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Thamnophis ( Czech )

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Thamnophis je rod severoamerických užovek. Vyskytují se od severu Mexika přes většinu území USA až po jižní Kanadu. V současnosti známe 28 druhů rozdělených na dalších 77 poddruhů. Často se vyskytují v blízkosti vody. Jejich obvyklá délka je kolem 70 cm, ale nejdelší druh dorůstá až 135 cm. Dožívají se až 10 let, jsou velmi vhodné do terária.

Taxonomie

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Thamnophis je rod severoamerických užovek. Vyskytují se od severu Mexika přes většinu území USA až po jižní Kanadu. V současnosti známe 28 druhů rozdělených na dalších 77 poddruhů. Často se vyskytují v blízkosti vody. Jejich obvyklá délka je kolem 70 cm, ale nejdelší druh dorůstá až 135 cm. Dožívají se až 10 let, jsou velmi vhodné do terária.

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Strumpfbandnattern ( German )

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Strumpfbandnattern (Thamnophis) ist der Gattungsname einer Vielzahl von amerikanischen Schlangenarten. Sie zeichnen sich durch vielfältige Farbvariationen aus. Allen gemeinsam sind die meistens hell abgesetzten Rücken- und Seitenstreifen, denen sie den Namen „Strumpfbandnattern“ verdanken. Einige Vertreter der Gattung sind beliebte Terrarientiere.

Merkmale

Strumpfbandnattern sind mittelgroße Schlangen, die meist Körperlängen von etwa 30 bis 110 Zentimetern erreichen, bei der größten Art, der Riesen-Strumpfbandnatter (T. gigas), bis zu 160 Zentimetern. Die Weibchen sind dabei im ausgewachsenen Zustand meist deutlich größer als die Männchen. Die Körperfärbung ist innerhalb der Gattung sehr variabel. Namensgebend sind die entlang des Körpers verlaufenden helleren Streifen, die an ein Strumpfband erinnern und meist als ein Rückenstreifen und zwei Seitenstreifen ausgebildet sind. Letztere verlaufen meist auf der zweiten bis vierten Rückenschuppenreihe. Rücken- und Seitenstreifen weisen häufig verschiedene Farben auf und können dunkel umrandet sein. Daneben treten verschiedene Fleckenmuster auf. Es wird vermutet, dass die Körperzeichnung als somatolytische Tarnung dient, die die Körperform möglichen Angreifern gegenüber verschleiert.

Die Pholidose ist bei den Strumpfbandnatter auch innerhalb einer Art oft variabel, und hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren wie Temperatur- und Hormoneinwirkung während der Entwicklung sowie genetischen Faktoren ab. Der Kopf weist paarige Internasal-, Praefrontal- und Parietalschilde sowie ein einzelnes Scutum frontale auf. Das Auge ist von meist einem Prae-, einem Supra- und zwei bis vier Postokularschilden umgeben, dahinter liegen meist drei Schläfenschilde. Die Supralabialschilde zählen sechs bis neun, die Sublabialschilde acht bis zwölf. Die Rückenschuppen verlaufen in 17 bis 23 Reihen und sind gekielt. Von den Amerikanischen Schwimmnattern (Nerodia) unterscheiden sich Strumpfbandnattern durch den meist ungeteilten Analschild.

Lebensweise

In der Natur haben Strumpfbandnattern ein sehr breites Beutespektrum. Sie ernähren sich von Regenwürmern, Egeln, Nacktschnecken, kleinen Fischen, Amphibien und deren Kaulquappen, kleinen Nagern und sogar Jungvögeln.

Die Paarung erfolgt bei den meisten Arten bereits im Frühjahr, bei einigen auch im Sommer. Anders als die meisten Schlangen sind Strumpfbandnattern lebendgebärend (ovovivipar). Die Jungtiere sind bei der Eiablage bereits voll ausgebildet und nur noch von einer dünnen, durchsichtigen Eihülle umgeben. Diese Hülle muss während oder direkt nach der Geburt von den Jungtieren durchstoßen werden, da sie sonst ersticken. Ein Strumpfbandnattern-Wurf umfasst in der Regel zumeist 10–20 Jungtiere. In Einzelfällen wurden allerdings auch schon Wurfgrößen von mehr als 80 Jungtieren beobachtet.

Verbreitung

Der natürliche Lebensraum der Strumpfbandnattern erstreckt sich von Kanada und den USA bis in Teile Mittelamerikas.

Sie gehören zur Unterfamilie der Wassernattern (Natricinae). Die meisten Arten sind folglich in der Nähe von Gewässern zu finden.

Obwohl die Gattung eine der gängigsten Schlangen in Amerika darstellt, sind einige Arten und Unterarten der Strumpfbandnatter vom Aussterben bedroht und stehen unter besonderem Artenschutz.

Arten

Die Gattung Strumpfbandnattern wird in 34 Arten eingeteilt. Jedoch verändern sich durch neue Funde und durch genetische Untersuchungen die Zuweisungen zu Arten und Unterarten bis heute fortlaufend.

Quellen

  • Martin Hallmen, Jürgen Chlebowy: Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-931587-49-5.
  • Douglas Athon Rossman, Neil B. Ford, Richard A. Seigel: The garter snakes: evolution and ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma 1996, ISBN 978-0-8061-2820-7.

Weblinks

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Strumpfbandnattern: Brief Summary ( German )

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Strumpfbandnattern (Thamnophis) ist der Gattungsname einer Vielzahl von amerikanischen Schlangenarten. Sie zeichnen sich durch vielfältige Farbvariationen aus. Allen gemeinsam sind die meistens hell abgesetzten Rücken- und Seitenstreifen, denen sie den Namen „Strumpfbandnattern“ verdanken. Einige Vertreter der Gattung sind beliebte Terrarientiere.

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Garter snake

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Garter snake is the common name for small to medium-sized snakes belonging to the genus Thamnophis in the family Colubridae. Native to North and Central America, species in the genus Thamnophis can be found in all of the lower 48 United States, and nearly all of the Canadian provinces south of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut—with the exception of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. They are found from the subarctic plains of west-central Canada east through Ontario and Quebec; from the Maritime Provinces and south to Florida, across the southern and central U.S. into the arid regions of the southwest and México, Guatemala and south to the neotropics and Costa Rica.

With about 35 recognized species and subspecies, garter snakes are highly variable in appearance; generally, they have large round eyes with rounded pupils, a slender build, keeled scales (appearing ‘raised’), and a pattern of longitudinal stripes that may or may not include spots (although some have no stripes at all). Certain subspecies have stripes of blue, yellow, or red, mixed with black and beige-tan markings. They also vary significantly in total length, from 18 to 51 in (46 to 130 cm).[2]

With no real consensus on the classification of the species of Thamnophis, disagreements between taxonomists and disputed sources (such as field guides) are common. One area of debate, for example, is whether or not two specific types of snake are separate species, or subspecies of the same. Garter snakes are closely related to the genus Nerodia (water snakes), with some species having been moved back and forth between genera.

Taxonomy

The first garter snake to be scientifically described was the eastern garter snake (now Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis), by zoologist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus Thamnophis was described by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843 as the genus for the garter snakes and ribbon snakes.[3] Many snakes previously identified as their own genera or species have been reclassified as species or subspecies in Thamnophis. There are currently 35 species in the genus, with several subspecies in some of them.[4]

Habitat

Garter snakes are present throughout most of North America. Their wide distribution is due to their varied diets and adaptability to different habitats, with varying proximity to water. However, in the western part of North America these snakes are more aquatic than in the eastern portion. Garter snakes live in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, fields, grasslands and lawns, but never far from water, often an adjacent wetland, stream or pond. This reflects the fact that amphibians are a large part of their diet. Garter snakes are often found near small ponds with tall weeds.

Behavior

The posterior tooth of a garter snake

Garter snakes have complex systems of pheromonal communication. They can find other snakes by following their pheromone-scented trails. Male and female skin pheromones are so different as to be immediately distinguishable. However, male garter snakes sometimes produce both male and female pheromones. During the mating season, this ability fools other males into attempting to mate with them. This causes the transfer of heat to them in kleptothermy, which is an advantage immediately after hibernation, allowing them to become more active.[5] Male snakes giving off both male and female pheromones have been shown to garner more copulations than normal males in the mating balls that form at the den when females enter the mating melee. A snake hatch can include as many as 57 young.[6]

Garter snakes use the vomeronasal organ to communicate via pheromones through the tongue flicking behavior which gathers chemical cues in the environment. Upon entering the lumen of the organ, the chemical molecules will come into contact with the sensory cells which are attached to the neurosensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ.

If disturbed a garter snake may coil and strike but typically it will hide its head and flail its tail. These snakes will also discharge a malodorous, musky-scented secretion from a gland near the cloaca. They often use these techniques to escape when ensnared by a predator. They will also slither into the water to escape a predator on land. Hawks, crows, egrets, herons, cranes, raccoons, otters and other snake species (such as coral snakes and kingsnakes) will eat garter snakes, with even shrews and frogs eating the juveniles.

Close up of the scales on the back of the common garter snake

Being heterothermic, like all reptiles, garter snakes bask in the sun to regulate their body temperature. During brumation (the reptile equivalent of hibernation) garter snakes typically occupy large communal sites called hibernacula. These snakes will migrate large distances to brumate. Garter snakes have been recorded actively seeking social agregations; creating an interesting sociality that may have other implications.[7]

Diet

Eating a frog

Garter snakes, like all snakes, are carnivorous. Their diet consists of almost any creature they are capable of overpowering: slugs, earthworms (nightcrawlers, as red wigglers are toxic to garter snakes), leeches, lizards, amphibians (including frog eggs), minnows, and rodents. When living near water they will eat other aquatic animals. The ribbon snake (Thamnophis saurita) in particular favors frogs (including tadpoles), readily eating them despite their strong chemical defenses. Food is swallowed whole. Garter snakes often adapt to eating whatever they can find and whenever they can find it because food can be either scarce or abundant. Although they feed mostly on live animals they will sometimes eat eggs.[8]

Venom

Garter snakes were long thought to be non-venomous but discoveries in the early 2000s revealed that they in fact produce a neurotoxic venom.[9] Despite this, garter snakes cannot seriously injure or kill humans with the small amounts of comparatively mild venom they produce and they also lack an effective means of delivering it. In a few cases some swelling and bruising have been reported.[10] They do have enlarged teeth in the back of their mouth[11] but their gums are significantly larger and the secretions of their Duvernoy's gland are only mildly toxic.[10][12]

Evidence suggests that garter snake and newt populations share an evolutionary link in their levels of tetrodotoxin resistance, implying co-evolution between predator and prey.[13] Garter snakes feeding on toxic newts can also retain those toxins in their liver for weeks, making those snakes poisonous as well as venomous.[14]

Conservation status

A mating ball
A young garter snake

Despite the decline in their population from collection as pets (especially in the more northerly regions, in which large groups are collected at hibernation),[15] pollution of aquatic areas, and the introduction of American bullfrogs as potential predators, garter snakes are still some of the most commonly found reptiles in much of their ranges. The San Francisco garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia), however, has been on the endangered list since 1969. Predation by crayfish has also been responsible for the decline of the narrow-headed garter snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus).[16] Many breeders have bred all species of garter snakes, making it a popular breed.

Species and subspecies

Arranged alphabetically by scientific name:

In the above list, a binomial authority or a trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Thamnophis.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (Thamnophis, p. 755).
  2. ^ Healey, Mariah. "Garter Snake Care Sheet". ReptiFiles. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  3. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Thamnophis". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  4. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-07-06.unknown url
  5. ^ Shine, R; Phillips, B; Waye, H; LeMaster, M; Mason, RT (2001). "Benefits of female mimicry to snakes". Nature. 414 (6861): 267. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..267S. doi:10.1038/35104687. PMID 11713516. S2CID 205023381.
  6. ^ "Garter Snake facts".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Skinner, Morgan; Miller, Noam (2020-04-15). "Aggregation and social interaction in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 74 (5): 51. doi:10.1007/s00265-020-2827-0. ISSN 1432-0762.
  8. ^ "Garter Snake Care Sheet". Thamnophis.com.
  9. ^ Zimmer, Carl (April 5, 2005). "Open Wide: Decoding the Secrets of Venom". The New York Times.
  10. ^ a b Smith, Michael (September 2001). "Duverney's Glands and "Warm" Herping". Cross Timbers Herpetologist. Dallas-Fort Worth Herpetological Society – via Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection.
  11. ^ Wright, Debra L.; Kardong, Kenneth V.; Bentley, David L. (1979). "The Functional Anatomy of the Teeth of the Western Terrestrial Garter Snake, Thamnophis elegans". Herpetologica. 35 (3): 223–228. JSTOR 3891690.
  12. ^ de Queiroz, Alan (September 27, 2010). "Garter Snakes". Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Nevada Humanities. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  13. ^ Williams, Becky L.; Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Brodie, Edmund D. III (2003). "Coevolution of Deadly Toxins and Predator Resistance: Self-Assessment of Resistance by Garter Snakes Leads to Behavioral Rejection of Toxic Newt Prey". Herpetologica. 59 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2003)059[0155:codtap]2.0.co;2. S2CID 18028592.
  14. ^ Williams, Becky L.; Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Brodie, Edmund D. III (2004). "A resistant predator and its toxic prey: persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (10): 1901–1919. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045585.77875.09. PMID 15609827. S2CID 14274035.
  15. ^ Zimmerman R (2013). "Thamnophis sirtalis ". Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  16. ^ Hammerson GA (2007). "Thamnophis rufipunctatus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63990A12727179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63990A12727179.en.
  17. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Thamnophis godmani, p. 102).
  18. ^ Thamnophis lineri. The Reptile Database. http://www.reptile-database.org.
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Garter snake: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Garter snake is the common name for small to medium-sized snakes belonging to the genus Thamnophis in the family Colubridae. Native to North and Central America, species in the genus Thamnophis can be found in all of the lower 48 United States, and nearly all of the Canadian provinces south of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut—with the exception of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. They are found from the subarctic plains of west-central Canada east through Ontario and Quebec; from the Maritime Provinces and south to Florida, across the southern and central U.S. into the arid regions of the southwest and México, Guatemala and south to the neotropics and Costa Rica.

With about 35 recognized species and subspecies, garter snakes are highly variable in appearance; generally, they have large round eyes with rounded pupils, a slender build, keeled scales (appearing ‘raised’), and a pattern of longitudinal stripes that may or may not include spots (although some have no stripes at all). Certain subspecies have stripes of blue, yellow, or red, mixed with black and beige-tan markings. They also vary significantly in total length, from 18 to 51 in (46 to 130 cm).

With no real consensus on the classification of the species of Thamnophis, disagreements between taxonomists and disputed sources (such as field guides) are common. One area of debate, for example, is whether or not two specific types of snake are separate species, or subspecies of the same. Garter snakes are closely related to the genus Nerodia (water snakes), with some species having been moved back and forth between genera.

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Thamnophis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Thamnophis es un género de serpientes que pertenecen a la familia Colubridae.[2]​ Su área de distribución incluye Norteamérica y América Central.[2]

Especies

Se reconocen las siguientes 36 especies:[2]

Referencias

  1. Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Viena, p. 1-106
  2. a b c Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Thamnophis». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2016.

González-Fernández, A., Manjarrez, J., García-Vázquez, U., D’Addario, M., & Sunny, A. (2018). Present and future ecological niche modeling of garter snake species from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. PeerJ, 6, e4618.

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Thamnophis es un género de serpientes que pertenecen a la familia Colubridae.​ Su área de distribución incluye Norteamérica y América Central.​

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Tripimadu ( Estonian )

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Tripimadu (Thamnophis) on maoperekond.[1]

Klassifikatsioon

Tripimadude perekonda klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[2]:

Levila

Need maod on levinud Põhja-Ameerikas ja Guatemalas.

Viited

  1. Loomade elu 5:272.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Thamnophis Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 3.01.2014) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Thamnophis seisuga 3.01.2014.

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Tripimadu: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Tripimadu (Thamnophis) on maoperekond.

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Thamnophis ( Basque )

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Thamnophis Natricidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Ipar Amerika eta Guatemalan bizi dira.

Espezieak

Erreferentziak

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Thamnophis Natricidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Ipar Amerika eta Guatemalan bizi dira.

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Sukkanauhakäärmeet ( Finnish )

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Sukkanauhakäärmeet (Thamnophis) on tarhakäärmeiden heimon suku, johon kuuluu tällä hetkellämilloin? 35 eri lajia.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Nimensä sukkanauhakäärmeet ovat saaneet siitä, että useimmilla lajeilla on kolme juovaa, jotka ulottuvat takaraivosta häntään asti. Tästä huolimatta on olemassa myös lajeja ja luonnossa esiintyviä värimuotoja, joilla on vain yksi tai kaksi juovaa, tai ei juovia lainkaan. Sukkanauhakäärme kasvaa lajista ja sukupuolesta riippuen 45–160 senttimetriä pitkäksi. Ne voivat elää 15–20-vuotiaaksi, mutta elinikä vaihtelee sukupuolen ja lajin mukaan. Koiraiden elinikä on usein huomattavasti lyhyempi kuin naaraiden. Se ei ole kuristajakäärme, eikä sillä ole varsinaisia myrkkyhampaita, mutta sillä on Duvernoy'n rauhanen, joka toimittaa samaa tehtävää tarhakäärmeissä, kuin myrkkyrauhaset esimerkiksi kyissä. Sukkanauhakäärmeillä on myös yläleuassa kaksi suurentunutta hammasta kummallakin puolella, jotka eivät kuitenkaan sovellu myrkyn ruiskuttamiseen, johtuen siitä, etteivät ne ole ontot eikä niissä ole uraa, jota pitkin myrkky pääsisi saaliiseen. Sukkanauhakäärmeet ovat siis hyvin lievästi myrkyllisiä, mutta myrkky vaikuttaa tehoavan lähinnä sammakkoeläimiin ja käärmettä pidetään täysin harmittomana ihmiselle.

Levinneisyys, elinympäristö ja ravinto

Sukkanauhakäärmeitä elää Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa, Kanadasta Costa Ricaan. Niitä löytää usein pienten vesistöjen läheisyydestä, mutta useimmat lajit eivät ole akvaattisia. Ne syövät luonnossa sammakkoeläimiä ja niiden toukkia, kalaa, matoja ja etanoita sekä jotkin lajit myös jyrsijöitä.[1][2] Toisin kuin usein luullaan, sukkanauhakäärmeet eivät syö hyönteisiä. Erikoistumattomuus lienee syynä siihen, että sukkanauhakäärmeet menestyvät niin monenlaisessa ympäristössä. Sukkanauhakäärmeiden ekologinen lokero muistuttaa pitkälti eurooppalaisen rantakäärmeen lokeroa, mutta tietyissä osissa Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikkaa, tietyt lajit ovat täyttäneet Nerodia-suvun vesikäärmeiden muualla täyttämät lokerot.

Tiettävästi suurin sukkanauhakäärmeiden keskittymä sijaitsee Kanadan Manitobassa, jossa Narcissen käärmepesissä talvehtii (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) vuosittain 50 000–75 000 yksilöä.[3][4]

Terraariossa

Sukkanauhakäärme on suosittu lemmikkikäärme.[5] Se on pienikokoinen, mutta hyvin aktiivinen päiväsaikaankin ja sietää jokseenkin hyvin käsittelyä. Sitä ei kuitenkaan voida pitää helppona hoidokkina ja se voi olla yllättävän herkkä.

Suomessa sammakkoeläimien pyydystäminen on kiellettyä, minkä johdosta sukkanauhakäärmeitä ruokitaan terraario-oloissa kalalla, madoilla ja hiirillä.[6] Vääränlainen ruokavalio aiheuttaa hyvin helposti terveysongelmia, sillä monet kalalajit (esimerkiksi särkikalat, silakka ja kultakalat) sisältävät tiaminaasi-entsyymiä, joka hajottaa hermoston toiminnan ja luuston kannalta tärkeää tiamiinia.

Sukkanauhakäärmeestä on jalostettu useita värimuotoja: Luonnossa yleisesti esiintyvien lisäksi esimerkiksi amelanistinen, erytristinen, anerytistinen, hypoerytristinen, snow, leukistinen, hypomelanistinen, melanistinen, flame ja monia muita.

Taksonomia

  • Thamnophis angustirostris (Longnose Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis atratus (Pacific Coast Aquatic Garter Snake)
    • T. a. atratus (Santa Cruz garter snake)
    • T. a. hydrophilus (Oregon garter snake)
    • T. a. zaxanthus (Diablo Range garter snake)
  • Thamnophis bogerti (Bogert's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-Headed Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis butleri (Butler's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis chrysocephalus (Golden-Headed Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis conanti (Conant's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis couchii (Sierra Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Black-Necked Garter Snake)
    • T. c. collaris (Tropical blackneck garter snake)
    • T. c. cyrtopsis (Western blackneck garter snake)
    • T. c. ocellatus (Eastern blackneck garter snake)
  • Thamnophis elegans (Western Terrestial Garter Snake)
    • T. e. elegans (Mountain garter snake)
    • T. e. terrestris (Coast garter snake) (ei tunnusteta tällä hetkellä)
    • T. e. vagrans (Wandering garter snake)
  • Thamnophis eques (Mexican Garter Snake)
    • T. e. eques (Mexican garter snake)
    • T. e. megalops (Northern Mexican garter snake)
    • T. e. virgatenuis
  • Thamnophis errans (Mexican Wandering Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis exsul (Exiled Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis fulvus (Mesoamerican Highlands Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis gigas (Giant Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis godmani (Godman's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis hammondii (Two-Striped Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis lineri (Liner's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis marcianus (Checkered Garter Snake)
    • T. m. bovallii
    • T. m. marcianus
    • T. m. praeocularis
  • Thamnophis melanogaster (Mexican Black-Bellied Garter Snake)
    • T. m. canescens (Gray blackbelly garter snake)
    • T. m. chihuahuaensis (Chihuahuan blackbelly garter snake)
    • T. m. linearis (Lined blackbelly garter snake)
    • T. m. melanogaster (Mexican blackbelly garter snake)
  • Thamnophis mendax (Tamaulipan Montane Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis nigronuchalis (Southern Durango Spotted Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis ordinoides (Northwestern Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis postremus (Tepalcatepec Valley Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake)
    • T. p. alpinus (Chiapas Highland ribbon snake)
    • T. p. diabolicus (Aridland ribbon snake)
    • T. p. orarius (Gulf coast ribbon snake)
    • T. p. proximus (Western ribbon snake)
    • T. p. rubrilineatus (Redstripe ribbon snake)
    • T. p. rutiloris (Mexican ribbon snake)
  • Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Yellow-Throated Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis radix (Great Plains Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis rossmani (Rossman's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-Headed Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake)
    • T. s. nitae (Bluestripe ribbon snake)
    • T. s. sackenii (Peninsula ribbon snake)
    • T. s. sauritus (Eastern ribbon snake)
    • T. s. septentrionalis (Northern ribbon snake)
  • Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake, Longtail Alpine Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis scaliger (Mesa Central Blotched Garter Snake, Short-tail Alpine Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis sirtalis (Common Garter Snake)
    • T. s. annectens (Texas garter snake)
    • T. s. concinnus (Red-spotted garter snake)
    • T. s. dorsalis (New Mexico garter snake)
    • T. s. fitchi (Valley garter snake)
    • T. s. infernalis (California red-sided garter snake)
    • T. s. pallidulus (Maritime garter snake)
    • T. s. parietalis (Red-sided garter snake)
    • T. s. pickeringii (Puget Sound garter snake)
    • T. s. semifasciatus (Chicago garter snake)
    • T. s. similis (Blue-striped garter snake)
    • T. s. sirtalis (Eastern garter snake)
    • T. s. tetrataenia (San Francisco garter snake)
  • Thamnophis sumichrasti (Sumichrast's Garter Snake)
  • Thamnophis validus (Mexican Pacific Lowlands Garter Snake)
    • T. v. celaeno
    • T. v. isabelleae
    • T. v. thamnophisoides
    • T. v. validus

Lähteet

  • Rossman, Ford, Seigel (1996) Garter Snakes - Evolution and Ecology. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Hallmen M. & Chlebowy J. (2001) Strumpfbandnattern. Natur-und-Tier-Verlag.
  • Fry, Lumsden, Wüster, Wickramaratna, Hodgson, Kini (2003) Isolation of a Neurotoxin (a-colubritoxin) from a Nonvenomous Colubrid: Evidence for Early Origin of Venom in Snakes
  • Fry, Wüster, Ramnjan, Jackson, Martelli, Kini (2003) Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications
  • Lumsden, Fry, Kini, Hodgson (2004) In vitro neuromuscular activity of ‘colubrid’ venoms: clinical and evolutionary implications

Viitteet

  1. Rossman et al 1996
  2. Hallmen & Chlebowy 2001
  3. Red-sided Garter Snake Fact Sheet Government of Manitoba. Viitattu 26.12.2010. (englanniksi), (ranskaksi)
  4. The snake pits of Narcisse 17. kesäkuuta 2010. Sioux City Journal. Viitattu 26.12.2010. (englanniksi)
  5. Suomalaisen harrastajan sivu Stefan Allen
  6. Ruokinta Stefan Allen

Aiheesta muualla

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Sukkanauhakäärmeet: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Sukkanauhakäärmeet (Thamnophis) on tarhakäärmeiden heimon suku, johon kuuluu tällä hetkellämilloin? 35 eri lajia.

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Thamnophis ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Thamnophis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Natricidae[1].

Répartition

Les 36 espèces de ce genre se rencontrent au Canada, aux États-Unis, au Mexique et au Guatemala[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (12 mai 2016)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Fitzinger, 1843 : Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien, p. 1-106. (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Thamnophis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Natricidae.

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Ular Garter ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Ular Garter adalah sebutan untuk ular-ular dari suku Natricidae yang semuanya tersebar luas di daerah subtropis dan subarktik Amerika Utara. Instilah "Ular Garter" (atau Garter snake dalam bahasa Inggris) berasal dari dua kata: "ular" dan "garter". "Garter" sendiri bermakna "tali kaos" atau "Stocking", merupakan komponen pada kaos kaki panjang yang sering dipakai oleh kaum wanita. Pada ular ini, istilah tersebut mengacu pada pola garis-garis pita di punggungnya yang bergelombang-gelombang kecil, menyerupai pola jahitan pada garter. Sedangkan nama ilmiahnya sendiri, Thamnophis, berasal dari dua kata: Thamnos="semak-semak", dan Ophis="ular", mengacu pada keberadaan ular ini yang sering ditemui dan berkeliaran di semak-semak yang rimbun.[2][3][4]

Pengenalan

Semua spesies ular Garter memiliki ciri-ciri khas berupa tiga garis pita tebal yang sejajar dan membentang dari belakang kepala hingga ekor. Satu pita tersebut terletak di sepanjang garis punggungnya, sementara dua pita lainnya terletak pada sepanjang sisi badannya.[5]

Sebaran geografis dan ekologi

Ular garter tersebar luas di sebagian besar Amerika Serikat bagian tengah hingga Kanada bagian selatan. Ular-ular ini merupakan jenis-jenis ular yang tahan terhadap iklim dan musim dingin. Di beberapa wilayah dengan temperatur rendah, ular Garter hanya akan keluar saat musim semi tiba. Sementara di saat musim gugur dan musim dingin/salju, ular-ular Garter berhibernasi di dalam liang-liang di bawah bebatuan. Satu sarang ular menjadi sarang massal dan bisa ditempati hingga ratusan, bahkan ribuan ekor ular Garter.[6]

Ular garter memangsa berbagai jenis hewan tanah kecil, mulai dari tikus, katak/kodok, ikan, cacing tanah, dan beberapa jenis moluska. Ketika musim kawin (biasanya dilakukan pada musim semi), ular Garter berkumpul dalam jumlah ribuan di suatu daerah lapang yang luas. Dari sekian banyak ular tersebut, hanya beberapa saja yang betina. Setiap ular jantan akan saling berdesak-desakan memperebutkan ular betina. Setelah perkawinan, ular betina akan mencari tempat berlindung untuk kemudian melahirkan (ovovivipar) anaknya di tempat itu.[7]

Klasifikasi

Berikut adalah klasifikasi ular Garter menurut situs Reptile Database:[8]

Referensi


  • Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Genus Thamnophis, p. 157).
  • Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Thamnophis, new genus, p. 26). (in Latin).
  • Goin, Coleman J., Goin, Olive B.; Zug, George R. (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Thamnophis, pp. 132, 156, 326).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Genus Thamnophis, p. 426).
  • Ruthven AG (1908). "Variation and Genetic Relationships of the Garter-snakes". Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61: 1-201, 82 figures.
  • Schmidt, Karl P.; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 plates, 103 figures. (Genus Thamnophis, p. 236).
  • Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp., 56 plates. ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3. (Genus Thamnophis, pp. 373-374).
  • Vandenburgh J, Slevin JR (1918). "The Garter-snakes of Western North America". Proc. California Acad. Sci., Fourth Series 8: 181-270, 11 plates.

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Ular Garter: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Ular Garter adalah sebutan untuk ular-ular dari suku Natricidae yang semuanya tersebar luas di daerah subtropis dan subarktik Amerika Utara. Instilah "Ular Garter" (atau Garter snake dalam bahasa Inggris) berasal dari dua kata: "ular" dan "garter". "Garter" sendiri bermakna "tali kaos" atau "Stocking", merupakan komponen pada kaos kaki panjang yang sering dipakai oleh kaum wanita. Pada ular ini, istilah tersebut mengacu pada pola garis-garis pita di punggungnya yang bergelombang-gelombang kecil, menyerupai pola jahitan pada garter. Sedangkan nama ilmiahnya sendiri, Thamnophis, berasal dari dua kata: Thamnos="semak-semak", dan Ophis="ular", mengacu pada keberadaan ular ini yang sering ditemui dan berkeliaran di semak-semak yang rimbun.

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Raištinės gyvatės ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Raištinės gyvatės (lot. Thamnophis, angl. Ribbon, Garter Snakes, vok. Strumpfbandnattern) – žaltinių (Colubridae) šeimos roplų gentis. Šios gyvatės gamina silpnus neurotoksinius nuodus, tačiau žmonėms nėra pavojingos.

Paplitusios Šiaurės ir Centrinėje Amerikoje.

Mityba

Kaip ir visos gyvatės, raištinės gyvatės yra plėšrios. Minta beveik visais gyvūnais, kuriuos yra pajėgios įveikti: šliužais, kirmėlėmis, driežais, vabzdžiais, voragyviais, varliagyviais, graužikais, paukščiais, žuvimis.

Gentyje yra 28 rūšys.

Rūšys


Vikiteka

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Raištinės gyvatės: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Raištinės gyvatės (lot. Thamnophis, angl. Ribbon, Garter Snakes, vok. Strumpfbandnattern) – žaltinių (Colubridae) šeimos roplų gentis. Šios gyvatės gamina silpnus neurotoksinius nuodus, tačiau žmonėms nėra pavojingos.

Paplitusios Šiaurės ir Centrinėje Amerikoje.

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Thamnophis ( Malay )

provided by wikipedia MS

Thamnophis ialah sejenis genus ular dalam famili Colubridae yang boleh dijumpai di Amerika Utara, dari Alaska dan Canada ke Amerika Tengah. Ia dianggap genus reptilia yang tersebar paling meluas di Amerika Utara. Ular ini (garter snake) merupakan reptilia negeri Massachusetts.[2]

Taksonomi

  • Thamnophis angustirostris (KENNICOTT, 1860)
  • Thamnophis atratus KENNICOTT, 1860
  • Thamnophis bogerti ROSSMAN & BURBRINK, 2005
  • Thamnophis brachystoma (COPE, 1892)
  • Thamnophis butleri (COPE, 1889)
  • Thamnophis chrysocephalus (COPE, 1885)
  • Thamnophis conanti ROSSMAN & BURBRINK, 2005
  • Thamnophis couchii (KENNICOTT, 1859)
  • Thamnophis cyrtopsis (KENNICOTT, 1860)
  • Thamnophis elegans (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853)
  • Thamnophis eques (REUSS, 1834)
  • Thamnophis exsul ROSSMAN, 1969
  • Thamnophis fulvus (BOCOURT, 1893)
  • Thamnophis gigas FITCH, 1940
  • Thamnophis godmani (GÜNTHER, 1894)
  • Thamnophis hammondii (KENNICOTT, 1860)
  • Thamnophis lineri ROSSMAN & BURBRINK, 2005
  • Thamnophis marcianus (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853)
  • Thamnophis melanogaster (WIEGMANN, 1830)
  • Thamnophis mendax WALKER, 1955
  • Thamnophis nigronuchalis THOMPSON, 1957
  • Thamnophis ordinoides (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1852)
  • Thamnophis postremus SMITH, 1942
  • Thamnophis proximus (SAY, 1823)
  • Thamnophis pulchrilatus (COPE, 1885)
  • Thamnophis radix (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853)
  • Thamnophis rossmani CONANT, 2000
  • Thamnophis rufipunctatus (COPE, 1875)
  • Thamnophis sauritus (LINNAEUS, 1766)
  • Thamnophis scalaris COPE, 1861
  • Thamnophis scaliger (JAN, 1863)
  • Thamnophis sirtalis (LINNAEUS, 1758)
  • Thamnophis sumichrasti (COPE, 1866)
  • Thamnophis valida (KENNICOTT, 1860)

Rujukan

  1. ^ Wright, A.H. & A.A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock. Ithaca and London. m/s. 755.
  2. ^ "Citizen Information Service: State Symbols". Massachusetts State (Secretary of the Commonwealth). Dicapai 2011-01-21. The Garter Snake became the official reptile of the Commonwealth on January 3, 2007.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Thamnophis.
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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Malay )

provided by wikipedia MS

Thamnophis ialah sejenis genus ular dalam famili Colubridae yang boleh dijumpai di Amerika Utara, dari Alaska dan Canada ke Amerika Tengah. Ia dianggap genus reptilia yang tersebar paling meluas di Amerika Utara. Ular ini (garter snake) merupakan reptilia negeri Massachusetts.

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Strømpebåndsnoker ( Norwegian )

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Strømpebåndsnoker er en slekt av slanger som er utbredt i Nord- og Mellom-Amerika.

De tilhører snokene, og er ikke farlige for mennesker. Utbredelsen strekker seg fra Canada til Costa Rica. I Canada finnes de ved Peace River, noe som gjør dem til de nordligste slangene i Nord-Amerika. Det er også rapportert om strømpebåndsnoker fra Alaska, men det er antakelig feil.

Navnet viser til de langsgående stripene i rødt, gult, blått, oransje eller hvit som de har på ryggen. De er som regel kortere enn 60 cm, men T. gigas kan bli 160 cm. Strømpebåndsnokene finnes i alle naturtyper innenfor det store utbredelsesområdet, og er også vanlige i bebygde områder. De nordlige artene er kjent for at hundrevis av individer samles om høsten for å gå i dvale på felles overvintringssteder. Strømpebåndsnokene er ovovivipare; det vil si at eggene beholdes i kroppen til klekking, slik at de føder levende unger.

Antall arter varierer i de ulike oversiktene, og det er også beskrevet en mengde underarter. Avgrensingen mot Nerodia er uklar, og noen arter flyttes mellom de to slektene i ulike verker.

Eksterne lenker

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Strømpebåndsnoker: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Strømpebåndsnoker er en slekt av slanger som er utbredt i Nord- og Mellom-Amerika.

De tilhører snokene, og er ikke farlige for mennesker. Utbredelsen strekker seg fra Canada til Costa Rica. I Canada finnes de ved Peace River, noe som gjør dem til de nordligste slangene i Nord-Amerika. Det er også rapportert om strømpebåndsnoker fra Alaska, men det er antakelig feil.

Navnet viser til de langsgående stripene i rødt, gult, blått, oransje eller hvit som de har på ryggen. De er som regel kortere enn 60 cm, men T. gigas kan bli 160 cm. Strømpebåndsnokene finnes i alle naturtyper innenfor det store utbredelsesområdet, og er også vanlige i bebygde områder. De nordlige artene er kjent for at hundrevis av individer samles om høsten for å gå i dvale på felles overvintringssteder. Strømpebåndsnokene er ovovivipare; det vil si at eggene beholdes i kroppen til klekking, slik at de føder levende unger.

Antall arter varierer i de ulike oversiktene, og det er også beskrevet en mengde underarter. Avgrensingen mot Nerodia er uklar, og noen arter flyttes mellom de to slektene i ulike verker.

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Thamnophis ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Thamnophis[1] este un gen de șerpi din familia Colubridae.[1]

Specii[1]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


Legături externe

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Thamnophis este un gen de șerpi din familia Colubridae.

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Thamnophis ( Slovak )

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Thamnophis, po slovensky užovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.

Žijú v USA, Kanade a okolí väčšinou pri vode. Majú rôzne farby, ale spoločný majú svetlý chrbtový a bočný pás. Živia sa najmä dážďovkami, sliziakmi, obojživelníkmi a malými hlodavcami.

Druhy

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

provided by wikipedia SK

Thamnophis, po slovensky užovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.

Žijú v USA, Kanade a okolí väčšinou pri vode. Majú rôzne farby, ale spoločný majú svetlý chrbtový a bočný pás. Živia sa najmä dážďovkami, sliziakmi, obojživelníkmi a malými hlodavcami.

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Thamnophis ( Vietnamese )

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Rắn sọc (Danh pháp khoa học: Thamnophis) là một chi rắn trong họ Colubridae phân bố ở Bắc MỹTrung Mỹ. Đây là chi rắn có các loài có tập quán ngủ đônggiao phối tập thể, có khi tới cả 100 con cùng tham gia. Ở những loài rắn này, những con rắn phát hiện bạn tình thông qua đánh hơi kích thích tố đực và cái. Chúng thường giao phối theo kiểu tập thể, rất nhiều con đực quấn xung quanh một con cái tạo thành quả bóng giao phối.

Đặc điểm

Rắn sọc có tập quán ngủ đông kỳ lạ. Vào mùa đông lạnh, chúng thường tụ tập trong hang dưới lòng đất với số lượng từ 20.000 - 30.000 con để trú đông. Vào mùa xuân khi con đực vừa trú đông xong, sức khỏe còn yếu và cơ thể bị lạnh, nó sẽ tiết ra phernomone làm cho nó có mùi giống như một con rắn cái để thu hút các con đực khác quấn lại. Bằng cách này, cơ thể rắn có thể được làm ấm tới 28 độ C để hoạt động bình thường trong vòng 3 giờ.

Việc tiết ra kích thích tố giả làm rắn cái của rắn sọc đực để thu hút sự tán tỉnh, quan hệ của đại đa số rắn đực khác chỉ kéo dài một vài ngày. Khi vừa ngủ đông dậy, rắn đực rất yếu và chậm chạp, vì thế việc chuyển giới có thể giúp chúng tránh được các nguy hiểm từ những loài săn mồi khác như quạ. Bên cạnh tập tính giả gái, loài rắn sọc còn giao phối theo kiểu tập thể, nghĩa là rất nhiều con đực quấn xung quanh một con cái tạo thành 'quả bóng' giao phối.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Wright, A.H. & A.A. Wright. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock. Ithaca and London. p. 755.

Tham khảo

  •  src= Dữ liệu liên quan tới Thamnophis tại Wikispecies
  • Williams, Becky L., Edmund D. Brodie, Jr., and Edmund D. Brodie, III (2003). Coevolution of Deadly Toxins and Predator Resistance: Self-Assessment of Resistance by Garter Snakes Leads to Behavioral Rejection of Toxic Newt Prey. Herpetologica 59(2): 155-163.
  • Wright, Debra L.; Kenneth V. Kardong; and David L. Bentley (Sep. 1979). The Functional Anatomy of the Teeth of the Western Terrestrial Garter Snake, Thamnophis elegans. Herpetologica 35(3):223-228.
  • Shine R, Phillips B, Waye H, LeMaster M, Mason RT. (2001). Benefits of female mimicry to snakes. Nature 414:267. doi:10.1038/35104687

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Thamnophis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Rắn sọc (Danh pháp khoa học: Thamnophis) là một chi rắn trong họ Colubridae phân bố ở Bắc MỹTrung Mỹ. Đây là chi rắn có các loài có tập quán ngủ đônggiao phối tập thể, có khi tới cả 100 con cùng tham gia. Ở những loài rắn này, những con rắn phát hiện bạn tình thông qua đánh hơi kích thích tố đực và cái. Chúng thường giao phối theo kiểu tập thể, rất nhiều con đực quấn xung quanh một con cái tạo thành quả bóng giao phối.

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袜带蛇 ( Chinese )

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束带蛇分布范围
束带蛇分布范围

下文.

袜带蛇,又称束带蛇园丁蛇,是爬行纲有鳞目游蛇科十几种小型至中型无毒蛇的统称。这种蛇主要产自北美,分布于加拿大北部至中美洲。该蛇也是马塞诸塞州的“州爬行动物”。[2]西方的袜带蛇比东方的更适应水栖生活。

喜食小魚蝌蚪等水生生物,餵食乳鼠也可[來源請求]

参考文献

  1. ^ Wright, A.H. & A.A. Wright. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock. Ithaca and London. p. 755.
  2. ^ Citizen Information Service: State Symbols. Massachusetts State (Secretary of the Commonwealth). [2011-01-21]. The Garter Snake became the official reptile of the Commonwealth on January 3, 2007.
小作品圖示这是一篇與动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 物種識別信息
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袜带蛇: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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袜带蛇,又称束带蛇、园丁蛇,是爬行纲有鳞目游蛇科十几种小型至中型无毒蛇的统称。这种蛇主要产自北美,分布于加拿大北部至中美洲。该蛇也是马塞诸塞州的“州爬行动物”。西方的袜带蛇比东方的更适应水栖生活。

喜食小魚蝌蚪等水生生物,餵食乳鼠也可[來源請求]

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가터뱀속 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

가터뱀은 독이 없는 의 일종이다.

  • Longnose Garter Snake, (Thamnophis angustirostris)
  • Aquatic Garter Snake, (Thamnophis atratus)
  • Shorthead Garter Snake, (Thamnophis brachystoma)
  • Butler's Garter Snake, (Thamnophis butleri)
  • Goldenhead Garter Snake, (Thamnophis chrysocephalus)
  • Western Aquatic Garter Snake, (Thamnophis couchii)
  • Blackneck Garter Snake, (Thamnophis cyrtopsis)
  • Western Terrestrial Garter Snake, (Thamnophis elegans)
  • (Thamnophis eques)
  • 가터뱀, (Thamnophis sirtalis)
  • 서부가터뱀, (Thamnophis valida)
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