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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Not much is known about the longevity of these animals. In the wild they have been estimated to live up to 15 years (Ronald Nowak 1999).
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Habitat

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Greater gliders are generally restricted to fairly expansive tall eucalyptus forests, and are never found in the rainforest (Grzimek, 1990). Patches of old growth must be at least 20 ha to sustain a population (Possingham, et al. 1994). Greater gliders are associated with high basal areas of over-story, and they need large patch sizes of old-growth forest. They are most often found in sites containing many trees with hollows. A single glider may use 4-18 den sites (Incoll et al., 2001; Lindenmayer et al., 1993).

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Untitled

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Greater gliders were previously classified as Schoinobates volans until 1982, when the generic name was changed to Petauroides (Nowak,1999).

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Conservation Status

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Although widespread and abundant in some areas, greater gliders are very sensitive to clear-cuts and fragmentation of their old-growth habitat. Their conservation is entirely dependent upon the responsible management of the old growth forests in which they live (Kavanaugh and Bamkin, 1995; Strahan, 1995). Tyndale-Biscoe and Smith (1969) showed that over 90% of gliders displaced by a clear-cut die rather than establish a new territory in suitable habitat nearby. Greater gliders may have difficulty migrating through unfavorable habitat for several reasons. They are specialist feeders, and only eat the leaves of some eucalyptus trees. They only carry limited quantities of body fat, and are likely to undergo rapid changes in body condition under adverse conditions, such as with dispersal. They are also very clumsy on the ground, and so have difficulty in crossing open tree-less areas (Lindenmayer et al., 1999).

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Benefits

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Since greater gliders require large patches of old growth habitat (Possingham et al., 1994), their needs can conflict with those of humans who wish to cut the trees for timber.

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Benefits

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Although the fur is long and thick, it is rather loose and soft which makes it difficult to work with. Luckily for greater gliders, fur traders rarely wanted their skins (Strahan,1995).

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Associations

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The role of these gliders in the ecosystem has not been evaluated. However, they do eat eucalyptus leaves, maing the energy stored in those leaves available to their predators.

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Greater gliders are folivores, feeding almost entirely on eucalyptus leaves that they break down with bacterial fermentation in an enlarged cecum (Berra, 1998; Lindenmayer et al., 1999; Possingham et al., 1994). This specialized diet means they are very difficult to keep in zoos (Grzimek, 1990). Greater gliders rarely need to drink (Strahan, 1995).

Plant Foods: leaves

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Distribution

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Greater gliders are found along the eastern coast of the Australian mainland, from eastern Queensland to southern Victoria (Nowak, 1999; Troughton, 1966).

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Life Expectancy

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Longevity may be up to 15 years in the wild (Nowak, 1999).

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
15 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
6.0 years.

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Morphology

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Greater gliders are the largest of the gliding possums. Females have a well-developed pouch and two mammae. P. volans are about the size of a domestic cat, weighing 1-1.5 kg as adults. The head and body length is 300-480 mm and the tail is 450-550 mm long (Nowak, 1999). These marsupials have a short snout and large round ears covered by thick fur (Strahan, 1995). The patagium, which is also covered with fur, extends from the knee to the elbow, (unlike the Petauridae, in which it extends from the ankle to the wrist), giving the glider a triangular shape when in the air (Berra, 1998). The long, furred tail, which is not prehensile, is used as a rudder (Grzimek, 1972). Color varies more than that of any other marsupial. The very long, dense fur is typically brownish-black, but can range from pure black with a creamy underside, to dusky browns and grays, cinnamon, red, yellow, and completely white (Grzimek, 1972; Troughton,1966).

Range mass: 1 to 1.5 kg.

Range length: 300 to 480 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 3.191 W.

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Associations

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Owls may represent the largest threat to gliders. Powerful owls and sooty owls both prey upon them. Dingos and introduced foxes also take P. volans. Because they are gliders, it is likely that they can escape predators by "flying" away.

Known Predators:

  • powerful owls (Ninox strenua)
  • sooty owls (Tyto tenebricosa)
  • dingos (Canis lupus dingo)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Reproduction

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Males and females will normally share a den from the onset of breeding until the young emerge from the pouch (Strahan, 1995). Some males are monogamous while others are bigamous, although there is no paternal care given to the young (Nowak, 1999).

Mating System: monogamous ; polygynous

Breeding season begins in March, and a single young is born between April and June. The offspring rides in the mother’s pouch until September, suckling on one of the two teats, then rides on the mother’s back until November or December. In January it reaches the age of independence. Sexually maturity is reached at two years of age. Until weaning, approximately half of the offspring produced are male. After the weaning period, the proportion of the population that is male drops precipitously to 39% (Hand, 1990; Tyndale-Biscoe and Smith, 1969).

Breeding season: Breeding begins in March, and the young is born between April and June.

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Average birth mass: 0.273 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
639 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
639 days.

As in all marsupials, the young are born highly altricial in most respects. Development must be completed in the mother's pouch, rather than in the uterus, as it is in placental mammals. The single offspring is nursed in the pouch until September, when the young glider emerges at 150 g to ride on its mother’s back. In November-December, when about 300 g, the young leaves its mother’s back and becomes more independent. In January, at about 600 g, the young is able to live independently. (Tyndale-Biscoe and Smith, 1969).

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care

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Nagel, J. 2003. "Petauroides volans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petauroides_volans.html
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Ecology and conservation

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Greater Gliders are a folivorous marsupial found throughout moist Eucalypt forests in Eastern Australia. They can reach densities of up to 1ha-1 and typically have a relatively small home range of 2-3ha (Comport et al 1996). Greater Gliders are hollow dependent fauna and due to their small home range are essentially a species dependent on old growth (hollow rich) forests.

Logging has been demonstrated to impact on Greater Glider (eg Kavanagh et al 1995) with the highest densities occurring within unlogged old growth forests over logged, regrowth forets.

Greater Gliders are a major prey item for the Powerful Owl and Powerful Owls have the potential to significantly decimate Greater Glider populations by up to 90% (Kavanagh 1988).

References
Comport, S, Ward, S and Foley, W (1996) Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae : Marsupialia), Wildlife Research 23, 401-418.

Kavanagh, R (1988) The impact of predation by the powerful owl, Ninox strenua, on a population of the greater glider, Austral Ecology 13, 445-450.

Kavanagh, R, Debus, S, Tweedie, T and Webster, R (1995) Distribution of Nocturnal Forest Birds and Mammals in North-eastern New South Wales: Relationships with Environmental Variables and Management History, Wildlife Research 22, 357-377.
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Petaure gegant ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El petaure gegant (Petauroides volans) és un petit marsupial planador originari d'Austràlia. Malgrat el seu nom, no està estretament relacionat amb els petaures, un altre grup de marsupials planadors, sinó amb l'uta lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), amb el qual comparteix la subfamília dels hemibelideïns.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Petaure gegant Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, pàg. 51. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. (anglès)


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Petaure gegant: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El petaure gegant (Petauroides volans) és un petit marsupial planador originari d'Austràlia. Malgrat el seu nom, no està estretament relacionat amb els petaures, un altre grup de marsupials planadors, sinó amb l'uta lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), amb el qual comparteix la subfamília dels hemibelideïns.

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Vakovec létavý ( Czech )

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Vakovec létavý (Petauroides volans) je vačnatec z čeledi possumovitých.

Žije jen v Austrálii. Jeho celková délka i s ocasem, který měří 45 až 60 cm, je zhruba 100 cm. Váží kolem 1 kg. Svůj dlouhý ocas používá ke kormidlování. Vakovci mají dvě barevné varianty, jednu černošedou až černou, druhá je velmi světle šedá, nebo dokonce mramorově krémově bílá. Má výborný zrak i sluch. Oči i uši jsou nasměrovány dopředu, což umožňuje binokulární vidění a přesný odhad vzdálenosti při skocích. I za naprosté tmy je schopen doplachtit až do vzdálenosti 100 metrů a zcela bez problémů přistát.

Vakovci žijí v párech. Pár vychovává jediné mládě. Celá rodinka žije pohromadě v dutinách stromů.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Vakovec létavý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Vakovec létavý (Petauroides volans) je vačnatec z čeledi possumovitých.

Žije jen v Austrálii. Jeho celková délka i s ocasem, který měří 45 až 60 cm, je zhruba 100 cm. Váží kolem 1 kg. Svůj dlouhý ocas používá ke kormidlování. Vakovci mají dvě barevné varianty, jednu černošedou až černou, druhá je velmi světle šedá, nebo dokonce mramorově krémově bílá. Má výborný zrak i sluch. Oči i uši jsou nasměrovány dopředu, což umožňuje binokulární vidění a přesný odhad vzdálenosti při skocích. I za naprosté tmy je schopen doplachtit až do vzdálenosti 100 metrů a zcela bez problémů přistát.

Vakovci žijí v párech. Pár vychovává jediné mládě. Celá rodinka žije pohromadě v dutinách stromů.

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Südlicher Großflugbeutler ( German )

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Der Südliche Großflugbeutler (Petauroides volans) ist ein Säugetier aus der Familie der Ringbeutler (Pseudocheiridae), das mit zwei Unterarten im Osten Australiens vorkommt. Die Nominatform, Petauroides volans volans, kommt von Bundaberg im südöstlichen Queensland bis Port Macquarie in New South Wales vor, Petauroides volans incanus lebt vom Hunter Valley in New South Wales bis ins östliche Victoria. Zwei weitere Riesengleitbeutler galten ursprünglich als Unterarten von Petauroides volans, werden aber im 2015 erschienen Beuteltierband des Handbook of the Mammals of the World, einem Standardwerk der Mammalogie, als eigenständige Arten geführt (Mittlerer Großflugbeutler und Nördlicher Großflugbeutler).[1]

Merkmale

 src=
Südlicher Großflügelbeutler

Die Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 35 bis 45 cm, haben einen 45 bis 60 cm langen Schwanz und wiegen 900 bis 1700 g. Damit ist der Südliche Großflugbeutler sowohl größte Art der Riesengleitbeutler als auch die größte zum Gleitflug fähige Beuteltierart. Wie die zwei anderen Arten der Riesengleitbeutler besitzt die Art Gleitmembranen, die vom Ellbogen bis zur Ferse reichen und den Tieren einen Gleitflug ermöglichen. Der Kopf ist kurz, die Schnauze ist zugespitzt. Die großen, ovalen Ohren sind außen behaart, die Innenseite ist unbehaart. Der Schwanz ist buschig und deutlich länger als Kopf und Rumpf zusammen. Er hat an der Unterseite der Spitze einen kurzen, haarlosen Bereich. Das Fell ist dicht und zottelig und bei P. volans volans normalerweise dunkelbraun oder grau gefärbt, insgesamt aber sehr variabel. Oft treten auf Kopf und Gliedmaßen cremefarbene Flecken auf, die sich manchmal auch bis auf den Rumpf ausdehnen. Bei P. volans incanus ist das Fell normalerweise graubraun, ähnlich wie beim Mittleren Großflugbeutler. Von dieser Art unterscheidet sich P. volans incanus durch seine Größe und die proportional größeren Ohren.[1]

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

Der Südliche Großflugbeutler lebt in verschiedenen Waldtypen die in den meisten Fällen von Eukalyptusbäumen dominiert werden. Dazu gehören sowohl feuchte Wälder als auch trockene Wälder mit Hartlaubvegetation, Wälder mit hohen, alten Eukalyptusbeständen, westlich der Great Dividing Range auch in offene Wälder mit niedrigeren Bäumen. Insgesamt ist das Verbreitungsgebiet inselartig und nur in etwa 50 % der Wälder im Verbreitungsgebiet gibt es tatsächlich Südliche Großflugbeutler. Besonders wo es keine oder nur wenige Baumhöhlen gibt, fehlt die Art. In einigen Regionen kommt sie Art nur zusammen mit bestimmten Pflanzenarten vor. Dazu gehören der Zitroneneukalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) und Eucalyptus tereticornis. Die Tiere sind relativ sesshaft und nachtaktiv. Männchen bewohnen in der Regel ein 1,2 bis 4,4 ha großes Gebiet, das Wohnrevier der Weibchen ist mit 0,9 bis 1 ha deutlich kleiner. Die Wohnreviere von Männchen und Weibchen können sich überlappen aber die Tiere vermeiden Begegnungen außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit. Mit ihren Gleitflügen können sie Distanzen von bis zu 100 Metern überwinden.[1]

Ernährung

 src=
Blätter des Breitblättrigen Eukalyptus

Der Südliche Großflugbeutler ernährt sich vor allem von jungen Blättern, Knospen und Blüten von Eukalyptusbäumen und von anderen Baumarten aus der Familie der Myrtengewächse. Vor allem die Blätter der Eukalyptenuntergattung Monocalyptus werden verzehrt. Weniger wichtig sind die Blätter der Eukalyptenuntergattung Symphyomyrtus und von Corymbia. Wichtige Nahrungspflanzen sind Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Breitblättriger Eukalyptus (E. dalrympleana), E. fastigata, E. globoidea, E. moluccana, E. obliqua, E. ovata, Pfefferminz-Eukalyptus (E. radiata), Riesen-Eukalyptus (E. regnans), E. tereticornis und Rutenförmiger Eukalyptus (E. viminalis). Außerdem werden hin und wieder Blätter von Akazien und von Amyema, sowie Knospen und junge Zapfen der Monterey-Kiefer (Pinus radiata) gefressen. Amyema ist eine artenreiche Gattung von Misteln, die zur großen Familie der Riemenblumengewächse gerechnet werden. Im östlichen Australien parasitiert beispielsweise Amyema pendulum auf verschiedenen Eucalyptus-Arten. Meistens fressen die Tiere hoch oben in den Baumwipfeln. Von dort können sie auch die längsten Gleitflüge unternehmen. In einer Nacht werden in den meisten Fällen nur drei bis sechs Bäume zum Fressen aufgesucht. Es handelt sich dabei aber immer um Bäume unterschiedlicher Arten. Der geringe Nährgehalt der Blattnahrung, der kleine Magen der Tiere und die lange Zeit, die zur Verdauung benötigt wird, bewirken, dass der Südliche Großflugbeutler wie alle Ringbeutler ein relativ träges Tier ist, das nur 25 bis 30 % der Zeit aktiv mit Nahrungssuche oder sonstigen Aktivitäten verbringt und ansonsten ruht oder schläft.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Die Jungtiere des Südlichen Großflugbeutlers werden von März bis Juni geboren mit einer Häufung im April und im Mai. Die Jungtiere bleiben die ersten 90 bis 120 Tage im Beutel der Mutter, etwa 90 Tage nach der Geburt werden sie hin und wieder auch auf dem Rücken transportiert. Sie werden mit einem Alter von zehn bis elf Monaten selbstständig. Wahrscheinlich bleiben viele Jungtiere zunächst im Revier der Mutter. Das Geschlechterverhältnis von 1,6:1 zugunsten der Weibchen unter den Jungtieren ist eventuell darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Sterblichkeitsrate bei männlichen Jungtiere aufgrund von aggressivem Verhalten durch die Väter oder anderer Männchen höher ist. Die Jungtiere werden im zweiten Lebensalter geschlechtsreif. Weibchen können jedes Jahr gebären aber nur 60 bis 75 % der ausgewachsenen Weibchen bekommen auch ein Jungtier. Ob sich auch die Männchen an der Aufzucht der Jungtiere beteiligen ist unbekannt.[1]

Gefährdung

Der Südliche Großflugbeutler gilt als „ungefährdet“ (Least Concern), reagiert jedoch empfindlich auf Abholzungen. Da er auf alte Baumbestände angewiesen ist, in denen Baumhöhlen vorhanden sind, werden nachwachsende Wälder nur sehr langsam wieder besiedelt. Besonders im Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes leidet die Population des Südliche Großflugbeutlers durch die Nachstellungen des Riesenkauzes (Ninox strenua).[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f Stephen Jackson: Family Pseudocheiridae (Ring-tailed Possums and Greater Gliders). in Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5. Monotremes and Marsupials. Lynx Editions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6. S. 522.
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Südlicher Großflugbeutler: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Südliche Großflugbeutler (Petauroides volans) ist ein Säugetier aus der Familie der Ringbeutler (Pseudocheiridae), das mit zwei Unterarten im Osten Australiens vorkommt. Die Nominatform, Petauroides volans volans, kommt von Bundaberg im südöstlichen Queensland bis Port Macquarie in New South Wales vor, Petauroides volans incanus lebt vom Hunter Valley in New South Wales bis ins östliche Victoria. Zwei weitere Riesengleitbeutler galten ursprünglich als Unterarten von Petauroides volans, werden aber im 2015 erschienen Beuteltierband des Handbook of the Mammals of the World, einem Standardwerk der Mammalogie, als eigenständige Arten geführt (Mittlerer Großflugbeutler und Nördlicher Großflugbeutler).

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Southern greater glider

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The southern greater glider (Petauroides volans),[2] also known as the southern and central greater glider,[3] is a species of large gliding marsupial native to the forests of southeastern Australia.[2] It is a vulnerable species per the IUCN Red List classification, but since 5 July 2022 is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act in Australia.[3] The main threats to its survival are climate change and logging.[4]

Taxonomy

This was the first described species of Petauroides, and long thought to be the only species, with Petauroides armillatus and Petauroides minor being thought to comprise a distinct subspecies of it, P. volans minor; together, they were referred to as the greater glider. However, in 2012 and 2015, several field guides written by Colin Groves and/or Stephen Jackson listed the greater glider as being split into three species, confirmed by a 2020 analysis which found significant genetic and morphological differences between the three species.[5][6][7][8][9] The American Society of Mammalogists now considers the two subspecies to be distinct from P. volans.[2]

The Australian Government's Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT) refers to the animal as the greater glider (southern and central).[3]

Distribution

Prior to being split, this species was thought to be found throughout eastern Australia, but recent taxonomic revisions and splits indicate it occupies a much smaller range. Although Jackson and Groves listed the species as ranging from Bundaberg (Queensland) south to Victoria, genetic analysis by McGregor et al. has found this species to not exist near the alleged northern edge of its range, with that species actually being P. armillatus. It is now thought to range from Victoria north to New South Wales, but due to insufficient sampling from New South Wales, the exact border between the range of P. volans and P. armillatus remains unknown as of 2020.[5]

Description

Dark morph, near Lerderderg State Park

This is the largest species of Petauroides and one of the world's largest gliding mammals, growing to the size of a house cat.[8] Its body spans 35–46 cm (14–18 in). Its furry tail reaches up to 60 cm (24 in) long,[4] but is not prehensile. The gliding membrane stretches from the forearm to the tibia.[10] Its ears are large and furry and it has a short snout.[10]

The glider weighs 900–1,700 g (32–60 oz). The females are larger than males. Its thick fur, which is white or cream underneath and "varies from dark grey, dusky brown through to light mottled grey and cream" above, makes it look bigger than it is.[10] This species displays the famous polymorphism that greater gliders are well-known for, having a dark morph that is almost black in colour with a white underside, and a light morph that is grey and white with a white underside.[5][9]

Threats and conservation

Of the three greater glider species, this one is thought to be the most threatened and to have suffered the sharpest declines in population. Prior to late 2019, significant logging in the forests of Victoria and New South Wales had already led to the removal of vast swathes of hollow-bearing trees that the species depended on, and caused the species to decline by almost 80% in some areas. This was worsened when a significant proportion of the species' habitat burned in the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season; for example, over half of 96,000 acres (39,000 ha) of forest in Victoria set aside for glider protection are thought to have burned in the fires. Logging may have made these fires worse by allowing brushfires to burn hotter, and changing the composition of the landscape to less palatable food trees.[8][9]

Climate change may also threaten the species in some regions; rising night-time temperatures may cause the cold-adapted gliders to lose their appetite, leading to starvation.[8][9][11]

Conservation actions required to save the species include reconsidering the species' conservation status and banning logging and land clearance for coal mining. Ecotourism to view the species may be a potential source of conservation income as well.[8]

Notably during 2022, in the wake of the bushfires the Australian National University, Greening Australia, and the World Wide Fund for Nature-Australia teamed up to place more than 200 high-tech thermally appropriate nesting boxes at Glenboc, in Victoria's East Gippsland, and inside the Tallaganda National Park near Braidwood, NSW. The boxes utilise insulation, air gaps, and heat-reflective, fire-resistant non-toxic coatings, in order to keep the animals and at the optimal temperature, and best imitate a tree hollow.[12]

Classifications

The southern glider is a vulnerable species per the IUCN Red List classification. On 5 July 2022 the Australian Government declared the animal to be an endangered species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999,[3][10] as it becomes more threatened by logging and climate change. Logging is regulated by state governments; however, environment minister Tanya Plibersek said that the federal government was helping to fund ten projects whose goal is to help protect the species.[4]

It is listed as vulnerable under the Nature Conservation Act 2014 (ACT); Nature Conservation (Animals) Regulation 2020 (Queensland) and Nature Conservation Act 1992 (which includes both the southern and central and northern greater gliders); and Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Vic);[3] and three subpopulations are listed as endangered under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW).[10]

References

  1. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Petauroides volans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T40579A166500472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T40579A166500472.en. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Petauroides volans - Greater Glider (southern and central)". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Proust, Keira (6 July 2022). "Greater glider listed as endangered, as climate change and logging threatens species". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. ^ a b c McGregor, Denise C.; Padovan, Amanda; Georges, Arthur; Krockenberger, Andrew; Yoon, Hwan-Jin & Youngentob, Kara N. (6 November 2020). "Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 19284. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76364-z. PMC 7648813. PMID 33159131.
  6. ^ Jackson, Stephen & Schouten, Peter (2012). Gliding Mammals of the World. CSIRO Publishing. doi:10.1071/9780643104051. ISBN 978-0-643-10406-8.
  7. ^ Jackson, Stephen & Groves, Colin (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing. doi:10.1071/9781486300136. ISBN 978-1-4863-0014-3.
  8. ^ a b c d e Reid, Sarah. "Australia's charismatic glider marsupial". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d "Two new greater glider species discovered: 'Australia's biodiversity just got a lot richer'". the Guardian. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e Conservation Advice for Petauroides volans (greater glider (southern and central)) (PDF) (Report). Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. July 2022.
  11. ^ "Greater gliders: fears of 'catastrophic' consequences from logging in Victoria". The Guardian. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  12. ^ Endangered greater gliders adapt quickly to nest boxes after Black Summer, Alasdair McDonald, ABC News Online, 2023-01-13
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Southern greater glider: Brief Summary

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The southern greater glider (Petauroides volans), also known as the southern and central greater glider, is a species of large gliding marsupial native to the forests of southeastern Australia. It is a vulnerable species per the IUCN Red List classification, but since 5 July 2022 is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act in Australia. The main threats to its survival are climate change and logging.

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Petauroides volans ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El petauro gigante (Petauroides volans) es un pequeño marsupial planeador originario de Australia. A pesar de su nombre, no está estrechamente relacionado con los petauros, otro grupo de marsupiales planeadores, sino con el falangero lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), con el cual comparte la subfamilia de los hemibelideinos.

Referencias

  1. Lunney, D., Menkhorst, P., Winter, J., Ellis, M., Strahan, R., Oakwood, M., Burnett, S., Denny, M. y Martin, R. (2008). «Petauroides volans». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 18 de enero de 2013.
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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El petauro gigante (Petauroides volans) es un pequeño marsupial planeador originario de Australia. A pesar de su nombre, no está estrechamente relacionado con los petauros, otro grupo de marsupiales planeadores, sino con el falangero lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), con el cual comparte la subfamilia de los hemibelideinos.

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Petauroides volans ( Basque )

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Petauroides volans Petauroides generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Hemibelideinae azpifamilia eta Pseudocheiridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Kerr (1792) 1 In Linnaeus 199. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Petauroides volans Petauroides generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Hemibelideinae azpifamilia eta Pseudocheiridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Petauroides volans ( French )

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Grand phalanger volant

Le grand phalanger volant[1],[2],[3] (Petauroides volans), unique représentant du genre Petauroides, est un opossum australien. Il se rapproche beaucoup du Phalanger lémurien (Hemibelideus lemuroides) avec lequel il forme la sous-famille des Hemibelideinae.

Description

 src=
Squelette de Petauroides volans.

Il mesure 40 cm de la tête à la queue avec une queue de 50 cm pour un poids de 1.5 kg. C'est un animal de la taille d'un chat au pelage noir, brun ou gris avec le ventre blanc ou crème. Comme tous les "planeurs", il possède une membrane de peau qui, chez lui, va du coude à la cheville et qui lui permet de planer d'arbre en arbre. Sa queue n'est pas préhensile mais ses doigts sont opposables.

Répartition et habitat

On le trouve dans les forêts sclérophyles depuis Mossman, dans le Queensland jusqu'à Daylesford, dans l'État de Victoria.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit essentiellement de feuilles d'eucalyptus et occasionnellement de fleurs[4].

Mode de vie

C'est un animal arboricole, nocturne, solitaire, marquant son territoire par ses glandes anales et chassant tout intrus.

Reproduction

L'accouplement se produit entre mars et juin; il y a le plus souvent un seul petit (s'il y en a deux, un seul survit) qui passera quatre mois dans la poche de sa mère et restera avec elle avec elle jusqu'à l'âge de neuf mois avant de prendre son indépendance

Espèce éteinte de Petauroides

Petauroides ayamaruensis Aplin et al., 1999[5]

Références

  1. Éditions Larousse, « Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - koala », sur www.larousse.fr (consulté le 26 mars 2017)
  2. « Fiche Espèce | Planet'Mammifères », sur www.planet-mammiferes.org (consulté le 26 mars 2017)
  3. « AICIM> Fiche », sur www.aicim.be (consulté le 26 mars 2017)
  4. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  5. « New genus and species of extinct Miocene ringtail possums », 2007

Voir aussi

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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( French )

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Grand phalanger volant

Le grand phalanger volant,, (Petauroides volans), unique représentant du genre Petauroides, est un opossum australien. Il se rapproche beaucoup du Phalanger lémurien (Hemibelideus lemuroides) avec lequel il forme la sous-famille des Hemibelideinae.

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Petauroides volans ( Italian )

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Il petauro maggiore (Petauroides volans Kerr, 1792) è un piccolo marsupiale planatore della famiglia degli Pseudocheiridi diffuso in Australia. È l'unica specie del genere Petauroides Thomas, 1888[2]. Non è strettamente imparentato con i marsupiali planatori del genere Petaurus, bensì con il coda ad anello lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), con il quale condivide la sottofamiglia degli Emibelideini[2].

Il petauro maggiore conduce vita notturna e solitaria; vegetariano, si nutre quasi esclusivamente di foglie e gemme di Eucalyptus[3]. Come il coda ad anello lemuroide, è presente con due forme cromatiche distinte: una color marrone-fuligginoso e l'altra grigio-biancastra[3].

Vive nelle foreste di eucalipto da Mossman (Queensland) a Daylesford (Victoria)[3].

Descrizione

 src=
Scheletro di P. volans.

Il petauro maggiore ha una lunghezza testa-corpo di 39–43 cm; le femmine sono generalmente più grandi dei maschi. Il corpo è ricoperto da un ispido mantello di peli che ne accresce le dimensioni apparenti, e la coda, lunga e folta, misura 44–53 cm. La testa è breve, ma il muso è appuntito; le grandi orecchie sono ricoperte ai lati e nella parte posteriore da lunghi peli. Su ogni lato del corpo è presente una membrana allungata fra il gomito e il ginocchio, che consente all'animale di effettuare planate controllate. Al contrario, in altri marsupiali planatori (come il petauro dello zucchero) tali membrane sono allungate tra il polso e il ginocchio[4].

Le zampe sono munite di robusti artigli ricurvi che consentono un'ottima presa sulla corteccia o su altre superfici. Ciascuna zampa ha cinque dita, delle quali il primo delle zampe posteriori e le prime due di quelle anteriori sono opponibili[4].

Il manto è soffice e ciascun pelo misura fino a 60 mm; la colorazione varia anche all'interno di una stessa popolazione, spaziando dal bianco fino al marrone e al nerastro. Il peso degli esemplari segue una variazione clinale dai circa 1600 g nel Victoria meridionale ai circa 600 g nel nord del Queensland.

Fisiologia

Il petauro maggiore regola generalmente la propria temperatura corporea leccandosi le estremità e la superficie ventrale del corpo, raffreddandosi grazie all'evaporazione diretta. Al contrario, per riscaldare di più il corpo, può aprire le membrane plananti per aumentare la superficie di esposizione al sole. Tuttavia, il petauro maggiore non è ben equipaggiato per sopportare temperature ambientali elevate, in quanto continua a sprecare saliva per tenersi al fresco nonostante negli habitat arboricoli nei quali vive vi sia scarsa disponibilità di acqua[5].

Il petauro maggiore è in grado di digerire foglie poco nutrienti, in particolare foglie di eucalipto, che contengono tutta una serie di composti fenolici e terpeni e un'alta concentrazione di fibre di lignina. Può digerire circa il 50-60% delle sostanze ingerite durante il loro passaggio attraverso il tubo digerente[6]. L'animale possiede un cieco specializzato che ospita una popolazione di batteri in grado di fermentare i residui di cibo che l'intestino tenue non è riuscito a digerire[7]. Per una popolazione presente in una foresta di eucalipti nei pressi di Maryborough (Queensland), è stato calcolato un apporto energetico giornaliero di circa 1130 kJ, forniti da circa 45-50 g di sostanza solida al giorno[8].

Le femmine adulte partoriscono un unico piccolo una sola volta all'anno, generalmente alla fine dell'autunno o agli inizi dell'inverno. Il piccolo, del tutto inetto, trascorrerà i quattro mesi seguenti all'interno del marsupio materno, dove succhierà il latte e si svilupperà. Rimarrà al sicuro nel marsupio fino all'età di nove mesi[9].

Biologia

Comportamento

 src=
Primo piano della testa di un petauro maggiore della forma scura.

Il petauro maggiore conduce vita prevalentemente notturna, e si aggira di notte nella parte più elevata della volta della foresta in cerca di cibo. Durante il giorno, trascorre gran parte del tempo dormendo nelle cavità degli alberi; ciascun esemplare può utilizzare fino a venti tane differenti entro i confini del proprio territorio. Le tane sono spesso imbottite con foglie e strisce di corteccia[4][10]. Gli studiosi localizzano i membri di una determinata popolazione utilizzando lampade elettriche: infatti, quando un potente fascio di luce viene diretto sugli occhi di un petauro, questi riflettono la luce illuminandosi di un brillante colore rosso[11].

Nelle foreste in cui vivono, maschi e femmine occupano territori distinti stabilendo confini ben definiti tra loro. I territori dei maschi misurano 1,4-4,1 ettari, mentre quelli delle femmine, più piccoli, misurano solo 1,3-3,0 ettari. Nonostante i vari territori possano sovrapporsi tra loro, gli animali conducono generalmente vita solitaria al di fuori della stagione riproduttiva, e solo raramente interagiscono tra loro. A seconda delle dimensioni della foresta, maggiori o minori, i territori sono rispettivamente più o meno estesi[12].

La modalità di planata del petauro maggiore è unica tra i marsupiali. Gli arti anteriori vengono ripiegati in modo che i polsi si infilino sotto il mento, dando al patagio un contorno triangolare quando viene teso. L'animale plana con regolarità tra gli alberi più alti, ed è in grado di utilizzare la coda per mantenere la direzione. Quando è possibile evita sempre di spostarsi sul terreno, e se vi è costretto si sposta lentamente e con difficoltà[4].

I petauri maggiori non emettono alcuna sorta di richiamo[13] e probabilmente comunicano tra loro attraverso marcature odorose. Le ghiandole cloacali conferiscono a questi animali un forte odore di muschio[14][15].

Alimentazione

 src=
Petauro maggiore nel parco nazionale di Mount Royal.

I petauri maggiori si nutrono quasi esclusivamente delle giovani foglioline e delle gemme dei fiori di alcune specie di eucalipto, in particolare di Eucalyptus radiata, E. viminalis ed E. acmenoides[14]. Le giovani foglie vengono preferite poiché presentano maggiori concentrazioni di azoto e minori concentrazioni di lignocellulosa (una fibra acido-detergente). Tuttavia, le foglie di eucalipto offrono solamente poche sostanze nutritive[16].

Dato il suo stile di vita esclusivamente notturno, uno dei principali predatori del petauro è il gufastore possente (Ninox strenua). Questa specie va in cerca di prede concentrandosi in gruppi all'interno di un territorio relativamente vasto, che è costretto ad abbandonare quando il numero delle prede presenti non è più in grado a sostenerne la popolazione[17]. Tra gli altri predatori figurano i gatti randagi, che non sono originari dell'Australia, essendovi stati introdotti dopo l'arrivo degli europei[18].

Riproduzione

La stagione riproduttiva del petauro maggiore è relativamente breve, in quanto dura da febbraio a maggio, e i piccoli nascono tra aprile e giugno. Le femmine hanno un marsupio relativamente ben sviluppato, aperto verso la parte anteriore dell'animale, e contenente due capezzoli[4]. Ogni anno nasce un unico piccolo[3].

Alla nascita, il piccolo pesa solo 0,27 g, ma inizierà a lasciare il marsupio non prima dei quattro mesi di età, quando sarà completamente ricoperto di pelo e già ben sviluppato. Dopo aver lasciato il marsupio, la madre lo trasporta sul dorso, fino a quando non sarà completamente svezzato, a circa sette mesi di età. Il piccolo raggiunge l'indipendenza a nove mesi e la maturità sessuale tra i 18 e i 24 mesi[4].

Alcuni petauri maggiori hanno raggiunto i quindici anni di vita[19].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il petauro maggiore è diffuso nel Queensland meridionale[20], nell'Australia orientale[21], nel Nuovo Galles del Sud sud-orientale[22] e nelle foreste di montagna degli altopiani del Victoria centrale[23]. Gli studiosi ne monitorano le popolazioni localizzando i vari individui con sorgenti luminose lungo percorsi prestabiliti, munendoli di radiocollari e facendoli uscire dalle tane facendo loro ascoltare registrazioni del richiamo dei rapaci notturni[11][24].

Esistono due sottospecie riconosciute[2]:

  • P. v. volans Kerr, 1792: regioni temperate e subtropicali di Victoria, Nuovo Galles del Sud e Queensland;
  • P. v. minor Collett, 1887: regioni tropicali del Queensland.

Il petauro maggiore sceglie il proprio habitat sulla base di vari fattori. Uno dei più determinanti è la presenza di alcune specie di eucalipto. Il numero di esemplari è maggiore nelle regioni dove vi sono foreste di montagna di eucalipti della manna (E. viminalis) ed eucalipti di montagna (E. dalrympleana ed E. obliqua). Inoltre, la presenza di E. cypellocarpa sembra migliorare la qualità dell'habitat per il petauro nelle foreste dominate da E. obliqua. Un altro fattore determinante la densità di popolazione è l'altitudine. Livelli ottimali sono posti a circa 845 m di quota[25]. Entro i confini delle aree di foresta favorite, i petauri prediligono le zone dove vi sono alberi più antichi[24].

Tassonomia

Sebbene ritenuto in passato un parente dei Petauridi, il petauro maggiore viene attualmente considerato strettamente imparentato con gli Pseudocheiridi, in particolare con il coda ad anello lemuroide, dal quale i suoi antenati si separarono circa 18 milioni di anni fa. Al contrario, la sua linea evolutiva si separò da quella che avrebbe portato ai Petauridi molto tempo prima, circa 36 milioni di anni fa[26]. I resti fossili di petauro gigante risalenti al Pleistocene superiore indicano che un tempo questo animale occupasse un areale molto più vasto, comprendente almeno alcune aree dell'Australia Meridionale[4].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. 2016, Petauroides volans, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Petauroides volans, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ a b c d Peter Menkhorst, A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 94, ISBN 0-19-550870-X.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Harris, J.M. & Maloney, K.S., Petauroides volans (Diprotodontia: Pseudocheiridae), in Mammalian Species, vol. 42, n. 1, 2010, pp. 207–219, DOI:10.1644/866.1 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 aprile 2013).
  5. ^ K. Rubsamen, Hume, I.D.; Foley, W. J.; Rubsamen, U., Implications of the large surface area to body mass ratio on the heat balance of the Greater Glider Petauroides volans, in Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, vol. 154, n. 1, 1984, pp. 105–111, DOI:10.1007/BF00683223.
  6. ^ W. J. Foley, Lassak, E. V.; Brophy, J., Digestion and absorption of eucalyptus essential oils in the Greater Glider Petauroides volans and Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula, in Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 13, n. 11, 1987, pp. 2115–2130, DOI:10.1007/BF01012875.
  7. ^ W. J. Foley, Hume, I. D.; Cork, S. J., Fermentation in the hindgut of the Greater Glider Petauroides volans and the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula, two arboreal folivores, in Physiological Zoology, vol. 62, n. 5, 1989, pp. 1126–1143.
  8. ^ W. J. Foley, Kehl, J.C.; Nagy, K.A.; Kaplan, I.R.; Boorsboom, A.C., Energy and Water Metabolism in Free-living Greater Gliders Petauroides volans, in Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 38, n. 1, 1990, pp. 1–10, DOI:10.1071/ZO9900001.
  9. ^ Greater Glider Petauroides volans in the Eurobodalla Local Government area - proposed endangered population listing, su environment.nsw.gov.au, New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change. URL consultato il 5 maggio 2008.
  10. ^ Smith, G.C., Michael Mathieson e Luke Hogan, Home range and habitat use of a low-density population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia), in a hollow-limiting environment, in Wildlife Research, vol. 34, n. 6, 2007, pp. 472–483, DOI:10.1071/WR06063.
  11. ^ a b D. B. Lindenmayer, Cunningham, R. B.; Donnelly, C. F.; Incoll, R. D.; Pope, M. L.; Tribolet, C. R.; Viggers, K. L.; Welsh, A. H., How effective is spotlighting for detecting the greater glider (Petauroides volans)?, in Wildlife Research, vol. 28, n. 1, 2001, pp. 105–109, DOI:10.1071/WR00002.
  12. ^ M. L. Pope, Lindenmayer, D. B.; Cunningham, R. B., Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. I. Home range size and movements, in Wildlife Research, vol. 31, n. 6, 2004, pp. 559–568, DOI:10.1071/WR02110.
  13. ^ Borsboom, A., Agonistic interactions between bats and arboreal marsupials, in Australian Mammalogy, vol. 5, 1982, pp. 281–282.
  14. ^ a b S. S. Comport, Ward, S. J. & Foley, W. J., Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia) (PDF), in Wildlife Research, vol. 23, n. 4, 1996, pp. 409–419, DOI:10.1071/WR9960401 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 marzo 2011).
  15. ^ Pockets Pets Team, Pocket Pets, su sugarbears.com, GRE, Inc. URL consultato il 6 novembre 2012.
  16. ^ R. P. Kavanagh, Lambert, M. J., Food selection by the Greater Glider Petauroides volans: is foliar nitrogen a determinant of habitat quality?, in Australian Wildlife Research, vol. 17, n. 3, 1990, pp. 285–300, DOI:10.1071/WR9900285.
  17. ^ R. P. Kavanagh, The impact of predation by the Powerful Owl Ninox strenua on a population of the Greater Glider Petauroides volans, in Australian Journal of Ecology, vol. 13, n. 4, 1988, pp. 445–450, DOI:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb00992.x.
  18. ^ Greater Glider, su Gliders in the Spotlight, Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland. URL consultato il 5 maggio 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 luglio 2008).
  19. ^ Lindenmeyer, D.B., Differences in the biology and ecology of arboreal marsupials in forests of southeastern Australia, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 78, n. 4, 1997, pp. 1117–1127, DOI:10.2307/1383054, JSTOR 1383054.
  20. ^ K. R. Wormington, Lamb, D.; McCallum, H. I.; Moloney, D. J., Habitat requirements for the conservation of arboreal marsupials in dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland, Australia, in Forest Science, vol. 48, n. 2, 2002, pp. 217–227.
  21. ^ A. C. Taylor, Kraiaijeveld, K.; Lindenmayer, D. B., Microsatellites for the greater glider, Petauroides volans, in Molecular Ecology Notes, vol. 2, n. 1, 2002, pp. 57–59, DOI:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00148.x.
  22. ^ K. L. Viggers, Lindenmayer, D. B., Haematological and plasma biochemical values of the greater glider, in Australian Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 37, n. 2, 2001, pp. 370–374.
  23. ^ R. D. Incoll, Loyn, R. H., Ward, S. J., Cunningham, R. B. e Donnelly, C. F., The occurrence of gliding possums in old-growth forest patches of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) in the Central Highlands of Victoria, in Biological Conservation, vol. 98, n. 1, 2001, pp. 77–88, DOI:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00144-0.
  24. ^ a b R. D. Incoll, Loyn, R. H.; Ward, S. J.; Cunningham, R. B.; Donnelly, C. F., The occurrence of gliding possums in old-growth forest patches of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) in the Central Highlands of Victoria, in Biological Conservation, vol. 98, n. 1, 2001, pp. 77–88, DOI:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00144-0.
  25. ^ Rodney P. Kavanagh, Effects of variable-intensity logging and the influence of habitat variables on the distribution of the Greater Glider Peaturoides volans in montane forest, southeastern New South Wales, in Pacific Conservation Biology, vol. 6, n. 1, 2000, pp. 18–30.
  26. ^ Springer, M.S., GM McKay, KP Aplin e JAW Kirsch, Relations among ringtail possums (Marsupialia, Pseudocheiridae) based on DNA–DNA hybridization, in Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 40, n. 4, 1992, pp. 423–435, DOI:10.1071/ZO9920423.

Bibliografia

  • Cronin, Leonard, Key Guide to Australian Mammals, published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1991 ISBN 0-7301-0355-2
  • van der Beld, John, Nature of Australia — A portrait of the island continent, co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 1988 (revised edition 1992), ISBN 0-7333-0241-6
  • Russell, Rupert, Spotlight on Possums, published by University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1980, ISBN 0-7022-1478-7
  • Troughton, Ellis, Furred Animals of Australia, published by Angus and Robertson (Publishers) Pty. Ltd, Sydney, in 1941 (revised edition 1973), ISBN 0-207-12256-3
  • Morcombe, Michael & Irene, Mammals of Australia, published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1974, ISBN 0-7249-0017-9
  • Ride, W. D. L., A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia, published by Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, ISBN 0-19-550252-3
  • Serventy, Vincent, Wildlife of Australia, published by Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1968 (revised edition 1977), ISBN 0-17-005168-4
  • Serventy, Vincent (editor), Australia's Wildlife Heritage, published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1975, ISBN 0-86832-009-9

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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il petauro maggiore (Petauroides volans Kerr, 1792) è un piccolo marsupiale planatore della famiglia degli Pseudocheiridi diffuso in Australia. È l'unica specie del genere Petauroides Thomas, 1888. Non è strettamente imparentato con i marsupiali planatori del genere Petaurus, bensì con il coda ad anello lemuroide (Hemibelideus lemuroides), con il quale condivide la sottofamiglia degli Emibelideini.

Il petauro maggiore conduce vita notturna e solitaria; vegetariano, si nutre quasi esclusivamente di foglie e gemme di Eucalyptus. Come il coda ad anello lemuroide, è presente con due forme cromatiche distinte: una color marrone-fuligginoso e l'altra grigio-biancastra.

Vive nelle foreste di eucalipto da Mossman (Queensland) a Daylesford (Victoria).

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Reuzenkoeskoes ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De reuzenkoeskoes (Petauroides volans) is een klimbuideldier uit het geslacht Petauroides.

Kenmerken

De reuzenkoeskoes is een grote koeskoes en ook het grootste buideldier dat in staat is tot zweven. De vlieghuid zit vast aan de ellebogen en de enkels. Het dier heeft grote, ronde, behaarde oren, die net als de grote ogen naar voren zijn gericht, waardoor het dier stereoscopisch kan horen en zien en afstanden nauwkeurig kan inschatten. Daardoor zijn in het donker glijvluchten van meer dan 100 meter mogelijk met een precieze landing. De bovenkant van het lichaam is grijs tot bruin, in allerlei tinten, de onderkant wit of lichtgrijs. De staart is lang en sterk behaard. De kop-romplengte bedraagt 35 tot 48 cm[2], de staartlengte 460 tot 600 mm, de oorlengte 41 tot 52 mm en het gewicht 900 tot 1700 g.

Leefwijze

Deze soort is 's nachts actief, is solitair en eet eucalyptusbladeren en -knoppen.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in het oosten van Australië, van Mossman (Queensland) tot Daylesford (Victoria).

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied

Voortplanting

Mannetjes en vrouwtjes gaan een vaste paarverbinding aan en wonen de meeste tijd van het jaar samen in een boomhol. Van maart tot juni wordt er gepaard. Er wordt één jong geboren, dat 4 tot 5 maanden in de buidel blijft en daarna 1 tot 2 maanden in het nest blijft of door de moeder wordt gedragen tot het na negen maanden onafhankelijk wordt. Mannelijke jongen worden na 10 maanden door de vader weggejaagd.

Literatuur

  • Groves, C.P. 2005. Order Diprotodontia. Pp. 43-70 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol. 1: pp. i-xxxv+1-743; Vol. 2: pp. i-xvii+745-2142. ISBN 0 8018 8221 4
  • Menkhorst, P. & Knight, F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, x+269 pp. ISBN 0 19 550870 X
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Reuzenkoeskoes op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
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Reuzenkoeskoes: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De reuzenkoeskoes (Petauroides volans) is een klimbuideldier uit het geslacht Petauroides.

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Wolatucha wielka ( Polish )

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Wolatucha wielka[5] (Petauroides volans) - gatunek ssaka z podrodziny leworków (Hemibelideinae) w rodzinie pseudopałankowatych (Pseudocheiridae).

Występowanie i biotop

Wschodnie wybrzeże Australii, również Queensland, Nowa Południowa Walia i Wiktoria. Zamieszkuje lasy, w których dominują eukaliptusy (oprócz lasów deszczowych).

Taksonomia

Gatunek po raz pierwszy opisał w 1792 roku szkocki zoolog Kerr, nadając mu nazwę Didelphis volans[3]. Jako miejsce typowe odłowu holotypu Kerr wskazał Nową Południową Walię w Australii[3]. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju wolatucha[5] (Petauroides), opisanego w 1888 roku przez angielskiego teriologa Oldfielda Thomasa[2].

Etymologia

  • Petauroides: rodzaj Petaurus Shaw, 1791; gr. -οιδης -oidēs – przypominający[6].
  • volans: łac. volans, volantis – latający, od volare – latać[7].

Charakterystyka ogólna

Podstawowe dane Długość ciała 30-45 cm Długość ogona 45-60 cm Masa ciała 900-1700 g Dojrzałość płciowa w drugim
roku życia Liczba młodych
w miocie 1 Długość życia do 15 lat
(najczęściej 6)

Wygląd

Wierzch ciała ciemnoszary, kremowy, szarokremowy, nakrapiany lub ciemnobrązowy, spód białawy. Głowa o krótkim pysku, dużych oczach i uszach. Długi ogon jest pokryty gęstym futrem i nie jest chwytny. Pomiędzy łapami ma rozpiętą błonę lotną. Sięga od łokcia do kończyn tylnych i nie jest osadzona, tak jak u lotopałanek, na zewnętrznym palcu.

Tryb życia

Jest zwierzęciem aktywnym w nocy. Prowadzi samotnicze życie. Terytorium samca wynosi około 2,5 ha. Samice mają mniejsze terytoria, które mogą zachodzić na siebie. Terytoria oznaczone są silnie pachnącą wydzieliną. Żyje w koronach drzew, sprawnie się po nich poruszając. Dzień spędza w dziuplach. Wolatucha podczas ślizgów może pokonać około 100 m, zmieniając kierunek lotu o 90 stopni. Błona lotna chroni też przed nadmierną utratą ciepła. Okres rozrodczy przypada na marzec. Samica rodzi zazwyczaj jedno młode, które przebywa w torbie matki około 4 miesięcy. Przez następne 3 miesiące młode jest noszone przez matkę na grzbiecie. W wieku 9 miesięcy jest już samodzielne i waży 600 g. Dojrzałość płciową uzyskują po dwóch latach życia.

Podobnie jak koala wolatucha jest zwierzęciem, które odżywia się wyłącznie liśćmi eukaliptusa.

Znaczenie

Na wolatuchę polują sowy: sownica wielka i płomykówka przydymiona, dingo australijski i lis rudy.

Zagrożenia i ochrona

W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii gatunków narażonych na wyginięcie[4]. Zagrożeniem dla wolatuchy jest wycinka drzew eukaliptusowych.

Przypisy

  1. Petauroides volans, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b O. Thomas: Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1888, s. 163. (ang.)
  3. a b c R. Kerr: The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young. Class I, Mammalia. Edinburgh: A. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, 1792, s. 199. (ang.)
  4. a b Burbidge, A.A. & J. Woinarski 2016, Petauroides volans [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 [online], wersja 2017-3 [dostęp 2018-02-01] (ang.).
  5. a b W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński & W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 12. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.ang.)
  6. T.S. Palmer: Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904, s. 526, seria: North American Fauna. (ang.)
  7. J.A. Jobling: Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. W: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie & E. de Juana (red.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2018. [dostęp 2018-02-01]. (ang.)

Bibliografia

  • Juliet Nagel: Petauroides volans (ang.). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. [dostęp 30 maja 2008].
  • E. Keller, prof. dr J. Reichholf, G. Steinbach, K. Zub (tłum. z niem.): Leksykon zwierząt. Ssaki cz. 1. Warszawa: Bertelsmann Media Sp. z.o.o., 2001, s. 33. ISBN 83-7227-610-2.
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Wolatucha wielka: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wolatucha wielka (Petauroides volans) - gatunek ssaka z podrodziny leworków (Hemibelideinae) w rodzinie pseudopałankowatych (Pseudocheiridae).

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Petauroides volans ( Portuguese )

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Petauroides volans é uma espécie de marsupial da família Pseudocheiridae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Petauroides. Endêmica da Austrália.

Referências

  • GROVES, C. P. Order Diprotodontia. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 43-70.
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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Petauroides volans é uma espécie de marsupial da família Pseudocheiridae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Petauroides. Endêmica da Austrália.

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Vakoveverica veľká ( Slovak )

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Greater Glider444.jpg

Vakoveverica veľká (lat. Petauroides volans) patrí do skupiny vačkovcov.

Základné dáta

  • dĺžka: 35 - 48 cm, chvost 45 - 60 cm
  • hmotnosť: 0,9 - 1,5 kg

Výskyt

Východná Austrália.

Zdroj

  • Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku na anglickej Wikipédii (číslo revízie nebolo určené).
  • Slovenský názov podľa knihy Zviera
Ei1.jpg Tento článok týkajúci sa živočíchov je zatiaľ „výhonok“. Pomôž Wikipédii tým, že ho doplníš a rozšíriš.
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Vakoveverica veľká: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Greater Glider444.jpg

Vakoveverica veľká (lat. Petauroides volans) patrí do skupiny vačkovcov.

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Jätteflygfalanger ( Swedish )

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Jätteflygfalanger (Petauroides volans) är en art i familjen ringsvanspungråttor och den enda arten i släktet Petauroides.[2] Djuret har flygmembran men räknas inte till familjen flygpungekorrar.

Det vetenskapliga släktnamnet är bildat av Petaurus, som är ett släkte flygpungekorrar, och det grekiska ordet eides (liknande). Artepitet volans är latin för "flygande".[3]

Kännetecken

 src=
Huvud av en jätteflygfalanger, nattetid

Trots några överensstämmelser i kroppsbyggnaden mellan jätteflygfalanger och flygpungekorrar skiljs de genom flygmembranens form och djurens beteende under flyget. Flyghuden är hos jätteflygfalanger fäst vid armbågslederna och knäna. Under flyget sträcker djuret sina armbågsleder utåt och håller händerna under buken.[4] Från marken ser djuret därför trekantigt ut. Pälsens färg varierar mycket. Ryggen är svart, brun, gråaktig eller vit och buken är ljusare, oftast helt vit. Det finns även mörka individer med vitt huvud. Ansiktet kännetecknas av den korta nosen och de stora, runda öronen. Den långa svansen bär, med undantag av spetsens undersida, hår och används ibland som gripverktyg. Jätteflygfalanger når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) på mellan 30 och 48 centimeter, en svanslängd på mellan 45 och 55 centimeter och en vikt på mellan 0,9 och 1,5 kilogram.[4]

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer i östra Australien. Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig över delstaterna Queensland och Victoria. Habitatet utgörs av skogar, främst med eukalyptus men inga regnskogar. I bergstrakter når jätteflygfalanger 1200 meter över havet.[1]

Levnadssätt

Jätteflygfalanger är aktiva på natten och vistas nästan hela livet i träd. I motsats till de snabbare flygpungekorrarna gör de långsamma rörelser. Även deras förmåga att glida är mindre bra utvecklad. Å andra sidan kan de med hjälp av svansen byta riktning under flyget (upp till 90 grader). Den svävar ibland på en 100 meter lång nedåt lutande sträcka.[4]

Varje individ lever ensam och har ett revir av 1 till 3 hektar storlek. Territorier av honor överlappas ofta men hannarnas revir är avgränsade från varandra. De sover i trädens håligheter som de fyller med löv. Ibland har en individ upp till 18 sovplatser i reviret. Födan utgörs nästan uteslutande av eukalyptusblad samt av bark och unga växtskott.[4]

Fortplantning

Honor har två spenar i den välutvecklade pungen (marsupium). Parningstiden börjar i mars och mellan april och juni (eller något senare beroende på utbredningsområde) föds vanligen ett ungdjur. Ungdjuret stannar upp till 6 månader i honans pung och vistas ytterligare 4 månader i honans bo. Ibland klamrar sig ungen fast vid honans rygg. Efter 10 till 13 månader är ungarna självständiga. De blir könsmogna efter två år och livslängden uppskattas till 15 år.[4]

Hot

Arten behöver ett habitat med många träd och är mycket känslig för skogsröjningar. IUCN listar arten trots allt som livskraftig.[1]

Systematik

Förmågan att glida utvecklades på tre olika sätt i underklassen pungdjur och därför är arten mer släkt med ringsvanspungråttor som saknar flygförmåga än med flygpungekorrar eller dvärgflygfalanger. Jätteflygfalangers närmaste släkting är arten Hemibelideus lemuroides som har förkrympta flygmembran mellan extremiteterna.[4] De sammanfattas därför ibland i en underfamilj, Hemibelideinae.[2]

Det skiljs mellan två underarter[2][5]:

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 24 november 2008.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Petauroides volansIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Lunney, D. et. al. (2008), besökt 16 januari 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). ”Hemibelideinae” (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 (samt undersidor)
  3. ^ Strahan & Conder (2007). Petauroides volans. Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals. Csiro Publishing. sid. 104
  4. ^ [a b c d e f] Nowak, R. M. (1999) s.136/37 Google books
  5. ^ Jackson, S. M. (2012). Petauroides volans. Gliding Mammals of the World. Csiro Publishing. sid. 44

Tryckta källor

  • Ronald M. Nowak (1999): Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0801857899

Externa länkar

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Jätteflygfalanger: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Jätteflygfalanger (Petauroides volans) är en art i familjen ringsvanspungråttor och den enda arten i släktet Petauroides. Djuret har flygmembran men räknas inte till familjen flygpungekorrar.

Det vetenskapliga släktnamnet är bildat av Petaurus, som är ett släkte flygpungekorrar, och det grekiska ordet eides (liknande). Artepitet volans är latin för "flygande".

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Petauroides volans ( Turkish )

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Binominal adı Petauroides volans
Kerr, 1792 Dağılımı
Dağılımı
Sinonimler

Schoinobates volans

Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Petauroides volans ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Petauroides volans ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Petauroides volans Avustralya'da bulunan ve kıvrık kuyruklu keseligiller (Pseudocheiridae) familyasından küçük uçan keseli memeli türüdür. Uçan keselilerin oluşturduğu Petaurus grubundan çok birlikte Hemibelideinae alt familyasını paylaştığı Hemibelideus lemuroides ile daha yakın akrabadır.

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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Petauroides volans Avustralya'da bulunan ve kıvrık kuyruklu keseligiller (Pseudocheiridae) familyasından küçük uçan keseli memeli türüdür. Uçan keselilerin oluşturduğu Petaurus grubundan çok birlikte Hemibelideinae alt familyasını paylaştığı Hemibelideus lemuroides ile daha yakın akrabadır.

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Petauroides volans ( Ukrainian )

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Скелет Petauroides volans
 src=
Тварина вночі
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Petauroides volansу природному середовищі

Хоч Petauroides volans є найбільшим представником сумчастих, які здатні до ширяння, але це невелика тварина вагою 1—1,5 кг. Довжина голови та тулуба 30—38 см, а довгого хвоста 45—55 см. Характерною особливістю цього літуна є великі пухнасті вуха. Літальна перетинка тягнеться від коліна до ліктя, в той час як у інших сумчастих літунів від литки до зап'ястка. Через це в польоті Petauroides volans згинає передні кінцівки в ліктях, а кисті тримає під підборіддям. Силует тварини в польоті трикутний, а позаду тягнеться довгих та пухнастий хвіст, що відіграє роль керма. Тіло тварини вкрите шовковистим та густим хутром. Забарвлені вони по різному і за варіативністю перевершують інших сумчастих. Трапляються кольори від чисто чорного зі світлою спідньою частиною тіла, корчиневого, сіруватого, жовтого і навіть білого. Найпоширенішими є чорно-коричневі відтінки.

У самок є добре розвинута сумка і два соски.

Спосіб життя

Ці тварини водяться у евкаліптових лісах і уникають вологих тропічних. Вони віддають перевагу високим деревам, що ростуть відокремлено від інших. Ведуть поодинокий спосіб життя та мають ділянки розміром біля одного-двох гектарів. Ділянки самок та самців нерідко перекриваються. Зазвичай роблять гніздо у дуплах.

Сезон розмноження розпочинається восени у березні. Серед них трапляються як моногамні так і полігамні стосунки, однак в будь якому випадку самці ніякої участі у вихованні потомства не беруть. Від квітня до червня народжується маля, зазвичай лише одне. Дитинча до вересня сидить у матері в сумці, доростаючи до ваги близько 150 г, тобто в 1/10—1/7 дорослої особини. Потім маля перебирається самці на спину і до сидить там до січня доростаючи до приблизно 600 г, тобто його маса складає приблизно половину ваги дорослої тварини. Після цього молодий літун покидає матір і живе самостійно досягаючи статевої зрілості в два роки. У природі ці тварини живуть до 15 років.

Харчуються евкаліптовим листям яке перетравлюють завдяки бактеріям-симбіонтам, що мешкають у їх шлунках. П'ють вони дуже рідко. Через стенофагію утримувати цих тварин у зоопарках поза межами Австралії дуже складно.

Головними природними ворогами літунів є сови, оскільки це виключно деревні тварини і на землю спускаються рідко.

Примітки

  1. Lunney, D., Menkhorst, P., Winter, J., Ellis, M., Strahan, R., Oakwood, M., Burnett, S., Denny, M. & Martin, R. (2008). Petauroides volans. 2008 Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи. МСОП 2008. Переглянуто 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
 src= Скелет Petauroides volans  src= Тварина вночі  src= Petauroides volansу природному середовищі

Хоч Petauroides volans є найбільшим представником сумчастих, які здатні до ширяння, але це невелика тварина вагою 1—1,5 кг. Довжина голови та тулуба 30—38 см, а довгого хвоста 45—55 см. Характерною особливістю цього літуна є великі пухнасті вуха. Літальна перетинка тягнеться від коліна до ліктя, в той час як у інших сумчастих літунів від литки до зап'ястка. Через це в польоті Petauroides volans згинає передні кінцівки в ліктях, а кисті тримає під підборіддям. Силует тварини в польоті трикутний, а позаду тягнеться довгих та пухнастий хвіст, що відіграє роль керма. Тіло тварини вкрите шовковистим та густим хутром. Забарвлені вони по різному і за варіативністю перевершують інших сумчастих. Трапляються кольори від чисто чорного зі світлою спідньою частиною тіла, корчиневого, сіруватого, жовтого і навіть білого. Найпоширенішими є чорно-коричневі відтінки.

У самок є добре розвинута сумка і два соски.

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Petauroides volans ( Vietnamese )

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Petauroides volans là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Pseudocheiridae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Lunney, D., Menkhorst, P., Winter, J., Ellis, M., Strahan, R., Oakwood, M., Burnett, S., Denny, M. & Martin, R. (2008). Petauroides volans. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Petauroides volans”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Petauroides volans tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Petauroides volans: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Petauroides volans là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Pseudocheiridae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.

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Гигантский летучий кускус ( Russian )

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Гигантский летучий кускус

Гигантский летучий кускус[1], или большой летающий поссум[1] (лат. Petauroides volans) — сумчатое млекопитающее из семейства кольцехвостых поссумов. Крупнейшее из сумчатых животных, которое способно к парению. Встречается на восточном побережье Австралии. Эти животные довольно неуклюжи на земле, но очень шустрые на деревьях и в полёте.

Описание

Хотя гигантский летучий кускус является крупнейшим представителем сумчатых, который способен к парению, но это небольшое животное весом 1—1,5 кг. Длина тела 30—38 см, хвоста 45—55 см. Характерной особенностью этого летуна являются большие пушистые уши. Летательная перепонка тянется от колена до локтя, в то время как у других сумчатых летунов от икры до запястья. Поэтому в полёте гигантский летучий кускус сгибает передние конечности в локтях, а кисти держит под подбородком. Силуэт животного в полёте треугольный, а сзади тянется длинный пушистый хвост играющий роль руля. Тело животного покрыто шелковистым и густым мехом. Животные имеют различную окраску и её вариативностью превосходят других сумчатых. Бывают от чисто чёрного цвета со светлой нижней частью тела, коричневого, сероватого, жёлтого и даже белого цвета. Наиболее распространенными являются чёрно—коричневые оттенки.

У самок хорошо развита сумка и два соска.

Образ жизни

Эти животные водятся в эвкалиптовых лесах и избегают влажных тропических. Они предпочитают высокие деревья, которые растут отдельно от других. Ведут одиночный образ жизни и имеют участки размером около одного-двух гектаров. Участки самок и самцов нередко перекрываются. Обычно устраивают гнездо в дуплах.

Сезон размножения начинается осенью в марте. Среди них встречаются как моногамные так и полигамные отношения, однако в любом случае самцы никакого участия в воспитании потомства не принимают. С апреля по июнь рождается детёныш, обычно всего один. Детёныш до сентября сидит у матери в сумке, набирая вес около 150 г, то есть в 1/10—1/7 взрослой особи. Затем малыш перебирается самке на спину и, сидя там до января, дорастает до примерно 600 г, то есть его масса составляет примерно половину веса взрослого животного. После этого молодой летун покидает мать и живет самостоятельно достигая половой зрелости в два года. В природе эти животные живут до 15 лет.

Питаются листьями эвкалипта, которые переваривают благодаря бактериям — симбионтам, обитающим в их желудках Пьют они очень редко. Из-за стенофагии содержать этих животных в зоопарках за пределами Австралии очень сложно.

Главным естественным врагом вида является гигантская иглоногая сова (Ninox strenua), поскольку это исключительно древесные животные и на землю спускаются редко.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 21. — 10 000 экз.
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Гигантский летучий кускус: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Гигантский летучий кускус

Гигантский летучий кускус, или большой летающий поссум (лат. Petauroides volans) — сумчатое млекопитающее из семейства кольцехвостых поссумов. Крупнейшее из сумчатых животных, которое способно к парению. Встречается на восточном побережье Австралии. Эти животные довольно неуклюжи на земле, но очень шустрые на деревьях и в полёте.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

주머니날다람쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

주머니날다람쥐(Petauroides volans)는 반지꼬리주머니쥐과에 속하는 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아에서 발견되는 활강하는 작은 유대류이다. 주머니하늘다람쥐속의 할강하는 유대류와 근연 관계가 없지만 대신에 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐(Hemibelideus lemuroides)와 함께 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐아과(Hemibelideinae)에 속한다.[1] 주머니날다람쥐는 야행성 동물이고 무리 생활대신 홀로 생활하며, 거의 유칼립투스 잎과 싹만을 먹는 초식 동물이다.[3] 근연종 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐처럼, 주머니날다람쥐도 색깔이 다른 두 부류가 발견된다. 한 부류는 거무스름한 갈색을 띠고 나머지는 회색부터 흰색을 띤다.[3] 주머니날다람쥐는 퀸즐랜드 주 모스만과 빅토리아 주 데일스포드에 걸친 유칼립투스 숲에서 발견된다.[3] 주머니날다람쥐는 어떤 소리도 내지 않으며,[4] 서로 냄새 표지를 통해 의사 교환을 하는 것으로 추정된다. 주머니날다람쥐의 항문선은 일반적으로 곰팡 냄새를 풍긴다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 51쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Petauroides volans”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 12월 28일에 확인함.
  3. Menkhorst, Peter (2001). 《A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia》. Oxford University Press. 94쪽. ISBN 0-19-550870-X.
  4. Borsboom, A. (1982). “Agonistic interactions between bats and arboreal marsupials”. 《Australian Mammalogy》 5: 281–282.
  • Cronin, Leonard — "Key Guide to Australian Mammals", published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1991 ISBN 0-7301-0355-2
  • van der Beld, John — "Nature of Australia — A portrait of the island continent", co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 1988 (revised edition 1992), ISBN 0-7333-0241-6
  • Russell, Rupert — "Spotlight on Possums", published by University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1980, ISBN 0-7022-1478-7
  • Troughton, Ellis — "Furred Animals of Australia", published by Angus and Robertson (Publishers) Pty. Ltd, Sydney, in 1941 (revised edition 1973), ISBN 0-207-12256-3
  • Morcombe, Michael & Irene — "Mammals of Australia", published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1974, ISBN 0-7249-0017-9
  • Ride, W. D. L. — "A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia", published by Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, ISBN 0 19 550252 3
  • Serventy, Vincent — "Wildlife of Australia", published by Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1968 (revised edition 1977), ISBN 0-17-005168-4
  • Serventy, Vincent (editor) — "Australia's Wildlife Heritage", published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1975
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주머니날다람쥐: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

주머니날다람쥐(Petauroides volans)는 반지꼬리주머니쥐과에 속하는 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아에서 발견되는 활강하는 작은 유대류이다. 주머니하늘다람쥐속의 할강하는 유대류와 근연 관계가 없지만 대신에 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐(Hemibelideus lemuroides)와 함께 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐아과(Hemibelideinae)에 속한다. 주머니날다람쥐는 야행성 동물이고 무리 생활대신 홀로 생활하며, 거의 유칼립투스 잎과 싹만을 먹는 초식 동물이다. 근연종 여우원숭이반지꼬리주머니쥐처럼, 주머니날다람쥐도 색깔이 다른 두 부류가 발견된다. 한 부류는 거무스름한 갈색을 띠고 나머지는 회색부터 흰색을 띤다. 주머니날다람쥐는 퀸즐랜드 주 모스만과 빅토리아 주 데일스포드에 걸친 유칼립투스 숲에서 발견된다. 주머니날다람쥐는 어떤 소리도 내지 않으며, 서로 냄새 표지를 통해 의사 교환을 하는 것으로 추정된다. 주머니날다람쥐의 항문선은 일반적으로 곰팡 냄새를 풍긴다.

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