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Morphology

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Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Myers, P. 1999. "Ziphiidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphiidae.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Myers, P. 1999. "Ziphiidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphiidae.html
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Reproduction

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Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

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Myers, P. 1999. "Ziphiidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ziphiidae.html
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Dimdikburun balinalar ( Azerbaijani )

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Dimdikburun balinalar (lat. Ziphiidae)balinakimilər dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

Cinsləri

Mənbə

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Dimdikburun balinalar: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Dimdikburun balinalar (lat. Ziphiidae)balinakimilər dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

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Zifiideged ( Breton )

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Ar zifiideged eo ar morviled a ya d'ober ar c'herentiad Ziphiidae e rummatadur ar bronneged.

Genadoù

6 genad zifiideged a zo:

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Zifiideged: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar zifiideged eo ar morviled a ya d'ober ar c'herentiad Ziphiidae e rummatadur ar bronneged.

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Zífids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els zífids (Ziphiidae) són una família de com a mínim vint espècies diferents de petits cetacis. Són una de les famílies de grans mamífers menys conegudes; algunes espècies només han estat descrites al llarg dels últims vint anys i és perfectament possible que n'hi hagi més sense descobrir. Se n'han descrit sis gèneres vivents, tres dels quals (Indopacetus, Hyperoodon i Mesoplodon) formen la subfamília Hyperoodontinae.

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Vorvaňovcovití ( Czech )

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Vorvaňovcovití (Ziphiidae) je čeleď středně velkých ozubených savců z řádu kytovců.

Popis

Jsou to druhy s protáhlými čelistmi mající téměř zobákovitý tvar. Na hrdle mají dvě až šest protáhlých rýh seřazených do písmene V. Ploutve na hrudi jsou úzké a dlouhé, hřbetní ploutev posunutá až k ocasu je trojúhelníkovitého tvaru a relativně malá, ocasní je naopak široká a mohutná. Dosahují délky okolo 12 m a váhy 11 500 kg. Barva těla je hnědá až šedá, mohou mít i bílé kontrastní znaky. Počet jejich zubů u jednotlivých druhů kolísá, od dvou až po několik desítek. Samci všech druhů mají po 1 až 2 velkých funkčních zubech v dolní čelisti, u samic zůstávají všechny zuby skryté v dásních.

Žijí ve skupinách po 3 až 40 jedincích, za potravou která se skládá z ryb a hlavonožců se potápějí poměrně hluboko. Vorvaňovcovití jsou poměrně různorodá skupina a ekologické a sociální vztahy nejsou dobře prozkoumány.[1][2]

Taxonomie

Taxonomie čeledi není dosud plně sjednocena, zde jedna z posledních variant podle které se do ní řadí 21 druhů v šesti rodech.[3]

Reference

  1. MYERS, Phil. Animal Diversity Web: Ziphiidae [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 1999 [cit. 2013-01-18]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  2. MAZÁK, Vratislav. Kytovci. Praha: Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, 1988. 307 s. (česky)
  3. BioLib.cz – Ziphiidae (Vorvaňovcovití) [online]. BioLib.cz [cit. 2013-01-18]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Vorvaňovcovití: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Vorvaňovcovití (Ziphiidae) je čeleď středně velkých ozubených savců z řádu kytovců.

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Næbhvaler ( Danish )

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Næbhvaler (Ziphiidae) er en familie indenfor underordenen af tandhvaler. Det er en af de familier af store pattedyr vi ved mindst om, da de lever i dybe oceaner. Nogle arter kendes kun fra kraniefund og andre kun fra strandinger. Der findes endvidere ganske få billeder af næbhvaler. Indtil videre har forskerne identificeret mindst 20 arter i 6 slægter. Tre af slægterne, døglingeslægten, næbhvalsslægten og Indopacetus, er samlet i underfamilien Hyperoodontidae.

Klassifikation

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Næbhvaler: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Næbhvaler (Ziphiidae) er en familie indenfor underordenen af tandhvaler. Det er en af de familier af store pattedyr vi ved mindst om, da de lever i dybe oceaner. Nogle arter kendes kun fra kraniefund og andre kun fra strandinger. Der findes endvidere ganske få billeder af næbhvaler. Indtil videre har forskerne identificeret mindst 20 arter i 6 slægter. Tre af slægterne, døglingeslægten, næbhvalsslægten og Indopacetus, er samlet i underfamilien Hyperoodontidae.

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Schnabelwale ( German )

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Die Schnabelwale (Ziphiidae; veraltend auch Spitzschnauzendelphine) sind eine Familie der Zahnwale. Obwohl sie 24 Arten umfassen und damit nach den Delfinen die artenreichste Walfamilie sind, ist sehr wenig über sie bekannt. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass sie ausgesprochen selten in Küstennähe anzutreffen sind. Viele der Arten wurden erst in jüngerer Vergangenheit beschrieben.

Anatomie

Benannt sind Schnabelwale nach ihrer langgezogenen Schnauze, die sie von anderen größeren Walen unterscheidet. Bei manchen Arten geht der Kopf wie bei einem Delfin geradlinig in diese Schnauze über, bei anderen aber ist die Schnauze markant vom Kopf abgesetzt wie ein Vogelschnabel. Die Körpergröße der Schnabelwale beträgt 4 bis 13 m.

Für gewöhnlich haben Schnabelwale im Unterkiefer zwei oder vier Zähne, während der Oberkiefer ganz zahnlos ist. Nur der Shepherd-Wal hat im Oberkiefer funktionstüchtige, kleine Zähne. Bei vielen Arten tragen dagegen nur die Männchen ein Paar hauerartig vorstehender Zähne. Diese werden als Waffen in Kämpfen untereinander eingesetzt, was die Narben auf ihren Körpern beweisen. Bei der Gattung der Zweizahnwale können diese Hauer bizarre Formen annehmen, etwa beim Layard-Wal (Mesoplodon layardii), dessen Zähne über dem Schnabel nach innen gebogen sind und seine Öffnung einschränken.

Lebensweise

Schnabelwale sind Hochseebewohner, die in allen Ozeanen verbreitet sind. Sie ernähren sich überwiegend von Kalmaren (Teutophagie), die sie in der Tiefsee erbeuten, indem sie mit ihrem stark ausgeprägten Zungenbein einen Unterdruck erzeugen, mit dem die Kalmare regelrecht eingesaugt werden. Auf der Jagd nach Tintenfischen unternehmen sie Tauchzüge von bemerkenswerter Dauer und Tiefe. Dabei sind für den Cuvier-Schnabelwal vor der Küste Kaliforniens Tauchtiefen von 2992 m und Tauchzeiten von 137,5 min belegt.[1][2] Blainville-Schnabelwale können ebenfalls bis 1200 m tief tauchen[3].[4] Ermöglicht werden diese Tauchgänge durch einen besonders hohen Gehalt des Sauerstoff transportierenden Proteins Myoglobin in den Muskelzellen.

Über das Verhalten vieler Arten ist wenig bekannt, weil die Tiere selten auf See gesichtet werden. Zumeist werden kleine Gruppen beobachtet. Die wesentlichen Informationsquellen sind jedoch tote Körper gestrandeter Wale. Am besten sind die Entenwale sowie die Schwarzwale erforscht, was mit der Verfolgung dieser Arten durch Walfänger zusammenhängt.

Einfluss des Menschen

Abgesehen von diesen Gattungen, ist der direkte Einfluss des Menschen auf die Population der Schnabelwale unbedeutend. Eine zunehmende Bedrohung stellt jedoch die Verbreitung giftiger Chemikalien im Meer dar sowie die Vermüllung mit Plastikabfällen.

Eine im Jahr 2009 veröffentlichte Studie stützt die These, dass Schnabelwale stärker durch den Einsatz von Sonargeräten gefährdet sind als andere Meeressäuger. Aufgeschreckt durch das Sonar tauchen die Wale zu schnell auf. Folge davon ist die Dekompressionskrankheit, die zum Tod führen kann.[5][6][7]

Evolution

Unter den Zahnwalen scheinen Schnabelwale keine nahen Verwandten zu haben. Fossil sind sie seit dem Miozän belegt und sind damit eine sehr alte Familie der Zahnwale.

Klassifikation

Phylogenetische Systematik der Schnabelwale nach McGowen et al. (2020):[8]
Delfine


Mesoplodon


Hector-Schnabelwal (M. hectori)



Camperdown-Wal (M. grayi)



Stejneger-Schnabelwal (M. stejnegeri)



Blainville-Schnabelwal (M. densirostris)



Perrin-Schnabelwal (M. perrini)


Peruanischer Schnabelwal (M. peruvianus)









Hubbs-Schnabelwal (M. carlhubbsi)


Andrew-Schnabelwal (M. bowdoini)



Layard-Wal (M. layardii)





Sowerby-Zweizahnwal (M. bidens)



Japanischer Schnabelwal (M. ginkgodens)



True-Wal (M. mirus)


Gervais-Zweizahnwal (M. europaeus)






Hyperoodon

Nördlicher Entenwal (H. ampullatus)


Südlicher Entenwal (H. planifrons)




Cuvier-Schnabelwal (Ziphius cavirostris)



Shepherd-Wal (Tasmacetus shepherdi)



Berardius

Südlicher Schwarzwal (B. arnuxii)


Baird-Wal (B. bairdii)




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Noch immer werden laufend neue Arten beschrieben. Der Perrin-Schnabelwal wurde erst 2002 beschrieben. Der Longman-Schnabelwal, der manchmal auch unter dem mehrdeutigen Namen „Pazifischer Schnabelwal“ geführt wird, war lange nur von zwei in Australien bzw. Ostafrika angespülten Schädeln bekannt; im Jahr 2002 wurde ein bisher unbekannter Wal an die japanische Küste gespült, in dem man diese lange Zeit rätselhafte Spezies wiederzuerkennen glaubte. Obwohl es von manchen Autoritäten noch angezweifelt wird, glauben die meisten Zoologen, dass es sich hierbei um das erste je gefundene vollständige Exemplar des Longman-Schnabelwals handelt.

Referenzen

  1. Gregory S. Schorr, Erin A. Falcone u. a.: First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier’s Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives. In: PLoS ONE. 9, 2014, S. e92633, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633.
  2. Jonathan Amos: Beaked whale is deep-dive champion. BBC, 26. März 2014, abgerufen am 26. März 2014 (englisch).
  3. Peter L. Tyack, Mark Johnson, Natacha Aguilar Soto, Albert Sturlese, Peter T. Madsen: Extreme diving of beaked whales. In: Journal of Experimental Biology. Band 209, Nr. 21, 2006, ISSN 0022-0949, S. 4238–4253, doi:10.1242/jeb.02505.
  4. Martin Schäfer: Rekord im Extremtauchen geht an die Schnabelwale. wissenschaft.de, 23. Oktober 2006. Für Pottwale sind allerdings noch tiefere Tauchgänge belegt.
  5. Audrey McAvoy: Sonar könnte Wale zu schnell auftauchen lassen. In: Spiegel online. 11. Juni 2009, Abgerufen am 6. Juli 2009.
  6. Michael McCarthy: Navy sonar blamed for death of beaked whales found washed up in the Hebrides. In: independent.co.uk, 7. April 2009, Abgerufen am 6. Juli 2009.
  7. S. K. Hooker, R. W. Baird, A. Fahlman: Could beaked whales get the bends? Effect of diving behaviour and physiology on modelled gas exchange for three species: Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon densirostris and Hyperoodon ampullatus. In: Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. Band 167, Nr. 3, Juli 2009, S. 235, doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.023.
  8. Michael R McGowen, Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, Mario dos Reis, Monika Struebig, Robert Deaville, Paul D Jepson, Simon Jarman, Andrea Polanowski, Phillip A Morin u. Stephen J Rossiter: Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture. Systematic Biology, Volume 69, Issue 3, Mai 2020, S. 479–501, doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz068
  9. Merel L. Dalebout, C. Scott Baker, Debbie Steel, Kirsten Thompson, Kelly M. Robertson, Susan J. Chivers, William F. Perrin, Manori Goonatilake, R. Charles Anderson, James G. Mead, Charles W. Potter, Lisa Thompson, Danielle Jupiter, Tadasu K. Yamada. Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala 1963: A new species of beaked whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Marine Mammal Science, 2014; doi:10.1111/mms.12113
  10. Emma L. Carroll, Michael R. McGowen, Morgan L. McCarthy, Felix G. Marx, Natacha Aguilar, Merel L. Dalebout, Sascha Dreyer, Oscar E. Gaggiotti, Sabine S. Hansen, Anton van Helden, Aubrie B. Onoufriou, Robin W. Baird, C. Scott Baker, Simon Berrow, Danielle Cholewiak, Diane Claridge, Rochelle Constantine, Nicholas J. Davison, Catarina Eira, R. Ewan Fordyce, John Gatesy, G. J. Greg Hofmeyr, Vidal Martín, James G. Mead, Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Phillip A. Morin, Cristel Reyes, Emer Rogan, Massimiliano Rosso, Mónica A. Silva, Mark S. Springer, Debbie Steel und Morten Tange Olsen: Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Band 288, 2021, S. 20211213, doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1213
  11. Tadasu K. Yamada, Shino Kitamura, Syuiti Abe, Yuko Tajima, Ayaka Matsuda, James G. Mead and Takashi F. Matsuishi. 2019. Description of A New Species of Beaked Whale (Berardius) found in the North Pacific. Scientific Reports. 9: 12723. nature.com/articles/s41598-019-46703-w

Film

Auf der leisen Spur der Schnabelwale, TV-Dokumentation, 2010, 44 Min., Produktion: Bayerischer Rundfunk. Dokumentation über eine Forschungsexpedition im Atlantik: ein Team aus Meeresbiologen versucht, die scheuen Schnabelwale mit akustischen Methoden aufzuspüren und ihr Verhalten zu erforschen.

Weblinks

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Schnabelwale: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Schnabelwale (Ziphiidae; veraltend auch Spitzschnauzendelphine) sind eine Familie der Zahnwale. Obwohl sie 24 Arten umfassen und damit nach den Delfinen die artenreichste Walfamilie sind, ist sehr wenig über sie bekannt. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass sie ausgesprochen selten in Küstennähe anzutreffen sind. Viele der Arten wurden erst in jüngerer Vergangenheit beschrieben.

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Balena me sqep ( Albanian )

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Balenat me sqep janë anëtarë të familjes Ziphiidae, e cila përbëhet nga 22 specie. Këto balena me dhëmbë janë të veçuara për sqepin e tyre të zgjatur. Në mesin e kafshëve ajërmarrësi, balenat me sqep janë disa nga zhytësit më ekstrem: Balena me sqep e Kuvierit rregullisht zhytet për një orë në thellësi mbi 1,000 m, dhe rekordi më i gjatë dhe më i thellë i regjistruar i zhytjes është 137.5 minuta dhe 2,992 m (9,816 ft) m. Kjo është zhytja më e madhe në thellësi e njohur për një gjitar.

[1][2]

Taksonomia

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Arnoux's beaked whale

Referimet

  1. ^ Tyack, Peter L.; Johnson, Mark; Soto, Natacha Aguilar; Sturlese, Albert; Madsen, Peter T. (2006). "Extreme diving of beaked whales" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (21): 4238–4253. doi:10.1242/jeb.02505. 17050839. Marrë më 1 janar 2014.
  2. ^ Schorr, Gregory S.; Falcone, Erin A.; Moretti, David J.; Andrews, Russel D. (2014). "First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives". PLOS ONE. 9: e92633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633. 24670984.
  3. ^ Dalebout, Merel L. (2014). "Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala 1963: A new species of beaked whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific". Marine Mammal Science (në anglisht). 30: 1081–1108. doi:10.1111/mms.12113. Marrë më 5 shkurt 2014.
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Balena me sqep: Brief Summary ( Albanian )

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Balenat me sqep janë anëtarë të familjes Ziphiidae, e cila përbëhet nga 22 specie. Këto balena me dhëmbë janë të veçuara për sqepin e tyre të zgjatur. Në mesin e kafshëve ajërmarrësi, balenat me sqep janë disa nga zhytësit më ekstrem: Balena me sqep e Kuvierit rregullisht zhytet për një orë në thellësi mbi 1,000 m, dhe rekordi më i gjatë dhe më i thellë i regjistruar i zhytjes është 137.5 minuta dhe 2,992 m (9,816 ft) m. Kjo është zhytja më e madhe në thellësi e njohur për një gjitar.

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Chiam-chhùi hái-ang ( Nan )

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Chiam-chhùi hái-ang, Ziphiidae kho ê hái-ang, pun 6 ê sio̍k, 20-goā-ê chéng, sī hái-ti í-goā siōng toā ê Cetacea kho. In kiám-chhái sī bo̍k-chêng liáu-kái siōng chhián ê toā-hêng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. Ū kúi-ā-ê chéng sī choè-kīn 20 tang chiah khai-sí ū kì-chài, hoān-sè iáu-ū kî-thaⁿ ê chéng boē hoat-hiān.

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Sjnavelwalvèsje ( Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish )

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Sjnavelwalvèsje óp 'ne pooszegel van de Faeröer-eilande

De Sjnavelwalvèsje (Letien: Ziphidae) zeunt, nao de dolfiene, d'r groeëtste groep taandwalvèsjechtege.

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Ziphiidae ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Balena con becco es un creatura de le oceano profunde, alimentar se acerca de solo del oceano. Ille ha un abilitate extraordinar de descendar in oceano por grande duratio: 20 a 30 minutes es common, e 85 minute descendite esseva inregistrate—e a grande profunditate: 1899m e possibile plus.[1]

Referentias

  1. Lewis Smith (October 17, 2006). "It's official: New free-diving record is 1,899 meters (6,230 ft)", CDNN.
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Ziphiidae ( Tagalog )

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Ang beaked whales ay ang mga miyembro ng pamilya Ziphiidae, na binubuo ng 22 espesye. Ang mga toothed whales na ito ay kapansin-pansin para sa kanilang mga matagal na beaks. Kabilang sa mga hayop na nakahahagupit ng hangin, ang beaked whale ay ilan sa mga pinaka-matinding iba't iba: Ang mga beaked whale ay regular na sumisid sa loob ng isang oras sa isang lalim na higit sa 1,000 m (3,300 piye), at ang pinakamahabang at pinakamalalim na nakamamatay na dive na naitala ay 137.5 minuto sa 2,992 m (9,816 piye).


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Ziphiidae ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Los zifiids son de cetacèus de dents (Odontocèts) que semblan de dalfins grandasses. Aquestes animals discrets, que s'obsèrva pro rarament en mar, son çaquelà d'una talha plan mai impausanta (de 4 m fins a 12,8 m per la balena de Bird per un pes de 1 a 10 tonas). S'apèla generalament aquestes animals balenas de bèc perque an un ròstre.

Aquesta familha se compausa de mantun genre :

Compòrtament

Las balenas de bèc se noirisson essencialament de calamars e de qualques peisses de nauta mar. Vivon en nauta mar dins totes los oceans del glòbe, abitualament solas o en gropes de doas o tres, mas arriba que cèrtas circulen en tropas de 25 a 40.

Anatomia

Las balenas de bèc son, amb los dalfins d'aiga doça, los cetacèus actuals jutjats mai primitius. Lo bèc que los caracteriza es format per l'alongament de las doas maissas e varia d'una espècia a l'autra : long e ponchut pel tasmacèt de Shepherd (genre Tasmacetus), cort e rabassòt per las espècias del genre Mesoplodon. En rason de lor regim alimentari constituit gaireben exclusivament de cefalopòdes, la màger part dels genres (Hyperoodon, Ziphius e Mesoplodon) an pas que doas dents sus la maissa inferiora. Los Berardius n'an dos parelhs e lo tasmacèt de Shepherd n'a de nombrosas a cada maxillar.

Se pòt determinar l'espècia, l'edat e lo sèxe d'una balena de bèc gràcias a sas dents: lor nombre e lor emplaçament dins la maissa indican l'espècia (vejatz pus naut), las dents que la cavitat n'es emplenada indican qu'apartenon a un especimèn adulte, las que pòrtan de traças d'usança e que son sortidas de la gengiva apartenon a un mascle e enfin, las que son netas e que la pulpa n'es emplenada apartenon a una femèla.

Lo front dels mascles vièlhs presenta sovent un enflament prononciat que pòt blanquir amb l'edat per cèrtas espècias (coma l'iperodon artic).

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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Balena con becco es un creatura de le oceano profunde, alimentar se acerca de solo del oceano. Ille ha un abilitate extraordinar de descendar in oceano por grande duratio: 20 a 30 minutes es common, e 85 minute descendite esseva inregistrate—e a grande profunditate: 1899m e possibile plus.

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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Los zifiids son de cetacèus de dents (Odontocèts) que semblan de dalfins grandasses. Aquestes animals discrets, que s'obsèrva pro rarament en mar, son çaquelà d'una talha plan mai impausanta (de 4 m fins a 12,8 m per la balena de Bird per un pes de 1 a 10 tonas). S'apèla generalament aquestes animals balenas de bèc perque an un ròstre.

Aquesta familha se compausa de mantun genre :

Berardius Duvernoy, 1851 Hyperoodon Lacépède, 1804 Indopacetus Moore, 1968 Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 Tasmacetus Oliver, 1937 Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823
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Куштумшуктар ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Mesoplodon mirus.

Куштумшуктар (лат. Ziphiidae) – киттердин бир тукуму, булардын төмөнкү уруусун жана түрлөрүн мисал келтирүүгө болот: кадимки куштумшук (лат. Ziphius cavirostris), Тасманово куштумшугу (Tasmacetus shepherdi), куштумшуктар (уруу) (Ziphius).

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Куштумшуктар: Brief Summary ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Mesoplodon mirus.

Куштумшуктар (лат. Ziphiidae) – киттердин бир тукуму, булардын төмөнкү уруусун жана түрлөрүн мисал келтирүүгө болот: кадимки куштумшук (лат. Ziphius cavirostris), Тасманово куштумшугу (Tasmacetus shepherdi), куштумшуктар (уруу) (Ziphius).

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Beaked whale

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Beaked whales (systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least-known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, reclusive behavior and apparent low abundance.[1] Only three or four of the 24 existing species are reasonably well-known. Baird's beaked whales and Cuvier's beaked whales were subject to commercial exploitation, off the coast of Japan, while the northern bottlenose whale was extensively hunted in the northern part of the North Atlantic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[2]

Reports emerged in late 2020 of the possible discovery of a new beaked whale species off the coast of Mexico, the taxonomy of which had not been determined as of December 2020.[3][4][5][6]

Physical characteristics

Blainville's beaked whale

Beaked whales are moderate in size, ranging from 4.0 to 13 metres (13.1 to 42.7 ft) and weighing from 1.0 to 15 tonnes (0.98 to 14.76 long tons; 1.1 to 16.5 short tons). Their key distinguishing feature is the presence of a 'beak', somewhat similar to many dolphins. Other distinctive features include a pair of converging grooves under the throat, and the absence of a notch in the tail fluke. Although Shepherd's beaked whale is an exception, most species have only one or two pairs of teeth, and even these do not erupt in females. Beaked whale species are often sexually dimorphic – one or the other sex is significantly larger. The adult males often possess a large bulging forehead,[7] some to an extreme feature.[8] However, aside from dentition and size, very few morphological differences exist between male and female beaked whales.[9]

Individual species are very difficult to identify in the wild, since body form varies little from one species to another. The observer must rely on often subtle differences in size, color, forehead shape, and beak length. In the skull, the expansion of the premaxillary process can be a key feature to identification.[8]

The blubber of these whales is almost entirely (94%) composed of wax ester, a unique characteristic of this family.[10]

Dentition

Beaked whales are unique among toothed whales in that most species only have one pair of teeth. The teeth are tusk-like, but are only visible in males, which are presumed to use these teeth in combat for females for reproductive rights. In females, the teeth do not develop and remain hidden in the gum tissues.[11]

In December 2008, researchers from the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University completed a DNA tree of 13 of 15 known species of Mesoplodon beaked whales (excluding the spade-toothed whale, which was then only known from a skeletal specimen and a few stranded specimens). Among the results of this study was the conclusion that the male's teeth are actually a secondary sexual characteristic, similar to the antlers of male deer. Each species' teeth have a characteristically unique shape. In some cases, these teeth even hinder feeding; in the strap-toothed whale, for example, the teeth curve over the upper jaw, effectively limiting the gape to a few centimeters. Females are presumed to select mates based on the shape of the teeth, because the different species are otherwise quite similar in appearance.[11]

The social structure is not well known, but sightings of single males accompanying multiple females suggest a polygynous mating system, which would considerably limit the number of males a female can choose.[11]

Taxonomy

Beaked whales comprise at least 22 species. Several species have been described only in the last two decades. Six genera have been identified.

The beaked whales are the second-largest family of cetaceans (after the dolphins). They were one of the first groups to diverge from the ancestral lineage. The earliest known beaked whale fossils date to the Miocene, about 15 million years ago.[12]

Arnoux's beaked whale

Evolutionary history

As many as 26 genera antedate humans.[1][16] These include ancestors of giant beaked whales (Berardius), such as Microberardius, and ancestors of Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius); they had many relatives, such as Caviziphius, Archaeoziphius, and Izikoziphius. They were probably preyed upon by predatory whales and sharks, including Otodus megalodon. Recently, a large fossil ziphiid sample was discovered off the South African coast, confirming the extant ziphiid diversity might just be a remnant of a higher past diversity. After studying numerous fossil skulls off the shore of Iberia[8] and South Africa, researchers discovered the absence of functional maxillary teeth in all South African fossil ziphiids, which is evidence that suction feeding had already developed in several beaked whale lineages during the Miocene. Researchers also found fossil ziphiids with robust skulls, signaling that tusks were used for male-male interactions (speculated with extant beaked whales).[1]

Ecology

Diving

Beaked whales are deep divers with extreme dive profiles.[17] They regularly dive deeper than 500 m (1,600 ft) to echolocate for food, and these deep dives are often followed by multiple shallower dives less than 500 m.[18] This pattern is not always followed, however. Animals have been observed spending more than an hour at or near the surface breathing. Beaked whales are often seen surfacing synchronously, but asynchronous surfacing has also been observed.[19] In March 2014, a study by Cascadia Research revealed that Cuvier's beaked whales were recorded to dive at least 2992 m in depth, a mammalian record.[20] Another study, published in 2020, reported a Cuvier's beaked whale making a dive that lasted 222 minutes, another mammalian record.[21]

Deep-diving mammals face a number of challenges related to extended breath-holding and hydrostatic pressure. Cetaceans and pinnipeds that prolong apnea must optimize the size and use of their oxygen stores, and they must deal with the accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism.[17] Beaked whales have several anatomical adaptations to deep diving: large spleens, livers, and body shape. Most cetaceans have small spleens. However, beaked whales have much larger spleens than delphinids, and may have larger livers, as well. These anatomical traits, which are important for filtering blood, could be adaptations to deep diving. Another notable anatomical adaptation among beaked whales is a slight depression in the body wall that allows them to hold their pectoral flippers tightly against their bodies for increased streamlining.[9] However, they are not invulnerable to the effects of diving so deep and so often. Cascadia Research shows that the deeper the whales dive, the less often they dive per day, cutting their efforts by at least 40%.[20]

The challenges of deep diving are also overcome by the unique diving physiology of beaked whales. Oxygen storage during dives is mostly achieved by blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin.[18] While the whale is diving, its heart rate slows and blood flow changes. This physiological dive response ensures oxygen-sensitive tissues maintain a supply of oxygen, while those tissues tolerant to hypoxia receive less blood flow. Additionally, lung collapse obviates the exchange of lung gas with blood, likely minimizing the uptake of nitrogen by tissues.[9]

Feeding

The throats of all beaked whales have a bilaterally paired set of grooves that are associated with their unique feeding mechanism, suction feeding.[9] Instead of capturing prey with their teeth, beaked whales suck it into their oral cavity. Suction is aided by the throat grooves, which stretch and expand to accommodate food. Their tongues can move very freely. By suddenly retracting the tongue and distending the gular (throat) floor, pressure immediately drops within the mouth, sucking the prey in with the water.

Dietary information is available from stomach contents analyses of stranded beaked whales and from whaling operations. Their preferred diet is primarily deep-water squid,[11] but also benthic and benthopelagic fish and some crustaceans, mostly taken near the sea floor.[19] In a recent study, gouge marks in the sea floor were interpreted to be a result of feeding activities by beaked whales.[22]

To understand the hunting and foraging behavior of beaked whales, researchers used sound and orientation recording devices on two species: Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). These whales hunt by echolocation in deep water (where the majority of their prey is located) between about 200 and 1,885 m (656 and 6,184 ft) and usually catch about 30 prey per dive. Cuvier's beaked whales must forage on average at 1,070 m (3,510 ft) for 58 minutes and Blainville's beaked whales typically forage at 835 m (2,740 ft) deep for an average of 47 minutes.[17]

Range and habitat

The family Ziphiidae is one of the most widespread families of cetaceans, ranging from the ice edges at both the north and south poles, to the equator in all the oceans.[23] Specific ranges vary greatly by species, though beaked whales typically inhabit offshore waters that are at least 300 m deep.

Beaked whales are known to congregate in deep waters off the edge of continental shelves, and bottom features, such as seamounts, canyons, escarpments, and oceanic islands, including the Azores and the Canary Islands,[19] and even off the coasts of Hawaii.[20]

Life history

Very little is known about the life history of beaked whales. The oldest recorded age is 84 years for a male Baird's beaked whale and 54 years for a female. For all other beaked whale species studied, the oldest recorded age is between 27 and 39 years. Sexual maturity is reached between seven and 15 years of age in Baird's beaked whales and northern bottlenose whales. Gestation varies greatly between species, lasting 17 months for Baird's beaked whales and 12 months for the northern bottlenose whale.[24] No data are available on their reproductive rates.

Determining group size for beaked whales is difficult, due to their inconspicuous surfacing behavior. Groups of beaked whales, defined as all individuals found in the same location at the same time, have been reported as ranging from one to 100 individuals. Nevertheless, some populations' group size has been estimated from repeated observations. For example, northern and southern bottlenose whales (H. ampullatus and H. planifrons), Cuvier's beaked whales, and Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) have a reported maximum group size of 20 individuals, with the average ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 individuals. Berardius species and Longman's beaked whales (Indopacetus pacificus) are found in larger groups of up to 100 individuals.[19]

Not much information is available about group composition of beaked whales. Only three species have been studied in any detail: northern bottlenose whales, Blainville's beaked whales, and Baird's beaked whales. Female northern bottlenose whales appear to form a loose network of social partners with no obvious long-term associations. In contrast to females, some male northern bottlenose whales have been repeatedly recorded together over several years, and possibly form long-term associations. Studies of Blainville's beaked whales have revealed groups usually consist of a number of females, calves, and/or juvenile animals. These whales are assumed to live in "harem-like" groups, where several females and young are accompanied by a single male.[11] Baird's beaked whales are known to occur in multiple male groups, and in large groups consisting of adult animals of both sexes. Arnoux's beaked whales have also been observed to form large pods of up to 47 individuals off the Southern Ocean off the coast of Kemp Land, Antarctica.[25]

Conservation

For many years, most beaked whale species were insulated from anthropogenic impacts because of their remote habitat. However, now several issues of concern include:

  • Studies of stranded beaked whales show rising levels of toxic chemicals in their blubber.[26]
  • As a top predator, beaked whales, like raptors, are particularly vulnerable to build-up of biocontaminants. They can ingest plastic (which can be lethal).[19]
  • They more frequently become trapped in trawl nets, due to the expansion of deepwater fisheries.[27]
  • Decompression sickness

A major conservation concern for beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) is they appear to be vulnerable to modern sonar operations, which arises from recent strandings that temporally and physically coincide with naval sonar exercises.[28] Mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS), developed in the 1950s for submarine detection, is thought to induce panic when experienced by whales at depth.[29] This raises their heart-rates, forcing them to attempt to rapidly ascend toward the surface in search of air. This artificially-induced rapid ascent can cause decompression.[29]

Post mortem examinations of the stranded whales in concurrence with naval exercises have reported the presence of hemorrhaging near the ears or gas and fat emboli, which could have a deleterious impact on beaked whales that is analogous to decompression sickness in humans.[18] Gas and fat emboli have been shown to cause nervous and cardiovascular system dysfunction, respiratory distress, pain, and disorientation in both humans and animals.[28] In the inner ear, gas embolism can cause hemorrhages, leading to disorientation or vestibular dysfunction.

Breath-holding divers, like beaked whales, can develop decompression-related problems (the "bends") when they return to the surface after deep dives.[17] This is a possible hypothesis for the mass strandings of pelagic beaked whales associated with sonar-related activities. To illustrate, a diving beaked whale may be surfacing from a deep dive and must pass vertically through varying received sound levels. Since the whale has limited remaining oxygen supplies at the end of a long dive, it probably has limited abilities to display any normal sound avoidance behavior. Instead, the whale must continue to swim toward the surface to replenish its oxygen stores.[19] Avoiding sonar inevitably requires a change in behavior or surfacing pattern. Therefore, sonar in close proximity to groups of beaked whales has the potential to cause hemorrhaging or to disorient the animal, eventually leading to a stranding.

Current research reveals two species of beaked whales are most affected by sonar: Cuvier's (Z. cavirostris) and Blainville's (M. densirostris) beaked whales. These animals have been reported as stranding in correlation with military exercises in Greece, the Bahamas, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.[30] The livers of these animals had the most damage.[31]

In 2019, a review of evidence on the mass strandings of beaked whale linked to naval exercises where sonar was used was published. It concluded that the effects of mid-frequency active sonar are strongest on Cuvier's beaked whales but vary among individuals or populations, and the strength of their response may depend on whether the individuals had prior exposure to sonar. The report considered that the most plausible explanation of the symptoms of decompression sickness such as gas embolism found in stranded whales to be the whales' response to sonar. It noted that no more mass strandings had occurred in the Canary Islands once naval exercises where sonar was used were banned there, and recommended that the ban be extended to other areas where mass strandings continue to occur.[32][33]

Four species are classified by the IUCN as "lower risk, conservation dependent": Arnoux's and Baird's beaked whales, and the northern and southern bottlenose whales. The status of the remaining species is unknown, preventing classification.[34]

Captivity

Beaked whales live very short lives in captivity when compared to other cetaceans such as common bottlenose dolphins and short-finned pilot whales,[35] most surviving only a few days out of the ocean.[36] The longest time period for a beaked whale living in captivity was 25 days. Alexander and Nicholas, two male beaked whales—their species unknown, though they were thought to be either Hubbs' beaked whale or Blainville's beaked whale—had become stranded in California on 24 August 1989. They were taken to Marine World California.[37] Both of the whales would die of pneumonia; Nicholas died on 8 September and Alexander died 10 days later.[38]

A handful of other beaked whales have been briefly kept in captivity. A juvenile female Cuvier's beaked whale was found stranded on a kelp bed off of Santa Catalina Island on 23 February 1956. She was taken to Marineland of the Pacific, where she was named Martha Washington.[39] On 16 June 1969, a Cuvier's beaked whale live stranded in St. Augustine. The whale, thought to be a male, was then transported to Marineland of Florida. It is unknown what happened to the whale, but it was still alive on 18 June 1969.[40]

References

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  2. ^ Government of Canada, Environment (27 April 2011). "Recovery Strategy for the Northern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), Scotian Shelf population, in Atlantic Canadian Waters - Species at Risk Public Registry". www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Scientists Think They've Discovered a New Species of Beaked Whale". sciencealert.com. 12 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Previously Unknown Beaked Whale Species Spotted off Mexico". the-scientist.com. 12 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Rare beaked whale sighting could be a world first for the species". Mongabay Environmental News. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  6. ^ MacKinnon, J. B. (30 March 2021). "An Entire Group of Whales Has Somehow Escaped Human Attention". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  7. ^ Christensen, Ivar (1984). Macdonald, David W. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5. OCLC 10403800.
  8. ^ a b c Bianucci, Giovanni; Miján, Ismael; Lambert, Olivier; Post, Klaas; Mateus, Octávio (March 2013). "Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula". Geodiversitas. 35 (1): 105–153. doi:10.5252/g2013n1a6. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 129787505.
  9. ^ a b c d Rommel, S. A.; Costidis, A. M.; Fernandez, A.; Jepson, P. D.; Pabst, D. A.; McLellan, W. A.; Houser, D. S.; Cranford, T. W.; van Helden, A. L.; Allen, D. M.; Barros, N. B. (2006). "Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7 (3): 189–209. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.730. S2CID 32951311. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  10. ^ Litchfield, Carter; Greenberg, Anne J.; Caldwell, David K.; Caldwell, Maria C.; Sipos, J. C.; Ackman, R. G. (1975). "Comparative lipid patterns in acoustical and nonacoustical fatty tissues of dolphins, porpoises and toothed whales". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 50 (4): 591–7. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(75)90095-4. OCLC 733963359. PMID 1122741.
  11. ^ a b c d e Dalebout, Merel L.; Steel, Debbie; Baker, C. Scott (2008). "Phylogeny of the Beaked Whale Genus Mesoplodon (Ziphiidae: Cetacea) Revealed by Nuclear Introns: Implications for the Evolution of Male Tusks". Systematic Biology. 57 (6): 857–875. doi:10.1080/10635150802559257. PMID 19085329.
  12. ^ Lambert, Olivier (2006). "Archaeoziphius microglenoideus, a new primitive beaked whale (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Middle Miocene of Belgium". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26: 182–191. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[182:AMANPB]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55300284.
  13. ^ Yamada, Tadasu K.; Kitamura, Shino (30 August 2019). "Description of a new species of beaked whale (Berardius) found in the North Pacific". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12723. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912723Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46703-w. PMC 6717206. PMID 31471538.
  14. ^ Kawatani, Ayako; Kohno, Naoki (3 March 2021). "The oldest fossil record of the extant genus Berardius (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the Middle to Late Miocene boundary of the western North Pacific". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (3): 201152. Bibcode:2021RSOS....801152K. doi:10.1098/rsos.201152. PMC 8074928. PMID 33959310.
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  16. ^ Bianucci, Giovanni; Miján, Ismael; Lambert, Olivier; Post, Klaas; Mateus, Octávio (2013). "Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula". Geodiversitas. 35 (1): 105–153. doi:10.5252/g2013n1a6. S2CID 129787505. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d Tyack, Peter L.; Johnson, Mark; Soto, Natacha Aguilar; Sturlese, Albert; Madsen, Peter T. (2006). "Extreme diving of beaked whales". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (21): 4238–4253. doi:10.1242/jeb.02505. PMID 17050839.
  18. ^ a b c Zimmer, Walter M. X.; Tyack, Peter L. (2007). "Repetitive shallow dives pose decompression risk in deep-diving beaked whales". Marine Mammal Science. 23 (4): 888–925. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00152.x.
  19. ^ a b c d e f MacLeod, Colin D.; D'Amico, Angela (2006). "A review of beaked whale behavior and ecology in relation to assessing and mitigating impacts of anthropogenic noise" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7 (3): 211–221. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.731. S2CID 257545789. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  20. ^ a b c Schorr, Gregory S.; Falconne, Erin A.; Moretti, David J.; Andrews, Russel D. (26 March 2014). "First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92633. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992633S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633. PMC 3966784. PMID 24670984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  21. ^ Quick, Nicola J.; Cioffi, William R.; Shearer, Jeanne M.; Fahlman, Andreas; Read, Andrew J. (15 September 2020). "Extreme diving in mammals: first estimates of behavioural aerobic dive limits in Cuvier's beaked whales". The Journal of Experimental Biology. The Company of Biologists. 223 (18): jeb222109. doi:10.1242/jeb.222109. PMID 32967976. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  22. ^ Auster, Peter J.; Watling, Les (2010). "Beaked whale foraging areas inferred by gouges in the seafloor". Marine Mammal Science. 26 (1): 226–233. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00325.x.
  23. ^ MacLeod, Colin D.; Perrin, William F.; Pitman, Robert; Barlow, Jay; Ballance, Lisa; D'Amicon, Angela; Gerrodette, Tim; Joyce, Gerald; Mullin, Keith D.; Palka, Debra L.; Waring, Gordon T. (2006). "Known and inferred distributions of beaked whales" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7 (3): 271–286. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.737. S2CID 88202930. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  24. ^ Mead, James G. (1984). "Survey of reproductive data for the beaked whales (Ziphiidae)" (PDF). Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 6): 91–96. Retrieved 11 January 2014. (PDF from IWC)
  25. ^ Rogers, Tracey L.; Brown, Sarah M. (1970). "Acoustic observations of Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) off Kemp Land, Antarctica". Marine Mammal Science. 15: 192–198. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00789.x.
  26. ^ Law, R. J.; Allchin, C. R.; Jones, B. R.; Jepson, P. D.; Baker, J. R.; Spurrier, C. J. H. (1997). "Metals and organochlorines in tissues of a Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) and a killer whale (Orcinus orca) stranded in the United Kingdom". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 34 (3): 208–212. Bibcode:1997MarPB..34..208L. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00148-8.
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  28. ^ a b Fernández, A.; Edwards, J. F.; Rodríguez, F.; Espinosa de los Monteros, A.; Herráez, P.; Castro, P.; Jaber, J. R.; Martín, V.; Arbelo, M. (2005). ""Gas and Fat Embolic Syndrome" involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals". Veterinary Pathology. 42 (4): 446–457. doi:10.1354/vp.42-4-446. PMID 16006604. S2CID 43571676.
  29. ^ a b "Sonar can scare whales to death, study shows. But scientists have a possible fix". NBC News.
  30. ^ Faerber, Meghan M.; Baird, Robin W. (2010). "Does a lack of observed beaked whale strandings in military exercise areas mean no impacts have occurred? A comparison of stranding and detection probabilities in the Canary and main Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 26 (3): 602–613. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00370.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  31. ^ Jepson, P. D.; Arbelo, M.; Deaville, R.; Patterson, I. A. P.; Castro, P.; Baker, J. R.; Degollada, E.; Ross, H. M.; Herráez, P.; Pocknell, A. M.; Rodríguez, F.; Howie, F. E.; Espinosa, A.; Reid, R. J.; Jaber, J. R.; Martin, V.; Cunningham, A. A.; Fernández, A. (2003). "Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans: was sonar responsible for a spate of whale deaths after an Atlantic military exercise?" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6958): 575–576. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..575J. doi:10.1038/425575a. PMID 14534575. S2CID 26717950. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  32. ^ Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Fernandez A, Baird RW, Brownell RL Jr, Aguilar de Soto N, Allen D, Arbelo M, Arregui M, Costidis A, Fahlman A, Frantzis A, Gulland FM, Iñíguez M, Johnson M, Komnenou A, Koopman H, Pabst DA, Roe WD, Sierra E, Tejedor M, Schorr G (30 January 2019). "Advances in research on the impacts of anti-submarine sonar on beaked whales". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 286 (1895): 20182533. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2533. PMC 6364578. PMID 30963955.
  33. ^ Batchelor, Tom (30 January 2019). "Scientists demand military sonar ban to end mass whale strandings". The Independent.
  34. ^ "Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (PDF). IUCN. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
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  36. ^ "Beaked Whales in Captivity". Ceta-Base Blog & Captive Cetacean News. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  37. ^ "Rare Beaked Whale Takes Turn for the Worse". Schenectady Gazette. 29 August 1989. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  38. ^ "The second of two rare beaked whales that..." Orland Sentinel. 19 September 1989. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  39. ^ "Rare Young Whale Taken From Kelp Trap Near Catalina Adjusting Self To Aquarium". The San Bernardino County Sun. 23 February 1956. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  40. ^ "Beaked Whale Rare For Local Waters". Orlando Evening Star. 18 June 1969. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

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Beaked whale: Brief Summary

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Beaked whales (systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least-known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, reclusive behavior and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 existing species are reasonably well-known. Baird's beaked whales and Cuvier's beaked whales were subject to commercial exploitation, off the coast of Japan, while the northern bottlenose whale was extensively hunted in the northern part of the North Atlantic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Reports emerged in late 2020 of the possible discovery of a new beaked whale species off the coast of Mexico, the taxonomy of which had not been determined as of December 2020.

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Zifiedoj ( Esperanto )

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Zifiedoj, BekocetedojBekobalenoj, estas la membroj de la familio Ziphiidae, kiu konsistas el 23 specioj. Tiuj dentobalenoj estas distingataj pere de siaj longecaj "bekoj". Inter aer-spiraj animaloj, bekobalenoj estas kelkaj el la plej diversaj: la Trubeka zifio regule subnaĝas dum unu horo je profundo de ĉirkaŭ 1,000 m,[1] kajla plej longa kaj profunda manĝa subnaĝado registrita estis de 137.5 minutoj je 2,992 m profunde. Tiu estis la plej granda profundo konata por mamulo.[2]

Bekobalenoj estas unu el la malplej konataj grupoj de mamuloj pro sia profundmara habitato kaj ŝajne malalta abundo.[3] Nur tri al kvar el la 22 specioj estas iom bone konataj. La Arnuksa bekobaleno kaj la Trubeka zifio estas celo de komerca ekspluatado, ĉe la marbordoj de Japanio, dum la Norda botelnazulo estis troe ĉasita en la norda parto de la Norda Atlantiko fine de la 19a kaj komence de la 20a jarcentoj.

Kelkaj specioj

Notoj

  1. Tyack, Peter L.; Johnson, Mark; Soto, Natacha Aguilar; Sturlese, Albert; Madsen, Peter T. (2006). "Extreme diving of beaked whales" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (21): 4238–4253. doi:10.1242/jeb.02505. PMID 17050839. Alirita la 7an de Novembro 2018.
  2. Schorr, Gregory S.; Falcone, Erin A.; Moretti, David J.; Andrews, Russel D. (2014). "First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives". PLOS One. 9: e92633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633. PMC 3966784. PMID 24670984. Alirita la 7an de Novembro 2018.
  3. Bianucci, Giovanni; Post, Klaas; Lambert, Olivier (2008). "Beaked whale mysteries revealed by seafloor fossils trawled off South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 104 (3–4): 140–142. Alirita la 7an de Novembro 2018.
  4. Dalebout et al. 2014

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Zifiedoj: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Zifiedoj, Bekocetedoj aŭ Bekobalenoj, estas la membroj de la familio Ziphiidae, kiu konsistas el 23 specioj. Tiuj dentobalenoj estas distingataj pere de siaj longecaj "bekoj". Inter aer-spiraj animaloj, bekobalenoj estas kelkaj el la plej diversaj: la Trubeka zifio regule subnaĝas dum unu horo je profundo de ĉirkaŭ 1,000 m, kajla plej longa kaj profunda manĝa subnaĝado registrita estis de 137.5 minutoj je 2,992 m profunde. Tiu estis la plej granda profundo konata por mamulo.

Bekobalenoj estas unu el la malplej konataj grupoj de mamuloj pro sia profundmara habitato kaj ŝajne malalta abundo. Nur tri al kvar el la 22 specioj estas iom bone konataj. La Arnuksa bekobaleno kaj la Trubeka zifio estas celo de komerca ekspluatado, ĉe la marbordoj de Japanio, dum la Norda botelnazulo estis troe ĉasita en la norda parto de la Norda Atlantiko fine de la 19a kaj komence de la 20a jarcentoj.

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Ziphiidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los zífidos o zifíidos (Ziphiidae) son una familia de cetáceos odontocetos conocidos vulgarmente como zifios. Se caracterizan por la presencia de un hocico pronunciado. Se han descrito 21 especies, aunque el escaso acervo de conocimientos sobre este grupo permite suponer una mayor diversidad.

La etimología viene del griego xiphos (espada), y por ello, literalmente zifio significa ballena con nariz de espada.

Los zifios son considerados uno de los grupos de mamíferos menos conocidos debido a su hábitat en aguas profundas y a su aparentemente escaso número.[1]​Solo tres o cuatro de las 22 especies son razonablemente bien conocidas. Los zifios de Baird y los zifios de Cuvier han sido objeto de explotación comercial frente a las costas de Japón, mientras que los zifios calderones del norte eran cazados extensamente en la parte norte del Atlántico Norte a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.[2]

A finales de 2020 aparecieron reportes sobre el posible descubrimiento de una nueva especie de zifio frente a las costas de México, cuya taxonomía no se había determinado para diciembre de 2020.[3][4][5][6]

Descripción

Los integrantes de esta familia de cetáceos varían de tamaño entre 4 y 13 metros de longitud, y con un peso comprendido entre 1 y 15 toneladas. Su principal característica distintiva es la presencia de un hocico fino, similar al de muchos delfines, y dos surcos que convergen bajo la garganta, así como la ausencia de muesca en sus aletas caudales.[1]

Aunque el zifio de Shepherd (Tasmacetus shepherdi) es una excepción, la mayoría de las especies en esta familia solo tienen uno o dos pares de dientes, e incluso estos pueden no brotar en las hembras. A menudo presentan dimorfismo sexual marcado.[7]​Uno u otro sexo suele ser significativamente más grande. Los machos adultos suelen poseer una gran frente abultada. Con todo, aparte de la dentición y el tamaño, existen muy pocas diferencias morfológicas entre los zifios macho y hembras.[8]

Es muy difícil identificar a una especie individual en su ambiente natural, ya que la forma del cuerpo varía poco de una especie a otra. Los observadores recurren a diferencias, a menudo sutiles, en el tamaño, color, la forma de la frente y longitud del hocico.

La grasa de estas ballenas está compuesta casi por completo (94%) de éster ceroso, una característica única de esta familia.[9]

Dentición

Los zifios son únicos entre las ballenas dentadas, ya que la mayoría de las especies sólo poseen un par de dientes. Los dientes tienen forma de colmillos, pero sólo son visibles en los machos, que se supone utilizan estos dientes al enfrentarse unos a otros por las hembras para obtener derechos reproductivos. En las hembras, los dientes no se desarrollan y permanecen ocultos en los tejidos de las encías.[10]

En diciembre de 2008, investigadores del Instituto de Mamíferos Marinos de la Universidad Estatal de Oregón completaron un árbol de ADN de 13 de las 15 especies conocidas de zifios del género Mesoplodon (excluyendo al zifio de Travers, que para entonces solo se conocía a través de un espécimen esquelético y unos pocos ejemplares varados). Entre los resultados de este estudio estuvo la conclusión de que los dientes del macho son en realidad un carácter sexual secundario, similar a la cornamenta de los ciervos macho. Los dientes de cada especie tienen una forma característicamente única. En algunos casos, estos dientes llegan incluso a dificultar la alimentación; en el zifio de Layard, por ejemplo, los dientes se curvan sobre la mandíbula superior, limitando efectivamente la abertura a unos pocos centímetros. Se supone que las hembras seleccionan a sus compañeros en función de la forma de los dientes, ya que, por lo demás, las distintas especies tienen un aspecto bastante similar.[11]

La estructura social de estas ballenas no se conoce bien, pero avistamientos de machos solitarios que acompañan a múltiples hembras sugieren un sistema de apareamiento poligínico, que limitaría considerablemente el número de machos que una hembra puede elegir.[12]

Evolución

Taxonomía

Además, se conocen varios géneros extintos:[13]

Referencias

  1. Bianucci, Giovanni; Post, Klaas; Lambert, Olivier (2008). «Beaked whale mysteries revealed by seafloor fossils trawled off South Africa». South African Journal of Science 104 (3–4): 140-142. Consultado el 11 January 2014.
  2. Government of Canada, Environment. «Recovery Strategy for the Northern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), Scotian Shelf population, in Atlantic Canadian Waters - Species at Risk Public Registry». www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca (en inglés). Consultado el 27 de abril de 2018.
  3. «Scientists Think They've Discovered a New Species of Beaked Whale». sciencealert.com. December 12, 2020.
  4. «Previously Unknown Beaked Whale Species Spotted off Mexico». the-scientist.com. December 12, 2020.
  5. «Rare beaked whale sighting could be a world first for the species». Mongabay Environmental News (en inglés estadounidense). 14 de enero de 2021. Consultado el 27 de enero de 2021.
  6. MacKinnon, J. B. (30 de marzo de 2021). «An Entire Group of Whales Has Somehow Escaped Human Attention». The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2021.
  7. Christensen, Ivar (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Nueva York: Facts on File. pp. 210-211. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  8. Rommel, S. A.; Costidis, A. M.; Fernandez, A.; Jepson, P. D.; Pabst, D. A.; McLellan, W. A.; Houser, D. S.; Cranford, T. W.; van Helden, A. L.; Allen, D. M.; Barros, N. B. (2006). «Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding» (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 7 (3): 189-209. Consultado el 11 January 2014.
  9. Litchfield, Carter; Greenberg, Anne J.; Caldwell, David K.; Caldwell, Maria C.; Sipos, J. C.; Ackman, R. G. (1975). «Comparative lipid patterns in acoustical and nonacoustical fatty tissues of dolphins, porpoises and toothed whales». Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 50 (4): 591-7. OCLC 733963359. PMID 1122741. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(75)90095-4.
  10. Dalebout, Merel L.; Steel, Debbie; Baker, C. Scott (2008). «Phylogeny of the Beaked Whale Genus Mesoplodon (Ziphiidae: Cetacea) Revealed by Nuclear Introns: Implications for the Evolution of Male Tusks». Systematic Biology (PDF|formato= requiere |url= (ayuda)) 57 (6): 857-875. PMID 19085329. doi:10.1080/10635150802559257. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
  11. Dalebout, Merel L.; Steel, Debbie; Baker, C. Scott (2008). «Phylogeny of the Beaked Whale Genus Mesoplodon (Ziphiidae: Cetacea) Revealed by Nuclear Introns: Implications for the Evolution of Male Tusks». Systematic Biology (PDF|formato= requiere |url= (ayuda)) 57 (6): 857-875. PMID 19085329. doi:10.1080/10635150802559257. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
  12. Dalebout, Merel L.; Steel, Debbie; Baker, C. Scott (2008). «Phylogeny of the Beaked Whale Genus Mesoplodon (Ziphiidae: Cetacea) Revealed by Nuclear Introns: Implications for the Evolution of Male Tusks». Systematic Biology (PDF|formato= requiere |url= (ayuda)) 57 (6): 857-875. PMID 19085329. doi:10.1080/10635150802559257. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
  13. Giovanni Bianucci, Ismael Miján, Olivier Lambert, Klaas Post and Octávio Mateus (2013). «Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula». Geodiversitas 35 (1): 105-153. doi:10.5252/g2013n1a6. Archivado desde el original el 12 de diciembre de 2013.

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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los zífidos o zifíidos (Ziphiidae) son una familia de cetáceos odontocetos conocidos vulgarmente como zifios. Se caracterizan por la presencia de un hocico pronunciado. Se han descrito 21 especies, aunque el escaso acervo de conocimientos sobre este grupo permite suponer una mayor diversidad.

La etimología viene del griego xiphos (espada), y por ello, literalmente zifio significa ballena con nariz de espada.

Los zifios son considerados uno de los grupos de mamíferos menos conocidos debido a su hábitat en aguas profundas y a su aparentemente escaso número.​Solo tres o cuatro de las 22 especies son razonablemente bien conocidas. Los zifios de Baird y los zifios de Cuvier han sido objeto de explotación comercial frente a las costas de Japón, mientras que los zifios calderones del norte eran cazados extensamente en la parte norte del Atlántico Norte a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.​

A finales de 2020 aparecieron reportes sobre el posible descubrimiento de una nueva especie de zifio frente a las costas de México, cuya taxonomía no se había determinado para diciembre de 2020.​​​​

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Nokisvaallased ( Estonian )

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Nokisvaallased (Ziphiidae) on mereimetajate sugukond vaalaliste seltsi hammasvaalaliste alamseltsist.

Sugukonda kuulub 6 perekonda 20 liigiga.

Süstemaatika

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Nokisvaallased: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Nokisvaallased (Ziphiidae) on mereimetajate sugukond vaalaliste seltsi hammasvaalaliste alamseltsist.

Sugukonda kuulub 6 perekonda 20 liigiga.

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Moko-bale ( Basque )

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Moko-baleen edo zifioen ziphiidae familia zetazeo odontozetoen multzo bat da, barnean 21 espezie dituena. Bere habitat ur sakonetan dagoenez, nahiko espezie ezezagunak dira.[1]

Bizkaiko golkoan Cuvier moko-balea ikuskatzen ahal da.

Ezaugarriak

Tamaina ertaineko itsas ugaztunak dira eta urpeko igeriketa benetan izugarriak egiten dituzte; nahiko dute ur-azalean bi minutu egon, gero ur azpian bi ordu egon ahal izateko beste oxigenoa hartzeko (zeroiek baino gaitasun handiagoa). Sakonera handikoak diren urpeko igeriketa horien artean, zifioek buzeo laburragoak egiten dituzte errekuperatzeko, 400 m-raino 10-20 minutuan[2].

Behin uretan murgilduta, gutxi gorabehera 500 metrora daudelarik, ekolokalizazio-klaskak egiten hasten dira. Izan ere, sonar hori saguzarren eta zetazeoen eboluzio-ildoetan garatu da bata bestearekiko beregain. Berari esker, harrapakin egokia lokalizatzen dute. Behin lokalizatuta, klaskak azkar igortzen hasten dira bere harrapakariari gertutik jarraitzeko, eta azkenean harrapatzeko.

Bizitza luzeko animaliak dira, ugalketa erritmo baxua dute eta izaten duten kume apurren zaintzaz arduratzen dira

Taxonomia

Erreferentziak

  1. Bianucci, Giovanni; Post, Klaas; Lambert, Olivier (2008) «Beaked whale mysteries revealed by seafloor fossils trawled off South Africa» South African Journal of Science 104 (3–4): 140–142.
  2. «Zientzia Kaiera | Laboratorium Bergara Zientzia Museoa» www.laboratorium.eus . Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-09-25.
  3. Dalebout, Merel L. (2014) «Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala 1963: A new species of beaked whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific» Marine Mammal Science doi:10.1111/mms.12113.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Moko-bale: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Moko-baleen edo zifioen ziphiidae familia zetazeo odontozetoen multzo bat da, barnean 21 espezie dituena. Bere habitat ur sakonetan dagoenez, nahiko espezie ezezagunak dira.

Bizkaiko golkoan Cuvier moko-balea ikuskatzen ahal da.

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Nokkavalaat ( Finnish )

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Nokkavalaat (Hyperoodontidae, vanh. Ziphiidae) on hammasvalaiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Nokkavalaat jaetaan kuuteen sukuun: Berardius (2 lajia), Hyperoodon (2 lajia), Indopacetus (1 laji), Mesoplodon (14 lajia), Tasmacetus (1. laji), Ziphius (1 laji). Muut suvut ovat kuolleet sukupuuttoon.

Nokkavalaita tavataan kaikilla valtamerillä. Suurimmat lajit saattavat olla 15 tonnisia, 13 metriä pitkiä. Niiden ulkonäössä tyypillinen yhteinen tekijä on kapea nokka. Joillakin on sen takana delfiinimäinen pyöreä otsa, toisilla lajeilla pää jatkuu suippona nokan takanakin.[2]

Lähteet

Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Nokkavalaat: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Nokkavalaat (Hyperoodontidae, vanh. Ziphiidae) on hammasvalaiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Nokkavalaat jaetaan kuuteen sukuun: Berardius (2 lajia), Hyperoodon (2 lajia), Indopacetus (1 laji), Mesoplodon (14 lajia), Tasmacetus (1. laji), Ziphius (1 laji). Muut suvut ovat kuolleet sukupuuttoon.

Nokkavalaita tavataan kaikilla valtamerillä. Suurimmat lajit saattavat olla 15 tonnisia, 13 metriä pitkiä. Niiden ulkonäössä tyypillinen yhteinen tekijä on kapea nokka. Joillakin on sen takana delfiinimäinen pyöreä otsa, toisilla lajeilla pää jatkuu suippona nokan takanakin.

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Ziphiidae ( French )

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Les Ziphiidae (ziphiidés), parfois appelés Hyperoodontidae, sont des cétacés à dents (Odontocètes) qui ressemblent à de très gros dauphins. Ces animaux discrets, que l'on observe assez rarement en mer, sont cependant d'une taille bien plus imposante (de 4 mètres jusqu'à 12,8 mètres pour la bérardie de Baird pour un poids de 1 à 10 tonnes). On appelle généralement ces animaux baleines à bec (bien qu'ils ne soient pas des baleines au sens propres du terme) car ils possèdent un long rostre fin prolongeant leur tête bulbeuse.

Comportement

Les baleines à bec se nourrissent essentiellement de calmars et de quelques poissons hauturiers. Elles vivent en haute mer dans tous les océans du globe, habituellement seules ou en groupes de deux ou trois, mais il arrive que certaines circulent en troupes de 25 à 40. Cependant les connaissances sur ces animaux demeurent très restreintes car elles vivent généralement loin des côtes, dans les eaux profondes et sortent peu de temps de l'eau uniquement pour respirer. Certaines espèces ne sont connues que par des crânes, comme c'est le cas de la baleine à bec de Longman, ou des individus échoués, et n'ont jamais été observées en mer.

Anatomie

Les baleines à bec sont, avec les dauphins d'eau douce, les cétacés actuels jugés les plus primitifs. Le bec qui les caractérise est formé par l'allongement des deux mâchoires et il varie d'une espèce à l'autre : long et pointu chez le tasmacète de Shepherd (genre Tasmacetus), court et trapu chez les espèces du genre Mesoplodon. En raison de leur régime alimentaire constitué presque exclusivement de céphalopodes, la plupart des genres (Hyperoodon, Ziphius et Mesoplodon) n'ont que deux dents sur la mâchoire inférieure. Les Berardius en possèdent deux paires et le tasmacète de Shepherd en a de nombreuses à chaque maxillaire.

Il est possible de déterminer l'espèce, l'âge et le sexe d'une baleine à bec grâce à ses dents : leur nombre et leur emplacement dans la mâchoire indique l'espèce (voir plus haut), les dents dont la cavité est comblée indiquent qu'elles appartiennent à un spécimen adulte, celles portant des traces d'usure et étant sorties de la gencive appartiennent à un mâle et enfin, celles qui sont nettes et dont la pulpe est comblée appartiennent à une femelle.

Le front des vieux mâles présente souvent un renflement prononcé qui peut blanchir avec l'âge chez certaines espèces (comme l'hypérodon arctique).

Phylogénie

Selon World Register of Marine Species (11 décembre 2020)[1], les genres actuels sont:

Tous les genres connus, incluant les formes fossiles :

Images

Notes et références

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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Ziphiidae (ziphiidés), parfois appelés Hyperoodontidae, sont des cétacés à dents (Odontocètes) qui ressemblent à de très gros dauphins. Ces animaux discrets, que l'on observe assez rarement en mer, sont cependant d'une taille bien plus imposante (de 4 mètres jusqu'à 12,8 mètres pour la bérardie de Baird pour un poids de 1 à 10 tonnes). On appelle généralement ces animaux baleines à bec (bien qu'ils ne soient pas des baleines au sens propres du terme) car ils possèdent un long rostre fin prolongeant leur tête bulbeuse.

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Míol mór socach ( Irish )

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Is ainmhí é an míol mór socach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Zifíidos ( Galician )

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A dos zifíidos[1] (Ziphiidae) é unha familia de mamíferos cetáceos odontocetos, a única da superfamilia dos zifioideos, que inclúe os zifios.

Trátase da familia de grandes mamíferos menos coñecida: varias das súas especies non se descubriron até as dúas últimas décadas do século XX.

Os zifios son o segundo grupo de cetáceos en canto a número de especies, despois da familia dos golfiños, e foron un dos primeiros que diverxeron da liñaxe ancestral.

Os fósiles máis antigos encontráronse en sedimentos do mioceno, de hai uns 20 millóns de anos.

Características

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Os membros desta familia teñen un tamaño medio (para cetáceos), comprendido entre os 2 e os 14 m de lonxitude, e un peso que vai desde 1 a 15 t. A súa principal característica distintiva é a presenza dun fociño fino, similar ao de moitos golfiños, pero aínda máis estreito e dous sucos que converxen na garganta. Tamén se caracterízan por teren a aleta caudal sen incisura, as pectorais e a dorsal pequenas, e esta última situada nunha posición moi posterior.[2]

Aínda que Tasmacetus shepherdi é unha excepción, a maioría das especies desta familia só tenen un ou dous pares de dentes, e incluso estes poden faltar nas femias. A miúdo presentan dimorfismo sexual marcado.[3]

Coñécese moi pouco sobre a vida destes cetáceos, e mesmo algunhas especies, estudadas a partir de exemplares mortos, nunca se observaron en vida, probabelmente debido a que os seus hábitats están en augas oceánicas, moi afastadas das costas. Actualmente coñécense unhas 20 especies, pero podería haber outras aínda descoñecidas.[2]

Taxonomía

Descrición

A familia foi descrita polo naturalista inglés John Edward Gray —segundo os autores— en 1850,[4] en Catalogue of the Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum, with descriptions of all the species and figures of the genera. Part I. Cetacea,[5] ou en 1865,[6] en Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865: 528.[6]

Etimoloxía

O nome da familia, Ziphiidae, foi cuñado por Gray e está formado, como é obrigatorio, sobre a base da raíz do nome do xénero elixido como tipo, Ziphius, -is, en xenitivo, é dicir, Ziphi-, engadíndolle a desinencia -ǐdae, propia das familias dos animais.

Sinonimia

Ao longo do tempo, a familia dos Ziphiidae coñeceuse tamén polos sinónimos:[4]

  • Ananarcinae Gill, 1871 (incorrecto gramaticalmente)
  • Heterodontidae Girard, 1852
  • Hyperoodontidae Gray, 1846
  • Xiphidae Ameghino, 1889
  • Ziphiinae Brandt, 1873 (Nota: véxase máis abaixo subfamilia dos zifiinos.)

Clasificación da familia dentro dos cetáceos

A familia dos zifíidos comprende unha superfamilia con 6 xéneros actuais cun total de 21 especies.

(Nota: os nomes vulgares galegos incluídos son os propostos por Lahuerta e Vázquez no seu Vocabulario).[7]

Orde Cetacea

Xéneros Incertae sedis

A discutida subfamilia dos zifiinos

Algúns autotes consideran, ademais, a subfamilia dos zifiinos,[8][9] que incluiría, entre os taxons con especies actuais, ademais do xénero Ziphius, o xénero Tasmacetus, ambos monoespecíficos. Porén, a maioría das bases de datos non recoñecen esta subfamilia, lntegrando ambas as especies na familia dos zifíidos.[10]

Notas

  1. zifíidos no dicionario da RAG
  2. 2,0 2,1 Zifios Arquivado 23 de setembro de 2015 en Wayback Machine. en Centro de Conservación Cetacea (CCC), de Chile.
  3. Christensen, Ivar (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York (Facts on File). pp. 210–211. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Ziphiidae Gray, 1850 no WoRMS,
  5. Ziphiidae Gray 1850 en Fossilworks.
  6. 6,0 6,1 Ziphiidae en MSW.
  7. Lauherta e Vázquez (2000), pp. 313-314.
  8. Ziphiinae Arquivado 28 de agosto de 2016 en Wayback Machine. no SLI da Universidade de Vigo.
  9. Ziphiinae Gray 1850 en Fossilworks.
  10. Ziphiinae Brandt, 1873 no WoRMS.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Carwardine, Mark (1995): Ballenas, delfines y marsopas. Barcelona: Ediciones Omega. ISBN 84-282-1037-3.
  • Díaz d'a Silva, J. I. e Cartelle, Y. (2007): Guía dos mamíferos de Galicia. A Coruña: Baía Edicións. ISBN 978-84-96893-20-7.
  • Duguy, R. e Robineau, D. (1987): Guía de los mamíferos marinos de Europa. Barcelona: Ediciones Omega. ISBN 84-282-0811-5.
  • Heyning, John E (2002): "Cuvier's Beaked Whale", en Jefferson, Thomas A. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, pp. 305–307. San Diego (California): Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  • Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando e Francisco X. Vázquez Álvarez (2000): Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Santiago: Xunta de Galicia. ISBN 84-453-2913-8.
  • Perrin, William F., Bernd Wursig & J. G. M. Thewissen (eds.) (2002): Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2ª ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
  • Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (eds.) (2005): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Outros artigos

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Zifíidos: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A dos zifíidos (Ziphiidae) é unha familia de mamíferos cetáceos odontocetos, a única da superfamilia dos zifioideos, que inclúe os zifios.

Trátase da familia de grandes mamíferos menos coñecida: varias das súas especies non se descubriron até as dúas últimas décadas do século XX.

Os zifios son o segundo grupo de cetáceos en canto a número de especies, despois da familia dos golfiños, e foron un dos primeiros que diverxeron da liñaxe ancestral.

Os fósiles máis antigos encontráronse en sedimentos do mioceno, de hai uns 20 millóns de anos.

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Kljunasti kitovi ( Croatian )

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Kljunati kitovi (lat. Ziphiidae) su jedna od porodica kitova zubana. Iako ova porodica ima čak devetnaest vrsta, pa je prema tome vrstama najbrojnija porodica nakon oceanskih dupina u redu kitova, o njoj je vrlo malo toga poznato. Ovo zato, jer vrlo rijetko dolaze u blizinu obale. Mnoge vrste su opisane tek u najnovije vrijeme.

Anatomija

Ove životinje su dobile ime po svojoj izduženoj "njušci" koja ju razlikuje od ostalih kitova. Kod nekih vrsta, kao kod oceanskih dupina, glava prelazi ravno u njušku dok se kod drugih njuška markantno nadovezuje na glavu, na način koji liči na kljun kod ptica. Veličina ovih vrsta kreće se od 4 do 13 metara.

Ovi kitovi obično imaju u donjoj čeljusti dva ili četiri zuba, dok ih u gornjoj čeljusti uopće nemaju. Samo Shepherdov kit ima u gornjoj čeljusti sitne, efikasne zube. Suprotno tome, kod nekih vrsta samo mužjaci imaju par zubi koji podsjećaju na kljove. Koriste ih u međusobnim borbama, što potvrđuju ožiljci na njihovim tijelima. Kod roda Mesoplodon te "kljove" mogu poprimiti vrlo bizarni oblik, kao kod Mesoplodon layardii čiji su zubi preko "kljuna" savijeni prema unutra i ograničavaju mu usni otvor.

Način života

Kljunati kitovi žive na otvorenom moru i nastanjuju sve oceane. Hrane se pretežno glavonošcima (teutofagija), koje love na otvorenom moru na način da jezikom stvaraju podtlak i tako naprosto usisaju glavonošce. U lovu rone vrlo duboko (dokazano 1.000m) i dugo, do 80 minuta.

O ponašanju velikog broja vrsta je jako malo poznato, jer ih se na moru rijetko sreće. Značajan izvor informacija su najčešće naplavljena mrtva tijela ovih kitova. Najbolje su istražene samo one vrste koje se još uvijek love.

Utjecaj čovjeka

Osim rodova koji se love, utjecaj čovjeka na populaciju kitova zubana je beznačajan. Međutim, rastuću opasnost predstavljaju otrovne kemikalije koje sve više zagađuju svjetska mora, kao i sve veće količine plastičnog otpada koji završava u morima.

Evolucija

Čini se, da kljunati kitovi nemaju bližih srodnika među kitovima zubanima. Dokazani su fosili ove porodice od miocena, što ih čini vrlo starom porodicom kitova zubana.

Klasifikacija

  • Rod Mesoplodon
    • Mesoplodon peruvianus, Mali kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon hectori, Hectorov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon mirus, Trueov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon europaeus, Gervaisov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon ginkgodens, Zubati kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon grayi, Grayov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon carlhubbsi, Hubbov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon bowdoini, Andrewov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon stejnegeri, Stejnegerov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon bidens, Sowerbyev kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon bahamondi, Bahamondeov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon pacificus, Longmanov kljunasti kit
    • Mesoplodon layardii, Krivozubi kit
    • Mesoplodon densirostris, Blainvilleov kljunasti kit
  • Rod Hyperoodon
    • Hyperoodon ampullatus, Sjeverni čelasti kit
    • Hyperoodon planifrons, Južni čelasti kit
  • Rod Ziphius
    • Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvierov kljunasti kit
  • Rod Berardius
    • Berardius arnuxii, Arnouxov kljunasti kit
    • Berardius bairdii, Divovski čelasti kit
  • Rod Tasmacetus
    • Tasmacetus shepherdi, Shepherdov kljunasti kit

Još uvijek se nalaze dokazi o postojanju novih vrsta i opisuje ih se. Longmanov kljunasti kit, često navođen pod višeznačnim lat. nazivom Pacifički kljunasti kit, bio je poznat samo na temelju dvije naplavljene lubanje, jedna u Australiji a druga u Istočnoj Africi. Na japansku obalu je 2002. naplavljen jedan kit, za kojeg se vjerovalo da je riječ o toj dugo vremena tajanstvenoj vrsti. Iako to neki stručnjaci još uvijek osporavaju, većina zoologa vjeruje da se radi o prvom ikada nađenom kompletnom primjerku upravo vrste Longmanovog kljunastog kita.


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Kljunasti kitovi: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Kljunati kitovi (lat. Ziphiidae) su jedna od porodica kitova zubana. Iako ova porodica ima čak devetnaest vrsta, pa je prema tome vrstama najbrojnija porodica nakon oceanskih dupina u redu kitova, o njoj je vrlo malo toga poznato. Ovo zato, jer vrlo rijetko dolaze u blizinu obale. Mnoge vrste su opisane tek u najnovije vrijeme.

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Svínhvalir ( Icelandic )

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Þessi grein fjallar um ætt svínhvala. Svínhvalur getur líka átt við tegundina norðursnjáldra.

Svínhvalir, nefjuhvalir eða nefjungar (fræðiheiti: Ziphiidae) eru hvalategundir af undirættbálki tannhvala (fræðiheiti: Odontoceti). Þeir eru mun stærri en höfrungar en hafa lítið verið rannsakaðir. Þeir halda oftast til á reginhafi þar sem er mikið dýpi.

Innan þessarar ættar eru þekktar 21 tegund en ekki er ólíklegt að fleiri eigi eftir að finnast. Þær eru flokkaðar saman í fimm ættir (sumir líffræðingar telja þær sex). Dæmi um svínhvali við strendur Íslands eru andarnefja, gáshnallur, króksnjáldri, norðursnjáldri.

Lýsing

Afar lítið er vitað um vistfræði svínhvala og nokkrar tegundir eru einungis þekktar af beinafundum. Nokkrar tegundir hafa fyrst á síðustu áratugum fengið vísindalega umfjöllun. Allar tegundirnar nota óvenjulegar aðferðir við fæðuöflun. Í stað þess að festa ætið með því að bíta í það nota svínhvalir sogaðferð.[1] Þessir hvalir hafa sérkennilega langa kjálka en trýnið minnir á andagogg. Tennur hafa því sem næst horfið í þróun þessara tegunda, þær fá einungis tennur í neðrikjálka. Hjá nokkrum tegundum eru það einungis karldýrin sem fá tennur, nokkrar tegundir fá eins konar vígtennur sem sem stingast út úr kjaftinum og minna á tennur villisvína.

Allt eftir tegundum eru svínhvalir 3,5 til 13 metra á lengd og frá einu til fimmtán tonn á þyngd.

Útbreiðsla og hegðun

Svínhvali má finna um öll úthöf en eru sjaldgæfir upp við strendur. Þeir eru þekktir fyrir að geta kafað niður á mikið dýpi. Þann 17. október 2006 mældist gáshnallur sem kafaði niður á 1 899 metra dýpi.[2] Hugsanlega geta þeir farið enn dýpra. Oftast kafa þeir í 20 til 30 mínútur en köf í allt að 85 mínútur hafa skráðst. Við Ísland er andarnefjan (fræðiheiti: Hyperoodon ampullatus) algengust af svínhvölum. Aðrar tegundir sem finna má í kringum landið eru gáshnallur (fræðiheiti: Ziphius cavirostris), króksnjáldri (fræðiheiti: Mesoplodon densirostris) og norðursnjáldri (fræðiheiti: Mesoplodon bidens).

Tilvísanir

Heimildir

  • Páll Hersteinsson (ritstj.), Íslensk spendýr (Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell, 2005). ISBN 9979-2-1721-9
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Svínhvalir: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

provided by wikipedia IS
Þessi grein fjallar um ætt svínhvala. Svínhvalur getur líka átt við tegundina norðursnjáldra.

Svínhvalir, nefjuhvalir eða nefjungar (fræðiheiti: Ziphiidae) eru hvalategundir af undirættbálki tannhvala (fræðiheiti: Odontoceti). Þeir eru mun stærri en höfrungar en hafa lítið verið rannsakaðir. Þeir halda oftast til á reginhafi þar sem er mikið dýpi.

Innan þessarar ættar eru þekktar 21 tegund en ekki er ólíklegt að fleiri eigi eftir að finnast. Þær eru flokkaðar saman í fimm ættir (sumir líffræðingar telja þær sex). Dæmi um svínhvali við strendur Íslands eru andarnefja, gáshnallur, króksnjáldri, norðursnjáldri.

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Ziphiidae ( Italian )

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Gli Zifidi (Ziphiidae Gray, 1850) sono una famiglia di cetacei odontoceti cui appartengono più di venti specie. Risulta ancora una delle famiglie di grandi mammiferi meno conosciute: alcune specie sono state descritte solamente negli ultimi due decenni ed è molto probabile che ne rimangano ancora altre da scoprire. Attualmente risultano identificati sei generi di cui tre di questi, Indopacetus, Hyperoodon e Mesoplodon, sono stati raggruppati nella sottofamiglia degli Hyperoodontinae. Gli zifidi sono creature tipiche delle profondità oceaniche e si nutrono delle sostanze nutritive presenti sul fondo marino o nei suoi pressi. Hanno incredibili abilità natatorie: si possono immergere per lunghi periodi, passando da una media di 20-30 minuti al tempo record registrato per questo genere di 85 minuti. Arrivano inoltre a grandi profondità, fino a 1899 metri ma probabilmente anche di più, il che renderebbe le specie di questa famiglia quelle in grado di raggiungere le maggiori profondità tra tutti i mammiferi marini.

Classificazione

Gli zifidi sono la seconda famiglia più numerosa di Cetacei (dopo i delfini) e sono stati uno dei primi gruppi a divergere dalla linea ancestrale. I più antichi fossili conosciuti risalgono al Miocene, circa 20 milioni di anni fa.

Per ulteriori dettagli sul genere Mesoplodon, comprendente tredici specie, vedere mesoplodonte.

Ecologia

Gli zifidi possiedono una maniera di nutrirsi unica, conosciuta come nutrizione a suzione. Invece di catturare le loro prede con i denti, le risucchiano nella cavità orale. La loro lingua può muoversi molto liberamente e quando viene retratta improvvisamente nello stesso tempo il pavimento della gola si distende, la pressione all'interno della bocca scende immediatamente e la preda viene risucchiata insieme all'acqua. Gli zifidi conosciuti variano in dimensione dai 3,4 metri a quasi 13 metri e possono pesare tra 1 e 15 tonnellate. Si trovano in tutti gli oceani e la maggior parte delle specie si avventura raramente nelle acque relativamente basse della piattaforma continentale. In natura sono molto difficili da identificare: la forma del corpo varia poco da una specie all'altra e l'osservatore deve basarsi spesso su sottili differenze di dimensione, colore, forma della fronte e lunghezza del rostro.

Gli zifidi tendono ad associarsi in piccoli gruppi familiari ed evitano le acque basse. Le aree conosciute dove si raggruppano comprendono le acque profonde oltre il margine della piattaforma continentale e le zone vicine alle formazioni del fondo, come montagne sommerse, canyon, scarpate ed isole oceaniche, comprese le Azzorre e le Canarie. La dieta si basa principalmente su calamari di acque profonde, pesci ed alcuni crostacei.

A causa del loro habitat favorito e della loro inclinazione a compiere lunghe immersioni, sono molto difficili da osservare e conosciamo poco sulla maggior parte delle specie. Alcune sono state descritte o classificate già in passato; altre sono conosciute solamente a partire dai loro resti e non sono mai state viste vive. Solamente tre o quattro delle circa 20 specie sono ragionevolmente ben conosciute. Berardius bairdii e di Ziphius cavirostris sono state oggetto di sfruttamento commerciale al largo delle coste del Giappone; e l'Hyperoodon ampullatus è stato cacciato intensamente nella parte settentrionale del Nord Atlantico alla fine del XIX e agli inizi del XX secolo.

Stato di conservazione

Per molti anni, la maggior parte delle specie di zifidi sono vissute isolate dall'impatto umano a causa del loro remoto habitat. Comunque ci sono ora chiari motivi di preoccupazione: gli studi effettuati sugli zifidi spiaggiati hanno mostrato livelli crescenti di sostanze tossiche nel loro adipe(così come avviene in altri superpredatori, come i rapaci, particolarmente vulnerabili all'accumulo di biocontaminanti) ed hanno constatato che anche loro ingeriscono frequentemente sacchetti di plastica una causa di morte frequente fra i cetacei. Con la continua espansione in tutto il mondo della pesca in acque profonde (soprattutto dopo il collasso delle riserve di merluzzo europeo alla fine del XX secolo), gli zifidi rimangono molto più frequentemente intrappolati nelle reti d'altura e sembrano anche essere vulnerabili alla diminuzione delle prede.

Quattro delle più di 20 specie di zifidi sono classificate dalla IUCN come a "basso rischio, dipendente dalla conservazione": i berardi australi e boreali e gli iperodonti australi e boreali. Nessuna delle specie rimanenti è classificata, non perché considerate al sicuro, ma perché il loro status è ancora sconosciuto.

Bibliografia

  • Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giovanni Bearzi, Cetacean taxonomy and common names, su tethys.org, Tethys Research Institute, 15 dicembre 2006. URL consultato il 21 maggio 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 maggio 2008).

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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Gli Zifidi (Ziphiidae Gray, 1850) sono una famiglia di cetacei odontoceti cui appartengono più di venti specie. Risulta ancora una delle famiglie di grandi mammiferi meno conosciute: alcune specie sono state descritte solamente negli ultimi due decenni ed è molto probabile che ne rimangano ancora altre da scoprire. Attualmente risultano identificati sei generi di cui tre di questi, Indopacetus, Hyperoodon e Mesoplodon, sono stati raggruppati nella sottofamiglia degli Hyperoodontinae. Gli zifidi sono creature tipiche delle profondità oceaniche e si nutrono delle sostanze nutritive presenti sul fondo marino o nei suoi pressi. Hanno incredibili abilità natatorie: si possono immergere per lunghi periodi, passando da una media di 20-30 minuti al tempo record registrato per questo genere di 85 minuti. Arrivano inoltre a grandi profondità, fino a 1899 metri ma probabilmente anche di più, il che renderebbe le specie di questa famiglia quelle in grado di raggiungere le maggiori profondità tra tutti i mammiferi marini.

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Ziphiidae ( Latin )

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Ziphiidae sunt familia mammalium marinorum infraordinis Cetaceorum, quae sex genera et viginti tres species comprehendit. Ziphiidae habent rostra longa, rostris Delphinidarum similia.

Pinacotheca

Nexus externi

Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici:ITISNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifeWoRMS: Marine SpeciesFossilworks
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Ziphiidas spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Ziphiidas" apud Vicispecies.
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Ziphiidae: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Ziphiidae sunt familia mammalium marinorum infraordinis Cetaceorum, quae sex genera et viginti tres species comprehendit. Ziphiidae habent rostra longa, rostris Delphinidarum similia.

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Snapuotieji banginiai ( Lithuanian )

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Snapuotieji banginiai (lot. Ziphiidae) – banginių (Cetacea) šeima. Vidutinio didumo, turi aukštą kaktą ir snapo formos sulaibėjusį snukį. Suaugėliai neturi viršutinių dantų, apatinių yra tik iš priekio 1-2 poros. Tačiau naujagimiai turi dantų užuomazgų daugiau.

Šeimoje 20 rūšių:

Vikiteka

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Spitssnuitdolfijnen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De spitssnuitdolfijnen (Ziphiidae) vormen een familie uit de onderorde der tandwalvissen (Odontoceti). Er leven tegenwoordig minstens twintig soorten in zes geslachten.

Kenmerken

Spitssnuitdolfijnen zijn middelgrote walvisachtigen. Ze variëren in grootte van de Humboldtspitssnuitdolfijn, die minder dan vier meter lang wordt, tot de zwarte dolfijn, die meer dan twaalf meter lang kan worden. Alle soorten hebben een lange snuit. Ze hebben over het algemeen vrij weinig tanden. Bij de meeste soorten hebben alleen de volwassen mannetjes tanden. Dit zijn slechts twee kleine slagtanden in de onderkaak, die naar buiten steken als de bek gesloten is.[1] De enige uitzonderingen zijn soorten uit de geslachten Berardius, waarbij ook de vrouwtjes deze tanden hebben, en Tasmacetus, die ook andere tanden heeft. De borstvinnen zijn klein in verhouding tot de rest van het lichaam. Ook de rugvin is klein, en bevindt zich op twee derde van het lichaam. Op de keel bevinden zich twee groeven, die in een V-vorm lopen. De twee groeven raken elkaar niet.

Leefwijze

De spitssnuitdolfijnen hebben een aantal fysiologische aanpassingen waardoor ze erg diep kunnen duiken. Er is een waarneming van een dolfijn van Cuvier die dook tot 2.992 meter. Aangenomen wordt dat de dieren dieper kunnen duiken.[2] Het kleine aantal tanden is een aanpassing aan het zachte voedsel: spitssnuitdolfijnen leven voornamelijk van inktvissen. De mannetjes gebruiken hun tanden als wapens bij gevechten met andere mannetjes. De meeste mannetjes hebben littekens verspreid over hun lichaam.

Spitssnuitdolfijnen jagen door hun voedsel naar binnen te zuigen. Ze jagen voornamelijk in de diepzee op koppotigen als inktvis en pijlinktvis, op diepzeevissen en soms ook op schaaldieren.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Ze leven op volle zee, meestal ver van het continentaal plat of rondom de grens van het continentaal plat. Ze zijn vooral algemeen rond oceanische eilanden als de Azoren en de Canarische Eilanden, bij zeebergen en in troggen.

Bekendheid

Slechts drie à vier soorten zijn redelijk bekend, de zwarte dolfijn, de spitssnuitdolfijn van de Blainville, de dolfijn van Cuvier en vooral de noordelijke butskop. De laatste drie zijn in het wild bestudeerd, zij het op slechts enkele locaties. Op de butskop werd vroeger ook veel gejaagd. De meeste soorten leven in de diepzee en laten zich zelden aan de kust zien. Daardoor is er over veel soorten vrij weinig bekend. Veel soorten zijn zelfs pas in de laatste decennia ontdekt, en het wordt niet uitgesloten dat er nog meer onontdekte soorten leven. Sommige soorten zijn zelfs alleen bekend van aangespoelde kadavers en dus nooit levend waargenomen.

Soorten

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Spitssnuitdolfijnen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De spitssnuitdolfijnen (Ziphiidae) vormen een familie uit de onderorde der tandwalvissen (Odontoceti). Er leven tegenwoordig minstens twintig soorten in zes geslachten.

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Nebbhvaler ( Norwegian )

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Nebbhvalfamilien eller nebbhvaler (Ziphiidae), av og til også også kalt spisshvaler og spisshvalfamilien, er en familie med tannhvaler som ofte oppholder seg i havområder med store dyp. Familien teller (minst) tjueto arter, fordelt i fem eller seks slekter.

Et karaktertrekk for nebbhvaler er at artene i varierende grad har lange (i noen tilfeller pinsettlignende) snuter, er naturlig underbitte, og bare i varierende grad har tenner. Som sådan består gruppen av store sjøpattedyr med ekstreme dykkeferdigheter, som i all hovedsak livnærer seg av ulike sorter blekksprut og noe dyphavsfisk og krepsdyr. Noen av dem kan holde pusten i timevis, og én av artene innehar verdensrekorden i dybdedykking blant pattedyr.

Taksonomi

Det hersker litt forvirring omkring det vitenskapelige navnet (Ziphiidae) på denne familien. Noen krediterer den britiske zoologen John Edward Gray for året 1850,[3] andre samme mann for året 1865.[1][2] Egentlig skulle imidlertid navnet Hyperoodontidae Gray, 1846 vært benyttet, siden det er eldst og normalt skal ha prioritet.[1][2] Ziphiidae Gray, 1865 ble imidlertid foretrukket av ICZN (i henhold til artikkel 23(b) (1985) og artikkel 23.12 (1999)), siden navnet alt hadde vært i alminnelig bruk i mer enn 100 år.[1][2] Det blir derfor benyttet her.

Ziphiidae blir av og til delt inn i tre underfamilier, men med liten aksept; Berardiinae (inkluderer Berardius), Hyperoodontinae (inkluderer Hyperoodon, Indopacetus og Mesoplodon) og Ziphiinae (inkluderer Tasmacetus og Ziphius).[4]

Biologi

 src=
Et kranium av en stroppetannebbhval (Mesoplodon layardii) viser de eiendommelige støttennene i underkjeven, som vokser opp over overkjeven og «låser» den, slik at dyret ikke kan åpne kjevene på normal måte.

Nebbhvaler tilhører en gruppe tannhvaler som vi vet svært lite om, fordi habitatet dere er så lite tilgjengelig. Mange av artene er ikke særlig tallrike, slik at det historisk har vært knyttet begrensede kommersielle interesser til dem. Noen arter er kun identifisert gjennom kraniefunn. Flere arter er også først beskrevet de to siste tiårene.

Nebbhvalene måler normalt cirka 4–13 m og veier typisk omkring 1–15 tonn, og tilhører således de største tannhvalene. Kroppen er torpedolignende langstrakt og strømlinjeformet, og typisk mørkere grå, gråbrun eller gråsort i fargen. Ryggfinnen har beskjeden størrelse og sitter langt bak på ryggen, og sveivene er små og sitter i fordypninger langs siden på dyra. Nebbhvaler er evolusjonært utrustet for dykking på store havdyp, typisk til 1 000 m eller mer.

Artene i denne gruppen karakteriseres av lange kjever som ender i ei (andelignende eller flaskehalslignende) snute kalt et «nebb» (herunder også spissnebb og hvalnebb). Selv om dette er tannhvaler, har typisk bare hannene ett eller to par med funksjonelle tenner i underkjeven, mens hunnene stort sett er tannløse. Unntaket er artene i slekten Berardius, der også hunnene har to par med funksjonelle tenner i underkjeven, og den ene arten i den monotypiske slekten Tasmacetus, der begge kjønn har lange rader med slanke funksjonelle tenner. Hos de andre artene har tennene blitt tilbakedannet gjennom evolusjon, slik at kun hannene har ett eller to par (hunnene ingen) med tenner i underkjeven, men ingen i overkjeven. Hos noen arter har ett av tannparene blitt omdannet til eiendommelig villsvinlignende støttenner, som stikker ut av munnen på dyret.

Én av artene har så eiendommelige støttenner at den har blitt navngitt etter dem (på flere språk, blant annet norsk) – stroppetannebbhval (Mesoplodon layardii) eller stroppe-tannet nebbhval som noen skriver det.[5] Hos denne arten danner (vokser) støttennene i underkjeven (som) en stroppelignende tannbøyle over overkjeven, slik at dyret (bare hanner) faktisk ikke kan åpne munnen på normalt vis. Det ser imidlertid ikke ut til at den merkelige tannveksten hemmer opptaket av føde.

Utbredelse

Nebbhvaler har tilnærmet kosmopolitisk utbredelse i verdenshavene, men gruppen viser størst biologisk mangfold og er mest tallrik på den sørlige halvkule. I norske farvann er det kun én art som er særlig utbredt, nemlig nebbhval eller andehval (Hyperoodon ampullatus) som den også kalles. Det hender imidlertid også at nordspisshval (M. bidens), også kalt spisshval og sowerbys spisshval, frekventerer i farvannene langs norskekysten.

Ekkolokalisering og ernæring

 src=
Nebbhvaler bruker ekkolokalisering for å orientere seg i det stummende mørket som finnes på de havdyp disse artene helst jakter. Ekkosignalene sendes ut og mottas gjennom den såkalte melonen

Nebbhvaler bruker ekkolokalisering (biosonar) for å orientere seg, trolig i større grad enn andre grupper av hvaler, i det stummende mørket som finnes på de havdyp disse artene helst jakter. Ekkosignalene sendes ut og mottas gjennom den såkalte melonen, som visuelt kommer til uttrykk som en melonlignende kul i pannen (pannekul) hos mange hvaler. Melonen er i realiteten et hulrom fylt med akustisk fett, en type fett som trolig forsterker ekkosignalene.[6] Nebbhvaler bruker også en spesiell sugeteknikk for å fange byttedyr når de jakter mat som de eter[7][8], sidene tennene (som de eventuelt måtte ha) i realiteten har liten eller ingen betydning for opptaket av føden, og dietten består i hovedsak av blekkspruter, men de eter også litt fisk og krepsdyr.

Dykking

Det har vært en allment akseptert hypotese blant forskere og andre fagfolk, at spermhval (Physeter macrocephalus) er den hvalen som dykker dypest blant klodens pattedyr. Det har blitt anslått dybder på inntil 3 000 m, men sånne dykk har aldri latt seg dokumentere for denne arten. Faktisk er et dykk til 1 501 m det dypeste dykket som har blitt registrert (så langt kjent) av en spremhval.[9]

Nebbhvalene holder til på alle verdens hav, men er sjelden å finne i kystnære strøk om det ikke er svært dypt der. De er kjent for å dykke svært dypt etter føden. Et dykk ned til 2 992 m, som er offisiell verdensrekord for pattedyr[10], ble utført av en gåsenebbhval utenfor kysten av California den 17. februar i 2011. Dykket varte i cirka 80 minutter, men dykk på inntil 20–30 minutter er mer vanlig, og dykk opp til hele 137,5 minutter har blitt registrert hos denne arten.[10] Dette gjør nebbhvalene til den gruppen av pattedyr som kan dykke dypest, og sannsynligvis kan gåsenebbhvalen dykke dypere enn 3 000 meter. Det reiser et berettiget spørsmål ved hypotesen, om at spermhvalen er det pattedyret som dykker dypest.

Stranding

 src=
Forskere obduserer (13. januar 2011) grayspisshvaler (Mesoplodon grayi) som har strandet på Sunset Beach ved Port WaikatoNordøya i New Zealand, der Waikato tømmer seg til Tasmanhavet

Nebbhvaler er ei gruppe sjøpattedyr som er spesielt utsatt for såkalt hvalstranding, men årsakene til slike hendelser har vært svært uklare. I senere tid har forskere forsøkt å avdekke om såkalt akustisk forurensning (sonarstøy) kan være en medvirkende eller betydelig årsak til at hvalene strander, siden det har vært mange episoder av hvalstranding i forbindelse med militærøvelser der sonar har vært i bruk. Det har også vært spekulert i om dykkersyke (gassbobler i blodet) kan ha vært en medvirkende årsak til at nebbhvaler strander, herunder om sonarsignaler kan være en utløsende årsak gjennom å skade det avanserte hørselsorganet disse hvalene har.[11]

Det viser seg at gåsenebbhval er den hvalarten som oftest strander når såkalt mellomfrekvensaktiv (MFA) sonar er i bruk,[12] men relasjonene har vært lite forstått til nå.[10]

Inndeling

Det finnes flere måter å dele inn nebbhvalene på. En måte er å dele artene inn etter formen på nebbet, som nebbhvaler og spissnebbhvaler. En annen måte er å dele de inn etter sine biologiske slekter, slik det er gjort nedenfor.

Det har hersket en viss usikkerhet omkring hvorvidt sørlig kjempenebbhval og nordlig kjempenebbhval er samme art eller ikke. De listes her i henhold til CTDs klassifisering som to ulike arter i samme slekt, men noen forskere mener de kan tilhøre samme art. Det har dessuten vært knyttet stor usikkerhet til om den svært sjeldne longmanspisshvalen skal klassifiseres som i sin egen slakt, som Indopacetus pacificus, eller i slekten Mesoplodon. Nyere forskning viser imidlertid nå at denne hvalen bør klassifiseres i en egen slekt.[13]

Inndelingen under følger revisjon 15488 av 26. juni 2018 ved Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) og er i henhold til MDI Biological Laboratory og NC State University,[14] men den er nødvendigvis ikke i innbyrdes rekkefølge. Innholdet støttes også av WoRMS.[3]

Treliste

Utdødde slekter

I tillegg til de seks eksisterende slektene finnes også minst 24 utdødde, her listet i alfabetisk rekkefølge i henhold til Wikispecies:[4]Africanacetus – †Africanacetus – †Anoplonassa – †Aporotus – †Archaeoziphius – †Belemnoziphius – †Beneziphius – †Caviziphius – †Cetorhynchus – †Choneziphius – †Eboroziphius – †Ihlengesi – †Izikoziphius – †Khoikhoicetus – †Messapicetus – †Microberardius – †Nazcacetus – †Nenga – †Ninoziphius – †Pelycorhamphus – †Pterocetus – †Tusciziphius – †Xhosacetus – †Ziphirostrum.

Se også

Litteratur

Referanser

  1. ^ a b c d Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volum 1. pp 2142 (p739), JHU Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0801882210
  2. ^ a b c d Stephen Jackson, Stephen Matthew Jackson, Colin Groves (2015) Taxonomy of Australian Mammals, pp 536 (p341). Csiro Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978-1486300136
  3. ^ a b Perrin, W.F. (2018). World Cetacea Database. Ziphiidae Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136986 on 2018-07-03
  4. ^ a b Ziphiidae. (2017, April 1). Wikispecies, . Retrieved 15:52, juli 7, 2018 from https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziphiidae&oldid=3206214.
  5. ^ Bjørge, A., Fagerheim, K.-A., Lydersen, C., Skern-Mauritzen, M. & Wiig, Ø. (red./eds) 2010. Sjøens pattedyr 2010. Fisken og havet, særnr. 2-2010
  6. ^ Frantzis, A., Goold, J. C., Skarsoulis, E. K., Taroudakis, M. I., & Kandia, V. (2002). Clicks from Cuvier’s beaked whales, Ziphius cavirostris (L). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(1), 34-37. http://www.pelagosinstitute.gr/gr/pelagos/pdfs/Ziphius_clicks.pdf
  7. ^ Heyning, J. E. (1996). Suction feeding in beaked whales: morphological and experimental evidence. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 464, 1-12.
  8. ^ Coomber, F., Moulins, A., Tepsich, P., & Rosso, M. (2016). Sexing free-ranging adult Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) using natural marking thresholds and pigmentation patterns. Journal of mammalogy, 97(3), 879-890. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw033
  9. ^ Irvine, L., Palacios, D. M., Urbán, J., & Mate, B. (2017). Sperm whale dive behavior characteristics derived from intermediate‐duration archival tag data. Ecology and Evolution, 7(19), 7822–7837. http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3322
  10. ^ a b c Schorr, G. S., Falcone, E. A., Moretti, D. J., & Andrews, R. D. (2014). First long-term behavioral records from Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) reveal record-breaking dives. PloS one, 9(3), e92633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633
  11. ^ Stacy L. DeRuiter, Brandon L. Southall, John Calambokidis, Walter M. X. Zimmer, Dinara Sadykova1, Erin A. Falcone, Ari S. Friedlaender, John E. Joseph, David Moretti, Gregory S. Schorr, Len Thomas1 and Peter L. Tyack (2013). "First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar". Biology Letters. 9 (4): 20130223. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0223. PMC 3730631 Freely accessible. PMID 23825085.
  12. ^ Simonis, A., Thayre, B., Oleson, E., & Baumann-Pickering, S. (2016). Mid-frequency active sonar and beaked whale acoustic activity in the Northern Mariana Islands. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(4), 3413-3413. DOI:10.1121/1.4970970
  13. ^ May-Collado, Laura og Agnarsson, Ingi. 2005. «Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2006) xxx–xxx - Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny». Science Direct Arkivert 27. september 2007 hos Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ CTD (2018) Ziphiidae - beaked whales. Revisjon 15488 av 26. juni 2018, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Besøkt 2018-07-03

Eksterne lenker


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Nebbhvaler: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Nebbhvalfamilien eller nebbhvaler (Ziphiidae), av og til også også kalt spisshvaler og spisshvalfamilien, er en familie med tannhvaler som ofte oppholder seg i havområder med store dyp. Familien teller (minst) tjueto arter, fordelt i fem eller seks slekter.

Et karaktertrekk for nebbhvaler er at artene i varierende grad har lange (i noen tilfeller pinsettlignende) snuter, er naturlig underbitte, og bare i varierende grad har tenner. Som sådan består gruppen av store sjøpattedyr med ekstreme dykkeferdigheter, som i all hovedsak livnærer seg av ulike sorter blekksprut og noe dyphavsfisk og krepsdyr. Noen av dem kan holde pusten i timevis, og én av artene innehar verdensrekorden i dybdedykking blant pattedyr.

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Zyfiowate ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Zyfiowate[5], wale dziobogłowe[6] (Ziphiidae) – rodzina ssaków morskich z kladu zębowców (Odontoceti) w obrębie kladu waleni (Cetacea).

Jest ona wśród waleni drugą co do liczby gatunków, zarazem jednak najsłabiej poznaną wśród dużych ssaków (np. w 2016 r. odkryto nowy gatunek dziobogłowca, co wśród ssaków jest wyjątkowym zdarzeniem). Zwłaszcza przedstawiciele wali dwuzębnych (rodzaj Mesoplodon) są rozróżniani przede wszystkim na podstawie kształtu zębów.

Anatomia

Charakterystyczne dla wali dziobogłowych jest posiadanie dzioba podobnego jak u delfinów, czym odróżniają się od pozostałych większych waleni. Dziób wyposażony jest w małą ilość zębów; wśród wielu gatunków jedynie samce mają jedną parę dużych zębów w dolnej szczęce. Te kły wystające z dzioba są używane jako broń w walkach między samcami, czego dowodem są blizny na ich ciałach. Kły niektórych dziobowali (Mesoplodon) mają dziwaczne kształty, np. u Mesoplodon layardii są zagięte ku środkowi nad dziobem, ograniczając jego otwieranie.

Sposób życia

Wale dziobogłowe to walenie o średnich rozmiarach (do 13 m), żyjące w głębokich wodach wszystkich oceanów. Odżywiają się przeważnie głowonogami. Podczas polowania objawiają zdolność do nadzwyczajnie długiego nurkowania - udowodnione zostały pobyty pod wodą przez 80 min oraz osiąganie głębokości 1000 m.

Zwierzęta te żyją w małych grupach z dala od lądu, co sprawia, że są rzadko obserwowane w morzu. Wiele szczegółów ich życia pozostaje niewyjaśnionych. Głównym źródłem informacji o wielu gatunkach są martwe ciała wyrzucone na brzeg. Najlepiej poznane są dziobogłowce (Berardius) oraz butlogłowy (Hyperoodon), prześladowane przez wielorybników.

Wpływ człowieka

z wyjątkiem tych gatunków bezpośredni wpływ człowieka na populacje wali dziobogłowych jest znikomy. Coraz większe zagrożenie stanowi jednak zatruwanie morza chemikaliami oraz zaśmiecanie, zwłaszcza odpadami plastikowymi.

Systematyka

Do rodziny zyfiowatych należą następujące rodzaje[4][5]:

Przypisy

  1. Ziphiidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. J. E. Gray. Notices of a new genus of Delphinoid whales from the cape of Good Hope, and of other Cetaceans from the same seas. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”. 1865, s. 528, 1865 (ang.).
  3. Hyperoodontidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 18 stycznia 2010]
  4. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Ziphiidae. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 18 stycznia 2010]
  5. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 191. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  6. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 399, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
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Zyfiowate: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Zyfiowate, wale dziobogłowe (Ziphiidae) – rodzina ssaków morskich z kladu zębowców (Odontoceti) w obrębie kladu waleni (Cetacea).

Jest ona wśród waleni drugą co do liczby gatunków, zarazem jednak najsłabiej poznaną wśród dużych ssaków (np. w 2016 r. odkryto nowy gatunek dziobogłowca, co wśród ssaków jest wyjątkowym zdarzeniem). Zwłaszcza przedstawiciele wali dwuzębnych (rodzaj Mesoplodon) są rozróżniani przede wszystkim na podstawie kształtu zębów.

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Zifiídeos ( Portuguese )

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Zifiídeos[1] (Ziphiidae) é uma família de cetáceos dentados. Estes animais discretos, raramente observados no mar, possuem dimensões apreciáveis (de 4 a 12,8 metros para a baleia-bicuda-de-baird, para um peso de 1 a 10 toneladas). Podem também ser chamadas de baleias-bicudas, zífios, baleias-nariz-de-garrafa e baleias-de-bico, por possuírem um focinho pronunciado.

Apesar de raros actualmente, embora existam 21 espécies o que faz a segunda família mais numerosa de cetáceos (a seguir aos delfinídeos). Os zifídeo eram o grupo de cetáceos odontocetes com maior diversidade durante o Miocénico[2].

Esta família é composta pelos seguintes géneros :

Referências

  1. «Zifiídeos». Infopédia
  2. Bianucci G., Miján I, Lambert O., Post K. & Mateus O. 2013. — Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula. Geodiversitas 35 (1): 105-153.
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Zifiídeos: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Zifiídeos (Ziphiidae) é uma família de cetáceos dentados. Estes animais discretos, raramente observados no mar, possuem dimensões apreciáveis (de 4 a 12,8 metros para a baleia-bicuda-de-baird, para um peso de 1 a 10 toneladas). Podem também ser chamadas de baleias-bicudas, zífios, baleias-nariz-de-garrafa e baleias-de-bico, por possuírem um focinho pronunciado.

Apesar de raros actualmente, embora existam 21 espécies o que faz a segunda família mais numerosa de cetáceos (a seguir aos delfinídeos). Os zifídeo eram o grupo de cetáceos odontocetes com maior diversidade durante o Miocénico.

Esta família é composta pelos seguintes géneros :

Berardius Duvernoy, 1851 Hyperoodon Lacépède, 1804 Indopacetus Moore, 1968 Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 Tasmacetus Oliver, 1937 Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823 Globicetus Bianucci et al 2013 Imocetus Bianucci et al 2013 Choneziphius Tusciziphius
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Zifiide ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Zifiidele (Ziphiidae) sau balenele cu cioc, delfini cu cioc este o familie de cetacee din subordinul odontocete, care cuprinde 6 genuri și 21-23 de specii actuale, [1] răspândite larg în toate apele mărilor și oceanelor globului mai adânci de 200 m, de la marginea ghețarilor până la ecuator. Trăiesc în apele oceanice adânci, mai ales în jurul formațiunilor de pe fundul mării, cum ar fi canioanele, munții submarini și taluzurile.

Au un corp robust în formă de țigară, de talie mică sau mijlocie (lungimea = 3,9–12,8 m). Dimorfismul sexual este invers - femelele fiind mai mari decât masculii. Botul, fără cută între el și frunte, este subțire și lung, asemănător cu un cioc de pasăre, de unde le vine și numele de "balenele cu cioc" sau "delfini cu cioc". Înotătoarea dorsală este mică, dar prezentă la toate zifiidele și este situată în treimea posterioară a spatelui. Înotătoarele pectorale sunt mici, inserate într-o invaginare laterală a corpului. De la bărbie pornesc spre piept, două șanțuri adânci în piele. Coada este mare, iar marginea posterioară a ei este lipsită de o incizură centrală care la alte cetacee împarte coada în doi lobi. Au o dentiție foarte redusă, cu doar 1-2 perechi de dinți funcționali în gură, numai pe mandibulele masculilor; excepție fac balenele din genul Berardius, la care femelele au două perechi de dinți și cele din genul Tasmacetus, la care ambele sexe au șiruri lungi de dinți mici, dar funcționali.

Se știe puțin despre biologia și obiceiurile balenelor cu cioc. Duc o viață colonială și sunt foarte bune scufundătoare, la adâncimi mari, în căutarea hranei principale - caracatițele.

Sistematica

Note

Bibliografie

  • Dumitru Murariu. Din lumea mamiferelor. Mamifere acvatice. Volumul VI. Editura Academiei Române, București, 2012
  • Victor Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Vol. II. Fasc. 2, Mamiferele. Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. București, 1962.
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Zifiide: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Zifiidele (Ziphiidae) sau balenele cu cioc, delfini cu cioc este o familie de cetacee din subordinul odontocete, care cuprinde 6 genuri și 21-23 de specii actuale, răspândite larg în toate apele mărilor și oceanelor globului mai adânci de 200 m, de la marginea ghețarilor până la ecuator. Trăiesc în apele oceanice adânci, mai ales în jurul formațiunilor de pe fundul mării, cum ar fi canioanele, munții submarini și taluzurile.

Au un corp robust în formă de țigară, de talie mică sau mijlocie (lungimea = 3,9–12,8 m). Dimorfismul sexual este invers - femelele fiind mai mari decât masculii. Botul, fără cută între el și frunte, este subțire și lung, asemănător cu un cioc de pasăre, de unde le vine și numele de "balenele cu cioc" sau "delfini cu cioc". Înotătoarea dorsală este mică, dar prezentă la toate zifiidele și este situată în treimea posterioară a spatelui. Înotătoarele pectorale sunt mici, inserate într-o invaginare laterală a corpului. De la bărbie pornesc spre piept, două șanțuri adânci în piele. Coada este mare, iar marginea posterioară a ei este lipsită de o incizură centrală care la alte cetacee împarte coada în doi lobi. Au o dentiție foarte redusă, cu doar 1-2 perechi de dinți funcționali în gură, numai pe mandibulele masculilor; excepție fac balenele din genul Berardius, la care femelele au două perechi de dinți și cele din genul Tasmacetus, la care ambele sexe au șiruri lungi de dinți mici, dar funcționali.

Se știe puțin despre biologia și obiceiurile balenelor cu cioc. Duc o viață colonială și sunt foarte bune scufundătoare, la adâncimi mari, în căutarea hranei principale - caracatițele.

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Vorvaňovcovité ( Slovak )

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Vorvaňovcovité (lat. Ziphiidae alebo Hyperoodontidae) je čeľaď bezkosticovcov. Rody z tejto čeľade sa po slovensky volajú vorvaňovec.

Zjednodušená systematika

Vorvaňovcovité:

Referencie

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s CARWARDINE, Mark. Veľryby, delfíny a sviňuchy. [s.l.] : Ikar, 2007. ISBN 9788055114477.
  2. Tadasu K. Yamada, Shino Kitamura, Syuiti Abe, Yuko Tajima, Ayaka Matsuda, James G. Mead and Takashi F. Matsuishi. 2019. Description of A New Species of Beaked Whale (Berardius) found in the North Pacific. Scientific Reports. 9: 12723.
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Vorvaňovcovité: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Vorvaňovcovité (lat. Ziphiidae alebo Hyperoodontidae) je čeľaď bezkosticovcov. Rody z tejto čeľade sa po slovensky volajú vorvaňovec.

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Kljunati kiti ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Berardius
Hyperoodon
Indopacetus
Mesoplodon
Tasmacetus
Ziphius

Kljunati kiti (znanstveno ime Ziphiidae) so družina kitov, ki zajema okrog 20 vrst. So ena najmanj poznanih družin velikih sesalcev, več vrst je bilo opisanih šele v zadnjih dveh desetletjih, možno pa je, da je še veliko vrst neodkritih. Kljunati kiti se trenutno delijo na šest rodov, od tega se trije, Indopacetus, Hyperoodon in Mesoplodon uvrščajo v skupno poddružino Hyperoodontinae.

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Kljunati kiti: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Kljunati kiti (znanstveno ime Ziphiidae) so družina kitov, ki zajema okrog 20 vrst. So ena najmanj poznanih družin velikih sesalcev, več vrst je bilo opisanih šele v zadnjih dveh desetletjih, možno pa je, da je še veliko vrst neodkritih. Kljunati kiti se trenutno delijo na šest rodov, od tega se trije, Indopacetus, Hyperoodon in Mesoplodon uvrščajo v skupno poddružino Hyperoodontinae.

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Näbbvalar ( Swedish )

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Näbbvalar (Ziphiidae) är en familj inom underordningen tandvalar. Näbbvalarna är större än delfinerna men mindre kända hos allmänheten. De är idag de enda havslevande däggdjuren som har utvecklad sekundära könskarakteristika, då hanarnas tänder skiljer sig från honornas tänder.[2] Det finns ett 20-tal beskrivna arter men vissa av dem har aldrig observerats i det vilda utan bara beskrivits utifrån ilandflutna kadaver.[3]

Utseende

Näbbvalar kännetecknas av sin nos som är långt utdragen ur huvudet. Hos några arter är övergången till nosen markant avgränsad så att nosen liknar fåglarnas näbb. Näbbvalarnas kroppslängd ligger mellan 4 och 13 meter.

De flesta näbbvalar har i underkäken två eller fyra tänder och inga tänder alls i överkäken. Bara den tasmanska valen (Tasmacetus shepherdi) har små tänder i överkäken som är användbara. Hos några arter har endast hanarna två framåtriktade tänder som liknar betar. Dessa tänder används vid strider mot varandra och kan orsaka flera ärr på kroppen.

Levnadssätt

Näbbvalar lever i det öppna havet och förekommer i alla oceaner. De livnär sig främst av bläckfiskar. För att fånga byten har de ett särskilt bra utvecklat tungben. Med hjälp av tungbenet skapar de ett undertryck och suger upp födan. Näbbvalar dyker djupt och vissa individer har observerats 800 till 1000 meter under vattenytan. Nyare studier visade att småhuvudvalen når 1900 meters djup och Blainvilles näbbval dyker till 1200 meters djup [4][5].

Det är inte mycket känt om arternas beteende då de sällan iakttas på havet. Vanligen observeras mindre grupper. Informationen kommer ofta från strandade individer.

Näbbvalar och människor

Släktena Berardius och Hyperoodon jagas av människor. Ett hot för alla arter är havets nedsmutsning med gifter och främmande föremål.

Enligt en studie som utfördes 2009 reagerar näbbvalar känsligare mot sonar än andra däggdjur i havet. På grund av denna teknik kommer valen för snabbt till vattenytan. Vissa individer drabbas av tryckfallssjuka som kan leda till döden.[6][7]

Systematik

Ibland används det vetenskapliga namnet Hyperoodontidae[8] för familjen men Ziphiidae är mera etablerat.[1]

Familjen innehåller 6 släkten med omkring 20 arter, följande lista är enligt Wilson & Reeder (2005)[1] med tillägg av M. hotaula.[3]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 15 februari 2010.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Wilson & Reeder (red.) Mammal Species of the World, 2005 Ziphiidae
  2. ^ "Whale's teeth are aid to mating". BBC. december 2008.
  3. ^ [a b c] ”Researchers discover rare new species of deep-diving whale” (på engelska). Wildlife Extra. 2014. http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/new-species-deep-whale.html. Läst 6 februari 2014.
  4. ^ Peter L. Tyack, Mark Johnson, Natacha Aguilar Soto, Albert Sturlese, Peter T. Madsen: Extreme diving of beaked whales. In: Journal of Experimental Biology. 209, nr. 21, 2006, ISSN 0022-0949, s. 4238–4253, doi:10.1242/jeb.02505
  5. ^ Martin Schäfer: Rekord im Extremtauchen geht an die Schnabelwale. wissenschaft.de, 23. Oktober 2006. (tyska) Kaskeloten kan dyka ännu djupare.
  6. ^ Audrey McAvoy (11 juni 2009). ”Sonar könnte Wale zu schnell auftauchen lassen” (på tyska). Spiegel online. http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/0,1518,629888,00.html. Läst 6 juli 2009.
  7. ^ Michael McCarthy: Navy sonar blamed for death of beaked whales found washed up in the Hebrides. I: independent.co.uk. 7 april 2009, besökt 6 juli 2009.
  8. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (18 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.

Externa länkar

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Näbbvalar: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Näbbvalar (Ziphiidae) är en familj inom underordningen tandvalar. Näbbvalarna är större än delfinerna men mindre kända hos allmänheten. De är idag de enda havslevande däggdjuren som har utvecklad sekundära könskarakteristika, då hanarnas tänder skiljer sig från honornas tänder. Det finns ett 20-tal beskrivna arter men vissa av dem har aldrig observerats i det vilda utan bara beskrivits utifrån ilandflutna kadaver.

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Gagalı balinagiller ( Turkish )

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Gagalı balinagiller (Ziphiidae) dişli balinaların bir familyası. Tanılan 19 türü ile yunusgillerden sonra ikinci büyük balina familyası olmasına rağmen hakkında fazla bilinmemekte. Bunun nedeni familyanın türlerinin kıyılara pek yaklaşmamasıdır. Familyanın birçok türü daha henüz yeni tarif edilmiştir.

Özellikleri

Adları, gagayı andıran uzun ağızlarından kaynaklanır. Familyanın bazı türlerinde, yunuslarda olduğu gibi kafa, ağız ile aynı hizalaya gelene kadar öne doğru incelir. Çoğu diğer türlerde ise ağız kafadan daha incedir ve bir gagayı andırır. Boyları 4 - 13 metre arası değişir. Gagalı balinagillerin alt çenelerinde genel olarak 2 veya 4 dişleri olur, üst çenelerinde ise hiç dişleri yoktur. Sadece Shepherd balinasının üst çenesinde de küçük dişleri vardır. Birçok türlerde erkeklerin dövüşlerde kullandıkları iki azman dişi olur. Erkeklerin vücutlarında da bu dişlerin bıraktığı izleri görmek mümkündür. İki dişli balina cinsinde bu azman dişler ilginç şekillere girebilir; örneğin layand balinasında (Mesoplodon layardii) alt çeneden çıkan azman dişler ağızın üzerine kadar uzanır ve aşağı bükülür, bu yüzden balina ağzını fazla açamaz.

Yaşam şekli

Gagalı balinagiller açık denizlerin balinalarıdır, ve tüm okyanuslarda yaşarlar. Çoğunlukla büyük derinliklerde avladıkları kalmarlar (Teutophagie) ile beslenirler. 80 dakkika suyun altında kalarak 1000 metre derinliğe kadar indikleri kanıtlanmıştır. En yeni araştırmalara göre Cuvier gagalı balinası hatta 1900 metre derinliğe kadar inmektedir.[1][2].

Gagalı balinagiller insanlara çok nadir göründüklerinden dolayı davranışları hakkında pek bilgi yoktur. Toplanılan bilgilerin çoğu karaya vurmuş leşlerden kaynaklanır. Sadece kara balina ve blainville balinası cinsleri hakkında balina avcılarından alınmış biraz daha fazla bilgi mevcuttur.

Sınıflandırma

Gagalı balinagiller Miyosen devrinden kalma fosillerin de gösterdiği gibi gayet eski bir balina familyasıdır.

Hala yeni türler bulunmakta; Perrin gagalı balinası ancak 2002 yılında tarif edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Şablon:Literatur
  2. ^ Martin Schäfer: Rekord im Extremtauchen geht an die Schnabelwale. wissenschaft.de, 23. Oktober 2006. Für Pottwale sind allerdings noch tiefere Tauchgänge belegt.
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Gagalı balinagiller: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Gagalı balinagiller (Ziphiidae) dişli balinaların bir familyası. Tanılan 19 türü ile yunusgillerden sonra ikinci büyük balina familyası olmasına rağmen hakkında fazla bilinmemekte. Bunun nedeni familyanın türlerinin kıyılara pek yaklaşmamasıdır. Familyanın birçok türü daha henüz yeni tarif edilmiştir.

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Дзьоборилові ( Ukrainian )

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Склад родини

До родини входять 6 родів:

У води Антарктики з них заходять тільки два види, а у води Арктики – один.

Характерні риси

 src=
Череп

Голова, рило, дихало

Мають витягнуте рило, звужене спереду у дзьоб. На голові — жирова подушка утворює опукле «чоло». Під горлом 2-4 борозни, які розходяться задніми кінцями. Півмісячної форми щілина дихала розташована на тімені, ріжками звернена вперед або назад.

Плавці

Спинний плавець зміщено в задню половину тіла. Задній край хвостового плавця зазвичай не має серединної виїмки. Поверхня рота шорстка.

Зубна система

Зубів угорі немає, внизу лише 1-2 пари зрушені уперед. Тільки в роді тасманових китів буває 19 пар зубів зверху і 28 знизу. Зуби в самок менші, ніж у самців, а часто і зовсім не прорізаються. У зародків і сисунців у яснах приховано до 32 пар рудиментарних зубів.

Екологія

Дзьоборилі – глибоко й надовго пірнають, харчуючись головоногими молюсками. Після великої дихальної паузи багаторазово дихають роблячи серію дрібних занурень.

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Họ Cá voi mõm khoằm ( Vietnamese )

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Ziphiidae là một họ động vật có vú trong bộ Cetacea. Họ này được Gray miêu tả năm 1865.[1]

Phân loại

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Ziphiidae”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Cá voi (Cetacea) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Họ Cá voi mõm khoằm: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Ziphiidae là một họ động vật có vú trong bộ Cetacea. Họ này được Gray miêu tả năm 1865.

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Клюворыловые ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Зубатые киты
Семейство: Клюворыловые
Международное научное название

Ziphiidae Gray, 1850

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 180493NCBI 9756EOL 7650FW 42951

Клюворыловые[1][2], или клюворылые киты[3] (лат. Ziphiidae) — семейство морских млекопитающих подотряда зубатых китов. Одна из древнейших групп китообразных; старейшие окаменелости клюворылых датируются миоценом (ок. 20 млн лет назад).

Общее описание

Мелкие и средние китообразные с длиной тела 3,4—13 м и весом 1—15 т. У некоторых видов самки крупнее самцов. Наиболее крупным из клюворыловых является северный плавун — это второй по размеру (после кашалота) зубатый кит. Рыло вытянуто в длинный, суженный, конусовидный клюв. У некоторых клюворыловых на лбу развита жировая подушка. На горле имеются 2—6 борозд, расходящихся сзади. Дыхало полулунной формы, обращено «рожками» вперёд или назад. Спинной плавник небольшой, серповидный, находится примерно на уровне заднепроходного отверстия. Грудные плавники небольшие. Задний край хвостового плавника без серединной выемки. Окрас обычно однотонный серый или бурый, иногда с белыми пятнами.

В черепе рострум длиннее мозговой коробки. Нижняя челюсть V-образная, шире верхней. Полость рта шершавая. У эмбрионов закладываются многочисленные зубы, которые позднее редуцируются. У взрослых китов на верхней челюсти зубов нет, на нижней 1—2 пары; только у тасманова кита бывает до 19 пар зубов вверху и 28 пар внизу. У самок зубы мельче, чем у самцов, часто совсем не прорезаются. У многих видов зубы сильно уплощены; особенно это выражено у ремнезубов. Число позвонков не превышает 50. Рёбер не более 10 пар; их грудные отделы не окостеневают.

Образ жизни

Распространены в тёплых, умеренных и холодных водах всех океанов. В воды Антарктики заходят только 2 вида, а в воды Арктики — один. Держатся на глубине, на краю континентального шельфа и близко к океанским островам, включая Азорские и Канарские. Изучены слабо из-за особенностей местообитания и поведения; некоторые виды исследованы только по останкам и никогда не наблюдались в живом виде.

Питаются головоногими моллюсками, ныряя за ними на глубину нескольких сотен метров и оставаясь под водой 15—30 минут. Рекорд продолжительности погружения составляет 80 минут. У некоторых видов в рацион также входит рыба и ракообразные. Строение ротовой полости указывает на то, что клюворылы не ловят добычу зубами, а втягивают в рот, засасывая её вместе с водой. Наблюдались группами из 3—40 особей.

Практическое значение невелико; добываются в основном ради жира. Бутылконосы и плавуны являлись объектом ограниченного промысла. В настоящее время плавуны добываются у берегов Японии; высоколобый бутылконос был сильно истреблён в результате интенсивной добычи в северной части Северной Атлантики в конце XIX — начале XX века. Вылов рыбы и продолжающееся загрязнение Мирового океана, предположительно, негативно влияют на численность клюворылых китов, однако точно она неизвестна.

Классификация

В семействе 6 родов и 20 видов. Это второе по величине семейство китообразных после дельфиновых[2].

Ископаемые виды:

  • Messapicetus gregarius — ископаемый вид живший в миоцене около 13,7—11,6 млн лет назад на территории современного Перу. Описан в 2010 году палеонтологом G. Bianucci по останкам черепа[4].

В водах России водятся 4 вида: высоколобый бутылконос (Hyperoodon ampullatus), клюворыл (Ziphius cavirostris), северный плавун (Berardius bairdi), командорский ремнезуб (Mesoplodon stejnegeri)[5].

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 469. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 117—119. — 10 000 экз.
  3. Томилин А. Г. Отряд Китообразные (Cetacea) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 373—374. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  4. G. Bianucci, O. Lambert, and K. Post. 2010. High concentration of long-snouted beaked whales (Genus Messapicetus) from the Miocene of Peru. Palaeontology 53(5):1077-1098
  5. русские названия по БД «Позвоночные животные России»
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Клюворыловые: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Клюворыловые, или клюворылые киты (лат. Ziphiidae) — семейство морских млекопитающих подотряда зубатых китов. Одна из древнейших групп китообразных; старейшие окаменелости клюворылых датируются миоценом (ок. 20 млн лет назад).

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剑吻鲸科 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

剑吻鲸科(學名Ziphiidae),又稱喙鲸科,在鲸目中是最不為人所知的一群動物。喙鯨(Beaked Whale)這個詞最早見於古挪威語“nebhval”,意為“有喙的鯨”,包含本科所有的成員,而其中瓶鼻鯨屬(Hyperoodon)與貝喙鯨屬(Berardius)這2屬的喙鯨有時又合稱為瓶鼻鯨(bottlenose whales)。喙鯨相當難以觀察,其中數種尚未發現活體,僅少數物種有較深入的研究資料。關於喙鯨的分類一直是暫時性與未定,常有新種發表或舊種的改正,現生種共計有6屬20餘種。

喙鯨的共同特徵最明顯的就是嘴喙,在比例上比擁有長嘴喙的海豚來得短,但較其他鯨類都來得長。所有喙鯨在喉嚨部位均有一對呈V字型的深溝,此溝槽有時又稱為“喉腹摺”,但與鬚鯨科成員擁有的喉腹摺在構造上大不相同,一般所說的喉腹摺是指後者。喙鯨的胸鰭小,趾骨短而手臂部分(撓骨與尺骨)相對較長;部分種類擁有稱之為“胸鰭窩”(flipper pocket)的構造,在胸鰭內側體壁處有輕微的凹陷,使胸鰭可以往內縮,可能是為了減少阻力,但由於外觀上極不顯著,只有擱淺或死亡個體才能察覺其存在。尾鰭占相當大的比例,中央通常沒有凹刻(少數種類有輕微的凹陷)。辨別各種喙鯨的方法最重要的是牙齒的大小、形狀,與著生在下顎的位置。大部分種類僅保有1對牙齒,只有成年雄鯨的牙齒會發育到突出牙床,某些種類其成年雄鯨的牙齒在嘴巴閉上時會外露,至於雌鯨與未成年雄鯨是看不到牙齒的。成年雄鯨身上常有細長的傷痕,在全身呈十字形交叉分布,由此判斷牙齒可能是用來打鬥的武器。

一般而言,喙鯨是深層的潛水者,很少接近海面,最主要的發現深度在至少300公尺深的地方。大多數種類似乎以海洋中層或深海的槍烏賊類為食。

喙鯨分類表

  • 貝喙鯨屬(槌鲸属) Berardius
    • 阿氏喙鯨(南槌鲸) Arnoux's Beaked Whale, B. arnouxii
    • 貝氏喙鯨(北槌鲸) Baird's Beaked Whale, B. bairdii
  • 瓶鼻鲸屬 Hyperoodon
  • 印太喙鲸屬 Indopacetus
    • 朗氏中喙鯨(熱帶瓶鼻鯨,印太喙鲸) Tropical Bottlenose Whale, I. pacificus
  • 塔喙鯨屬(塔海槌鲸属) Tasmacetus
  • 柯喙鯨屬(剑吻鲸属) Ziphius
    • 柯氏喙鯨(剑吻鲸) Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Z. cavirostris

貝喙鯨屬 Genus Berardius

本屬的兩種喙鯨,貝氏喙鯨(Baird's Beaked Whale)與阿氏貝喙鯨(Arnoux's Beaked Whale),可由其較大的體型、明顯隆起的額隆、與長嘴喙辨別。牠們擁有2對牙齒,皆位於下顎前端,前面的牙齒大而呈三角形,後者則較小而似釘子。成鯨無論雌鯨牙齒皆會突出,前面的牙齒會由顎的尖端明顯突出,嘴巴閉上時一樣可見。貝氏喙鯨僅分布於北太平洋的溫帶與亞北極深水區,而阿氏貝喙鯨在南半球冷水海域呈環南極分布。

瓶鼻鯨屬 Genus Hyperoodon

說明詳見瓶鼻鯨

印太喙鯨屬 Genus Indopacetus

關於印太喙鯨屬的唯一成員,朗氏中喙鯨,對於其存在與否一直無法確定,命名至今幾十年來僅找到2個已風化了的頭骨,1個在澳洲東部,另1個在非洲東部海岸發現。1960至1990年代間,科學家對於太平洋熱帶與印度洋的幾次目擊記錄感到疑惑,據報告指出是中等大小的喙鯨,接近瓶鼻鯨屬的南、北瓶鼻鯨。近來一位曾目擊瓶鼻鯨與他種喙鯨多次的美國科學家Bob Pitman,提出具說服力的主張,認為那幾次目擊記錄實際上是朗氏中喙鯨。

中喙鯨屬 Genus Mesoplodon

本屬喙鯨的牙齒在大小與形狀上各異,生長位置也不同,有些在顎的尖端,有些則在後方。中喙鯨屬的體型多樣,由未達3.7公尺(祕魯中喙鯨)到6公尺以上(長齒中喙鯨)不等。牠們的體色與斑紋圖樣複雜,但由於活體觀察的機會極少,其色彩的細節未知。在普遍呈暗色的體表會有一些白色區域,如白或部分白色的嘴喙。所有中喙鯨屬喙鯨皆有鐮刀狀或三角形的背鰭,多為中、小尺寸。額隆由圓弧或高聳至低而扁有不同形狀。

塔喙鯨屬 Genus Tasmacetus

塔喙鯨屬的唯一成員謝氏塔喙鯨是喙鯨中唯一上、下顎皆有完整牙齒的種類,至1933年才被發現,至今資料仍主要來自南半球各冷溫帶地區的擱淺個體。

柯喙鯨屬 Genus Ziphius

柯喙鯨屬僅含柯氏喙鯨1種,其分布幾乎廣遍全世界,除南、北極外在各大洋的熱帶至冷溫帶海域都有發現記錄。有時被稱為鵝喙鯨(Goose Beaked Whale),反映其頭部側面輪廓。其嘴喙短而不明顯,與其他喙鯨不同。成年雄鯨的兩顆牙齒位於下顎尖端,稍微向前突出,通常會有茗荷介附生。

參考書目

1. 馬克‧卡沃達著;馬丁‧卡姆繪圖;陳順發翻譯,《鯨與海豚圖鑑》,貓頭鷹出版社,1997 [民86]:100-103頁。 ISBN 957-9684-16-2

2. Pieter A. Folken, Randall R. Reeves, etc. / illustrated by Pieter A. Folkens, 《Guide to MARINE MAMMALS of the World》,Alfred A. Knopf, 2002: p248-251. ISBN 0-375-41141-0

3. Mark Carwardine / illustrated by Martin CammDorling, 《DORLING KINDERSLEY HANDBOOKS: WHALES, DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES》, Dorling Kindersley, 1995: p100-103. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6

4. James G. Mead, 《Beaked Whales, Overview》, edit by William F. Perrin, Bernd Würsig, etc. 《Encyclopedia of marine mammals》, Academic Press, 2002: p81-84. ISBN 0-12-551340-2

5. Edited by Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder,《MAMMAL SPECIES OF THE WORLD》,The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005: p739-743, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

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剑吻鲸科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

剑吻鲸科(學名Ziphiidae),又稱喙鲸科,在鲸目中是最不為人所知的一群動物。喙鯨(Beaked Whale)這個詞最早見於古挪威語“nebhval”,意為“有喙的鯨”,包含本科所有的成員,而其中瓶鼻鯨屬(Hyperoodon)與貝喙鯨屬(Berardius)這2屬的喙鯨有時又合稱為瓶鼻鯨(bottlenose whales)。喙鯨相當難以觀察,其中數種尚未發現活體,僅少數物種有較深入的研究資料。關於喙鯨的分類一直是暫時性與未定,常有新種發表或舊種的改正,現生種共計有6屬20餘種。

喙鯨的共同特徵最明顯的就是嘴喙,在比例上比擁有長嘴喙的海豚來得短,但較其他鯨類都來得長。所有喙鯨在喉嚨部位均有一對呈V字型的深溝,此溝槽有時又稱為“喉腹摺”,但與鬚鯨科成員擁有的喉腹摺在構造上大不相同,一般所說的喉腹摺是指後者。喙鯨的胸鰭小,趾骨短而手臂部分(撓骨與尺骨)相對較長;部分種類擁有稱之為“胸鰭窩”(flipper pocket)的構造,在胸鰭內側體壁處有輕微的凹陷,使胸鰭可以往內縮,可能是為了減少阻力,但由於外觀上極不顯著,只有擱淺或死亡個體才能察覺其存在。尾鰭占相當大的比例,中央通常沒有凹刻(少數種類有輕微的凹陷)。辨別各種喙鯨的方法最重要的是牙齒的大小、形狀,與著生在下顎的位置。大部分種類僅保有1對牙齒,只有成年雄鯨的牙齒會發育到突出牙床,某些種類其成年雄鯨的牙齒在嘴巴閉上時會外露,至於雌鯨與未成年雄鯨是看不到牙齒的。成年雄鯨身上常有細長的傷痕,在全身呈十字形交叉分布,由此判斷牙齒可能是用來打鬥的武器。

一般而言,喙鯨是深層的潛水者,很少接近海面,最主要的發現深度在至少300公尺深的地方。大多數種類似乎以海洋中層或深海的槍烏賊類為食。

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维基百科作者和编辑

アカボウクジラ科 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
アカボウクジラ科 アカボウクジラ 地質時代 中新世 - 完新世現代分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Theria : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti : アカボウクジラ科 Ziphiidae 学名 Ziphiidae
Gray, 1850 亜科,

アカボウクジラ科(赤坊鯨科、Ziphiidae)は、クジラ目ハクジラ亜目に属するの一つ。アカボウクジラ科に属するのは比較的小型のクジラが多く、現生群は約20のから成る。

大型哺乳類としては最も不明な点が多い種類の一つである。一部の種はここ20年ほどの間に発見されたばかりであり、まだ発見されていない種も存在しているだろうと考えられている。

分類[編集]

アカボウクジラ科は6属で構成され、それらは伝統的には3亜科に分けられる。

形態[編集]

食餌は負圧を利用した吸引方式 (suction feeding mechanism) で行う。これはで獲物を捕まえるのではなく、口腔内に海水ごと獲物を吸い込む採食方法である。ハクジラ類は気道と食道が完全に分離しているため肺を利用した吸引は不可能であるが[1]、そのかわり及び舌骨が発達しており、これを利用するとされる。口を開けると同時に大きな舌を急速に引っ込めることで口腔内の圧力を低下させ、海水と一緒に餌となる獲物を吸い込む方法である。比較的が長いためマッコウクジラなどよりは吸引力は劣るが、マイルカ科などよりは強力であるという。アカボウクジラ科の喉には顕著なハの字型の溝があるが、これは吸引の際に喉を膨らませ、口腔内の容積拡大に貢献するとされる[2]

アカボウクジラ科のクジラは体長3.6m - 約13mであり、体重は1t - 15tである。識別は体長、体色、頭部の形状、口吻の長さなどの微妙な違いを用いて行い、野生下での種の同定はかなり困難である。また、オウギハクジラ属などでは雄のみ下顎に一対の歯を持つものもおり、種を特定する際の手がかりになる[3]

生息域、生態[編集]

世界中のほとんどの海域に棲息しているが、浅瀬はあまり好まず、大陸棚よりも深い海域を好む。海底の山脈、渓谷、斜面、あるいはアゾレス諸島カナリア諸島などの大洋上の島々の近くなどを特に好む。

判っている限りにおいては、海底あるいは海底近くで餌を捕獲する。主にイカ魚類甲殻類などを食べる。

非常に優れた潜水能力を有し、20分から30分程度の潜水を行うことが多い。80分もの長い潜水の記録もあり、潜る深さもほぼ間違いなく1,000mを超えているものと考えられている。

家族による小規模の群を成して行動することが多い。

アカボウクジラ科は海洋性であることと、長時間の潜水を行うことから、観察することが困難であり、多くのについて不明な点が多い。一部には、正式な記録も名前もまだなかったり、死骸は確認されているものの、生体の観察例はない、といった種もある。約20種のうち、3種ないし4種は、かつては捕鯨の対象であったため、比較的良く知られている。本項の人間との関りを参照されたい。

人間との関り[編集]

アカボウクジラ科のクジラは海洋性であるため、捕鯨の対象であった一部の種を除き、人間との関りは少ない。ツチクジラ Berardius bairdiiアカボウクジラ Ziphius cavirostris は主に日本によって捕鯨の対象とされ、ツチクジラの捕鯨は捕獲頭数の上限を自主的に設定した上で現在でも行われている。キタトックリクジラ Hyperoodon ampullatus は19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけて、北大西洋の北部海域において、多数が捕獲された。

近年、座礁して死亡した個体の調査から、新たな問題が発生していることがわかってきた。一つは脂肪中に含まれる有毒な化学物質の濃度の増加傾向である。猛禽類鳥類と同じく、アカボウクジラ科のクジラたちは食物連鎖の頂点にいるため、このような化学物質の蓄積が懸念される。

二つ目の問題は、ビニール袋などのプラスチック製品を飲み込んでいる例が多く見られることである。これらは消化されずに消化器中に留まるため、致命的なこともある。また、20世紀末からタラの漁獲量が減少したことによって、遠洋における底引き網漁が盛んになったため、底引き網による混獲による被害が増加しているという問題もある。餌となる魚類などの減少を懸念する指摘もある。

ミナミツチクジラ Berardius arnuxiiツチクジラ Berardius bairdiiキタトックリクジラ Hyperoodon ampullatus およびミナミトックリクジラ Hyperoodon planifrons の4種については、IUCNレッドリストでは「低リスク(保全対策依存)」 (LRcd : Lower Risk - Conservation Dependent)に分類されている。 その他の種については、情報が不足しているため、分類されていない。

進化史[編集]

アカボウクジラ科の最も古い化石としては、中期中新世Archaeoziphins が知られている。漸新世末期 - 中新世前期からもアカボウクジラ科と推定される化石が出土しているが、異論もありこの科に属するかは定かでない。

ハクジラの中ではマッコウクジラ科などとともに初期に分化したグループの一つである。かつては両者は近縁で、アカボウクジラ科はマッコウクジラ上科に含められた事もあったが、現在では両者はそれほど近縁ではないとされる。ハクジラ類の現生群内の分岐時期としては、マッコウクジラ科が最も早く、次いで分岐したのがアカボウクジラ科であるとされる。[4]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 『鯨類学』 124頁
  2. ^ 『鯨類学』 84, 123頁
  3. ^ 『鯨類学』 82頁
  4. ^ 『鯨類学』 46頁

参考文献[編集]

  1. J. E. Heyning and J. G. Mead, "Suction feeding in beaked whales: Morphological and experimental evidence," Contributions in Science, No. 464, p. 12 (1996). [1]
  • 村山司 『鯨類学』 東海大学出版会〈東海大学自然科学叢書〉、ISBN 978-4-486-01733-2。
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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アカボウクジラ科: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

アカボウクジラ科(赤坊鯨科、Ziphiidae)は、クジラ目ハクジラ亜目に属するの一つ。アカボウクジラ科に属するのは比較的小型のクジラが多く、現生群は約20のから成る。

大型哺乳類としては最も不明な点が多い種類の一つである。一部の種はここ20年ほどの間に発見されたばかりであり、まだ発見されていない種も存在しているだろうと考えられている。

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부리고래과 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

Faroe stamp 197 Mesoplodon bidens.jpg

부리고래과 또는 뼈죽주둥이고래과(표준어: 부리고랫과, Ziphiidae)는 이빨고래류의 하위 분류이다.[1] 6속 21종으로 분류하고 있다.

하위 분류

계통 분류

다음은 거테시 등(Gatesy et al..)의 계통 분류이다.[2]

고래하목 수염고래

Janjucetus

     

참고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

     

꼬마긴수염고래과

     

귀신고래과Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg

   

수염고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

          이빨고래    

꼬마향고래과

   

향고래과Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg

       

인도강돌고래과Lipotes vexillifer.png

     

부리고래과Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg

       

아마존강돌고래과

   

라플라타돌고래과Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg

    참돌고래상과

참돌고래과Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg

     

쇠돌고래과

   

외뿔고래과Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg

               

각주

  1. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. John Gatesy, Jonathan H. Geisler, Joseph Chang, Carl Buell, Annalisa Berta, Robert W. Meredith, Mark S. Springer, Michael R. McGowen: A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 66, Issue 2, Februar 2013, S. 479–506. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
The taxonomy of this group is unresolved, and is currently under study. Although likely to change, there are 19 species currently recognised. The beaked whales are medium-sized cetaceans (4 to 13 m long), which as a rule, have reversed sexual dimorphism (females larger than males). In general, beaked whales have a pronounced beak, relatively small dorsal fin set far back on the body, small flippers that fit into depressions on the sides, 2 short throat grooves, flukes without a notch, and no more than 1 or two pairs of functional teeth in the lower jaw of the males only (major exceptions are Berardius, in which females also have two pairs of exposed teeth, and Tamacetus, in which both sexes have long rows of slender functional teeth). Beaked whales are poorly known as a rule; however, most are thought to be deep-diving squid feeders. They generally travel in small groups.

Reference

MASDEA (1997).

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