Biology
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Adult craneflies emerge between June and September, although in Britain peak emergence occurs from mid-August to mid-September. Mating occurs shortly after emergence and females lay one batch of eggs amongst grass and other vegetation (5). Around 14 days later, the larvae hatch; they feed on the bases of plant stems and roots, and are often serious pests. They spend the winter in the soil in the third larval stage or 'instar'; they can continue to be active in temperatures as low as 5°C, but as temperatures warm up in spring they become increasingly active. Larvae reach 3-4 cm in length, and head for the surface to pupate in summer. This crane fly remains in the pupal stage for two weeks before emerging (5).
Conservation
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Not relevant.
Description
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This species of cranefly, or daddy-long-legs is one of the most common craneflies in Britain (1). The larvae, known as 'leatherjackets' are notorious pests of grass and agricultural crops, and are so called because they have a tough, leathery outer layer. The adults are familiar insects, often entering houses towards the end of summer (3); they have a slender, pale brown body, and large greyish wings with a brown front margin (1). The prominent dangling legs have earned the species the common name 'cranefly', as they are reminiscent of cranes, long-legged birds (3). Like all flies, this species has one pair of true membranous wings, the second pair of wings are modified drumstick-like appendages known as 'halteres', which aid in balancing (4).
Habitat
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Larvae occur in garden lawns, bowling greens, golf courses and agricultural grasslands, and this species typically avoids very dry or wet areas (1).
Range
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Common and widespread throughout Britain (1) and northern Europe, this species has been introduced to northwestern USA, where it is a serious pest (5).
Status
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Very common and widespread (1).
Threats
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This species is not threatened.
Associations
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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / pathogen
Eryniopsis caroliniana infects live adult of Tipula paludosa
Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Siphona geniculata is endoparasitoid of larva of Tipula paludosa
Tipula paludosa
provided by wikipedia EN
Tipula paludosa is a species of true craneflies, family Tipulidae. It is also known as the European crane fly or the marsh crane fly.[1] It is a pest in grasslands of Northwest Europe and has been accidentally introduced to North America.
Distribution
Tipula paludosa is widespread throughout the West Palaearctic and Nearctic.[1][2] For identification see the Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR[3] and the Diptères: Tipulidae.[4] Tipula paludosa is a very common species flying in May and July to October peaking in August and September.
Biological interactions
Tipula paludosa larvae live in the upper soil layers and are the major insect pest in grasslands of Northwest Europe.[5][6]
Oscheius tipulae is a species of nematodes, described in association of the leatherjacket, the larva of T. paludosa.[7][8]
References
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^ a b Pjotr Oosterbroek. "Tipula (Tipula) paludosa Meigen, 1830 (search result)". Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World. Naturalis. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
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^ Fauna Europaea
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^ Bei-Bienko, G.Y., ed. (1988) Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Volume V: Diptera and Siphonaptera, Parts I, II . Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi. ISBN 81-205-0080-6 ISBN 81-205-0081-4
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^ Pierre, C. , (1924) Diptères: Tipulidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 8 159 p. Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique pdf
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^ Dawson, Lorna A.; Grayston, Susan J.; Murray, Philip J. & Pratt, Shona M. (May 2002). "Root feeding behaviour of Tipula paludosa (Meig.) (Diptera: Tipulidae) on Lolium perenne (L.) and Trifolium repens (L.)". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 34 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00217-6.
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^ Oestergaard, Jesko; Belau, Christian; Strauch, Olaf; Ester, Albert; van Rozen, Klaas & Ehlers, Ralf-Udo (December 2006). "Biological control of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis". Biological Control. 39 (3): 525–531. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.07.003.
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^ Webster, John M. & Lam, Andrew B.Q. (1971). "Morphology and biology of Panagrolaimus tipulae n. sp. (Panagrolaimidae) and Rhabditis (Rhabditella) tipulae n. sp. (Rhabditidae), from leatherjacket larvae, Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae)". Nematologica. 17 (2): 201–212. doi:10.1163/187529271X00044.
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^ Sudhaus, Walter (1993). "Redescription of Rhabditis (Oscheius) tipulae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with leatherjackets, larvae of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae)". Nematologica. 39 (1–4): 234–239. doi:10.1163/187529293X00187.
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Tipula paludosa: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Tipula paludosa is a species of true craneflies, family Tipulidae. It is also known as the European crane fly or the marsh crane fly. It is a pest in grasslands of Northwest Europe and has been accidentally introduced to North America.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
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