dcsimg

Distribution

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Sub-Saharan Africa: all S of Sahara, Cameroon - C Ethiopia and south except most of forest area, to the N and E of S Kenya (but in C Ethiopia), most of drier areas of Namibia, Botswana, and parts of Tanzania and N Mozambique.

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Habitat

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All grassy areas

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Movements and dispersal

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Resident

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Trophic Strategy

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Common waxbills are granivores, living on a diet mainly of seeds from pasture grasses and millets. Of these, guinea grasses (Panicum maximum) are perhaps the most important dietary components for waxbills as they have seed heads available year-round. Other important seed prodeucers include crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis) and Echinochloa species. Depending on a plant’s structure, common waxbills may either perch on the panicle while plucking seeds, or will pull the panicle to the ground, holding the plant with one foot and steadying itself on the ground with the other. Seed removal is done with the bill in both cases. They forage in flocks of 2 to 20 during the day, feeding mostly in early morning and late afternoon.

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Lauren Tarr, Northern Michigan University
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Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
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Behavior

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Common waxbills use both song and body language to communicate. The song of Estrilda astrild is a soft, simple call with notes varying only slightly in pitch and length from the contact note. A common body movement for this species is a “curtsy”, where the body is crouched with the head slightly turned, accompanied by soft singing. Females will sing more smoothly during this display, while males sing in a shorter series of notes. To impress a female, males fluff their feathers, point their bills upwards, and position their bodies so that their red underbellies are displayed clearly. Strong lateral movements with the tail are also used by both sexes during a number of different social encounters. Mates will perform mutual preening to establish or strengthen their pair-bond. Like all birds, common waxbills perceive their environment through visual, tactile, auditory and chemical stimuli.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Conservation Status

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Common waxbills are not a threatened species. They are, instead, presently expanding their range and populations into new regions.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Benefits

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Common waxbills can be detrimental to crops in some areas. This seems to be most often reported in regions where waxbills are non-native. Tomato crops in Cape Verde are one documented case which Estrilda astrild populations had a directly negative impact.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Benefits

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Estrilda astrild finches are frequently kept caged as songbirds for human enjoyment.

Positive Impacts: pet trade

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Associations

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Common waxbills have different ecological roles depending on their location. In their native African landscape they have a minimal impact on the plant species they eat. However, this is not the case in some of the regions where they have been introduced. In Cape Verde and Seychelles, for example, invasive common waxbill populations have been shown to have a destructive impact on the crops they consume. As granivores, common waxbills likely play a significant role in seed dispersal for plants they consume.

Despite its role as an invasive species, there are no reports showing that common waxbills will serve to displace native species. In Brazil, a relatively new range for Estrilda astrild, they are reported to feed mostly on introduced grass species which are eaten only sparingly by native Brazilian bird species. Therefore it is seen as unlikely that common waxbills will displace any native bird species in that region.

The nests of common waxbills are known host sites for pin-tailed whydahs (Vidua macroura), a well known brood parasite. Pin-tailed whydah chicks have evolved gape patterns that exactly match the gape patterns of common waxbill young, so that they are more likely to be accepted by waxbill parents. This relationship is harmful to the breeding success rate of common waxbills, but essential to the survival of pin-tailed whydahs.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Pin-tailed whydahs (Vidua macroura)
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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Distribution

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Common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) are native across much of sub-Saharan Africa. The species has been introduced to the Americas, the Mediterranean Basin, and Oceania. A high reproductive rate and ability to adapt to new food sources have allowed common waxbills to successfully naturalize in many of the areas to which it has been introduced. While most of these introductions are thought to result from the escape of caged individuals, some regions have introduced flocks deliberately.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Introduced ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Introduced ); australian (Introduced ); oceanic islands (Introduced )

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Lauren Tarr, Northern Michigan University
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Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Habitat

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Common waxbills inhabit damp grassy areas, preferring those near wetlands. They breed and nest among reed beds, tall grasses, riverside vegetation, and dense bushy cover. They may also be found in a number of open mesic habitats such as farmlands and parks.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Life Expectancy

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Common waxbills live an average of 4 years in the wild.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
4 years.

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Morphology

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Estrilda astrild is a small grey-brown colored finch, distinguished by its red conical bill and face patch. The bill looks as if it has been dipped in red wax, providing explanation to the origin of their common name, common waxbills. The cheeks, throat, and belly are a whitish-grey color, while the rest of the plumage is finely barred and the underside has a dusting of red. Adult common waxbills have a wingspan between 12 and 14 cm, and length of about 11.5 cm. They weigh approximately 8.9 g. The species has a fairly long, slender tail and rounded wings. Females are paler overall with less red along the belly. The plumage of juveniles is duller than the adults, having little red on the underbelly, and no red on the bill. Nestlings have obvious white gape flanges along the edges of their mouths.

According to Traylor et al., there have been 16 recognized subspecies of Estrilda astrild. However, there is very little information available on these subspecies. Black-lored waxbills (Estrilda nigriloris), was once considered a subspecies of common waxbills, but is now recognized as its own species.

Average mass: 8.9 g.

Average length: 11.5 cm.

Range wingspan: 12 to 14 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Associations

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Common waxbill young have an increased risk of predation as a result of their nests being placed so close to the ground. Mice and snakes are examples of the types of predators that will target common waxbill eggs and young. In a defensive response to this, the parents spread carnivore scat in and around the nest site to deter predators. The most commonly used scat comes from servals (Leptailurus serval), a type of large, African cat. The odor of the scat may be working to both deter predators from approaching the area, and also to mask the smell of the eggs and young themselves.

Known Predators:

  • Mice
  • Snakes
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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Reproduction

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Finches of the genus Estrida are monogamous, mating with only one partner. Song and display are both important aspects of courtship, and pair formation usually begins with a "curtsy" and song exchange between the two prospective mates. Allopreening occurs frequently between the mates. During the nest building and solicitation period, both males and females may participate in stem displays to their mates – a form of display during which a stem is held in the beak. The male sings an irregular pattern during this a display, while the female remains silent. After pairing off, they separate from the larger flock and breed singly. They may, however, be found in small territories adjacent to other pairs.

Males will also display to other females in the flock (those which are not his mate), but this display does not begin with a curtsy and is a type of “fluffed singing”. During this display the male positions his body to present the female with his red belly patch. He does this by placing one flank toward the female and outstretching his neck, holding his head high. He fluffs up his ventral and flank feathers, twists his tail toward the female, and the sings loudly. Females almost always flee when they receive these displays, being that they are advances from males with whom they are not mated. Males will attempt to mate with females which do not flee from his advances.

Mating System: monogamous

The breeding season for Estrilda astrild takes place in midsummer, except in winter-rainfall areas (such as Southern Africa) where the breeding season is between September and January. The nest is a weaved, spherical mass of grasses with a narrow entrance. Nests are generally on or near the ground, hidden in similar, grassy vegetation. They have a clutch size between 4 and 6 eggs, and may raise several broods a year. The incubation period lasts 11 to 12 days with both sexes working to incubate the eggs. Fledging takes 17 to 21 days and during this time both parents feed and care for the chicks. Common waxbill juveniles reach reproductive maturity between 6 months and 1 year of age.

Breeding interval: Common waxbills may raise several broods a year.

Breeding season: Common waxbills mate in midsummer in most locations, and between January and September for winter-rainfall areas.

Average eggs per season: 4 to 6.

Average time to hatching: 11 to 12 days.

Average fledging age: 17 to 21 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Common waxbills build spherical nests out of dry grasses and keep them hidden in reeds close to the ground. The female does most of the nest-building, but the male assists in decorating it and lining the inside with feathers. Both parents spread animal scat in the nest throughout the nesting period as a way to divert predators. A unique feature to common waxbill nests is the formation of a separate “cock’s nest” located atop the main nest. No one is certain what the purpose of this secondary nest is, but it appears to be a resting place for the parent who is not incubating the nest.

Both male and female common waxbills incubate and feed the helpless, altricial young. The nests of common waxbills are often utilized by brood parasites such as pin-tailed whydahs (Vidua macroura), and the waxbill parents dotingly care for these parasitic young alongside their own.

Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Tarr, L. 2011. "Estrilda astrild" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Estrilda_astrild.html
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Rooibeksysie ( Afrikaans )

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Die Rooibeksysie (Estrilda astrild) is 'n algemene standvoël in lang gras, welige plantegroei, riete en bossieveld, dikwels naby water. Die voël is 11 cm groot en weeg 7 - 10 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Common Waxbill.

Fotoalery

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Wikispecies
Wikispecies het meer inligting oor: Estrilda astrild

Bron

Verwysings

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Estrilda astrild". IUCN Rooilys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2012.1. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur. Besoek op 16 Julie 2012.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Rooibeksysie: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Rooibeksysie (Estrilda astrild) is 'n algemene standvoël in lang gras, welige plantegroei, riete en bossieveld, dikwels naby water. Die voël is 11 cm groot en weeg 7 - 10 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Common Waxbill.

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Estrilda astrild ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Estrilda astrild ye un pequeñu passeriforme perteneciente a la familia d'Estrildidae. Ye orixinariu del África Subsahariana pero foi introducida en munches otres rexones del mundu como animal de compañía. Ye bono de caltener en cautividá. Los escapes producíos desaguaron en poblaciones d'aves en zones onde orixinariamente nun taba presente.

Galería d'imáxenes

Calter invasor n'España

Por cuenta del so potencial colonizador y constituyir una amenaza grave pa les especies autóctones, los hábitats o los ecosistemes, esta especie foi catalogada nel Catálogu Español d'Especies exótiques Invasores, aprobáu por Real Decretu 630/2013 de 2 d'agostu,[2] tando prohibida n'España la so introducción nel mediu natural, posesión, tresporte, tráficu y comerciu.

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Estrilda astrild» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2013.1.
  2. Boletín oficial del estáu

Bibliografía

  • Heinrich L. Bregulla (1992) Birds of Vanuatu, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, England
  • Tony Clarke, Chris Orgill & Tony Dudley (2006) Field Guide to the Birds of the Atlantic Islands, Christopher Helm, Londres
  • Peter Clement, Alan Harris & John Davies (1993) Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide, Christopher Helm, London
  • Ian Sinclair & Peter Ryan (2003) Birds of Africa south of the Sahara, Struik, Cape Town
  • Adrian Skerrett, Ian Bullock & Tony Disley (2001), Birds of Seychelles, Christopher Helm, London
  • D. W. Snow & C. M. Perrins (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Estrilda astrild: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Estrilda astrild Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Estrilda astrild ye un pequeñu passeriforme perteneciente a la familia d'Estrildidae. Ye orixinariu del África Subsahariana pero foi introducida en munches otres rexones del mundu como animal de compañía. Ye bono de caltener en cautividá. Los escapes producíos desaguaron en poblaciones d'aves en zones onde orixinariamente nun taba presente.

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Bec de corall senegalès ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El bec de corall senegalès (Estrilda astrild) és un moixó de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) nadiu de l'Àfrica subsahariana. Utilitzat profusament com ocell de gàbia, hi ha poblacions assilvestrades a molts llocs del món.

Morfologia

És un ocell molt petit, amb una llargària d'uns 11 - 13 cm, una envergadura de 12 - 14 cm i un pes de 7 - 10 grams, amb ales curtes i arrodonides i cua llarga, acabada en cunya. Té les potes fosques. Bec i una taca a la cara amb forma d'antifaç, de color vermell brillant en el mascle i més apagat a les femelles. És de color marró per sobre i ocre per sota, amb fines bandes fosques, menys evidents a les femelles. Els mascles tenen a més una taca roja a l'abdomen. Els joves no tenen el cos ratllat, el bec és grogós i l'antifaç poc aparent.

Ecologia

Viu en zones de pastura o clars al bosc, sovint prop de l'aigua, per tota l'Àfrica subsahariana a excepció dels boscos densos de la conca del Congo i els deserts del sud-oest. Introduït a molts indrets, com ara les Hawaii, Tahití, Puerto Rico, Brasil, Seychelles i Mascarenyes i altres illes. A Europa va ser introduït a Portugal i des d'allí ha arribat a altres llocs d'Europa sud-occidental, incloent-hi els Països Catalans.

 src=
Font de Sant Roc a Palau-solità on es pot observar aquesta espècie

Aquesta espècie, petita i vistosa, procedeix d'individus domèstics escapats aproximadament una dècada. No se sap amb certesa d'on provenen els individus originals però s'ha pogut constatar que ha colonitzat moltes de les zones humides i fluvials de Catalunya.

Als voltants del Vallès Occidental el bec de coral senegalès està gairebé circumscrit als voltants de la riera de Caldes, on és freqüent veure'l en grups nombrosos i sorollosos que es desplacen amunt i avall del riu. Més ocasionalment, es pot observar en descampats o solars en zones urbanes.

Així en pocs anys ha colonitzat tot l'hàbitat propici. Des de la primera observació de 5 individus el 2004 a la riera de Caldes a l'alçada de la Pineda de Palau-solità i Plegamans s'ha passat a l'observació (2010) de grups fins a 50 individus i a una freqüència d'observació superior al 60%, força per sobre de molts ocells autòctons.[1]

La dieta es compon principalment de llavors de vegetals herbacis. Ocasionalment poden menjar algun insecte durant l'època de reproducció. Solen cercar l'aliment en petits esbarts però també poden formar bandades de centenars.

Aquest ocell construeix el niu amb tiges, a poca altura, en un matoll o entre vegetació densa. També pot haver-hi un niu fals i rudimentari, a sobre, al que dorm el mascle. Ponen 4 – 7 ous blancs que coven durant 11 - 13 dies, on romanen els pollets 17 - 21 dies després de l'eclosió. Ambdós pares participen en la incubació dels ous i l'alimentació i cura dels pollets. La temporada de cria és variable a la llarga de la seva àrea de distribució.

Subespècies

S'han descrit 17 subespècies:

Referències

  1. Associació Cultural Quatrepins Quadern núm. 32, pàg. 15 (Diposit Legal B. 15.594-1991)
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Bec de corall senegalès: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El bec de corall senegalès (Estrilda astrild) és un moixó de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) nadiu de l'Àfrica subsahariana. Utilitzat profusament com ocell de gàbia, hi ha poblacions assilvestrades a molts llocs del món.

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Cwyrbig cyffredin ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwyrbig cyffredin (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwyrbigau cyffredin) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Estrilda astrild; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Common waxbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. astrild, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Affrica.

Teulu

Mae'r cwyrbig cyffredin yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cwyrbig adeingoch Estrilda rhodopyga Cwyrbig bochddu Estrilda erythronotos
Black-faced waxbill, or black-cheeked waxbill, Estrilda erythronotos, at Zaagkuildrift Road near Kgomo Kgomo, Limpopo, South Africa (33418486332).jpg
Cwyrbig coch Amandava amandava
RedMunia.jpg
Cwyrbig Sinderela Estrilda thomensis
Cinderella Waxbill (Estrilda thomensis).jpg
Cwyrbig tingoch Estrilda charmosyna Llinos dân frown Lagonosticta nitidula
Brown Firefinch, Garneton, Kitwe, Zambia (16410046988).jpg
Llinos ddu fronwinau Nigrita bicolor
Chestnut-breasted Nigrita specimen RWD.jpg
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Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Cwyrbig cyffredin: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwyrbig cyffredin (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwyrbigau cyffredin) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Estrilda astrild; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Common waxbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. astrild, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Affrica.

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Astrild vlnkovaný ( Czech )

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Astrild vlnkovaný (Estrilda astrild) je malý pěvec obývající jižní Afriku a ostrovy Mauricius a Svatá Helena. Lidmi byl ale zavlečen i do Ameriky, Oceánie a Středomoří.[2] Živí se převážně semeny trav, někdy i bobulemi a malým hmyzem. Mezi chovateli okrasných ptáků se jedná o populární druh.

Taxonomie

 src=
Jedinec volně žijící v Brazílii

Astrilda vlnkovaného poprvé popsal Carl Linné v roce 1758 ve svém desátém vydání Systema naturae. Pod binomickým jménem Loxia astrild jej zařadil mezi křivky, z rodu pěnkavovitých.[3] Později byl zařazen do čeledi astrildovitých, rodu Estrilda. Býval zaměňován s astrildem černobrvým (Estrilda nigriloris), taxonomie je ale v současné době rozlišuje. Bývá uváděno patnáct poddruhů, některé zdroje ale uvádí až sedmnáct.[4][5] Ty se liší především areálem výskytu.[5]

  • Estrilda astrild adesma
  • Estrilda astrild angolensis
  • Estrilda astrild astrild
  • Estrilda astrild cavendishi
  • Estrilda astrild damarensis
  • Estrilda astrild jagoensis
  • Estrilda astrild kempi
  • Estrilda astrild macmillani
  • Estrilda astrild massaica
  • Estrilda astrild minor
  • Estrilda astrild niediecki
  • Estrilda astrild occidentalis
  • Estrilda astrild peasei
  • Estrilda astrild rubriventris
  • Estrilda astrild schoutedeni
  • Estrilda astrild sousae
  • Estrilda astrild tenebridorsa

Výskyt

Přirozený areál výskytu astrildů vlnkovaných tvoří jižní Afrika a ostrovy Mauricius a Svatá Helena. Díky lidem se ale dostali i do Ameriky, Oceánie a Středomoří. Obývá bažinaté kraje, břehy řek a potoků zarostlé vysokou trávou a keři. V zemědělsky obdělávaných oblastech se zdržuje i v blízkosti lidí.

Vzhled

Astrild vlnkovaný je menší pták, dosahuje velikosti okolo 11,5 cm a rozpětí křídel 12–14 cm. Hmotnost dospělce je asi 9 g.[2] Pohlavní dimorfismus je nepatrný. Charakteristickým znakem tohoto druhu je červená páska, táhnoucí se od zářivě červeného zobáku přes oči až po zátylek. Samotné oko je hnědé

Samci mají napříč pruhovaná záda šedohnědé barvy, zatím co zbytek těla je rudohnědý s výraznými tmavšími pruhy. Na křídlech mají růžovou. Břicho je šedohnědé. Samičky jsou zbarvené podobně, ale růžová plocha na křídlech je menší a méně výrazná. Všechna mláďata se podobají samicím v dospělosti, až časem naberou správné barvy a je možné určit jejich pohlaví.

Hnízdění

Období hnízdění začíná postavením hnízda hruškovitého tvaru, které se staví buďto přímo na zemi nebo v trávě. Samička do něj snese 4-6 čistě bílých vajíček, na kterých střídavě sedí oba rodiče. Asi za dva týdny se vylíhnout slepá a holá mláďata, která asi tři týdny nato opustí hnízdo. Do té době jsou krmena převážně nejrůznějším drobným hmyzem. Často se stává, že ve volné přírodě naklade do hnízd astrildů vlnkovaných ještě jeden druh hnízdního parazita — vdovka černobílá. Její mláďata pak vyrůstají s těmi původními, dokud nevyletí z hnízda.

Chov v zajetí

Astrild vlnkovaný se hodí pro voliérový chov, přičemž voliéra by měla být prostorná a umístěná uvnitř domu v teplé místnosti bez průvanu. Nemají problém vyjít s jinými menšími ptáky v jedné voliéře, ale v době hnízdění je dobré oddělit jednotlivé páry do samostatných voliér, protože různé druhy astrildů se mezi sebou mohou křížit a vzniká tak nežádoucí výsledek.

Jedná se o lehko ochočitelný a klidný druh, který ale vyžaduje hodně pohybu a většinu dne se pohybuje. Hodí se i pro začátečníky, nejen pro svoji povahu ale i díky tomu, že jsou to dobří rodiče, kteří se umí o svá mláďata postarat a nemají problém ani s vychováváním cizích.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Common waxbill na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b TARR, Lauren. Estrilda astrild [online]. Animal Diversity Web [cit. 2018-12-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. PODPĚRA, Petr. Astrild vlnkovaný [online]. iFauna [cit. 2018-12-15]. Dostupné online.
  4. NOVÁK, Jiří. Astrild vlnkovaný [online]. BioLib, rev. 2006-05-02 [cit. 2018-12-15]. Dostupné online.
  5. a b Common Waxbill (Estrilda astrild) [online]. Handbook of the Birds of the World [cit. 2018-12-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Astrild vlnkovaný: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Astrild vlnkovaný (Estrilda astrild) je malý pěvec obývající jižní Afriku a ostrovy Mauricius a Svatá Helena. Lidmi byl ale zavlečen i do Ameriky, Oceánie a Středomoří. Živí se převážně semeny trav, někdy i bobulemi a malým hmyzem. Mezi chovateli okrasných ptáků se jedná o populární druh.

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Wellenastrild ( German )

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Der Wellenastrild (Estrilda astrild) ist ein Singvogel aus der Familie der Prachtfinken. Die Art bewohnt große Teile Afrikas südlich der Sahara. Für die Art werden in der Regel fünfzehn bis siebzehn Unterarten unterschieden. Diese weisen jedoch zum Teil nur geringfügige Unterscheidungsmerkmale auf und sind in vielen Fällen nur schwer voneinander abgrenzbar. Vielfach verläuft die geographische Variation der Art in Form einer nicht deutlich voneinander gestuften Kline mit zahlreichen Übergangsformen.[1]

Der Wellenastrild gilt laut IUCN als häufig und nicht gefährdet.

Merkmale

Der 11 bis 13 cm lange Wellenastrild erreicht eine Flügelspannweite von 12 bis 14 cm und ein Gewicht von 7 bis 10 g. Das graubraune Gefieder weist eine feine, wellenförmige Bänderung auf. Kehle und Bauch sind blasser. Je nach Unterart kann sich am Bauch auch ein verwaschen-rosa bis leuchtend-roter Streifen befinden. Das Gesicht zeigt einen breiten scharlachroten Augenstreif. Der kegelförmige Schnabel ist siegelwachs-rot gefärbt (davon leitet sich der englische Name Common Waxbill her). Bei Jungvögeln ist der Schnabel schwärzlich.

Verbreitung

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Wellenastrilde

Wellenastrilde sind im südlichen und tropischen Afrika vom Kap bis Sierra Leone, Guinea, Ghana, Kamerun, Sudan und im Hochland von Äthiopien verbreitet. Sie fehlen im Norden Namibias und in Somalia sowie im geschlossenen Niederungsregenwald des Kongogebietes. Sie kommen außerdem natürlich auf den Inseln Bioko, Sansibar und Mafia vor. Die Siedlungsdichte ist häufig sehr hoch. In Südafrika kommen in ländlichen Regionen pro Quadratkilometer 125 Paare vor, in Vorstädten etwa zehn Brutpaare pro Quadratkilometer. In der Akaziensavanne von Eswatini beträgt der Bestand etwa 230 Vögel je 100 Hektar.[2]

In folgenden Gebieten wurde der Vogel eingeführt: St. Helena, Ascension, Mauritius, Réunion, Tahiti, den Seychellen, Hawaii und in Teilen von Brasilien. Die auf den Kap-Verde-Inseln vorkommenden Wellenastrilde sollen Nachkommen von Vögeln sein, die um 1865 von einem aus Angola kommenden Tiertransport entflohen. In Europa brütet der Vogel seit 1964 in Spanien und Portugal. Die dortige Population wurde für das Jahr 1998 auf 20.000 bis 200.000 Individuen geschätzt. Er kommt außerdem auf den Inseln Madeira, Gran Canaria und den Azoren vor.[3]

Der Wellenastrild bewohnt offene Savannen, Buschlandschaften, Äcker und Sümpfe. In trockeneren Gegenden kommt er häufig in Wassernähe vor. In den bewaldeten Teilen seines Verbreitungsgebietes besiedelt er auch grasbestandene Lichtungen. Zur Nahrungssuche findet er sich häufig auf Kulturland, in Gärten, auf Feldern, in Zuckerrohrplantagen und auf gemähten Wiesen ein.

Lebensweise

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Wellenastrild
Estrilda astrild 5.jpg
Estrilda astrild 3.jpg

Außerhalb der Brutzeit leben Wellenastrilde sehr gesellig und kommen in Schwärmen von mehr als 100 Individuen vor. Sie fallen abends in Schilf- und Papyrusbeständen oder in dichtes Gebüsch ein, um dort zu übernachten. Ihre Schlafplätze fallen unter anderem durch ihre Laute und das unruhige Hin- und Herfliegen der Vögel auf. Morgens verlassen sie diese Schlafplätze sehr schnell kurz vor Anbruch der Morgendämmerung. Gelegentlich sind sie auch mit anderen Prachtfinken vergesellschaftet. Sie wurden bereits gemeinsam mit Grünastrilden, Orangebäckchen, Kappenastrilden, Bronzemännchen und Sumpfastrilden sowie Zügelastrilden und Goldbrüstchen beobachtet. Die großen Schwärme lösen sich mit dem Beginn der Brutzeit auf.

Der Wellenastrild ernährt sich fast nur von Grassamen, Insekten ergänzen allerdings die Kost. Der Vogel sitzt oft auf Grashalmen, um an die Samen zu gelangen. Er sucht seine Nahrung aber auch auf dem Erdboden. Als Nahrungspflanzen nachgewiesen sind unter anderem mehrere Arten der Rispenhirsen, Sporobulus inductus, Urochloa masambicensis, Arten der Fingerhirsen, Borstenhirsen, Liebesgräser, Hühnerhirsen und Hyparrhenia. Der Gesang der Wellenastrilde ist leise und unscheinbar.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Estrilda astrild

Der Wellenastrild brütet in der Regenzeit, wenn es ausreichend Insekten für den Nachwuchs gibt. Die Balz ähnelt dem des nah verwandten Grauastrilds. Wie dieser zeigt er eine Halmbalz, bei der das Männchen einen Grashalm oder ersatzweise eine Feder im Schnabel trägt und vor dem Weibchen tanzt und dabei seine Gesangsstrophen vorträgt. Auch das Weibchen zeigt diese Halmbalz, allerdings ohne dabei zu singen.[4] Er baut ein kleines kugelförmiges Nest mit röhrenförmigen Seiteneingang aus ineinander verflochtenen Halmen. Es liegt in einem Grasbüschel oder in einem Busch dicht am Boden. Sehr häufig, in manchen Gebieten sogar regelmäßig, findet sich auf dem Dach des Nestes ein zweites, halb überwölbtes Nest, ein sogenanntes Hahnennest.[5] Das Weibchen legt vier bis fünf weiße Eier, die rund zwei Wochen lang bebrütet werden. Beide Elternvögel sind an der Brut beteiligt und füttern und hudern die Jungvögel später auch. Die Jungvögel werden mit rund drei Wochen flügge.

Der Wellenastrild ist auch Wirt der brutparasitären Dominikanerwitwe und der Purpuratlaswitwe (Vidua funerea).

Haltung

Wellenastrilde werden in Europa schon sehr lange als Ziervogel gepflegt und waren schon in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts im Handel. Der Ornithologe Vieillot berichtet zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts ausführlich über die Haltung dieser Art. In Deutschland kamen die ersten Wellenastrilde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts in den Handel. Seit den 1870er Jahren werden sie in verschiedenen Unterarten regelmäßig eingeführt. Aufgrund ihres ansprechenden Federkleides und ihres lebhaften Wesens zählten sie zeitweise zu den beliebtesten und am häufigsten eingeführten Prachtfinkenarten. Sie gelten gemeinsam mit dem Senegalamarant als die am einfachsten zu pflegenden afrikanischen Prachtfinken. Allerdings erfordert die Zucht dieser Art einige Erfahrung.[6]

Belege

Literatur

Einzelbelege

  1. Nicolai et al., S. 250
  2. Nicolai et al., S. 252
  3. Nicolai et al., S. 252
  4. Nicolai et al., S. 254
  5. Nicolai et al., S. 254
  6. Nicolai et al., S. 255
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wikipedia DE

Wellenastrild: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Wellenastrild (Estrilda astrild) ist ein Singvogel aus der Familie der Prachtfinken. Die Art bewohnt große Teile Afrikas südlich der Sahara. Für die Art werden in der Regel fünfzehn bis siebzehn Unterarten unterschieden. Diese weisen jedoch zum Teil nur geringfügige Unterscheidungsmerkmale auf und sind in vielen Fällen nur schwer voneinander abgrenzbar. Vielfach verläuft die geographische Variation der Art in Form einer nicht deutlich voneinander gestuften Kline mit zahlreichen Übergangsformen.

Der Wellenastrild gilt laut IUCN als häufig und nicht gefährdet.

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Common waxbill

provided by wikipedia EN

The common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), also known as the St Helena waxbill, is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa but has been introduced to many other regions of the world and now has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It is popular and easy to keep in captivity.

Taxonomy

The common waxbill was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia astrild.[2] The etymology of astrild is uncertain. It may either be from a German or Dutch avicultural term for a waxbill or alternatively it may be a misprint for Estrilda.[3] Linnaeus based his description on the "Wax Bill" that had been described and illustrated in 1751 by the English naturalist George Edwards in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds.[4] Linnaeus specified the locality as "Canaries, America, Africa" but this was restricted to Cape Town in South Africa by William Lutley Sclater and Cyril Mackworth-Praed in 1918.[5][6] This species is now placed in the genus Estrilda that was introduced in 1827 by the English naturalist William John Swainson.[7][8]

There are 15 recognised subspecies:[8]

  • E. a. kempi Bates, GL, 1930 – Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia
  • E. a. occidentalis Jardine & Fraser, 1852 – south Mali and Ivory Coast to north DR Congo and Bioko Island
  • E. a. peasei Shelley, 1903 – Ethiopia
  • E. a. macmillani Ogilvie-Grant, 1907 – Sudan
  • E. a. adesma Reichenow, 1916 – east DR Congo, Uganda, west Kenya to northwest Tanzania
  • E. a. massaica Neumann, 1907 – central Kenya to north Tanzania
  • E. a. minor (Cabanis, 1878) – south Somalia, east Kenya, northeast Tanzania and Zanzibar
  • E. a. cavendishi Sharpe, 1900 – south DR Congo and south Tanzania to Zimbabwe and Mozambique
  • E. a. niediecki Reichenow, 1916 – central Angola to west Zimbabwe
  • E. a. angolensis Reichenow, 1902 – inland west Angola
  • E. a. jagoensis Alexander, 1898 – coastal west Angola and São Tomé
  • E. a. rubriventris (Vieillot, 1817) – Gabon to northwest Angola
  • E. a. damarensis Reichenow, 1902 – Namibia
  • E. a. astrild (Linnaeus, 1758) – south Botswana and west, south South Africa
  • E. a. tenebridorsa Clancey, 1957 – north, east South Africa

Description

It is a small bird, 4 to 5 inches in length with a wingspan of 4 1/2 inches and a weight of 3/5 to 3/4 ounce. It has a slender body with short rounded wings and a long graduated tail. The bright red bill of the adult is the colour of sealing wax giving the bird its name.[9] The plumage is mostly grey-brown, finely barred with dark brown. There is a red stripe through the eye and the cheeks and throat are whitish. There is often a pinkish flush to the underparts and a reddish stripe along the centre of the belly depending on the subspecies. The rump is brown and the tail and vent are dark. Females are similar to the males but are paler with less red on the belly. Juveniles are duller with little or no red on the belly, fainter dark barring and a black bill.

Similar species include the black-rumped, crimson-rumped and black-lored waxbills. The black-rumped waxbill is black rather than brown on the rump and has a pale vent (area underneath the tail). The crimson-rumped waxbill has a dark bill, red rump and some red on the wings and tail. The black-lored waxbill (found only in the Democratic Republic of Congo) has a black rather than red stripe through the eye.

The common waxbill has a variety of twittering and buzzing calls and a distinctive high-pitched flight-call. The simple song is harsh and nasal and descends on the last note.

Distribution and habitat

Native range

There are about 17 subspecies distributed widely across much of Africa south of the Sahara. They are present in most parts of East, Central and Southern Africa except for regions of desert or dense forest. In West Africa they are more local with the main population centred on Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Ivory Coast. Common waxbills inhabit open country with long grass and rank vegetation. They are often found near water in marshes and among reeds. They can be tame and will enter gardens, parks and farmland.

Introduced range

Birds have often escaped from captivity or been deliberately released. Breeding populations have become established in many places where the climate is sufficiently warm and where there is a sufficient supply of grass seeds. They are now found on many islands around Africa: Saint Helena, Ascension Island, the Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, the Seychelles and Ile Amsterdam. They may possibly be native on some of these islands. In Europe the common waxbill has become widespread in Portugal and is spreading through Spain. There are small populations on Madeira and Gran Canaria and it has recently appeared on Tenerife and the Azores. In the Americas waxbills are found in Trinidad, several parts of Brazil and there are a few on Bermuda. In the Pacific there are populations on New Caledonia, Efate Island in Vanuatu, Tahiti and the Hawaiian Islands. In Spain it has been introduced in the largest cities in the last ten years and is now quite commonly seen in Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia, as well as along the Spanish-Portuguese border.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Estrilda astrild - MHNT

The nest is a large ball of criss-crossed grass stems with a long downward-pointing entrance tube on one side. It is built in a cavity, usually low down amongst dense vegetation. A rudimentary second nest ("cock's nest") may be built on top where the male sleeps. Four to seven white eggs are laid. They are incubated for 11 to 13 days and the young birds fledge 17 to 21 days after hatching. Both parents take part in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. The timing of the breeding season varies in different parts of the world. Nests may be parasitized by the pin-tailed whydah which lays its eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. In captivity they will breed in an aviary and can raise four broods in a year.

Food and feeding

The diet consists mainly of grass and millet[10][11] seeds but insects are also eaten on occasions, especially during the breeding season when more protein is needed. Of these seeds, guinea grasses (Panicum maximum) are perhaps the most important dietary components for waxbills as they have seed heads available year-round.[10][11] Other important sources include crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis) and Echinochloa species.[10][11] The waxbills typically forage in flocks which may contain hundreds or even thousands of birds. They usually feed by clinging to the stems with their long, spindly claws and picking from the flower heads but they will also search for fallen seeds on the ground. They need to drink regularly as the seeds contain little water.

Picture gallery

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Estrilda astrild". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22719574A131995211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719574A131995211.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. pp. 173–174.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Edwards, George (1751). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part IV. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 179, Plate 179.
  5. ^ Sclater, William Lutley; Mackworth-Praed, Cyril (1918). "List of birds of the Anglo-Indian Sudan, based on the collections of Mr. A.L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). Part I. Corvidae - Fringillidae". Ibis. 10th series. 6: 416–476 [442. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1918.tb00791.x.
  6. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 345.
  7. ^ Swainson, William John (1827). "On several groups and forms in ornithology, not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 343–363 [349–350].
  8. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  9. ^ Soanes, Catherine & Stevenson, Angus (eds.) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  10. ^ a b c Boodoo, Aroura (2017). "Estrilda astrild (Common Waxbill)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies.
  11. ^ a b c Tarr, Lauren. "Estrilda astrild common waxbill". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.

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wikipedia EN

Common waxbill: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), also known as the St Helena waxbill, is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa but has been introduced to many other regions of the world and now has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It is popular and easy to keep in captivity.

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Estrilda astrild ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La estrilda común o pico de coral común (Estrilda astrild)[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Estrildidae propia nativa del África Subsahariana, pero ha sido introducida en muchas otras regiones del mundo como animal de compañía. Es fácil de mantener en cautividad. Los escapes producidos han desembocado en poblaciones de aves en zonas donde originariamente no estaba presente.

Galería de imágenes

Carácter invasor en España

Debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido catalogada en el Catálogo Español de Especies exóticas Invasoras, aprobado por Real Decreto 630/2013 de 2 de agosto,[3]​ estando prohibida en España su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Estrilda astrild». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de julio de 2013.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2010). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimoquinta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Ploceidae a Parulidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 57 (2): 449-456. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2018.
  3. Boletín oficial del estado

Bibliografía

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Estrilda astrild: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La estrilda común o pico de coral común (Estrilda astrild)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Estrildidae propia nativa del África Subsahariana, pero ha sido introducida en muchas otras regiones del mundo como animal de compañía. Es fácil de mantener en cautividad. Los escapes producidos han desembocado en poblaciones de aves en zonas donde originariamente no estaba presente.

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Mokogorri ( Basque )

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Mokogorria (Estrilda astrild) Estrilda generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Estrildidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Mokogorri: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Mokogorria (Estrilda astrild) Estrilda generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Estrildidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Vahanokka ( Finnish )

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Vahanokka (Estrilda astrild) on Afrikasta kotoisin oleva pienikokoinen loistopeippolaji. Sitä pidetään usein häkkilintuna sen laulun takia.[2] Ihmisen mukana se on levinnyt myös muille mantereille. Laji käyttää ravintonaan lähinnä siemeniä ja ruokailee pieninä parvina. Pesintäaikaan vahanokat rakentavat heinänkorsista pallomaisen pesän, johon naaras munii 3–9 munaa.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

 src=
Vahanokka.

Vahanokan pituus on 11–12 senttiä,[3] ja paino keskimäärin 8,9 grammaa. Siipiväli on 12–14 senttiä.[2] Höyhenpeite on harmaanruskea ja siinä on heikko poikkiraidoitus.[3] Naamari ja kartiomainen nokka ovat punaiset. Nokka näyttää siltä kuin se olisi kastettu punaiseen vahaan, mikä selittää lajin nimen alkuperän. Posket, kurkku ja vatsa ovat vaaleanharmaat.[2] Keskellä vatsaa on myös punainen täplä. Alaperä on musta tai tummanruskea.[3] Pyrstö on ohut ja melko lyhyt, siivet ovat pyöreät. Naaraat ovat koiraita vaaleampia, eikä niiden vatsassa ole yhtä paljoa punaista kuin koirailla. Nuoret vahanokat ovat aikuisia vaaleampia, ja niiden alavatsassa on vain niukasti punaista.[2] Lisäksi niiden nokka on ruskeanmusta, ei punainen.[3]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Vahanokan luontaista elinaluetta on Saharan eteläpuolinen Afrikka,[2] jossa sitä tavataan laajalti. Sen levinneisyys ulottuu Guineasta Etiopiaan ja sieltä Etelä-Afrikkaan. Eteläisessä Afrikassa vahanokka on yleisin Zimbabwessa, Mosambikissa ja Pohjois-Botswanassa. Namibiassa se on paikoittaisempi.[4] Vahanokkia on istutettu myös Amerikan mantereelle, Oseaniaan ja Välimeren alueelle.[2] Euroopassa sitä istutettu Pyreneiden niemimaalle, jossa se pesii paikoitellen, etenkin Portugalissa.[3] Nopea lisääntyminen ja hyvä kyky omaksua uusia ravinnonlähteitä ovat auttaneet vahanokkakantojen kotiutumisessa uuteen ympäristöön. Useimmat vierasperäiset kannat ovat peräisin karanneista häkkilinnuista, mutta joillain alueilla niitä on istutettu myös tarkoituksella.[2]

Vahanokka elää kosteilla ruohostomailla, savanneilla ja fynbosilla ja suosii veden läheisyyttä. Sitä esiintyy myös viljelyksiä reunustavan kostean kasvillisuuden joukossa ja suhteellisen kosteissa puistoissa.[2][4] Lajia tavataan merenpinnan tasolta aina 3 000 metrin korkeuteen saakka.[5] Vahanokat pesivät ruovikoissa, osmankäämiköissä ja muun jokivarsikasvillisuuden joukossa sekä pitkässä ruohikossa ja tiheässä pensaikossa.[3][2]

Elintavat

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Ruokailevia vahanokkia Ascensionin saarella.

Vahanokat ovat hyvin sosiaalisia lintuja. Päivisin ne ruokailevat ja liikkuvat 20–40 yksilön parvissa. Illalla ne kerääntyvät jopa isommiksi parviksi lepäämään. Pesintäaikana vahanokat elävät pareittain. Vahanokat sukivat usein toistensa höyheniä. Kommunikoinnissa ne käyttävät ruumiinkieltä ja ääntelyään.[2] Vahanokan laulu on pehmeä, kolmitavuinen, yksinkertainen säe, jossa kahta karkeaa ääntä seuraa nouseva, vähän rullaava ääni "tsre-tsre-srri".[3][2]

Vahanokilla on myös niin sanottu niiausliike, jolloin ne pitävät ruumistaan köyryssä, päätään hieman käännettynä ja laulavat samalla. Tämän esityksen aikana naaraat laulavat tasaisemmin kuin koiraat, jotka laulavat lyhyempinä virsinä. Tehdäkseen vaikutuksen naaraaseen koiras pöyhii myös höyheniään, osoittaa nokallaan ylös ja menee asentoon, jossa sen punainen alavatsa tulee selvästi näkyville. Kaikenlaisissa sosiaalisissa kohtaamisissaan vahanokat tekevät pyrstöllään myös voimakkaita sivuttaisliikkeitä. Vahanokat vahvistavat parisidettään sukimalla kumppanin höyhenpukua.[2] Laji on yksiavioinen. Laulu- ja soidinesitykset ovat tärkeässä roolissa paria muodostettaessa. Usein vahanokat aloittavat esityksen niiausliikkeillä ja laululla. Parin rakentaessa pesäänsä ne esittävät näytöksen, jossa ne pitävät kasvinvartta nokassaan. Esityksen aikana koiras laulaa epätasaisesti, naaraan pysyessä hiljaa. Parinmuodostuksen jälkeen vahanokkapari eroaa parvesta ja pesii erossa lajitovereistaan. Reviirien ollessa pieniä vahanokkaparit saattavat kuitenkin pesiä lähellä toisiaan.[2]

Koiraat saattavat kosiskella myös vieraita naaraita. Ne kosiskelevat niitä eri tavalla kuin omaa kumppaniaan. Tällöin koiras esittelee ruumistaan ja punaista vatsalaikkuaan naaraalle asettamalla toisen kyljen naarasta kohti, ojentamalla kaulansa ja pitämällä pään ylhäällä. Se myös pöyhii vatsan kylkien höyheniä pystyyn, kääntelee pyrstöään naarasta kohti ja laulaa kovalla äänellä. Useimmat naaraat torjuvat vieraan koiraan kosioyritykset ja lähtevät pois, mutta koiras yrittää paritella niiden naaraiden kanssa jotka jäävät paikalle.[2]

 src=
Vahanokan munia

Vahanokat lisääntyvät keskikesällä muilla alueilla paitsi Eteläisessä Afrikassa ja muilla talvisadealueilla, joilla pesintäaika on syys-tammikuussa. Vahanokat voivat kasvattaa useita poikueita vuodessa. Heinästä kudottu pesä on pallomainen, pyöreä ja siinä on kapea sisäänkäynti. Pesä sijaitsee tavallisesti maassa tai sen lähellä, piilossa samanlaisen heinikon joukossa, josta itse pesäkin on rakennettu.[2] Pesänrakennuksesta vastaa koiras. Naaras munii 3–9, tavallisesti 4–6 munaa, joita sekä koiras että naaras hautovat noin 11–12 päivää.[4] Poikaset tulevat lentokykyisiksi 17–21 päivän ikäisinä, emolintujen yhä ruokkiessa niitä. Sukukypsyyden vahanokka saavuttaa 6–12 kuukauden ikäisenä. Se elää luonnossa keskimäärin nelivuotiaaksi.[2]

Ravinto

Vahanokka syö enimmäkseen laidunmaiden ruohojen ja hirssin siemeniä. Ehkä tärkein yksittäinen ravintokasvi on Panicum maximum-heinä, josta vahanokat saavat ravintoa vuoden ympäri. Muita tärkeitä ravintosiemeniä tuottavia kasveja ovat Digitaria horizontalis-heinä ja Echinochloa-suvun hirssi.[2] Ne täydentävät ravintoaan myös hedelmillä ja hyönteisillä.[4] Ruokailuaika on yleensä varhaisaamulla tai myöhäisillalla. Ruokakasvin rakenteesta riippuen vahanokat joko istuvat röyhyllä poimiessaan siemeniä tai vetävät röyhyn maahan, jolloin ne pitävät toisella jalalla kasvin röyhyä ja toisella vakauttavat itseään maassa. Ruokaillessaan ne liikkuvat 2–20 linnun parvissa.[2]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Estrilda astrild IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 25.1.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lauren Tarr: ADW: Ceryle rudis: Information 2011. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 27.1.2012. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c d e f g Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström, Lars Svensson: Lintuopas – Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut, s. 220. Otava, 1999. ISBN 951-1-15727-2.
  4. a b c d Estrilda astrild (Common vaxbill) Biodiversity explorer. Viitattu 27.1.2012. (englanniksi)
  5. Terry Stevenson, John Fanshawe: Birds of East Africa, s. 552. A&C Black, 2004. ISBN 9780713673470. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 28.1.2012). (englanniksi)
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Vahanokka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Vahanokka (Estrilda astrild) on Afrikasta kotoisin oleva pienikokoinen loistopeippolaji. Sitä pidetään usein häkkilintuna sen laulun takia. Ihmisen mukana se on levinnyt myös muille mantereille. Laji käyttää ravintonaan lähinnä siemeniä ja ruokailee pieninä parvina. Pesintäaikaan vahanokat rakentavat heinänkorsista pallomaisen pesän, johon naaras munii 3–9 munaa.

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Astrild ondulé ( French )

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Estrilda astrild

L'Astrild ondulé (Estrilda astrild) est une espèce de passereau africain de petite taille appartenant à la famille des Estrildidae. C'est une espèce très populaire pour être élevée en cage.

Description

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Astrild ondulé (parc national Kruger)

L'Astrild ondulé ressemble à l'Astrild cendré. Il mesure environ 9,5 à 11,5 cm de longueur. Les parties supérieures, les ailes et la queue assez longue sont brunes. Une barre rouge vermillon s'étend de part et d'autre de chaque œil. Les joues et la gorge présentent une coloration blanc sale devenant plus sombre sur les flancs. Toutes les parties inférieures ainsi que les ailes et la queue sont finement barrées de brun. Une tache rose marque le ventre. Le bas ventre et les sous-caudales sont noirs chez le mâle et brunâtres chez la femelle. Le bec est rouge orangé, les pattes noires et les yeux bruns.

Les jeunes sont assez semblables mais dépourvus de rose. Leur bec est noir avec un bourrelet blanc aux commissures.

Comportement

L'Astrild ondulé se déplace souvent en troupes nombreuses.

Reproduction

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Œufs d'Astrild ondulé - Muséum de Toulouse

Cet oiseau se reproduit pendant la saison des pluies, lorsque les insectes sont assez nombreux pour nourrir la couvée.

Le nid est une grosse boule faite de tiges herbacées avec comme entrée un long tube situé sur le côté et pointant vers le bas. Il est construit dans une cavité, généralement très bas parmi la végétation dense. Un second nid rudimentaire peut être construit au-dessus du premier où dort le mâle. De quatre à sept œufs blancs sont pondus. Ils sont couvés pendant 11 à 13 jours et les oisillons quittent le nid 17 à 21 jours après l'éclosion. Les deux parents participent à l'incubation des œufs et à la nourriture des oisillons. Le calendrier de la saison de reproduction varie suivant les différentes parties du monde. Les nids peuvent être parasités par la Veuve dominicaine qui y pond ses œufs. En captivité, ils vont se reproduire en volière et peuvent avoir quatre couvées par an.

Régime

Une grande partie de l'année, l'Astrild ondulé se nourrit essentiellement de graines. À la saison des pluies, il se nourrit abondamment d'insectes.

Distribution

L'Astrild ondulé vit en Afrique subsaharienne. Il a été introduit dans de nombreuses îles tropicales, comme à l'île Maurice, où il est appelé bengali (il est bien établi dans les îles du Cap-Vert et à la Martinique), au sud et au centre de l'Espagne, ainsi qu'au Portugal et à la Réunion, en Polynésie Française et au Brésil. On le trouve aussi sur des iles du Pacifique tel que dans l'archipel d'Hawaii, aux États-Unis.

Habitat

Cet oiseau fréquente les champs et les prairies.

Notes et références

  1. Linnaeus, C. 1758: Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.542

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Astrild ondulé: Brief Summary ( French )

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Estrilda astrild

L'Astrild ondulé (Estrilda astrild) est une espèce de passereau africain de petite taille appartenant à la famille des Estrildidae. C'est une espèce très populaire pour être élevée en cage.

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Bico de coral común ( Galician )

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O bico de coral[1] común[2] ou estrilda común (Estrilda astrild) é un pequeno passeriforme pertencente á familia de Estrildidae. É orixinario da África Subsahariana pero foi introducido en moitas outras rexións do mundo como animal de compañía. É fácil de manter en catividade. Os escapes producidos desembocaron en poboacións de aves en zonas onde orixinariamente non estaba presente.

Galería de imaxes

Carácter invasor en España

Debido ao seu potencial colonizador e constituír unha ameaza grave para as especies autóctonas, os hábitats ou os ecosistemas, esta especie foi catalogada no catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras, aprobado por Real Decreto 630/2013 de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en España a súa introdución no medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico e comercio.[3]

Notas

  1. Conde Teira, M. A. (1999). "Nomes galegos para as aves ibéricas: lista completa e comentada" (PDF). Chioglossa (A Coruña) 1: 121–138. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 15 de marzo de 2016. Consultado o 28 de setembro de 2016.
  2. Penas Patiño, Xosé M.; Pedreira López, Carlos (setembro de 2004). Guía das aves de Galicia. Ilustrado por Calros Silvar (2ª ed.). A Coruña: Baía Edicións. ISBN 84-96128-69-5.
  3. Real Decreto 1628/2011, de 14 de noviembre, por el que se regula el listado y catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras BOE.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Heinrich L. Bregulla (1992) Birds of Vanuatu, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, England
  • Tony Clarke, Chris Orgill & Tony Dudley (2006) Field Guide to the Birds of the Atlantic Islands, Christopher Helm, Londres
  • Peter Clement, Alan Harris & John Davies (1993) Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide, Christopher Helm, London
  • Ian Sinclair & Peter Ryan (2003) Birds of Africa south of the Sahara, Struik, Cape Town
  • Adrian Skerrett, Ian Bullock & Tony Disley (2001), Birds of Seychelles, Christopher Helm, London
  • D. W. Snow & C. M. Perrins (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet
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Bico de coral común: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O bico de coral común ou estrilda común (Estrilda astrild) é un pequeno passeriforme pertencente á familia de Estrildidae. É orixinario da África Subsahariana pero foi introducido en moitas outras rexións do mundo como animal de compañía. É fácil de manter en catividade. Os escapes producidos desembocaron en poboacións de aves en zonas onde orixinariamente non estaba presente.

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Estrilda astrild ( Italian )

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L'astrilde di Sant'Elena (Estrilda astrild (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia degli Estrildidi[2].

Descrizione

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Un esemplare su una moneta sull'isola di Ascension dà un'idea delle dimensioni di questi uccelli.
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Un'astrilde di S. Elena: notare la banda facciale rossa e la zebratura sul corpo.

Dimensioni

Si tratta di uccelli di piccole dimensioni, che misurano 11–13 cm di lunghezza per un'apertura alare di 12–14 cm ed un peso che può raggiungere i 10 g.

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelletti dall'aspetto slanciato, con forte becco conico e appuntito, corte ali arrotondate e lunga coda rettangolare.
La livrea si presenta bruno-grigiastra, con una fitta zebratura zigzagante più scura particolarmente evidente su dorso, fianchi e ventre (dove in alcune sottospecie essa assume un colore rossiccio), mentre la gola ed il petto tendono a schiarirsi fino a divenire biancastri: la coda e le remiganti mancano di zebratura e sono invece del colore delle zebrature. Sulla testa è presente una caratteristica banda rossa che partendo dai lati del becco raggiunge la zona temporale dove si assottiglia, formando una mascherina sul volto dell'animale: rosso corallo è anche il becco, mentre gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro e le zampe di colore carnicino. I due sessi sono simili, sebbene le femmine tendono a non mostrare il viraggio della livrea verso il bruno nella zona ventrale: tale differenza presenta tuttavia notevole variabilità individuale e pertanto non è sempre un sicuro mezzo di distinzione dei sessi.

Biologia

 src=
Uno stormo su un posatoio a Caldas da Rainha, in Portogallo.

Si tratta di uccelli diurni e molto vivaci, che al di fuori della stagione riproduttiva sono molto socievoli e tendono a formare stormi che contano anche diverse centinaia d'individui, a volte anche in associazione con altre specie, sia congeneri (guanciarancio, astrilde testanera, astrilde pettocastano, astrilde groppone rosso) che affini (astri nani, bengalino ventre arancio, nonnette). Durante il giorno gli stormi si sparpagliano al suolo alla ricerca di cibo coprendo aree di circa un chilometro quadrato per ciascuno stormo, tenendosi in contatto fra loro tramite richiami ronzanti: sul far della sera, gli stormi si dirigono verso dormitori comuni, siti di preferenza fra gli alberi o i canneti, dove passano la notte per poi abbandonarli all'alba.

Alimentazione

 src=
Un'astrilde di S. Elena in voliera si nutre da una spiga di panico.

L'astrilde di Sant'Elena è un uccello prevalentemente granivoro, che predilige i piccoli semi delle graminacee (miglio, digitaria, panico, teff, miglio giapponese, barboncino) che grazie alle dimensioni contenute è in grado di prelevare direttamente dalle infiorescenze, stando appollaiato sullo stelo della pianta: vengono prediletti i semi ancora immaturi, ma questi uccelli non disdegnano di cercare al suolo i semi maturi caduti dalla pianta. Specialmente durante il periodo riproduttivo, inoltre, le astrildi di Sant'Elena integrano la propria dieta con piccoli insetti ed invertebrati, per far fronte all'aumentata richiesta proteica derivante dall'allevamento della prole.

Riproduzione

 src=
Due uova di astrilde di Sant'Elena.

La stagione riproduttiva di questi uccelli cade durante la stagione delle piogge, quando vi è maggiore disponibilità di cibo. Durante questo periodo le coppie si separano dagli stormi, ai quali faranno ritorno una volta riprodottesi.

Il maschio corteggia la femmina alla maniera degli estrildidi, saltellandole attorno con una pagliuzza o un filo d'erba nel becco ed emettendo al contempo un canto semplice e calante nella fase finale: essa si dimostra ricettiva accovacciandosi e spostando lateralmente la coda, invitando in tal modo il maschio all'accoppiamento.

 src=
Un giovane: notare le verruche azzurre ai lati del becco.
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Tre giovani dopo l'involo: notare il becco ancora nero.

Il nido consiste in una formazione globosa che viene costruita da ambedue i partner intrecciando steli d'erba e fibre vegetali e viene ubicata di preferenza nei pressi del suolo, nel folto di un cespuglio o fra l'erba alta: spesso al di sopra del nido viene costruita una seconda struttura grossolana a forma di coppa, nella quale talvolta staziona il maschio e che forse ha la funzione di sviare eventuali predatori.
All'interno del nido la femmina depone da 4 a 7 uova di colore bianco, che vengono covate da entrambi i genitori (che durante il giorno si alternano alla cova, mentre durante la notte riposano assieme all'interno del nido) per 11-14 giorni, al termine dei quali schiudono pulli ciechi ed implumi, muniti di verruche azzurrognole ai lati del becco che servono ai genitori ad individuare le loro bocche nella penombra del nido. I nidiacei vengono accuditi da ambedue i genitori per circa tre settimane, quando sono pronti all'involo: essi tendono tuttavia a rimanere nei pressi del nido per almeno altre tre settimane, chiedendo sempre più sporadicamente l'imbeccata ai genitori, che genericamente si accingono a portare avanti una nuova covata. Una coppia, in condizioni favorevoli, è in grado di portare avanti anche quattro covate l'anno.

L'astrilde di Sant'Elena è soggetta a parassitismo di cova da parte della vedova domenicana e della vedova variabile.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Un esemplare alle Canarie, dove la specie è stata introdotta.
 src=
Coppia a Capão do Leão nel Rio Grande do Sul, dove questi uccelli sono naturalizzati da tempo.

L'astrilde di Sant'Elena, a dispetto del nome, è distribuita in un ampio areale che comprende la stragrande maggioranza dell'Africa subsahariana a sud della Sierra Leone, ad eccezione delle foreste pluviali dell'Africa centrale, dei deserti della Namibia settentrionale e della porzione orientale del Corno d'Africa: questi uccelli sono inoltre stati introdotti, volontariamente od accidentalmente, in numerose aree, in molte delle quali le popolazioni presenti appaiono in crescita. Fra queste aree, figurano la penisola iberica (dove i primi esemplari in natura sono apparsi nel 1994 e attualmente si stimano fra i 20000 ed i 200000 individui), le Canarie (Gran Canaria e Tenerife), Madeira, le Azzorre, Capo Verde (dove nel 1865 naufragò una nave carica di questi uccelli proveniente dall'Angola e diretta verso i mercati europei), São Tomé e Príncipe (dove era già presente una sottospecie autoctona), Sant'Elena (dalla quale la specie prende il suo nome comune), l'isola di Ascensione, l'isola Amsterdam, le Mascarene, le Seychelles, la Nuova Caledonia, Éfaté nelle Vanuatu, Tahiti, le Hawaii, Trinidad, le Bermuda ed ampie parti del Brasile.

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalle aree di prateria e savana aperte, anche con presenza di cespugli o aree boscose, purché vi siano radure piuttosto estese: specialmente nelle aree più secche del proprio areale l'astrilde di Sant'Elena si trova associata a fonti d'acqua permanenti, ad esempio nei canneti. Questo uccello si spinge inoltre anche nelle aree abitate, colonizzando le coltivazioni, i giardini ed i parchi cittadini.

Tassonomia

Se ne riconoscono 17 sottospecie[2]:

Le varie sottospecie differiscono fra loro per taglia e colorazione del piumaggio, tuttavia spesso tali differenze sono minime ed il loro status tassonomico è frequentemente motivo di dibattito fra gli studiosi.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Estrilda astrild, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Estrildidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 10 maggio 2014.

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Estrilda astrild: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'astrilde di Sant'Elena (Estrilda astrild (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia degli Estrildidi.

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Sint-Helenafazantje ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

Het Sint-Helenafazantje (Estrilda astrild) is een tropisch vogeltje uit de familie van de prachtvinken (Estrildidae), oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit Afrika.

Kenmerken

De totale lengte van kop tot staartpunt van de vogel is 9·5 tot 13 cm; de vogel weegt 6 tot 11 g.[2] Het is een grijsachtige, met heel veel dwarse, donkere golflijntjes getekende vogel. De onderzijde is wat lichter, de borst is ietwat roze, dat onder de buik rood wordt. De snavel en de oogstreep zijn rood en de staart is bruin met zwart. De geslachten zijn nauwelijks van elkaar te onderscheiden, alleen door het baltsen is het mannetje te herkennen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De vogel komt voor in een groot deel van Sub-Saharisch Afrika en de omliggende eilanden. Daarnaast komt de vogel voor in de vorm van verwilderde populaties die zijn ontstaan door ontsnapping uit gevangenschap. Zo komt het Sint-Helenafazantje voor op de Bermuda, Brazilië, Kaapverdië, Frans Polynesië, Hawaï, Martinique, Mauritius (land), Nieuw-Caledonië (eiland), Puerto Rico, Réunion, Sint Helena (eiland), Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, Seychellen, Trinidad en Tobago, Uruguay en Vanuatu.[1]

De soort telt 17 ondersoorten:

  • E. a. kempi: Guinee, Sierra Leone en Liberia.
  • E. a. occidentalis: van zuidelijk Mali en Ivoorkust tot noordelijk Congo-Kinshasa, Bioko.
  • E. a. sousae: Sao Tomé.
  • E. a. peasei: Ethiopië.
  • E. a. macmillani: Soedan.
  • E. a. adesma: van oostelijk Congo-Kinshasa, Oeganda, westelijk Kenia tot noordwestelijk Tanzania.
  • E. a. massaica: van centraal Kenia tot noordelijk Tanzania.
  • E. a. minor: zuidelijk Somalië, oostelijk Kenia, noordoostelijk Tanzania en Zanzibar.
  • E. a. cavendishi: van zuidoostelijk Congo-Kinshasa en zuidelijk Tanzania tot Zimbabwe en Mozambique.
  • E. a. schoutedeni: het zuidelijke deel van Centraal-Congo-Kinshasa.
  • E. a. niediecki: van centraal Angola tot westelijk Zimbabwe.
  • E. a. angolensis: inlands westelijk Angola.
  • E. a. jagoensis: de westkust van Angola.
  • E. a. rubriventris: van Gabon tot noordwestelijk Angola.
  • E. a. damarensis: Namibië.
  • E. a. astrild: zuidelijk Botswana en westelijk en zuidelijk Zuid-Afrika.
  • E. a. tenebridorsa: noordelijk en oostelijk Zuid-Afrika.

In 1815 werd door de garnizoensoldaten die Napoleon moesten bewaken op het eiland Sint-Helena de vogel daar ingevoerd, waarna het daar een talrijke vogel werd. Hieraan ontleent de vogel zijn Nederlandse naam. De vogel kwam daar dus niet oorspronkelijk voor.[3]

Het leefgebied bestaat uit terreintjes met grote grassoorten (zoals riet, bies en zegge) die voorkomen in moerassen en langs meren en rivieren, in berggebieden, verlaten akkers en weidegronden en ook in stadstuinen.[2]

Voorkomen in Europa

In Zuid-Spanje en Zuid-Portugal komen ook verwilderde populaties voor die standvogel zijn in gebieden met riet en lisdodden.[4]

Status

De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat. Om deze redenen staat het Sint-Helenafazantje als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Voortplanting

De broedduur bedraagt 11 tot 12 dagen. Na ongeveer 14 dagen kunnen de jongen reeds vliegen.

Verzorging als volièrevogel

Deze vogels zijn vrij makkelijk te houden in een gemengde buitenvolière mits deze ruim genoeg is met een vrij dichte beplanting waarin ze zich kunnen verschuilen. In de winter moeten ze de beschikking hebben over een vorst- en tochtvrij nachtverblijf.

Ze moeten gevoederd worden met een zaadmengsel voor kleine tropische vogels, trosgierst en diverse soorten kleine insecten. Tijdens de kweekperiode is ook wat eivoer noodzakelijk. Water, scherp maagkiezel en grit moeten natuurlijk altijd ter beschikking staan. Ook badderen ze graag, dus het water moet regelmatig verschoond worden.

Voetnoten

  1. a b c (en) Sint-Helenafazantje op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b Handbook of the Birds of the World deel 15, 2010.
  3. (en) Lever, C., 1987. Naturalized birds of the world. Longman. ISBN 0582460557.
  4. Svensson, L. et al., 2010. ANWB Vogelgids van Europa, Tirion, Baarn. ISBN 978 90 18 03080 3

Externe link

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Sint-Helenafazantje: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het Sint-Helenafazantje (Estrilda astrild) is een tropisch vogeltje uit de familie van de prachtvinken (Estrildidae), oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit Afrika.

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Vatreastrild ( Norwegian )

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Estrilda astrild

Vatreastrild – tidligere: vatret astrild – (vitenskapelig navn Estrilda astrild) er en fugl som tilhører undergruppa astrilder (Estrildinae) i Veverfamilien (Ploceidae). Den er vidt utbredt i Afrika og omliggende øyer (se nedenfor). Den er en populær burfugl, og lever fritt flere steder i verden hvor den er introdusert. .

Beskrivelse

En liten fugl, 11-13 cm lang, vingespenn 12- 14 cm og vekt 7- 10 g. Den har smal kropp, korte, runde vinger og forholdsvis lang avrundet hale. Nebbet og øyestripe er skinnende røde, ellers er den for det meste gråbrun med fine mørkebrune tverrstriper. Kinn og strupe er uklart hvite, undersiden gjerne rødlig. Overgump, undergump og hale er mørke. Hunnen likner hannen, men er svakere farget og mangler rødt på undersiden. Ungfuglene har svart nebb, men likner ellers hunnen.

Lydene består av kvitring og summing. Sangen er en enkel, hes og nasal strofe, som går ned på slutten

Utbredelse og habitat

Naturlig forekomst

Det fins ca. 17 underarter fordelt på størsteparten av Afrika sør for Sahara. Unntatt de tørreste områdene og de tetteste skogområdene. De trives best i åpent terreng med spredte trær og busker, i bredder av elver og sjøer med takrør og i hager,parker og jordbruksområder. De kan være tamme og kan komme inn i hager, parker og på åkrer. I enkelte områder er de svært tallrike og utenfor hekketiden sees de gjerne i flokker på hundrevis, ofte tusener.

Arten finnes opprinnelig i: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Kamerun, Den sentralafrikanske republikk, Republikken Kongo, Den demokratiske republikken Kongo, Elfenbenskysten, Ekvatorial-Guinea, Etiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mosambik, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé og Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sør-Afrika, Sør-Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia og Zimbabwe.[1]

Spredning på grunn av menneskelig aktivitet

Som populære burfugler er de blitt introdusert over store deler av verden, og har etablert seg i frihet i subtropiske områder der tilgangen på gressfrø og lignende er tilstrekkelig: Først og fremst en rekke øyer utenfor Afrika: St. Helena, Ascension, the Kapp Verde-øyene , São Tomé og Príncipe, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Seychellene og Île Amsterdam. I mindre antall på de atlantiske øyene Madeira, Gran Canaria, Tenerife og Azorene. I Amerika fins de på Trinidad, Bermuda og enkelte steder i Brasil. I Europa har den i senere tid spredd seg til Portugal og Spania, hvor den er blitt ganske vanlig i de større byene Madrid, Barcelona og Valencia. Det er små populasjoner på stillehavsøyene Ny-Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tahiti og Hawaii.

Underarter

Det er beskrevet 15 underarter av vatreastrild[2]:

  • Estrilda astrild kempi (Bates, 1930)
  • Estrilda astrild occidentalis (Jardine & Fraser, 1851)
  • Estrilda astrild rubriventris (Vieillot, 1823)
  • Estrilda astrild jagoensis (Alexander, 1898)
  • Estrilda astrild angolensis (Reichenow, 1902)
  • Estrilda astrild niediecki (Reichenow, 1916)
  • Estrilda astrild damarensis (Reichenow, 1902)
  • Estrilda astrild peasei (Shelley, 1903)
  • Estrilda astrild macmillani (Ogilvie-Grant, 1907)
  • Estrilda astrild adesma (Reichenow, 1916)
  • Estrilda astrild minor (Cabanis, 1878)
  • Estrilda astrild massaica (Neumann, 1907)
  • Estrilda astrild cavendishi (Sharpe, 1900)
  • Estrilda astrild astrild (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Estrilda astrild tenebridorsa (Clancey, 1957)

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

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Vatreastrild: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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 src= Estrilda astrild

Vatreastrild – tidligere: vatret astrild – (vitenskapelig navn Estrilda astrild) er en fugl som tilhører undergruppa astrilder (Estrildinae) i Veverfamilien (Ploceidae). Den er vidt utbredt i Afrika og omliggende øyer (se nedenfor). Den er en populær burfugl, og lever fritt flere steder i verden hvor den er introdusert. .

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Astryld falisty ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Astryld falisty, helenka[4] (Estrilda astrild) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny astryldowatych (Estrildidae). Występuje w południowej Afryce, na wyspie Mauritius i Wyspie Świętej Heleny. Jest mniejszy od wróbla.

Systematyka

Wyróżniono kilkanaście podgatunków[5][6]:

  • E. astrild kempiGwinea, Sierra Leone i Liberia.
  • E. astrild occidentalis – południowe Mali i Wybrzeże Kości Słoniowej do północnej Demokratycznej Republiki Konga oraz Bioko.
  • E. astrild sousaeSão Tomé
  • E. astrild peaseiEtiopia.
  • E. astrild macmillaniSudan.
  • E. astrild adesma – wschodnia Demokratyczna Republika Konga, Uganda, zachodnia Kenia do północno-zachodniej Tanzanii.
  • E. astrild massaica – środkowa Kenia do północnej Tanzanii.
  • E. astrild minor – południowa Somalia, wschodnia Kenia, północno-wschodnia Tanzania i Zanzibar.
  • E. astrild cavendishi – południowo-wschodnia Demokratyczna Republika Konga i południowa Tanzania do Zimbabwe i Mozambiku.
  • E. astrild schoutedeni – południowo-środkowa Demokratyczna Republika Konga.
  • E. astrild niediecki – środkowa Angola do zachodniego Zimbabwe.
  • E. astrild angolensis – wewnętrzna część zachodniej Angoli.
  • E. astrild jagoensis – wybrzeża zachodniej Angoli.
  • E. astrild rubriventrisGabon do północno-zachodniej Angoli.
  • E. astrild damarensisNamibia
  • astryld falisty (E. astrild astrild) – południowa Botswana oraz zachodnie i południowe RPA.
  • E. astrild tenebridorsa – północne i wschodnie RPA.

Morfologia

Cechy gatunku
Obie płci mają czerwoną przepaskę na oczach i czerwony dziób. Gardło jest białe, głowa szara. Grzbiet i skrzydła są szare w ciemnoszare prążki, brzuch jest jaśniejszy (również w prążki). Ogon jest ciemnoszarobrązowy. Na brzuchu jest różowa plama. Brak wyraźnego dymorfizmu płciowego, ale twierdzi się, że samice są mniej kontrastowe. Młode astryldy faliste są brązowo-szare z niewyraźnie zaznaczonym prążkowaniem. Nie mają różowej plamy na brzuchu i czerwonej przepaski na głowie.
Wymiary
  • długość ciała: 11-13 cm
  • rozpiętość skrzydeł: 12-14 cm
  • masa ciała: 7-10 g

Tryb życia

 src=
Jaja astrylda falistego
Biotop
Rozległe mokradła, brzegi rzek oraz strumieni porośniętych wysoką trawą i krzewami.
Pożywienie
Małe nasiona traw i zielone części roślin, były też obserwowane jak łowią w locie termity.
Zachowanie
Poza okresem rozrodczym żyją w stadach do 100 ptaków. Lubią przebywać w zaroślach trzcinowych.
Lęgi
Samiec tokuje trzymając w dziobie listek lub źdźbło trawy, podskakuje na gałązce krzewu, na której siedzi i śpiewa. Gniazdo najczęściej jest budowane na ziemi wśród kęp wysokich traw albo pod gęstym krzewem. Rzadziej w gęstym krzewie do dwóch metrów nad podłożem. Wtedy otwór wejściowy jest umieszczony w dolnej części gniazda i zakończony czymś w rodzaju tunelu w kształcie wiszącej rurki. Gniazda, które są umieszczone na ziemi mają otwór wejściowy z boku. Na ziemi często są budowane 2 gniazda, obok siebie lub na sobie. Dwa gniazda najprawdopodobniej mają zmylić drapieżnika, bo otwór wejściowy do gniazda, w którym są jaja jest mało widoczny i zasłonięty, np patyczkami, listkami. Samica znosi 4-6 jaj i wysiaduje je przez 11 dni na zmianę z samcem, samica w nocy. Pisklęta wykluwają się z żółtą skórą, pokrytą jasnoszarym puchem. W kąciku dzioba są niebiesko-białe brodawki. Po 3 tygodniach opuszczają gniazdo i jeszcze przez 2 tygodnie są dokarmiane przez rodziców.

Status i ochrona

W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii LC (najmniejszej troski)[3]. Astryldy faliste żyją również na swobodzie w Europie. Ptaki, którym udało się uciec z portugalskich hodowli, całkiem dobrze zaaklimatyzowały się w okolicach Óbidos. Regularnie przystępują tam do lęgów i jest ich tam sporo.

Przypisy

  1. Estrilda astrild, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Common Waxbill (Estrilda astrild) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2015-12-09].
  3. a b Estrilda astrild. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Peter H. Barthel, Paschalis Dougalis: Jaki to ptak?. Warszawa: Multico, 2009, s. 160. ISBN 978-83-7073-688-0.
  5. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Estrildidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2015-12-09].
  6. Nazwy polskie za: Paweł Mielczarek, Marek Kuziemko: Estrildidae Bonaparte, 1850 - astryldowate - Waxbills, Munias and allies. W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2015-12-09].

Bibliografia

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Astryld falisty: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Astryld falisty, helenka (Estrilda astrild) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny astryldowatych (Estrildidae). Występuje w południowej Afryce, na wyspie Mauritius i Wyspie Świętej Heleny. Jest mniejszy od wróbla.

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Bico-de-lacre-comum ( Portuguese )

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O bico-de-lacre-comum[2] (nome científico: Estrilda astrild), também conhecido como bico-de-lacre-de-santa-helena, é uma pequena ave, pertencente à família Estrildidae.[3] É nativo da África subsaariana, mas com extensão de ocupação estimada de 10.000.000 km².[4]

Introdução em Portugal

Esta espécie foi introduzida em Portugal, na década de 1970, e existe actualmente em grande quantidade. O primeiro foco de dispersão ocorreu já em 1968, quando a espécie foi inserida na lagoa de Óbidos.[5]

Presentemente, é uma espécie popular e de fácil adaptação em cativeiro.

Introdução no Brasil

Foi introduzida no Brasil pelos marinheiros dos navios mercantes portugueses da rota da Índia que atravessavam o Atlântico. Soltas, essas aves proliferaram abundantemente e hoje são encontradas em bandos nos capinzais do Sul, Sudeste, Norte, no Nordeste (nos meses de abril e maio) em maior quantidade, e no Centro-Oeste brasileiros.

Características

Morfofisiologia

É um pássaro pequeno que mede cerca de 11 a 13 centímetros de comprimento e 12 a 14 centímetros de envergadura. Tem um peso de 7 a 10 gramas. Apresenta uma cor acastanhada mais escura no dorso e é mais acinzentado na região do peito. Tem o bico vermelho-vivo e uma risca vermelha à volta dos olhos e no peito. Os machos e fêmeas são idênticos, mas os machos têm uma cor mais vermelha no peito, diferenciando-se pela cor preta na base inferior da cauda, que na fêmea é de tom acastanhado.

Comportamento

O bico-de-lacre convive com pássaros de outras espécies do mesmo porte. Podem ser encontrados em bandos. É uma ave calma e colonial.

Alimentação

Estrilda astrild,

São aves granívoras[5]. Têm uma alimentação variada, embora deva haver maior abundância de painço ou outros grãos quejandos. Não apreciam insectos, embora se alimentem de alguns ocasionalmente[5], em especial na época de reprodução, quando precisam de mais proteínas.

Reprodução

 src=
Estrilda astrild MHNT

O casal constrói o ninho, oval ou esférico, geralmente com capim gordura, mas também com penas e algodões. A postura normal é de 3 a 5 ovos durante o ano, excluindo os meses mais frios. Os ovos são incubados em onze a treze dias, pelo casal. Os filhotes têm desenvolvimento lento, se comparados a outras espécies: permanecem no ninho cerca de vinte e um dias e somente em três semanas se alimentam sozinhos. Os jovens têm uma plumagem incompleta e o bico preto. Algumas semanas depois o bico vai ficando vermelho começando da região das penas perto dos olhos até a a ponta do bico.

Distribuição, conservação e habitat

O habitat desta espécies de pássaros é variado, podendo ir de paisagens abertas, campos, até áreas urbanas.

A introdução em Portugal obteve sucesso, sendo que existem povoações expressivas desta ave tanto a Norte como a Sul do país, mormente nas zonas costeiras, destacando-se mais concretamente as povoações dos estuários do Cávado, do Lima, do Tejo e do Sado; as das lagoas de Óbidos, de Quiaios, da Ervedeira, da Urgeiriça, de Albufeira e das Dunas Douradas e, ainda, as dos pauis do Boquilobo, da Barroca e de Lagos.[5]

Não há registro de extinção da espécie, cuja expansão se dá, também, pelo facto de ser introduzida.

Interessante notar, no Brasil, a íntima relação dessa ave com um capim africano, também introduzido, o chamado "capim gordura", "Melinis minutiflora" que serve de alimentação e também para a elaboração dos ninhos.

Fotos

Referências

  1. BirdLife International (2018). «Estrilda astrild». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719574A131995211.en. Consultado em 25 de dezembro de 2021
  2. Infopédia. «bico-de-lacre | Definição ou significado de bico-de-lacre no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 22 de junho de 2021
  3. Frank Gill & David Donsker (Eds) (8 de janeiro de 2017). «Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors & pipits» (em inglês). Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2017 !CS1 manut: Usa parâmetro autores (link)
  4. BirdLife International (2004). Estrilda astrild (em inglês). IUCN 2006. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2006 . Página visitada em 06.11.2007.
  5. a b c d «Bico-de-lacre (Estrilda astrild)». www.avesdeportugal.info. Consultado em 22 de junho de 2021

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Bico-de-lacre-comum: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O bico-de-lacre-comum (nome científico: Estrilda astrild), também conhecido como bico-de-lacre-de-santa-helena, é uma pequena ave, pertencente à família Estrildidae. É nativo da África subsaariana, mas com extensão de ocupação estimada de 10.000.000 km².

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Helenaastrild ( Swedish )

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Estrilda astrild

Helenaastrild[2] (Estrilda astrild) är en ursprungligen afrikansk tätting i familjen astrilder som också förvildats i olika delar av världen.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Utseende och levnadssätt

Helenaastrilden är en liten (11-12 centimeter), gråbrun tvärvattrad finkartad fågel med karakteristisk röd ögonmask, röd bukfläck och svart undergump. Även näbben är röd, hos ungfågeln brunsvart. Sången är en trestavig ramsa: "tjre-tjre-srii". Arten häckar i fuktiga gräsmiljöer som säv, bladvass, plymspirea och kaveldun.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Helenaastrild förekommer i Afrika söder om Sahara och delas in i hela 15 underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Arten har även med människans hjälp etablerat populationer världen runt, främst på öar (Azorerna, Kanarieöarna, Kap Verdeöarna, Madeira, Bermuda, Trinidad och Tobago, La Réunion, Mauritius, Seychellerna, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Nya Kaledonien, Franska Polynesien, Vanuatu, Hawaiiöarna) men även i Sydamerika (Brasilien och Uruguay) och i Europa (Spanien och Portugal).[1][5]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling och tros inte vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats men den beskrivs som vida spridd och vanlig.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Birdlife International 2012 Estrilda astrild Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Svensson, Lars; Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström (2009). Fågelguiden: Europas och Medelhavsområdets fåglar i fält (andra upplagan). Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta. sid. 292. ISBN 978-91-7424-039-9
  5. ^ Mitchell, Dominic (2017). Birds of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East : An Annotated Checklist. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. sid. 214. ISBN 978-84-941892-9-6

Externa länkar

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Helenaastrild: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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 src= Estrilda astrild

Helenaastrild (Estrilda astrild) är en ursprungligen afrikansk tätting i familjen astrilder som också förvildats i olika delar av världen. IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.

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Estrilda astrild ( Vietnamese )

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Estrilda astrild

Estrilda astrild là một loài chim trong họ Estrildidae.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Estrilda astrild. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Estrilda astrild: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Estrilda astrild là một loài chim trong họ Estrildidae.

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Волнистый астрильд ( Russian )

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Стайка волнистых астрильдов

Волнистый астрильд[1] (лат. Estrilda astrild) — птица семейства вьюрковых ткачиков отряда воробьинобразных.

Описание

Длина волнистых астрильдов от 10,5 до 12,5 см. Верхняя сторона туловища коричневая, крылья более тёмные, возле глаз проходит красная полоса; горло, зоб, передняя часть шеи и грудь белые, брюшко розоватое, по телу волнистый рисунок. Клюв ярко-красный, у молодых птиц чёрный, но через 5—6 недель после вылета из гнезда он приобретает соответствующую окраску.

Распространение

Волнистый астрильд обитает в тропической и Южной Африке, а также на островах Зелёного мыса, Мадагаскар, Святой Елены.

Местообитание

Волнистые астрильды обитают на берегах болот, рек и ручьёв, заросших высокой травой, тростником и кустарником, также они живут на травянистых лугах.

Питание

Волнистые астрильды едят семена и беспозвоночных.

 src=
Яйца волнистого астрильда в натуральную величину

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 441. — 10 000 экз.
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Волнистый астрильд: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Стайка волнистых астрильдов

Волнистый астрильд (лат. Estrilda astrild) — птица семейства вьюрковых ткачиков отряда воробьинобразных.

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橫斑梅花雀 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Estrilda astrild
Linnaeus, 1758
 src=
Estrilda astrild

橫斑梅花雀学名Estrilda astrild)为梅花雀科梅花雀屬下的一个种。分布于津巴布韦加蓬毛里求斯(引进种)、埃塞俄比亚南非塞舌尔(引进种)、坦桑尼亚赞比亚尼日尔特立尼达和多巴哥(引进种)、马里科特迪瓦安哥拉新喀里多尼亚(引进种)、赤道几内亚乌拉圭(引进种)、斯威士兰尼日利亚百慕大(引进种)、卢旺达喀麦隆马提尼克(引进种)、纳米比亚圣赫勒拿(引进种)、加纳中非共和国巴西(引进种)、利比里亚瓦努阿图(引进种)、圣多美和普林西比索马里佛得角(引进种)、法属波利尼西亚布隆迪刚果民主共和国博茨瓦纳刚果美国(引进种)、几内亚乌干达葡萄牙(引进种)、肯尼亚马拉维塞拉利昂波多黎各(引进种)、苏丹留尼汪(引进种)、莱索托莫桑比克。全球活动范围约为5,860,000平方千米。该物种的保护状况被评为无危

橫斑梅花雀的平均体重约为7.1克。栖息地包括乡村花园、耕地、湿地、种植园、亚热带或热带的(低地)干草原和干燥的稀树草原

参考文献

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:橫斑梅花雀

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  1. ^ Estrilda astrild. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012 [26 November 2013].
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橫斑梅花雀: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= Estrilda astrild

橫斑梅花雀(学名:Estrilda astrild)为梅花雀科梅花雀屬下的一个种。分布于津巴布韦加蓬毛里求斯(引进种)、埃塞俄比亚南非塞舌尔(引进种)、坦桑尼亚赞比亚尼日尔特立尼达和多巴哥(引进种)、马里科特迪瓦安哥拉新喀里多尼亚(引进种)、赤道几内亚乌拉圭(引进种)、斯威士兰尼日利亚百慕大(引进种)、卢旺达喀麦隆马提尼克(引进种)、纳米比亚圣赫勒拿(引进种)、加纳中非共和国巴西(引进种)、利比里亚瓦努阿图(引进种)、圣多美和普林西比索马里佛得角(引进种)、法属波利尼西亚布隆迪刚果民主共和国博茨瓦纳刚果美国(引进种)、几内亚乌干达葡萄牙(引进种)、肯尼亚马拉维塞拉利昂波多黎各(引进种)、苏丹留尼汪(引进种)、莱索托莫桑比克。全球活动范围约为5,860,000平方千米。该物种的保护状况被评为无危

橫斑梅花雀的平均体重约为7.1克。栖息地包括乡村花园、耕地、湿地、种植园、亚热带或热带的(低地)干草原和干燥的稀树草原

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