dcsimg

Biology

provided by Arkive
The Westland petrel is one of the largest burrowing petrels, and one of the few petrel species that still breed on the New Zealand mainland, probably as their larger size makes them less vulnerable to mainland predators than smaller petrel species (5) (6). They build large, cavernous burrows in colonies, up to 2 m long, close to steep slopes, cliff edges or trees from where they can take off (7). In May (8), one egg is laid in the burrow and incubated for 57 to 65 days (2). Chicks fledge after 120 to 140 days and then head out to the open ocean, not returning to the colony for five years, and not breeding themselves until, on average, the age of ten (2) (6) (8). When not breeding, they forage out over the ocean, feeding on cephalopods, fish and crustaceans (2). Westland petrels feed primarily by day (8). They most frequently feed by sitting on the water and seizing prey with their bill, but they can also dive well, propelling themselves with their powerful wings (2). Westland petrels are also eager scavengers; they are frequently found following fishing vessels, where they feed on fisheries waste which forms a substantial part of its diet (2) (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Conservation

provided by Arkive
The Westland petrel is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species, and is subsequently part of the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP). ACAP aims to stop or reverse population declines in 28 species from the southern hemisphere, by coordinating action between range states to mitigate known threats to albatross and petrel populations. An action plan has been drawn up which describes a number of conservation measures to be implemented including research and monitoring, reducing fisheries-related mortality, eradicating non-native species at breeding sites, and reducing habitat loss, disturbances and pollution (9). The breeding site at Punakaiki lies within the Paparoa National Park, which offers the Westland petrel a degree of protection, and the behaviour, breeding biology and social organisation of this population has been studied since 1969 (4). Predators on the South Island are also actively controlled every year by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (8). However, further measures to protect this rare bird have been recommended, such as constructing fences around the breeding colony to exclude mammals (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Description

provided by Arkive
This large, marine bird is extremely similar in appearance to the white-chinned petrel; both are bulky, almost entirely black, with black legs and feet, and a pale ivory-yellow bill, which is whiter in juveniles. However, the bill of the Westland petrel has a black tip. There are no noticeable differences between the male and the female (2) (4). When at its breeding colony the Westland petrel can be heard making staccato, wheezy, moaning calls (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Habitat

provided by Arkive
As a marine bird, it is generally found over the ocean, except when breeding, when it nests in densely forested hills, at elevations between 20 and 250 m (2) (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Range

provided by Arkive
The Westland petrel breeds only in New Zealand, at Punakaiki on the South Island. When not breeding, it can be found in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, and in waters off South America (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Status

provided by Arkive
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1) and listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) (3).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Threats

provided by Arkive
Like many other New Zealand birds the Westland petrel is threatened by introduced mammals, which prey on eggs, chicks and adults, and trample burrows. The main threats ashore are cats (which prey on chicks near fledging) and stray dogs (which may dig adults from burrows) (8). Mining, agriculture and timber milling activities have cleared areas of forest, reducing the amount of available breeding habitat, and disturbing the petrels already breeding. Street-lights in conjunction with electricity lines along the adjacent highway regularly kill small numbers of departing fledglings and adults (8). At sea, the primary threat to the Westland petrel, like other petrels and albatrosses, is the activities of the fishing industry. Some are drowned by tuna longline fishing boats in New Zealand and by longliners in South American waters. Tuna longlining is a fishing method that can involve a single line up to 130 km long, with thousands of baited hooks attached to it, set from behind a boat. Petrels, scavenging in the ocean, try to eat the bait from the line as it is set behind the boat, but instead swallow the hooks and are dragged under and drowned (2) (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by IABIN
Chile Central
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
author
Pablo Gutierrez
partner site
IABIN

Baldriga de Westland ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

La baldriga de Westland (Procellaria westlandica) és un ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics, que cria l'illa del Sud de Nova Zelanda i es dispersa pel mar cap a l'est fins a la Terra del Foc i cap a l'oest fins a Tasmània.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Baldriga de Westland Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Baldriga de Westland: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

La baldriga de Westland (Procellaria westlandica) és un ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics, que cria l'illa del Sud de Nova Zelanda i es dispersa pel mar cap a l'est fins a la Terra del Foc i cap a l'oest fins a Tasmània.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Pedryn Westland ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pedryn Westland (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pedrynnod Westland) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Procellaria westlandica; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Westland petrel. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae) sydd yn urdd y Procellariformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. westlandica, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America ac Awstralia.

Teulu

Mae'r pedryn Westland yn perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Pedryn Cynffon-fforchog Oceanodroma leucorhoa Pedryn drycin Hydrobates pelagicus
Hydrobates pelagicus.jpg
Pedryn drycin cynffonfforchog Oceanodroma furcata
Oceanodroma furcata 1.jpg
Pedryn drycin du Oceanodroma melania
BlackStormPetrels.JPG
Pedryn drycin gyddfwyn Nesofregetta fuliginosa Pedryn drycin Madeira Oceanodroma castro
Band rumped storm petrel Andre Raine KESRP (21789178016).jpg
Pedryn drycin Matsudaira Oceanodroma matsudairae
012016-IMG 5713 Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma matsudairae) (8005427860).jpg
Pedryn drycin torchog Oceanodroma hornbyi
Hornby storm petrel1a.jpg
Pedryn drycin Tristram Oceanodroma tristrami
Tristams storm petrel.JPG
Pedryn drycin tywyll Oceanodroma markhami
MarkhamSP.jpeg
Pedryn drycin wynebwyn Pelagodroma marina
Godmanstormlg.jpg
Pedryn drycin y Galapagos Oceanodroma tethys
Galapagos storm petrel.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Pedryn Westland: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pedryn Westland (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pedrynnod Westland) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Procellaria westlandica; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Westland petrel. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae) sydd yn urdd y Procellariformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. westlandica, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America ac Awstralia.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Westlandsturmvogel ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Westlandsturmvogel (Procellaria westlandica) ist ein Seevogel, der in Neuseeland nistet. Er ist einer der wenigen erdbrütenden Seevögel Neuseelands, die trotz menschlicher Ausbeutung und eingeschleppter Raubtiere bis in die heutige Zeit überlebt haben.

Merkmale

Der Westlandsturmvogel erreicht eine Größe von 50 bis 55 cm und eine Flügelspannweite zwischen 135 und 140 cm. Das Gewicht liegt bei 800 bis 1200 g.[1] Größe und Gewicht können von Vogel zu Vogel stark variieren, wobei Männchen allgemein größer und schwerer werden als ihre weiblichen Artgenossen. Durch den fassförmig wirkenden Körper und die hohe Stirn entsteht der Eindruck eines großen, massigen Vogels. Die Flügel sind im Verhältnis zum Körper recht lang, der Schwanz für einen Sturmvogel typisch kurz. Der hakenförmige, zum Greifen schlüpfriger Beute geeignete Schnabel ist bei Männchen größer als bei Weibchen. Seine Grundfarbe ist ein sehr blasses Gelb bis Perlweiß, mit schwarzer Spitze, Nasenröhren und Oberseite. Das Gefieder zeigt ein mehr oder weniger einheitliches, dunkles Schwarz-Braun, lediglich am Kinn findet sich bei einigen Exemplaren ein weißer Fleck. Liegt die letzte vollständige Mauser schon länger zurück, können die Konturfedern abgenutzt und hell gerändert wirken. Von Oktober bis Dezember sehen viele Exemplare dann, mit Ausnahme der dunkel bleibenden Arm- und Handschwingen, bräunlicher und blasser aus als während des restlichen Jahres. Die Unterseite der Schwungfedern reflektiert Licht stärker als das übrige Gefieder, was zur Folge hat, dass diese Federn je nach Lichtverhältnissen blasser als das übrige Federkleid aussehen können. Das Jugendkleid ist kaum vom Gefieder der Adulten zu unterscheiden. Jungvögel sind daher noch am ehesten an ihren kleineren Schnäbeln zu erkennen. Das Flugbild ist bei ruhigen Wetterverhältnissen durch lange Gleitflüge in niedrigen Höhen und schwere, langsame Flügelschläge geprägt. Im Gleitflug werden die Flügel in einer typischen, leicht herabhängenden Haltung gehalten. Bei stärkerem Wind fliegen die Vögel schneller, jedoch weiterhin mit möglichst wenigen, energiesparenden Flügelschlägen und langen, bogenförmigen Gleitpassagen.[2]

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet[3]
 src=
Bruthöhlen des Westlandsturmvogels

Der Vogel verbringt die meiste Zeit über dem Südpazifik zwischen Australien und Südamerika, Land sucht die Art nur für das Brutgeschäft auf. Zwischen November und März ist der Großteil der globalen Population vor den Küsten Chiles und Süd-Patagoniens zu finden. Westlandsturmvögel gehören zu den Arten, die regelmäßig Fischerbooten auf deren Fangtouren folgen und sich zumindest teilweise von über Bord geworfenen Fischabfällen und Beifang ernähren. Besonders häufig sind sie bei Booten zu finden, die Jagd auf Hokis (Macruronus novaezelandiae) machen.[2] Ansonsten besteht die Ernährung vorwiegend aus Kopffüßern (Teuthowenia- und Histioteuthis-Arten) und Fischen (vor allem Goldlachse). Seltener werden auch diverse Krustentiere erbeutet. Die Beute wird dabei vorwiegend an der Wasseroberfläche gefangen, gelegentlich aber auch in geringen Tiefen tauchend verfolgt. Die Nahrungssuche erfolgt entweder allein oder in kleineren, losen Schwärmen, zu denen sich auch Vertreter anderer Sturmvogel-Arten gesellen können.[1] Befinden sich die Vögel in der Mauser, verbringen sie einen Großteil des Tages auf dem Wasser sitzend und fliegen nur bei größeren Störungen auf. Während der Brutzeit können große Schwärme von Westlandsturmvögeln in den Abendstunden auf dem Meer vor ihrem Brutgebiet gesichtet werden, wo sie darauf warten, dass es dunkel genug wird, um sicher zu den Brutplätzen fliegen zu können.[2] Die derzeit 29 bekannten Brutkolonien der Art befinden sich alle in einem Gebiet zwischen dem Punakaiki River und dem Waiwhero Creek im Westen der neuseeländischen Südinsel. Westlandsturmvögel nisten in Erdlöchern, die sie in Hügeln in der Nähe der Küste graben. Die meisten Kolonien bestehen aus weniger als 50 Nestern, einige weisen aber auch bis zu 1000 Nester auf, die allerdings nicht alle in derselben Saison aktiv sind. Insgesamt brüten jedes Jahr schätzungsweise 3000 bis 5000 Paare, die aus knapp 19.000 verfügbaren Bruthöhlen wählen können.[4] Die Küken schlüpfen etwa in der Zeit von Juli bis August, also im Winter der Südhalbkugel; sie werden dann bis November gefüttert. Die Geschlechtsreife erlangen Westlandsturmvögel erst im Alter von 10 bis 14 Jahren, kehren jedoch dennoch während der Brutzeit schon nach drei bis fünf Jahren erstmals zu den Kolonien zurück.[1]

Gefährdung

Von der IUCN wird der Westlandsturmvogel als endangered („gefährdet“) eingestuft. Die Organisation schätzt die globale Population mit Stand 2018 auf etwa 7900 bis 13.700 adulte Exemplare, der aktuelle Bestandstrend ist unbekannt, da einige frühere Schätzungen des Bestandes mittlerweile als fehlerhaft eingestuft werden. An den Nistplätzen gelten vor allem eingeschleppte Prädatoren wie Hunde, Katzen und Schweine als mögliche Bedrohung. Zusätzlich können schwere Stürme, wie etwa der Tropensturm Ita im Jahr 2014, Teile der Brutkolonien zerstören und anfälliger für Erosionsprozesse machen. Auf See enden darüber hinaus einige der Vögel als Beifang der Fischereiflotten in der Region.[5]

Systematik

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung des Westlandsturmvogels stammt aus dem Jahr 1946 und geht auf den neuseeländischen Ornithologen Robert Alexander Falla zurück. Das Artepitheton westlandica verweist auf Neuseelands Westland District, in dem das Brutgebiet der Vögel liegt. Die Art gilt als monotypisch. Taxonomisch gehört der Westlandsturmvogel neben dem Grausturmvogel (P. cinerea), dem Weißkinn-Sturmvogel (P. aequinoctialis) und dem Parkinsonsturmvogel (P. parkinsoni) zur Gattung Procellaria innerhalb der Familie der Sturmvögel (Procellariidae). Besonders zu den optisch sehr ähnlichen Weißkinn- und Parkinsonsturmvögeln dürften enge verwandtschaftliche Verhältnisse bestehen. In der Vergangenheit wurden diese Arten auch schon von einigen Autoren als konspezifisch angesehen, wogegen aber vor allem unterschiedliche Brutzeiträume sprechen.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Carles Carboneras, Francesc Jutglar, Guy M. Kirwan, Christopher J. Sharpe: Westland Petrel (Procellaria westlandica). In: Birds of the World. Abgerufen am 4. August 2021 (englisch).
  2. a b c Derek Onley: Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World. Christopher Helm, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7136-4332-9, S. 190.
  3. Procellaria westlandica. In: BirdLife International (Hrsg.): The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T22698155A132629809, 2018, ISSN 2307-8235, doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698155A132629809.en (englisch).
  4. G. C. Wood, Helen M. Otley: An assessment of the breeding range, colony sizes and population of the Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica). In: New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Band 40, Nr. 3, 2013, S. 186–195, doi:10.1080/03014223.2012.736394.
  5. Procellaria westlandica in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2018. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2018. Abgerufen am 4. August 2021.
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Westlandsturmvogel: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Westlandsturmvogel (Procellaria westlandica) ist ein Seevogel, der in Neuseeland nistet. Er ist einer der wenigen erdbrütenden Seevögel Neuseelands, die trotz menschlicher Ausbeutung und eingeschleppter Raubtiere bis in die heutige Zeit überlebt haben.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Westland petrel

provided by wikipedia EN

The Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica), (Māori: tāiko), also known as the Westland black petrel, is a moderately large seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae, that is endemic to New Zealand. Described by Robert Falla in 1946, it is a stocky bird weighing approximately 1,100 grams (39 oz), and is one of the largest of the burrowing petrels. It is a dark blackish-brown colour with black legs and feet. It has a pale yellow bill with a dark tip.

This species spends most of its life at sea but returns to land to breed. When at sea, it ranges across areas of the Pacific and Tasman seas around the subtropical convergence and migrates east to South American waters during the non-breeding season. They feed on fish, squid and crustaceans. This species is also known to be an opportunistic feeder, scavenging fish waste discarded by hoki fishers.

The only known breeding colonies of the Westland petrel are in New Zealand, in a small area of forest-covered coastal foothills between Barrytown and Punakaiki on the South Island's West Coast. The birds nest in burrows excavated into hillsides and slopes, and exhibit natal philopatry, that is they return to their natal colony to breed. The loss of a breeding colony can therefore have severe consequences for the population. The total area of all breeding colonies combined is only about 16 hectares (40 acres). In 2014, the breeding colony areas suffered extensive damage from landslips and tree fall during the tail-end of Cyclone Ita. Other significant potential threats to the breeding colonies are predation by feral pigs and vagrant dogs from nearby settlements.

As of 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified this species as endangered, and the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified this species as "At Risk: Naturally Uncommon" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Taxonomy

Westland petrel specimen

The Westland petrel was first described by New Zealand ornithologist Robert Falla in 1946 under the name Procellana parkinsoni westlandica.[4] The Westland petrel was identified in 1945 after the students of Barrytown School wrote to Falla, as he was then the director of the Canterbury Museum.[4] They had heard in a radio broadcast about the sooty shearwater/muttonbird, but noticed that the behaviour of the 'mutton birds' in their area was quite different.[4] They also sent Falla a dead bird, and within a few weeks he visited the West Coast. Initially he considered that the West Coast birds were a subspecies of the black petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni), but it was soon classified as a separate species.[5][3] The male holotype specimen, collected at Barrytown on 29 April 1946, is held at the Canterbury Museum.[4]

The Māori name is tāiko, which also refers to the black petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni.[6]

Description

Westland petrel egg

The adult Westland petrel is a stocky bird, weighing around 1,100 grams (39 oz). It is entirely dark blackish-brown, with black legs and feet. Some individuals may have a few white feathers. The bill is pale yellow with a dark tip.[7] Falla measured the female and male birds for his original description and pointed out that the male of the species measured slightly larger than the female.[4] However the female specimen weighed slightly more than the male.[4] It is one of the largest of the burrowing petrels.[8]

Falla described the eggs of this species as follows:

These were white, smooth, without gloss and generally similar to the eggs of most other petrels. They vary in shape from elongate pyriform to ovate. The average weight of the entire egg when fresh is about 4 oz.[4]

Moulting occurs in the Westland petrel in their non-breeding season between October and February, during migration to South America.[9] The immature birds moult before older individuals do.[10]

Distribution and habitat

Westland petrel in flight

The Westland petrel is endemic to New Zealand.[1] It spends most of its life at sea, only returning to land to breed, and breeds only in a small region of the South Island's West Coast.[11] The breeding range covers an 8 km (5.0 mi) wide strip between Barrytown and Punakaiki, specifically from the Punakaiki River to Waiwhero (Lawson) Creek.[12] The area of the breeding colonies comprises forest-covered coastal foothills within the Paparoa National Park, or other conservation land, or on land belonging to Forest And Bird.[7][11] There is also a breeding colony located on private land.[13] The total area of all breeding colonies combined is only about 16 hectares (40 acres).[10]

During the breeding season, adults may be seen in waters around New Zealand from Cape Egmont to Fiordland in the west, through the Cook Strait, and from East Cape to Banks Peninsula in the east. Westland petrels also range across areas of the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea around the subtropical convergence.[7] In the non-breeding season, the birds migrate east to waters off South America and feed in the Humboldt Current. They are often found in waters to the west of the Chilean coast.[10][14][15] Individuals usually remain solitary during this time, rejoining the colony when the next breeding cycle begins.[10]

Breeding and life-cycle

Western petrel burrows.

The Westland petrel is one of the few petrel species that still nest on the mainland.[1] Their large size and aggressive behaviour have helped to ensure that they can resist predators that would attack smaller species.[16] Westland petrels nest in burrows dug 1 to 2 metres into the hillside, often on a steep slope.[17] There are around 29 colonies of petrel in the breeding territory. Each colony has between 50 and 1000 burrows.[11] Colonies can be located anywhere from 50 to 200 metres (160 to 660 ft) above sea level.[10]

Westland petrel are winter breeders, arriving at their breeding grounds annually in late March or early April to prepare their burrows for nesting. Colonies are noted to be very vocal around three weeks before nesting, during the time when courtship and mating occur.[18][19] Petrels can form life time pair-bonds.[17] The female lays a single egg between May and June that hatches two months later, between August and September. Both the male and female taking turns incubating the egg. After hatching, the parents care for the chick for about two weeks. After this time the chick is left alone, but is fed at night. If either parent dies before the chick is nearly ready for fledging, the chick will not survive.[10] Fledging occurs between 120 and 130 days after hatching. Fledging begins in early November, with a peak around 20 November, and finishes in mid-January.[20][21] In total, chick rearing takes between 177 and 198 days (approximately 6 to 6.5 months).[17] After leaving the nesting sites, fledglings may not return for up to 10 years.[22]

Diet and foraging

Westland petrel hunting

Westland petrels can forage during both day and night, preying primarily on fish, some squid, and less commonly on crustaceans.[23][15][7] They are known to opportunistically scavenge fish from waste discarded by hoki fisheries during their breeding season as it overlaps with the fishing season, switching back to natural foraging at other times.[24][23] They capture their prey by seizing or diving from the surface, and, less frequently, pursuit plunging.[10] They have been recorded diving to depths of 8 metres (26 ft).[23] Their strong vision allows them to spot prey, and recent studies have shown that smell is also important to petrel foraging, specific odours seeming to attract the birds to certain areas.[15]

Threats

Measuring a Westland Petrel.

Breeding colony hazards

Westland petrels, along with other types of seabird exhibit natal philopatry—they return to their natal colony to breed. This means that the loss of a breeding colony through landslides, predation or human interference can have severe consequences for the population.

Storm, landslide and tree fall

The breeding colonies are often on steep sites, and are vulnerable to damage resulting from landslips and tree fall. In April 2014, Cyclone Ita brought very strong winds to the West Coast along with heavy rain. The storm caused widespread damage across the area of the breeding colonies, although not all colonies were equally affected. After the storm, a survey was conducted at colony locations containing 75% of the estimated breeding population. In 4 out of the 6 colonies surveyed, over half of the breeding habitat had been lost through landslips and fallen trees.[25]

Further damage to nesting areas occurred during Cyclone Fehi and Cyclone Gita in 2018.[26]

Predation

Predation by feral pigs and vagrant dogs are among the top threats to Westland petrels at the breeding colonies. Pigs are a particularly serious threat because they can potentially destroy an entire nesting colony. There have been reports that hunters have deliberately released pigs in areas close to the colonies. Wandering dogs are also a significant threat, because the settlement of Punakaiki is only 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from the colonies.[10]

Other predators such as stoats,and rats and weka may strike during the breeding season when the birds are on land, preying on chicks in burrows and on adult birds.[19] Feral cats are also infrequent predators of petrels.[10] While not predators, concerns have been raised about the threat of burrow destruction by cattle and goats.[15] They can trample burrows and allow access to predators such as weka, that would have been unable to reach them otherwise.

Artificial lighting

Sign near Punakaiki warning drivers about Westland petrels on the road

Many types of seabirds are vulnerable to injury and death as a result of being attracted to artificial lights at night. This is a particular threat for petrels and shearwaters.[27] Burrow-nesting seabirds like the Westland petrel returning to their burrows at night, or leaving them before dawn, can become disoriented by artificial lights and crash land on roads. They are often unable to take off again. The birds can then be eaten by predators or struck by vehicles. In 2009, the Department of Conservation asked residents of Punakaiki to help reduce the occurrences of fledgling birds crash landing in the town by turning off outside lights and closing blinds at night, particularly during misty or stormy weather.[28]

In 2020, the NZ Transport Agency (Waka Kotahi), in what was reported as a nationwide-first, turned off streetlights in Punakaiki between November and January, the period when the fledgling birds leave their burrows and take their first flight.[29] Shortly after the start of this conservation initiative, Westland petrels were found crash-landed in Greymouth, in larger numbers than reported in previous years. A recent switch to LED streetlights in Greymouth was suggested as a possible cause of the increase.[30] In 2021, it was reported that the number of birds crashing in Punakaiki had reduced significantly in response to the reduced lighting in the town, and the streetlights were again switched off during the next petrel fledging season.[31]

Mining on Barrytown Flats

In 2021, Australian-owned Barrytown Joint Ventures Ltd applied for consents to mine ilmenite sands on 114 hectares (280 acres) of private land on the Barrytown Flats between Canoe Creek and Deverys Creek. Over eight years up to 156,000 tonnes of sand per year would be extracted to a depth of 10–15 m (33–49 ft), 24 hours a day, and processed on site, with the ore being transported to Westport or Greymouth for export.[32] Locals had expressed concerns about noise, light pollution, heavy vehicle traffic, and Westland petrels being attracted to lights.[32][33] In February 2022, the Grey District Council and the West Coast Regional Council declined an application to mine 5,000 tonnes of ilmenite sands per week, citing environmental concerns, including the potential effects on sensitive waterways and the risks to Westland petrels from vehicle activity and lights associated with the mining project.[34]

Parasites and diseases

No diseases have been recorded to date that are significant for the Westland petrel. However, little research has been done on disease and parasites in New Zealand seabirds. Avian pox may potentially pose a threat to the petrels, as it has killed a number of black petrel chicks. Other diseases that affect seabirds include avian malaria, avian cholera, and avian diphtheria but these have not been observed in Westland petrels to date.[10]

Other threats

Power lines have caused the deaths of adult petrels from collision during flight.[10] Commercial fishing is another source of threat because petrels are sometimes accidentally captured in fishing nets. This is a significant risk for Westland petrels, as they are known to interact closely with the fishing vessels and forage from fishery waste.[24][10]

Conservation status

As of 2021, this species is regarded as being endangered under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.[1] The Department of Conservation assessed its conservation status in 2021 as "At Risk: Naturally Uncommon" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[2]

Relationship with humans

Tāiko festival

Every year, a festival is held in Punakaiki to celebrate the return of the petrel to its only known breeding sites, close to the town. It is a weekend-long festival in April or May that includes live music, various entertainment activities, and a local market. The festival begins with a viewing of the birds as they fly overhead and make their way to their nests in the mountains at dusk.[35]

Ecotourism

There is an ecotourism business in the area that provides viewing opportunities at the breeding colony located on private land.[13]

Harvesting of chicks

Westland petrel chicks have historically been harvested for food in a practice known as muttonbirding, although this is not thought to be part of traditional Māori food gathering practice in this area.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2018). "Procellaria westlandica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698155A132629809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698155A132629809.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Procellaria westlandica Falla, 1946". nztcs.org.nz. 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b Norman, Geoff (23 October 2018). Birdstories : a history of the birds of New Zealand. Nelson, New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-947503-92-5. OCLC 1045734859. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Robert Alexander Falla (1946). "An undescribed form of the black petrel". Records of the Canterbury Museum. 5: 111–113. ISSN 0370-3878. Wikidata Q110817358.
  5. ^ Park, Geoff (1995). Ngā uruora = The groves of life : ecology and history in a New Zealand landscape. Wellington, N.Z.: Victoria University Press. ISBN 0-86473-291-0. OCLC 34798269. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  6. ^ "tāikoPlay". Māori Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-143-57092-9.
  8. ^ Todd Landers; Matt Rayner; Richard A. Phillips; Mark Hauber (1 February 2011). "Dynamics of seasonal movements by a trans-Pacific migrant, the Westland Petrel". Ornithological Applications. 113 (1): 71–79. doi:10.1525/COND.2011.100064. ISSN 0010-5422. Wikidata Q113499492.
  9. ^ Warham, John (1990). The petrels : their ecology and breeding systems. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-735420-4. OCLC 21976122.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Susan M. Waugh; Kerry-Jayne Wilson (15 October 2017). "Threats and threat status of the Westland Petrel Procellaria westlandica" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 45: 195–203. ISSN 1018-3337. Wikidata Q110816456. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2020.
  11. ^ a b c GC Wood; HM Otley (September 2013). "An assessment of the breeding range, colony sizes and population of the Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 40 (3): 186–195. doi:10.1080/03014223.2012.736394. ISSN 0301-4223. Wikidata Q110816570. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Westland petrel/tāiko". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  13. ^ a b Steenhart, Josie (18 December 2016). "Weekender: Wild luxury in Punakaiki". Stuff. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  14. ^ Fraser, P.A. (2009). "Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) off the coast of Chile" (PDF). Notornis. The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. 56: 98–99.
  15. ^ a b c d Landers, Todd (2012), The behavioural ecology of the threatened Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica): From colonial behaviours to their migratory and foraging ecology, ResearchSpace@Auckland, hdl:2292/17816, Wikidata Q112783527
  16. ^ "Westland petrel". West Coast Penguin Trust. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Waugh, S. M.; Bartle, J.A. (2013). "Westland petrel". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  18. ^ Allan J. Baker; J. D. Coleman (December 1977). "The breeding cycle of the Westland Black Petrel (Procellaria westlandica)" (PDF). Notornis. 24: 211–231. ISSN 0029-4470. Wikidata Q110816542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2021.
  19. ^ a b J.R. Jackson (1958). "The Westland Petrel" (PDF). Notornis. 7: 230–233. ISSN 0029-4470. Wikidata Q110816802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2021.
  20. ^ a b Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (June 2016). "A review of the biology and ecology and an evaluation of threats to the Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica" (PDF). West Coast Penguin Trust. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  21. ^ H. A. Best; K. L. Owen (1976). "Distribution of breeding sites of the Westland black petrel (Procellaria westlandica)" (PDF). Notornis. 23: 233–242. ISSN 0029-4470. Wikidata Q110816999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2021.
  22. ^ Brinkley, ES; Howell, SNG; Force, MP; Spear, LB; Ainley, DC (2000). "Status of the Westland Petrel (Procellaria westlandica) off South America" (PDF). Notornis. 47: 179–183. ISSN 0029-4470. Wikidata Q110816692. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Freeman, Amanda N. D. (1998). "Diet of Westland Petrels Procellaria westlandica: the Importance of Fisheries Waste During Chick-rearing". Emu – Austral Ornithology. 98:1: 36–43. doi:10.1071/MU98005. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020 – via tandfonline.
  24. ^ a b Amanda Freeman; Kerry-Jayne Wilson (2002). "Westland petrels and hoki fishery waste: opportunistic use of a readily available resource?" (PDF). Notornis. 49: 139–144. ISSN 0029-4470. Wikidata Q110816822. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2021.
  25. ^ Waugh, S.M.; Poutart, T.; Wilson, K-J. "Storm damage to Westland petrel colonies in 2014 from cyclone Ita" (PDF). Notornis. 2015, Vol. 62: 165–168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  26. ^ S.A. Waugh; C. Barbraud; K. Delord; K. Simister; G.B. Baker; G.K. Hedley; K-J Wilson; D.R.D. Rands (10 October 2020). "Trends in density, abundance, and response to storm damage for Westland Petrels Procellaria westlandica, 2007-2019" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 48: 273–281. ISSN 1018-3337. Wikidata Q110823653. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022.
  27. ^ Airam Rodríguez; Nick D Holmes; Peter G Ryan; et al. (17 May 2017). "Seabird mortality induced by land-based artificial lights". Conservation Biology. 31 (5): 986–1001. doi:10.1111/COBI.12900. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 28151557. Wikidata Q38984539.
  28. ^ "DOC asks for help with petrels". The West Coast Messenger. 9 December 2009.
  29. ^ Naish, Joanne (3 November 2020). "West Coast village going dark to save baby seabirds blinded by street lights". Stuff. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  30. ^ Naish, Joanne (21 December 2020). "Westland Petrels crashing in Greymouth after lights go out in Punakaiki". Stuff. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  31. ^ Mills, Laura (27 October 2021). "Darkness planned to help birds". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  32. ^ a b Williams, Lois (21 October 2021). "Barrytown company submits more info on ilmenite mine proposal". RNZ. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  33. ^ Curnow, Ellen (11 June 2021). "Locals protest mine proposal". Westport News. p. 1.
  34. ^ Naish, Joanne (13 February 2022). "West Coast mineral sand mine rejected partly over fears for Westland petrel colony". Stuff. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  35. ^ "Taiko festival 7–8 May: something wonderful for everyone". West Coast Penguin Trust. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Westland petrel: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica), (Māori: tāiko), also known as the Westland black petrel, is a moderately large seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae, that is endemic to New Zealand. Described by Robert Falla in 1946, it is a stocky bird weighing approximately 1,100 grams (39 oz), and is one of the largest of the burrowing petrels. It is a dark blackish-brown colour with black legs and feet. It has a pale yellow bill with a dark tip.

This species spends most of its life at sea but returns to land to breed. When at sea, it ranges across areas of the Pacific and Tasman seas around the subtropical convergence and migrates east to South American waters during the non-breeding season. They feed on fish, squid and crustaceans. This species is also known to be an opportunistic feeder, scavenging fish waste discarded by hoki fishers.

The only known breeding colonies of the Westland petrel are in New Zealand, in a small area of forest-covered coastal foothills between Barrytown and Punakaiki on the South Island's West Coast. The birds nest in burrows excavated into hillsides and slopes, and exhibit natal philopatry, that is they return to their natal colony to breed. The loss of a breeding colony can therefore have severe consequences for the population. The total area of all breeding colonies combined is only about 16 hectares (40 acres). In 2014, the breeding colony areas suffered extensive damage from landslips and tree fall during the tail-end of Cyclone Ita. Other significant potential threats to the breeding colonies are predation by feral pigs and vagrant dogs from nearby settlements.

As of 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified this species as endangered, and the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified this species as "At Risk: Naturally Uncommon" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Vestlanda petrelo ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Vestlanda petrelo (Procellaria westlandica), konata ankaŭ kiel Vestlanda nigra petrelotāiko, estas rara marbirdo kiu nestumas en la arbaroj de Novzelando. Ĝi estas unu el la plej grandaj petreloj kiuj nestumas en nestotruoj, kaj estas minacata de specioj enmetita en Novzelandon.

La Vestlanda petrelo estas tute malhela birdospecio kun flaveca beko kaj malhelaj kruroj. Ĝi estas granda membro de la familio de petreloj kaj pufinoj nome Procelariedoj. Ĝi havas tre limigitan reproduktan teritorion, nune limigita al malgranda areo de la okcidenta marbordo de la Suda Insulo de Novzelando en areo protektita en la Nacia Parko Paparoa en dense arbaraj montetoj. Ĉemare ĝi havas teritoriojn el Tasmanio al Ĉilio kie ili manĝas fiŝojn kaj kalmarojn, same kiel rubon el fiŝkaptadaj ŝipoj aŭ fiŝkaptejoj.

La Vestlanda petrelo estas minacata de enmetitaj predantoj, ĉefe sovaĝiĝintaj katoj. Ĝi estas kaptita ankaŭ kiel kromaĵo ĉe fiŝkaptejoj. La politiko decidita de la Novzelanda Registaro kaj de ties Novzelanda Departamento de Konservado por kontroli katojn, same kiel la aliajn predantojn kaj aliajn minacojn al la kolonio, helpis multe por protekti la specion, kiu estas nune stabila kaj fakte pliiĝanta siajn nombrojn. Se la specio ekus malpliiĝon, tamen, ties malgranda populacio (2000 reproduktaj plenkreskuloj) signifas, ke ties klasigo estus necese ŝanĝota la Draste Endanĝerita.

Referencoj

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Vestlanda petrelo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Vestlanda petrelo (Procellaria westlandica), konata ankaŭ kiel Vestlanda nigra petrelo aŭ tāiko, estas rara marbirdo kiu nestumas en la arbaroj de Novzelando. Ĝi estas unu el la plej grandaj petreloj kiuj nestumas en nestotruoj, kaj estas minacata de specioj enmetita en Novzelandon.

La Vestlanda petrelo estas tute malhela birdospecio kun flaveca beko kaj malhelaj kruroj. Ĝi estas granda membro de la familio de petreloj kaj pufinoj nome Procelariedoj. Ĝi havas tre limigitan reproduktan teritorion, nune limigita al malgranda areo de la okcidenta marbordo de la Suda Insulo de Novzelando en areo protektita en la Nacia Parko Paparoa en dense arbaraj montetoj. Ĉemare ĝi havas teritoriojn el Tasmanio al Ĉilio kie ili manĝas fiŝojn kaj kalmarojn, same kiel rubon el fiŝkaptadaj ŝipoj aŭ fiŝkaptejoj.

La Vestlanda petrelo estas minacata de enmetitaj predantoj, ĉefe sovaĝiĝintaj katoj. Ĝi estas kaptita ankaŭ kiel kromaĵo ĉe fiŝkaptejoj. La politiko decidita de la Novzelanda Registaro kaj de ties Novzelanda Departamento de Konservado por kontroli katojn, same kiel la aliajn predantojn kaj aliajn minacojn al la kolonio, helpis multe por protekti la specion, kiu estas nune stabila kaj fakte pliiĝanta siajn nombrojn. Se la specio ekus malpliiĝon, tamen, ties malgranda populacio (2000 reproduktaj plenkreskuloj) signifas, ke ties klasigo estus necese ŝanĝota la Draste Endanĝerita.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Procellaria westlandica ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La pardela de Westland (Procellaria westlandica), también denominada fardela de Nueva Zelanda, petrel de Nueva Zelanda y petrel negro,[2]​ es una especie de ave procelariforme de la familia Procellariidae del océano Pacífico que cría en los bosques de Nueva Zelanda. Está amenazada por los depredadores introducidos en Nueva Zelanda.

Descripción

Es un procelariforme de gran tamaño, con una longitud de entre 50 y 55 cm y una envergadura alar de entre 135 y 140 cm.[3]​ El plumaje de la pardela de Westland es de color pardo oscuro, casi negro. Su pico es amarillento con la punta negra. Sus patas también son negras.

Distribución

Tiene una área de cría muy reducida, en la actualidad restringido a una pequeña región de la costa occidental de la isla Sur de Nueva Zelanda, en una zona protegida de colinas densamente arboladas del parque nacional de Paparoa donde anida en madrigueras. Fuera de la época de cría se extiende por el océano Pacífico desde Tasmania hasta Chile.

Comportamiento

Pesca peces y calamares, también suele alimentarse con los desechos de los pesqueros.

Estado de conservación

La pardela de Westland está amenazada por los depredadores introducidos, especialmente los gatos asilvestrados. También se ve afectada por las captura accidentales de la pesca comercial. El gobierno de Nueva Zelanda y el departamento de conservación han puesto en marcha medidas de control de los gatos y otros predadores en sus colonias. Su población en la actualidad es estable con tendencia ascendente aunque en números muy bajos, de unas 2000 parejas reproductoras.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2017). «Procellaria westlandica». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2018.
  2. Pardela de Westland (Procellaria westlandica) Falla, 1946 en Avibase.
  3. Facts – Westland petrel Archivado el 26 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine. en Arkive.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Procellaria westlandica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La pardela de Westland (Procellaria westlandica), también denominada fardela de Nueva Zelanda, petrel de Nueva Zelanda y petrel negro,​ es una especie de ave procelariforme de la familia Procellariidae del océano Pacífico que cría en los bosques de Nueva Zelanda. Está amenazada por los depredadores introducidos en Nueva Zelanda.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Procellaria westlandica ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Procellaria westlandica Procellaria generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Procellariidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Procellaria westlandica: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Procellaria westlandica Procellaria generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Procellariidae familian sailkatua dago.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä (Procellaria westlandica) on meriliitäjien sukuun kuuluva valtamerilintu.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä on kokonaan tummanruskea, pitkäsiipinen eteläisten valtamerten liitäjä. Sen keltaisen nokan kärki on musta. Linnun pituus on 50–55 cm, siipien kärkiväli 135–140 cm ja paino 800–1 200 g. Sukupuolet ovat samanavärisiä, nuoren linnun nokka on vaaleampi kuin vanhan.

Esiintyminen

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä pesii vain Uuden-Seelannin Eteläsaarella Punakaikissa. Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto on arvioinut lajin kooksi 7 900 – 13 700 sukukypsää yksilöä.[1] Lajin kanta on taantunut voimakkaasti maahan tuotujen vieraiden petojen, lähinnä villiintyneiden kissojen takia. Kalastuksen aiheuttama kuolleisuus on myös merkittävä. Pesimäajan ulkopuolella se vaeltelee eteläisillä valtamerillä Tasmanian ja Chilen välillä.

Elinympäristö

Laji pesii Punakaikin rantakukkuloiden tiheissä rinnemetsissä 20–250 m merenpinnan yläpuolella. Pesimäajan jälkeen se elää vain avomerellä.

Lisääntyminen

Tasmanianmeriliitäjät elävät yhdyskunnissa. Ne kaivavat syvän, jopa kaksi metriä pitkän pesäonkalon lähelle jyrkännettä tai puuta, josta ne voivat ponnistaa lentoon. Toukokuussa naaras munii yhden valkoisen munan, jota haudotaan 57–65 päivää. Poikanen jättää pesän lentokykyisenä 120–140 päivää vanhana ja viettää merellä seuraavat viisi vuotta. Se on sukukypsä vasta 10-vuotiaana.

Ravinto

Tasmanianmeriliitäjät syövät mustekaloja, kaloja ja äyriäisiä. Ne saalistavat enimmäkseen valoisaan aikaan, kelluen meressä siepaten ruokansa veden pinnasta. Ne ovat hyviä sukeltajia ja etsivät joskus ruokansa sukeltamalla. Ne seuraavat mielellään kalastusaluksia syöden jätteitä ja perkuutähteitä.

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Procellaria westlandica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2017. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.1.2018. (englanniksi)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Tasmanianmeriliitäjä (Procellaria westlandica) on meriliitäjien sukuun kuuluva valtamerilintu.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Puffin du Westland ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Procellaria westlandica

Le Puffin du Westland ou Pétrel du Westland (Procellaria westlandica) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Procellariidae.

Répartition

Cette espèce ne niche qu'en Nouvelle-Zélande dans le parc national de Paparoa.

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Puffin du Westland: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Procellaria westlandica

Le Puffin du Westland ou Pétrel du Westland (Procellaria westlandica) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Procellariidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Westlandska burnica ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Westlandska burnica (lat. Procellaria westlandica) je vrsta rijetke morske ptice roda Procellaria , porodice zovoja, koja živi na Novom Zelandu. Prvi put ju je opisao novozelandski ornitolog Robert Alexander Falla 1946. godine. Duga je 50 cm, a teška je 800-1200 grama. Ima raspon krila 135-140 cm. Tamnosmeđe je boje, a kljun joj je žućkast. Hrani se ribama i lignjama, te često slijedi ribarske brodove da pojede riblje iznutrice i druge ostatke sa broda. Tada lako može stradati upetljavanjem u mrežu. Velika prijetnja su joj grabežljivci, posebno divlje mačke. Gnijezdi se zimi. Okvirna populacija ove vrste je 20 000 jedinki [1]. Prema IUCN-u je ocijenjena kao osjetljiva vrsta, ali bi mogla ubrzo postati kritično ugrožena.

Izvori

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Westlandska burnica: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Westlandska burnica (lat. Procellaria westlandica) je vrsta rijetke morske ptice roda Procellaria , porodice zovoja, koja živi na Novom Zelandu. Prvi put ju je opisao novozelandski ornitolog Robert Alexander Falla 1946. godine. Duga je 50 cm, a teška je 800-1200 grama. Ima raspon krila 135-140 cm. Tamnosmeđe je boje, a kljun joj je žućkast. Hrani se ribama i lignjama, te često slijedi ribarske brodove da pojede riblje iznutrice i druge ostatke sa broda. Tada lako može stradati upetljavanjem u mrežu. Velika prijetnja su joj grabežljivci, posebno divlje mačke. Gnijezdi se zimi. Okvirna populacija ove vrste je 20 000 jedinki . Prema IUCN-u je ocijenjena kao osjetljiva vrsta, ali bi mogla ubrzo postati kritično ugrožena.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Petrel westland ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Petrel westland (Procellaria westlandica), juga dikenal dengan Petrel-hitam westland atau tāiko, adalah burung laut yang langka yang bersarang di hutan Selandia Baru. Burung ini merupakan salah satu jenis petrel terbesar yang membuat sarang di dalam liang dan terancam oleh spesies pendatang yang ada di Selandia Baru.

Referensi

Scilab128.png Artikel bertopik burung ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Petrel westland: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Petrel westland (Procellaria westlandica), juga dikenal dengan Petrel-hitam westland atau tāiko, adalah burung laut yang langka yang bersarang di hutan Selandia Baru. Burung ini merupakan salah satu jenis petrel terbesar yang membuat sarang di dalam liang dan terancam oleh spesies pendatang yang ada di Selandia Baru.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Westlandstormvogel ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Vogels

De westlandstormvogel (Procellaria westlandica) is een vogel uit de familie van de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels (Procellariidae). Het is een endemische, kwetsbare, zeevogelsoort van Nieuw-Zeeland.

Kenmerken

De vogel is 50 tot 55 cm lang en weegt 800 tot 1200 g. Net als de zwarte stormvogel is deze zeevogel geheel roetzwart. Op zee is de vogel door waarnemers nauweljks van de zwarte stormvogel te onderscheiden. De snavel is iets forser, maar dat is geen bruikbaar veldkenmerk.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Het is een endemische stormvogel van Nieuw-Zeeland waar de vogels broeden in dicht met bos begroeide hellingen nabij de nederzetting Punakaiki in het noordwesten van het Zuidereiland. Buiten de broedtijd houden de vogels zich op in volle zee. Ze worden waargenomen in een relatief smalle strook van het zeegebied tussen de het zuiden van Chili tot aan het uiterste zuidoosten van Australië.

Status

De westlandstormvogel heeft een beperkt broedgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2016 door BirdLife International geschat op 16 duizend individuen. Gevreesd wordt dat de populatie-aantallen negatief worden beïnvloed door de langelijnvisserij en door de aanleg van infrastructuur in de buurt van de broedkolonies. Zo worden de vogels aangetrokken door nachtverlichting en vliegen zich te pletter tegen hoogspanningsleidingen. Verder moeten de broedkolonies vrij gehouden worden van invasieve predatoren zoals verwilderde katten. Om deze redenen staat deze soort sinds 2017 als bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Westlandstormvogel: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De westlandstormvogel (Procellaria westlandica) is een vogel uit de familie van de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels (Procellariidae). Het is een endemische, kwetsbare, zeevogelsoort van Nieuw-Zeeland.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Westlandpetrell ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NN

Westlandpetrell (Procellaria westlandica) er ein sjøfugl og ein medlem av slekta Procellaria-petrellar. Som hekkefugl er han endemisk til New Zealand. Han er òg ein flyttfugl som spreier seg i det sørlege Stillehavet mellom austkysten av Australia og stillehavskysten av Chile. Dette er ein særmerkt art på New Zealand fordi arten er ein av dei siste stormfuglane som framleis hekkar på fastlandet og er del av eit opphavleg og unikt økosystem.

Westlandpetrellen er einsfarga mørk brun til svart, berre dei lange hornplatene i nebbet er gule, nebbspissen og linjene mellom hornplater er mørke, beina er òg mørke. Han er ein stor medlem av stormfuglfamilien, kroppslengda er ca. 48 cm og han veg om lag 1100 gram.[1]

Hekkeområdet er svært avgrensa og ligg i tett skogkledde åsar innanfor eit verna område i Paparoa nasjonalpark, Paparoa Range på nordvestsida av Sørøya på New Zealand. Hekkinga tar til tidleg på vinteren, i mai månad, og ungane blir flygedyktige på våren, i november til desember. Han er ein av dei største petrellane som hekkar i hòler.

I hekkesesongen kan han treffast både på vest og austkysten av New Zealand og vestover til Australia. Migrasjon skjer i perioden desember til mars, og går til sentrale og austre Sør-Stillehavet,[1] slik at det totale utbreiingsområdet ligg mellom Chile og Australia.

Den naturlege føda er fisk, blekksprut og planktoniske krepsdyr, men dei tar òg fiskeriavfall i stor mengd i hekkesesongen.

Westlandpetrellen er truga av introduserte rovdyr, spesielt villkattar. Dei blir òg tatt som bifangst ved linefiske. Styresmaktene på New Zealand har iverksett tiltak for å kontrollere kattar, og dessutan tiltak mot andre rovdyr og truslar mot kolonien. Populasjonen er estimert til totalt 12 000 reproduserande individ og er stabil,[2] totalt kan bestanden vere på 20 000 individ.[1]

Kjelder

Referansar

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Heather og Robertson, 2005
  2. BirdLife International 2012

Bakgrunnsstoff

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NN

Westlandpetrell: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NN

Westlandpetrell (Procellaria westlandica) er ein sjøfugl og ein medlem av slekta Procellaria-petrellar. Som hekkefugl er han endemisk til New Zealand. Han er òg ein flyttfugl som spreier seg i det sørlege Stillehavet mellom austkysten av Australia og stillehavskysten av Chile. Dette er ein særmerkt art på New Zealand fordi arten er ein av dei siste stormfuglane som framleis hekkar på fastlandet og er del av eit opphavleg og unikt økosystem.

Westlandpetrellen er einsfarga mørk brun til svart, berre dei lange hornplatene i nebbet er gule, nebbspissen og linjene mellom hornplater er mørke, beina er òg mørke. Han er ein stor medlem av stormfuglfamilien, kroppslengda er ca. 48 cm og han veg om lag 1100 gram.

Hekkeområdet er svært avgrensa og ligg i tett skogkledde åsar innanfor eit verna område i Paparoa nasjonalpark, Paparoa Range på nordvestsida av Sørøya på New Zealand. Hekkinga tar til tidleg på vinteren, i mai månad, og ungane blir flygedyktige på våren, i november til desember. Han er ein av dei største petrellane som hekkar i hòler.

I hekkesesongen kan han treffast både på vest og austkysten av New Zealand og vestover til Australia. Migrasjon skjer i perioden desember til mars, og går til sentrale og austre Sør-Stillehavet, slik at det totale utbreiingsområdet ligg mellom Chile og Australia.

Den naturlege føda er fisk, blekksprut og planktoniske krepsdyr, men dei tar òg fiskeriavfall i stor mengd i hekkesesongen.

Westlandpetrellen er truga av introduserte rovdyr, spesielt villkattar. Dei blir òg tatt som bifangst ved linefiske. Styresmaktene på New Zealand har iverksett tiltak for å kontrollere kattar, og dessutan tiltak mot andre rovdyr og truslar mot kolonien. Populasjonen er estimert til totalt 12 000 reproduserande individ og er stabil, totalt kan bestanden vere på 20 000 individ.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NN

Större sotpetrell ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Större sotpetrell[2] (Procellaria westlandica) är en fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar.[3] Arten häckar på Sydön i Nya Zeeland och sprider sig efter häckning till Australien i väster och västra Sydamerika i öster.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som starkt hotad.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2017 Procellaria westlandica . Från: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.2. Läst 2018-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Större sotpetrell: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Större sotpetrell (Procellaria westlandica) är en fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar. Arten häckar på Sydön i Nya Zeeland och sprider sig efter häckning till Australien i väster och västra Sydamerika i öster. IUCN kategoriserar arten som starkt hotad.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Procellaria westlandica ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Procellaria westlandica là một loài chim trong họ Procellariidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Procellaria westlandica: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Procellaria westlandica là một loài chim trong họ Procellariidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Вестландский буревестник ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Буревестниковые
Подсемейство: Puffininae
Вид: Вестландский буревестник
Международное научное название

Procellaria westlandica (Falla, 1946)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 174612NCBI 37062EOL 1049510

Вестландский буревестник[1] (лат. Procellaria westlandica) — редкая морская птица семейства буревестниковых, эндемик Новой Зеландии.

Описание

Длина тела составляет около 51 см. Вид имеет характерный крючкообразный клюв. Оперение птицы полностью чёрного цвета. У молодых птиц конец желтоватого клюва также чёрного цвета.

Образ жизни

Птица проводит большую часть времени в южной части Тихого океана между Австралией и Южной Америкой. Птицы прилетают на сушу, только чтобы вырастить своё потомство. Единственное известное место гнездования вида находится рядом с Пунакайки (англ.)русск. на Южном острове Новой Зеландии. Птенцы появляются на свет в период с июля по август, т.е. зимой в южном полушарии. Птицы выкармливают их до ноября, а затем молодые птицы покидают колонию на следующие 7 лет. Зимой у Пунакайки можно иногда наблюдать стаи этих птиц, когда они возвращаются с поисков корма.

Природоохранный статус

МСОП классифицирует вид как находящийся под угрозой. Численность популяции составляет около 4 000 птиц.

Примечания

  1. Винокуров А. А. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Птицы : Справ. пособие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — М. : Высшая школа, 1992. — С. 90. — 446 с. : ил. — 100 000 экз.ISBN 5-06-002116-5.
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Вестландский буревестник: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Вестландский буревестник (лат. Procellaria westlandica) — редкая морская птица семейства буревестниковых, эндемик Новой Зеландии.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
breeding on New Zealand

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Jacob van der Land [email]