est présent entre 1 830 et 3 660 m d'altitude. Il vit dans les vallées des hautes montagnes et sur les plateaux[2].

Références

  1. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  2. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
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Chien de prairie du Colorado: Brief Summary ( French )

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Cynomys gunnisoni

Le chien de prairie du Colorado (Cynomys gunnisoni) est une espèce de rongeur du genre Cynomys.

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Rocky-Mountainsprairiehond ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rocky-mountainsprairiehond (Cynomys gunnisoni) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Baird in 1855.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in de Verenigde Staten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Rocky-Mountainsprairiehond op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
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Rocky-Mountainsprairiehond: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rocky-mountainsprairiehond (Cynomys gunnisoni) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Baird in 1855.

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Nieświszczuk płowy ( Polish )

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Nieświszczuk płowy[4] (Cynomys gunnisoni) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych występujący w Górach Skalistych Stanach Zjednoczonych: w południowo-wschodniej części stanu Utah, południowo-zachodniej części Kolorado, północno-wschodniej części Arizony i w północno-zachodniej części Nowego Meksyku[5][2].

Wygląd

Długość ciała dorosłych osobników osiąga 309–373 mm, przy masie ciała 650 do 1200 g. Ogon zwierzęcia osiąga 39–68 mm długości. Wybarwienie sierści w części grzbietowej jest żółtawe, z udziałem czarnych włosów. Jest ono nieco zróżnicowane między dwoma podgatunkami: C. g. zuniensis ma wybarwienie nieco mniej żółtawe i z mocniejszą barwą cynamonu. Górna część głowy, policzki i okolice brwi są u obu gatunków wyraźnie ciemniejsze od innych części ciała. Ogon do połowy ma wybarwienie jednakowe jak tułów, a od połowy do jego końca jest pokryty szarym włosem o biało-szarych końcówkach. Nieświszczuki płowe linieją dwa razy w roku – jesienią i na wiosnę. Samice mają pięć pary sutków: dwie pary piersiowych i trzy pachwinowe[2]. Hollister (1916) wspominał o sześciu parach sutków, ale brak bliższych danych na ten temat[6].

Tryb życia

Nieświszczuki płowe żyją w norach, w koloniach liczących zwykle ok. 50–100 osobników[2]. Wchodzące w jej skład grupy składają się z jednego dorosłego samca, jednej (lub więcej) dorosłej samicy, oraz jednorocznych młodych, które nie uczestniczą jeszcze w rozrodzie[3]. Nieświszczuki są częściowo terytorialne – samce bronią bezpośredniego sąsiedztwa swojej nory, ale nie przeszkadza im obecność innych osobników podczas żerowania, samice podczas wychowywania młodych są bardzo agresywne, w pozostałą część roku nie wykazują zachowań terytorialnych. Nieświszczuki prowadzą dzienny tryb życia, najbardziej aktywne są wczesnym rankiem i późnym popołudniem[2].

Rozmnażanie

Nieświszczuki płowe rozmnażają się raz w roku – na przełomie kwietnia i maja. Samice osiągają dojrzałość płciową w wieku jednego roku. Po trwającej 30 dni ciąży na świat przychodzi 6 młodych, które pierwszy miesiąc życia spędzają w norze. Po tym okresie norę opuszcza już tylko część młodych (średnio 3,7 na 1 samicę)[3]. Po wyjściu na powierzchnię zwierzęta przestają być karmione mlekiem i zaczynają żywić się roślinami. Kiedy cały miot jest już odstawiony od mleka, matka zostawia młode i przenosi się do innej nory. Zwierzęta są przez to zmuszone do usamodzielnienia się. Samice są zdolne do rozrodu po pierwszym roku życia[2].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Nieświszczuki płowe występują w Górach Skalistych Stanach Zjednoczonych: w południowo-wschodniej części stanu Utah, południowo-zachodniej części Kolorado, północno-wschodniej części Arizony i w północno-zachodniej części Nowego Meksyku[5][2]. Zwierzęta zasiedlają wysokogórskie doliny i płaskowyże położone na wysokości 1830–3660 m n.p.m[2].

Ekologia

Nieświszczuki płowe żywią się głównie trawami, turzycami, ziołami, czasem zjadają także gałązki krzewów[2].

Głównymi powodami śmierci nieświszczuków są choroby, drapieżniki (takie jak borsuczniki amerykańskie, łasice, kojoty preriowe i niektóre gady) oraz aktywność człowieka[2]. Zwierzęta są częstymi nosicielami pasożytów – pcheł i kleszczy. Największym zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest człowiek[3]. Masowe polowania i używanie trutek na początku XX wieku doprowadziły do wyraźnego spadku liczebności populacji[2].

Przypisy

  1. Cynomys gunnisoni, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k John J. Pizzimenti, Robert S. Hoffmann. Cynomys gunnisoni. „Mammalian Species”. 25, s. 1–4, 1973 (ang.).
  3. a b c d e Cynomys gunnisoni. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Cynomys gunnisoni. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 4 czerwca 2016]
  6. Ned Hollister. A Systematic Account of the Prairie-Dogs. „North American Fauna”. 40, s. 1 – 37, 1916. Uniwersytet Harvarda (ang.).
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Nieświszczuk płowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Nieświszczuk płowy (Cynomys gunnisoni) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych występujący w Górach Skalistych Stanach Zjednoczonych: w południowo-wschodniej części stanu Utah, południowo-zachodniej części Kolorado, północno-wschodniej części Arizony i w północno-zachodniej części Nowego Meksyku.

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Cão-da-pradaria-de-cauda-curta ( Portuguese )

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O cão-da-pradaria-de-cauda-curta (Cynomys gunnisoni) é uma pequena espécie de roedor pertencete à família dos esquilos. Tais animais vivem no norte dos estados de Arizona, Novo México e sul do Colorado, nos Estados Unidos.[3]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Linzey, A. V. & NatureServe (Mabee, T., Cannings, S. & Hammerson, G.) (2008). Cynomys gunnisoni (em inglês). IUCN 2008. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2008 . Página visitada em 6 de Janeiro de 2009.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  3. Terra: Cientistas descobrem linguagem avançada em roedor nos EUA
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Cão-da-pradaria-de-cauda-curta: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O cão-da-pradaria-de-cauda-curta (Cynomys gunnisoni) é uma pequena espécie de roedor pertencete à família dos esquilos. Tais animais vivem no norte dos estados de Arizona, Novo México e sul do Colorado, nos Estados Unidos.

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Gunnisons präriehund ( Swedish )

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Gunnisons präriehund (Cynomys gunnisoni[3][4][5][6][7][8]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Baird 1855. Cynomys gunnisoni ingår i släktet präriehundar och familjen ekorrar.[9][10] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[9] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.[6]

Utseende

Individerna blir 31 till 37 cm långa, inklusive en 4 till 7 cm lång svans. Vikten varierar mellan 650 och 1200 g. Hanar är allmänt större än honor. Pälsen har en gulbrun färg som är mörkare på vissa ställen på grund av svarta hårspetsar. Svansen är vid roten likaså gulbrun och vid spetsen ljusgrå. Denna präriehund byter varje vår och varje höst mellan sommarpäls och vinterpäls. Liksom hos andra medlemmar av undersläktet Leucocrossuromys har honor av arten fem par spenar.[11]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna präriehund förekommer i västra USA i delstaterna Colorado, Utah, Arizona och New Mexico. Den vistas i regioner som är 1800 till 3700 meter höga. Habitatet utgörs främst av buskskogar med gräs som undervegetation.[1]

Ekologi

Hos Gunnisons präriehund förekommer kolonier med cirka 50 till 100 individer. De tätaste relationerna består mellan honor och deras ungar. Vuxna hanar håller sig ibland lite avsides. För kommunikationen finns olika läten. Gunnisons präriehund har en varningssignal som skiljer sig från andra präriehundars skrik. Liksom andra medlemmar av släktet är arten aktiv på dagen. Individerna äter gräs och andra gröna växtdelar som kompletteras med några insekter och daggmaskar.[11]

På vintern stannar denna präriehund i boet under marken som kan vara täckt av flera centimeter snö. Troligen håller de ingen vinterdvala men de kan vara ganska slö.[11]

Honor har en kull per år. Efter cirka 30 dagar dräktighet föds tre till fem ungar. Tidpunkten för ungarnas födelse är beroende på utbredningsområdet. Ungefär en månad efter födelsen syns ungarna för första gången utanför boet och något senare slutar modern med digivning. När ungarna blivit självständiga gräver modern en annan jordhåla för sig. Även ungarna lämnar boet där de föddes.[11]

Arten har flera olika naturliga fiender som prärievarg, grävlingar och andra mårddjur, samt olika rovfåglar. Präriehundarnas bon besöks av skallerormar och kanske faller några ungar offer för dem men det finns inga tecken som visar att de utgör ett hot mot vuxna individer.[11]

Larver av olika flugor lever som parasiter i Gunnisons präriehund. De överför bakterien Yersinia pestis som orsakar pesten. Ibland dör många individer av en koloni i sjukdomen.[11]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Cynomys gunnisoni Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org Arkiverad 27 juni 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  3. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  4. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  5. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  6. ^ [a b] (2005) , website Cynomys gunnisoni, Mammal Species of the World
  7. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  8. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  9. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Kunze T., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2017). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/search/all/key/cynomys+gunnisoni/match/1. Läst 29 oktober 2017.
  10. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  11. ^ [a b c d e f] Pizzimenti & Hoffmann (13 juni 1973). Cynomys gunnisoni (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-025-01-0001.pdf. Läst 26 mars 2015.

Externa länkar

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Gunnisons präriehund: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Gunnisons präriehund (Cynomys gunnisoni) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Baird 1855. Cynomys gunnisoni ingår i släktet präriehundar och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.

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Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison ( Vietnamese )

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Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison, tên khoa học Cynomys gunnisoni, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Baird mô tả năm 1855.[2] Loài này chủ yếu phân bố ở vùng Four Corners của Hoa Kỳ. Chúng dài 30–37 cm và có đuôi dài 3-6 c. Loài này chỉ cân nặng 1,5-2,5 lbs (0,5–1 kg). Trung bình, con đực có kích thước lớn hơn so với con cái. Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison có 22 răng, và năm 5 cặp tuyến vú. Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison, C. gunnisoni, là loài cầy thảo nguyên duy nhất có 40 nhiễm sắc thể. Bốn loài khác, chó thảo nguyên đuôi đen, đuôi trắng, cầy thảo nguyên Utah, và cầy thảo nguyên Mexico, có 50 nhiễm sắc thể.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V. & NatureServe (Mabee, T., Cannings, S. & Hammerson, G.) (2008). Cynomys gunnisoni. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Cynomys gunnisoni”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Sóc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison, tên khoa học Cynomys gunnisoni, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Baird mô tả năm 1855. Loài này chủ yếu phân bố ở vùng Four Corners của Hoa Kỳ. Chúng dài 30–37 cm và có đuôi dài 3-6 c. Loài này chỉ cân nặng 1,5-2,5 lbs (0,5–1 kg). Trung bình, con đực có kích thước lớn hơn so với con cái. Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison có 22 răng, và năm 5 cặp tuyến vú. Cầy thảo nguyên Gunnison, C. gunnisoni, là loài cầy thảo nguyên duy nhất có 40 nhiễm sắc thể. Bốn loài khác, chó thảo nguyên đuôi đen, đuôi trắng, cầy thảo nguyên Utah, và cầy thảo nguyên Mexico, có 50 nhiễm sắc thể.

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거니슨프레리도그 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

거니슨프레리도그(Cynomys gunnisoni)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 5종의 프레리도그 중의 하나이다. 북아메리카유라시아 땅다람쥐류의 친척이다. 미국 포 코너스에 주로 분포한다.

계통 분류

다음은 2009년 헬겐(Helgen) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]

마멋족      

열대땅다람쥐속

   

영양다람쥐속

         

바위다람쥐속

   

황금망토땅다람쥐속

     

마멋속

         

땅다람쥐속

       

작은땅다람쥐속

     

프랭클린땅다람쥐속

    프레리도그속    

검은꼬리프레리도그

   

멕시코프레리도그

       

유타프레리도그

     

거니슨프레리도그

   

흰꼬리프레리도그

         

피그미땅다람쥐속

         

전북구땅다람쥐속

       

각주

  1. “Cynomys gunnisoni”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 6일에 확인함.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Cynomys gunnisoni. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 February 2015.
  3. Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russell; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (April 2009). “Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus” (PDF). 《Journal of Mammalogy》 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1. 2011년 10월 22일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
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