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Greenland Cod

Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius 1810

Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
The Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, also known as gray cod, is an important commercial food species. It has three separate dorsal fins, and the catfish-like whiskers on its lower jaw. In appearance, it is similar to the Atlantic Cod (G. morhua). A bottom dweller, it is found mainly along the continental shelf and upper slopes with a range around the rim of the North Pacific Ocean, from the Yellow Sea to the Bering Strait, along the Aleutian Islands, and south to about Los Angeles, down to the depths of 900 meters. Pacific cod grow relatively quickly, and live up to about 18 years. Fully grown, they can reach 48–49 cm and weigh up to 15 kg. It is found in huge schools, feeding on small invertebrates including clams, worms, shrimp, and small fish. In the Northwest Pacific the USA trawl fishery and joint-venture fisheries increased their cod catches from less than 1,000 tons in 1979 to nearly 91,000 tons in 1984 and reached 430,196 tons in 1995. Today, catches are tightly regulated and the Pacific cod quota is split among fisheries that use hook and line gear, pots, and bottom trawls. In 2010, 15.7% of ground fish caught in Alaska was Pacific cod. (Alaska Fisheries Science Center; Wikipedia 2011)
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Benefits

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The total catch reported in the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics for 1987 totalled 441 778 t, of which 270,072 mt have been taken in Northeast Pacific and 159,767 mt in Northwest Pacific. The Japanese catch in Northeast Pacific (area 61), which had traditionally accounted for the largest component of the total landings of this species, has decreased substantially (because of intense exploitation) since the mid seventies, while the Russian Federation (formerly USSR) catch has shown a rapid increase in recent years. It should be noted that the abundance of Pacific cod has increased substantially since 1977 as a result of the recruitment of the exceptionally strong year classes for 1977-1978 and the good year classes of 1982 to 1985. In Nortwest Pacific (area 67) catches of Pacific cod by the USA trawl fishery and joint-venture fisheries increased from less than 1,000 t in 1979 to nearly 91,000 t in 1984 and reached 430 196 t in 1995. Pacific cod is often taken incidentally by pollock and flatfish fisheries, and in Korea it is exclusively a by-catch of other commercial fisheries. In northeastern Pacific, the major types of gear used are trawls, but also longlines, troll and handlines. In Japan and Bering Sea, also Danish seines, and pair trawl and stern trawl are used. In all areas, the importance of cod in the catches declines with depth. Depths of greatest cod occurrence were generally between 91 and 273 m. There are higher proportions of large fish in the British Columbia and southeastern Alaska regions than in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. In the eastern Bering Sea, cod are taken primarily on the outer continental shelf (about equally divided between the areas southeast and northwest of the Pribilof Islands), with highest catches occurring near the shelf edge. Pacific cod has a high growth rate and high natural mortality and can support heavy exploitation. The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 402 244 t. The countries with the largest catches were USA (237 679 t) and Russian Federation (101 929 t). The catch is used mostly for filleting for subsequent production of fish sticks and fillet blocks.
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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Lives mainly along the continental shelf and upper slope of the North Pacific in the areas bordered by Korea and the western Chukchi Peninsula in the west, and Norton Sound and Oregon in the east.Its bathymetric range extends from shallow water (10 m) to about 550 m, but it is mostly between 100 and 400 m in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea.Some cod are assumed to be pelagic over deep water. The distribution in the eastern Bering Sea varies between years and seasons within years.The driving environmental variable behind the changes in distribution appears to be water temperature, with such biological factors as year-class abundance and age composition, and probably spawning and feeding migrations also playing important roles. Spawning migrations have been definitely linked to annual changes in temperature of the ocean in various parts of the geographical range. Pacific cod does not undertake migrations as extensive as the Atlantic species but moves only for short distances, such as to and from the shore, or from one bank to the other within a limited region. In summer, schools are small and distinct, contrarily to the large aggregations formed by the Atlantic cod. In the western Pacific, there appear to be two general types of schooling behaviour in cod of similar size and state of maturity: a school that is more or less permanent on the grounds and a school that moves continually. These two types of schools could be observed along the western shores of Kamchatka in two parallel rows, one at depths of 10-50 m, the other at 70-100 m. Near the end of September, or at the beginning of October, fish of the shallow row retreat to greater depths where they mix with those of the deeper row, and subsequently, they all proceed to 150-250 m depth where they remain for the winter. In the eastern Bering Sea and regions of Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk, Pacific cod move off the inner and central shelf regions as summer ends, concentrate in deeper water on the outer shelf and along the shelf edge during winter (in response to the autumn-winter drop in temperatures in the littoral waters), migrate back toward the inner shelf as the ice pack recedes northward in the spring (post-spawning/feeding migration), and are broadly dispersed over much of the inner and central shelf, as well as the outer shelf and along the continental slope, during the summer. Age and size at first maturity vary with areas, the southern stocks maturing at an earlier age. They are, respectively, for males and females: 2-3 years and 40 to 44 cm off Washington, 3 years and about 50 cm in the Gulf of Alaska and in the Bering Strait, and 5 years and about 67 cm off Rebun Island, Hokkaido. In the eastern Bering Sea, the proportion of females increases with size from 43.3% at 10 to 20 cm length to 61.6% at more than 60 cm. The overall sex ratio and size-specific differences for cod in the eastern Bering Sea are similar to those for the cod in the northwestern Bering Sea, where the sex ratio is nearly 1:1, with males dominating in the younger age groups, and females in the older age groups. Fecundity ranges from 860,000-6,400,000 eggs per individual, depending also on environmental conditions: in the far eastern areas, the range is 1,400,000-6,400,000 eggs; in Hokkaido waters, 3,000,000-4,000,000 eggs; in Mutsu Bay (northernmost Honshu), 1,500,000-2,000,000 eggs. In the Straits of Georgia (southern British Columbia), females of 60-78 cm produce 1,200,000 to 3,300,000 eggs; in the Gulf of Alaska the fecundity ranges from 860,000-3,000,000 eggs, and in the Bering Sea, from 1,000,000-2,000,000 eggs. Females spawn only once each season. The eggs are demersal and slightly adhesive. The spawning season extends from winter to early spring. In the western Pacific, around the Commander Islands and along the coast of Siberia, spawning occurs from January to May. Spawning time differs between Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk because of differences in the cycles of the oceanographic climate: in the warmer regions such as Japan and Korea, the fish remain at greater depths during summer (up to 200 m), and when temperatures drop during autumn, they move into shallow water, and spawn during winter; in more northern regions, such as the Sea of Okhotsk, where the temperatures of littoral waters are very low during winter, cod move to considerable depths for over-wintering and spawn in March-April. Off West Kamchatka, cod move away from the ocean floor at the approach of the spawning period and concentrate at an intermediate depth. Spawning in the eastern Bering Sea is expected to take place within the period of January to April, when water temperature is higher than 0°C; the optimum temperature for hatching and survival is considered to be 5°C. Along the Alaska Peninsula and westward, spawning takes place in the warmer waters of the outer continental shelf and slope or in protected bays and adjacent ice-free waters. Off British Columbia and Washington, spawning areas in shallow water are located at about 53°N, where seasonal minimum bottom temperatures occur on inshore banks during winter. However, reproduction may be adversely affected by the relatively frequent occurrence of warm winters in this area. In the Gulf of Alaska, cod spawn from January to March along the continental slope of Alaska Peninsula. It is hypothesized that spawning of Pacific cod must take place over a shorter period of time than that of the Atlantic species because of the greater instability in the Pacific marine temperatures. Growth of Pacific cod is rapid during early stages. In the eastern Bering Sea, it has not been well identified because of problems in ageing the fish in the region. The southern Pacific stocks grow substantially faster than stocks of the colder regions of the North Pacific (such as the Bering and Okhotsk Seas), and growth is continuous throughout the year. Southern Pacific cod also mature at an earlier age and have a shorter life span (6-7 years). In Hecate Strait (northern British Columbia) cod length at age 1 is 23 cm; at age 2 it is about 44 cm; and the theoretical maximum length is 94 cm. Corresponding lengths, in the Straits of Georgia are 26, 49, and 76 cm; in the Bering Sea, 27.5, 43, and 84.5 cm (age 8), and in the Gulf of Alaska, 28.5, 47, and 85.5 cm. Although the fish usually grow to a maximum length of 85 cm, the greatest recorded length is 120 cm. The life span is normally 8-9 years, although in the western Pacific, they can live up to 12 years. Pacific cod appear to be indiscriminate predators upon dominant food organisms present. They evidently feed very little when they are close to spawning. The diet of adults includes fish, octopuses, and large benthic and bentho-pelagic crustacea such as the Kamchatka crab and shrimps. The fish species consumed include saffron cod, pollock, smelt, and herring, as well as flounders, cottids, salmon and sardines.
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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Size

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Reaches 1 m total length.
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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Distribution

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Found around the rim of the North Pacific, from the Yellow Sea to the Bering Strait, along the Aleutians, and south to about Los Angeles. Rather rare in the southern part of its range.
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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
Head relatively broad; interorbital space 18 to 25% of head length. Predorsal distance more than about 33% of length; anterior part of swimbladder with 2 relatively short, horn-like extension. Colour: dorsally brown to grey with spots or vermiculations, ventrally paler.

References

  • Bulletin of Fisheries Resources. Bd(1973)
  • Fredin and Natural Resources Consultant, (1985)
  • International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, (1987)
  • Niggol, (1982)
  • Quast, (1970)
  • Schultz & Welander, (1935)
  • Svetovidov, (1948)
  • Wise, (1961, 1963)

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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Trophic Strategy

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Found mainly along the continental shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 1371). A carnivore (Ref. 9137).
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 37 - 57; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 31 - 42; Vertebrae: 49 - 55
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Life Cycle

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From late summer to mid-winter, fish move into the deeper water (100 to 250 m) of spawning areas; move inshore to depths of 30 to 60 m after spawning (Ref. 27547). Spawning occurs once a year (Ref. 120291).
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Diagnostic Description

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Distinguished by the presence of 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins, a long chin barbel (about 3/4 as long as the eye diameter in young, longer than eye diameter in adults), and a space between the second and third dorsal fins that is shorter than the eye diameter (Ref. 27547). Lateral line with a prominent arch under the 1st and 2nd dorsal fins, is straight toward the tail, ending under the 3rd dorsal (Ref. 27547). Brown or gray dorsally, becoming paler ventrally; dark spots or vermiculating patterns on the sides (Ref.1371). Yellow color phases are known (Ref. 27547). Fins dusky; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with white edges that are wider on anal and caudal than on dorsal (Ref. 27547).
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Biology

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Found mainly along the continental shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 1371). Form schools (Ref. 9988). They appear to be indiscriminate predators upon dominant food organisms present (Ref. 1371). Young probably feed on copepods and similar organisms (Ref. 27547). Adults feed on fishes, octopi, and large benthic and benthopelagic crustaceans (Ref. 1371); also worms. Parasites of the species include sealworm (Phocanema decipiens) in flesh, copepod (Lernaeocera branchialis) on gills and cestode (Pyramicocephalus phocarum) in the intestine (Ref. 5951). Marketed fresh and frozen for human consumption (Ref. 2850), and also dried or salted and smoked (Ref. 9988). Eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, micro-waved and baked (Ref. 9988). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Minimum depth from Ref. 054440.
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Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Groenlandkabeljou ( Afrikaans )

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Groenlandkabeljou (Gadus ogac), een van drie soorte kabeljou, kom voor van Port Barrow, Alaska tot by Wes-Groenland; suid langs die Kanadese kus tot by die Miramichi, Golf van Sint-Laurens en Kaap Breton-eiland met 'n afgesonderde bevolking in die Witsee. Groenlandkabeljou leef gewoonlik naby die kus in water minder as 200 m diep en word selde in die diep see ver van die kus aangetref. Visse van 5 tot 6 jaar bereik lengtes van omtrent 50 cm. Groenlandkabeljou word selde ouer as 9 jaar oud en word nie sommer langer as 60 cm nie.

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Vangste van 1970 tot 2010.

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Groenlandkabeljou: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Groenlandkabeljou (Gadus ogac), een van drie soorte kabeljou, kom voor van Port Barrow, Alaska tot by Wes-Groenland; suid langs die Kanadese kus tot by die Miramichi, Golf van Sint-Laurens en Kaap Breton-eiland met 'n afgesonderde bevolking in die Witsee. Groenlandkabeljou leef gewoonlik naby die kus in water minder as 200 m diep en word selde in die diep see ver van die kus aangetref. Visse van 5 tot 6 jaar bereik lengtes van omtrent 50 cm. Groenlandkabeljou word selde ouer as 9 jaar oud en word nie sommer langer as 60 cm nie.

 src= Vangste van 1970 tot 2010.
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Pasifiese kabeljou ( Afrikaans )

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Pasifiese kabeljou (Gadus macrocephalus), wat ook as "Ware Kabeljou" bekendstaan, word noord van Oregon langs die hele weskus van Kanada in die Stille Oseaan aangetref. Dit is soortgelyk aan Atlantiese kabeljou en is bruin tot grys op die rug, ligter op die sye met 'n grys tot wit buik en het die tipiese kenvoeldraad van ander kabeljoue. Die Pasifiese kabeljou is tipies 60 cm lank en weeg tussen 2,5 en 3,6 kg.

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Vangste van 1950 tot 2010.

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Pasifiese kabeljou: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Pasifiese kabeljou (Gadus macrocephalus), wat ook as "Ware Kabeljou" bekendstaan, word noord van Oregon langs die hele weskus van Kanada in die Stille Oseaan aangetref. Dit is soortgelyk aan Atlantiese kabeljou en is bruin tot grys op die rug, ligter op die sye met 'n grys tot wit buik en het die tipiese kenvoeldraad van ander kabeljoue. Die Pasifiese kabeljou is tipies 60 cm lank en weeg tussen 2,5 en 3,6 kg.

 src= Vangste van 1950 tot 2010.
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Penfras yr Ynys Las ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Gadidae ydy'r penfras yr Ynys Las sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: penfreision yr Ynys Las (Lladin: Gadus ogac; Saesneg: Greenland cod).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Ewrop, America, Cefnfor yr Iwerydda'r Cefnfor Tawel ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol.[1]

Mae'r math yma o bysgodyn yn cael ei bysgota ar gyfer y bwrdd bwyd.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Penfras yr Ynys Las: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Gadidae ydy'r penfras yr Ynys Las sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: penfreision yr Ynys Las (Lladin: Gadus ogac; Saesneg: Greenland cod).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Ewrop, America, Cefnfor yr Iwerydda'r Cefnfor Tawel ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol.

Mae'r math yma o bysgodyn yn cael ei bysgota ar gyfer y bwrdd bwyd.

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Grönland-Kabeljau ( German )

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Der Grönland-Kabeljau (Gadus ogac) auch Grönland-Dorsch, Fjord-Dorsch und in Grönland Uugaq oder Uuaq genannt, ist ein Meeresfisch, der im Arktischen Ozean von der Nordküste Alaskas entlang der Nordküste Kanadas bis an die südliche Westküste Grönlands vorkommt. Im Nordwestatlantik liegt die Südgrenze des Verbreitungsgebietes bei der Kap-Breton-Insel. Eine isolierte Population lebt im Weißen Meer im Norden des europäischen Teils Russlands.

Merkmale

Der Grönland-Kabeljau wird für gewöhnlich 60 cm lang, die Maximallänge liegt bei 77 cm. Die Population im Weißen Meer bleibt kleiner. Die Fische sind dunkel gefärbt mit einer helleren Bauchseite. Einige undeutliche Punkte finden sich auf den Körperseiten und auf dem Rücken. Das Peritoneum ist dunkel. Der Kopf ist relativ breit, der Abstand zwischen den Augen liegt bei 18 bis 25 % der Kopflänge.

Lebensweise

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Fangstatistik

Der Grönland-Kabeljau bildet keine Schwärme und lebt meistens nahe den Küsten von der Meeresoberfläche bis in Tiefen von 200 Metern. Nur selten findet man die Art auf hoher See oder in tieferem Wasser. Sie toleriert Brackwasser, bisher wurde aber nicht beobachtet, dass sie auch in Süßgewässern hineinschwimmt. Der Grönland-Kabeljau wird mit einem Alter von drei bis vier Jahren geschlechtsreif. Die Fische laichen in flachem Wasser von Februar bis Mai. Nach dem Ablaichen sinken die Eier zu Boden. Der Grönland-Kabeljau frisst Stinte, kleine Plattfische, Polardorsche, Garnelen, Krabben, Krill, Kopffüßer, Borstenwürmer und Stachelhäuter. Das maximale Lebensalter der Fische liegt bei 9 bis 11 Jahren.

Fischereiwirtschaftlich ist die Art nur von lokaler Bedeutung. Die Fänge erreichten um 1985 einen Maximalwert von über 5000 t und sind seitdem stark gesunken.

Literatur

  • Cohen, D.M.; Inada.T.; Iwamoto, T.; Scialabba, N. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol. 10. Rome, FAO. 1990, ISBN 92-5-102890-7, S. 47–48.

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Grönland-Kabeljau: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Grönland-Kabeljau (Gadus ogac) auch Grönland-Dorsch, Fjord-Dorsch und in Grönland Uugaq oder Uuaq genannt, ist ein Meeresfisch, der im Arktischen Ozean von der Nordküste Alaskas entlang der Nordküste Kanadas bis an die südliche Westküste Grönlands vorkommt. Im Nordwestatlantik liegt die Südgrenze des Verbreitungsgebietes bei der Kap-Breton-Insel. Eine isolierte Population lebt im Weißen Meer im Norden des europäischen Teils Russlands.

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Greenland cod

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The Greenland cod (Gadus ogac), commonly known also as ogac, is a species of ray-finned fish in the cod family, Gadidae. Genetic analysis has shown that it may be the same species as the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus).[1] It is a bottom-dwelling fish and is found on the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean and northwestern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from Alaska to West Greenland, then southwards along the Canadian coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton Island. It is a commercially harvested food fish,[2][3] but landings have been greatly reduced in recent years.

Taxonomy

Molecular genetic analyses strongly suggest that Greenland cod is not different from Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus - Gadus ogac is then a junior synonym of G. macrocephalus.[1] ITIS and the Catalogue of Life list Gadus ogac as synonym of G. macrocephalus.[4]

Description

In colour the Greenland cod is generally sombre, ranging from tan to brown to silvery. Its appearance is similar to that of other cod species; generally heavy-bodied, elongate, usually with a stout caudal peduncle.[3] They can grow to a length of 77 cm.[2]

They are bottom fishes inhabiting inshore waters and continental shelves, up to depths of 200 m. Their range covers the Arctic Ocean and Northwest Atlantic Ocean from Alaska to West Greenland, then south along the Canadian coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton Island generally from 45 to 75 degrees north.[3]

Their wholesome flesh is whitish and flaky but firmer and tougher and less desirable than that of the Atlantic cod. The stock of Greenland cod has been strongly reduced in recent years.[3]

Fisheries

Global capture of Greenland cod in tonnes reported by the FAO, 1950–2010[3]

References

  1. ^ a b Carr, S. M.; Kivlichan, D. S.; Pepin, P.; Crutcher, D. C. (1999). "Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: Implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77: 19–26. doi:10.1139/z98-194.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2005). "Gadus ogac" in FishBase. October 2005 version.
  3. ^ a b c d e Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  4. ^ Catalogue of Life: Gadus macrocephalus.
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Greenland cod: Brief Summary

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The Greenland cod (Gadus ogac), commonly known also as ogac, is a species of ray-finned fish in the cod family, Gadidae. Genetic analysis has shown that it may be the same species as the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). It is a bottom-dwelling fish and is found on the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean and northwestern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from Alaska to West Greenland, then southwards along the Canadian coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton Island. It is a commercially harvested food fish, but landings have been greatly reduced in recent years.

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Gadus macrocephalus ( Basque )

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Gadus macrocephalus Gadus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gadidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Gadus macrocephalus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Gadus macrocephalus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Gadus macrocephalus Gadus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gadidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Gadus ogac ( Basque )

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Gadus ogac Gadus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gadidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Gadus ogac FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Gadus ogac: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Gadus ogac Gadus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gadidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Morue du Groenland ( French )

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Gadus ogac

La morue du Groenland (Gadus ogac) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des gadidés. Pour certains organismes, il ne s'agit pas d'une espèce à part entière mais d'une sous-espèce, Gadus macrocephalus ogac.

Biologie

  • Taille maximale pour le mâle : 77 centimètres.
  • Âge maximum : 12 ans.

Habitat

Cette morue fréquente les eaux atlantiques entre le Groenland et l'arctique ainsi que les côtes est du Canada jusqu'à la péninsule gaspésienne. Elle vit sur les hauts-fonds, dans les murs de roches et sous les quais.

Notes et références

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Morue du Groenland: Brief Summary ( French )

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Gadus ogac

La morue du Groenland (Gadus ogac) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des gadidés. Pour certains organismes, il ne s'agit pas d'une espèce à part entière mais d'une sous-espèce, Gadus macrocephalus ogac.

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Grænlandsþorskur ( Icelandic )

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Grænlandsþorskur (fræðiheiti: Gadus ogac) er þorsktegund sem finnst í Norðvestur-Atlantshafi, við vesturströnd Grænlands og Lawrenceflóa. Kjötið er eilítið seigara en á Atlantshafsþorski og því ekki eins eftirsótt.

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Kyrrahafsþorskur ( Icelandic )

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Kyrrahafsþorskur (fræðiheiti: Gadus macrocephalus) er bolfiskur af þorskaætt. Hann lifir við botn landgrunnsins í Norður-Kyrrahafi, frá Gulahafi að Beringssundi, við Aleuteyjar og suður alveg niður til Los Angeles. Fiskurinn getur orðið allt að metri að lengd og finnst mest í torfum. Fiskurinn er mikilvægur fiskur til sölu á neytendamarkað. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er einnig þekktur undir nafninu gráþorskur.

Lýsing

Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er líkur Atlantshafsþorski í útliti, straumlínulaga og kjaftstór. Hann er með þrjá aðgreinda bakugga, tvo eyrugga og greinilega rák sem gengur í gegnum búkinn. Líkt og Atlantshafsþorskurinn hefur fiskurinn auðkennandi skeggþráð á höku sem hann notar til að leita að fæðu á sjávarbotni.

Líffræði

Kyrrahafsþorskurinn lifir í um 20 ár. Þeir stækka hratt og dæmi eru til um fiska sem hafa orðið allt að 180 cm að lengd þó það sé afar sjaldgæft. Meðal þorskurinn verður um hálfur metri að lengd og u.þ.b. 2-6 kg. Kvenkyns fiskar verða kynþroska og tilbúnir að fjölga sér 4-5 ára gamlir. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn hrygnir frá janúar fram í maí eftir hafsvæðum og gerir það á 100-250 metra dýpi nálægt botni. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er frjósamur fiskur og hrygnir yfir milljón eggja í einu. Eggin límast á botninn og klak tekur um það bil mánuð. Fæða Kyrrahafsþorskins samanstendur af muskum, ormum, kröbbum, rækjum og smáfiskum.


Veiðar

 src=
Veiðar á Kyrrahafsþorski 1950-2015
 src=
Veiddur afli í % árið 2015

Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er mikilvæg markaðsafurð rétt eins og frændfiskur hans í Atlantshafinu. Þorskurinn er einn stærsti og mikilvægasti hluti sjávarútvegs í Bandaríkjunum. Langstærsti hluti veiða fer fram í Alaska. Veiðum er markvisst stjórnað með leyfum, kvóta, veiðarfæratakmörkun, veiðitímabilum og fleiri aðferðum. Stofn Kyrrahafsstofnsins er undir ströngu eftirliti af tveimur stofnunum, önnur stofnun sér um Beringshaf/Aleuteyjar stofninn og önnur stofnun sér um Alaska stofninn. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er veiddur í línu, troll, gildrur og á handfæri.

Veiðar á Kyrrahafsþorskinum á árunum 1950-1980 voru ekki mjög miklar og fóru aldrei upp fyrir 200.000 tonn. En um og upp úr 1980 jukust þær hratt og um miðjan níunda áratuginn voru veiðar komnar yfir 400.000 tonn á ári. Þannig héldust veiðar fram að aldamótum en þá fóru veiðar niður fyrir 400.000 tonn og urðu það næstu 10 ár þangað til 2010 þegar veiðar jukust aftur og fóru að vera um 450.000-470.000 tonn árlega. Bandaríkjamenn veiða mest af Kyrrahafsþorskinum eða um 70% af heildarafla. Þar á eftir kemur Rússland með um 16%, Japan með 12% og svo kemur Kórea með rúm 2% og Kanada með brotabrot af heildarafla.

Helstu markaðir Kyrrahafsþorsksins eru vesturströnd Bandaríkjanna og Alaska enda sjá þau fyrir um 70% af veiðum hans. Þá veiðir Rússland hann til eigin nota og Kína er einnig vinsæll markaður fisksins þar sem hann er oft seldur tví-frystur.

Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er bæði seldur ferskur og frystur. Sá hluti þorsksins sem veiddur er í Alaska, sem er rúm 50% af heildarafla, er nær allur frystur. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn rétt eins og Atlantshafsþorskurinn er gríðarlega vinsæll til matargerðar í Bandaríkjunum og til að mynda var Kyrrahafsþorskurinn notaður í geysivinsælan fiskborgara hjá skyndibitakeðjunni Wendy's í Bandaríkjunum.

Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er einn allra vinsælasti sportveiðifiskur í sjó við Alaska.

Atlantshafsþorskur vs. Kyrrahafsþorskur

Þangað til upp úr 1980 var allur þorskur einfaldlega kallaður þorskur eða Gadus Morhua sem er tvínefni Atlantshafsþorsksins. En um miðjan áttunda áratuginn fóru veiðar á Kyrrhafsþorskinum að aukast mikið og flök hans voru einnig markaðssett sem „þorskur“. Þá fóru deilur um nafnið að hefjast því þó að fyrir mest leiti eru fiskarnir líkir eru þó lykil munir í flökunum. Bragðið er talið svipað en þó er Atlantshafsþorskurinn talinn vægt sætur á meðan Kyrrahafsþorskurinn hefur mildara og saltara bragð. Það er í áferðinni sem lykil munurinn liggur en þar er flaki Kyrrahafsþorsksins lýst sem trénuðu, seigu og vatnsmiklu. Flök Kyrrahafsþorsksins eru ekki eins safarík og meyr og flök Atlantshafsþorsksins. Þetta gerir Atlantshafsþorskinn listugri en Kyrrahafsþorskinn og afurðir Kyrrahafsþorsksins eru ódýrari en sömu afurðir Atlantshafsþorskins.

Heimildir


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Kyrrahafsþorskur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Kyrrahafsþorskur (fræðiheiti: Gadus macrocephalus) er bolfiskur af þorskaætt. Hann lifir við botn landgrunnsins í Norður-Kyrrahafi, frá Gulahafi að Beringssundi, við Aleuteyjar og suður alveg niður til Los Angeles. Fiskurinn getur orðið allt að metri að lengd og finnst mest í torfum. Fiskurinn er mikilvægur fiskur til sölu á neytendamarkað. Kyrrahafsþorskurinn er einnig þekktur undir nafninu gráþorskur.

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Gadus ogac ( Italian )

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Il merluzzo artico[1] (Gadus ogac sinonimo di Gadus macrocephalus[2][3] (Richardson, 1836)), conosciuto anche come merluzzo della Groenlandia, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Gadidae.

Distribuzione e habitat

Si tratta di una specie ad areale artico diffusa su entrambe le sponde dell'estremo nord dell'Oceano Atlantico settentrionale e presente anche in alcune zone del nord Pacifico (Alaska). Una popolazione isolata è presente nel mar Bianco[4].

Popola prevalentemente acque costiere e non si spinge che raramente al largo o a profondità più elevate (massimo registrato 400 metri)[4].

Descrizione

È molto simile al merluzzo bianco da cui si distingue prevalentemente per la testa più larga e la colorazione che è più uniforme e scura sul dorso e i fianchi mentre degrada su toni più chiari sul ventre. La taglia massima registrata è di 77 cm[4].

Biologia

Si tratta di una specie solitaria che non forma banchi. Può vivere fino a 12 anni[4].

Alimentazione

Si nutre di altri pesci (Boreogadus saida, Mallotus villosus, giovani Reinhardtius hippoglossoides e anche giovani della propria specie), di gamberetti, granchi, krill, cefalopodi, vermi marini e echinodermi. Si pensa che ci sia competizione alimentare tra questa specie e il merluzzo bianco[4].

Pesca

Questa specie è oggetto di pesca commerciale, ma gli stock si sono notevolmente ridotti[4].

Note

  1. ^ Mipaaf - Decreto ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su www.politicheagricole.it. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2018.
  2. ^ (EN) Gadus macrocephalus summary page, su FishBase. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2018.
  3. ^ (EN) WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Gadus ogac Richardson, 1836, su www.marinespecies.org. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Gadus ogac, su FishBase. URL consultato il 21.04.2014.

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Gadus ogac: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il merluzzo artico (Gadus ogac sinonimo di Gadus macrocephalus (Richardson, 1836)), conosciuto anche come merluzzo della Groenlandia, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Gadidae.

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Pacifische kabeljauw ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

De Pacifische kabeljauw (Gadus macrocephalus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van kabeljauwen (Gadidae), orde van kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes). De vis is geslachtsrijp bij een lengte tussen de 40 en 85 cm en kan een lengte bereiken van 119 centimeter en een gewicht van 22,7 kg. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 18 jaar.

Leefomgeving

De Pacifische kabeljauw is een zoutwatervis. Deze kabeljauw komt voor in een het noordelijke deel van de Grote Oceaan, van de Gele Zee noordelijk naar de Aleoeten en dan weer zuidelijk tot aan Californië; overigens wel steeds zeldzamer wordend in het zuidelijk deel van zijn verspreidingsgebied. De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 1300 meter onder het wateroppervlak.

Relatie tot de mens

De Pacifische kabeljauw is voor de beroepsvisserij van groot belang. De langelijnvisserij op deze vis in het Amerikaanse deel van de Beringstraat en de Aleoeten is duurzaam volgens de Marine Stewardship Council (MSC gecertificeerd). De vis is ook gewild bij zeehengelaars.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Pacifische kabeljauw: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Pacifische kabeljauw (Gadus macrocephalus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van kabeljauwen (Gadidae), orde van kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes). De vis is geslachtsrijp bij een lengte tussen de 40 en 85 cm en kan een lengte bereiken van 119 centimeter en een gewicht van 22,7 kg. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 18 jaar.

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Stillehavstorsk ( Norwegian )

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Stillehavstorsk (Gadus macrocephalus) er en fiskeart i torskefamilien som ligner på atlanterhavstorsk. Den er en viktig kommersiell art, og det foregår et omfattende fiske etter den.

Eksterne lenker

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Stillehavstorsk: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Stillehavstorsk (Gadus macrocephalus) er en fiskeart i torskefamilien som ligner på atlanterhavstorsk. Den er en viktig kommersiell art, og det foregår et omfattende fiske etter den.

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Dorsz pacyficzny ( Polish )

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Dorsz pacyficzny (Gadus macrocephalus) – drapieżna ryba morska z rodziny dorszowatych (Gadidae). Z wyglądu podobna do dorsza atlantyckiego. Poławiana na dużą skalę gospodarczo oraz w wędkarstwie morskim.

Zasięg występowania

Północny Ocean Spokojny od Morza Żółtego, wzdłuż wschodnich wybrzeży Azji, Cieśnina Beringa, Aleuty i wzdłuż zachodnich wybrzeży Ameryki Północnej do wysokości Los Angeles. Występuje w szerokim zakresie głębokości, od 10–1280 m p.p.m.[2], najczęściej spotykany pomiędzy 100–400 m p.p.m.

Charakterystyka

Budowa i biologia podobne do dorsza atlantyckiego (Gadus morhua). Dorsz pacyficzny osiąga mniejsze rozmiary – dorasta maksymalnie do 1,2 m długości i 22 kg masy ciała. Przeciętne, 2–3 letnie, osobniki mierzą do 50 cm długości.

Dorsz pacyficzny tworzy ławice. Sezonowe wędrówki pokarmowe i rozrodcze są znacznie krótsze niż u gatunku atlantyckiego. Dojrzała samica składa od ok. 1–6,4 mln ziaren ikry[3]

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Gadus macrocephalus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Gadus macrocephalus. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 1 listopada 2009]
  3. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (j. angielski)
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Dorsz pacyficzny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Dorsz pacyficzny (Gadus macrocephalus) – drapieżna ryba morska z rodziny dorszowatych (Gadidae). Z wyglądu podobna do dorsza atlantyckiego. Poławiana na dużą skalę gospodarczo oraz w wędkarstwie morskim.

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Bacalhau-da-groenlândia ( Portuguese )

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Bacalhau-da-Groenlândia (Gadus ogac), também chamado bacalhau-da-Gronelândia, é um peixe marinho demersal membro da família Gadidae, gênero Gadus, que ocorre no Oceano Ártico desde a costa norte do Alasca ao longo da costa norte do Canadá até a costa sudoeste da Groenlândia. No noroeste do Atlântico, o limite sul da área de distribuição fica na Ilha do Cabo Bretão. Uma população isolada vive no Mar Branco, no norte da parte européia da Rússia[1].

Descrição

O bacalhau da Groenlândia tem geralmente 60 cm de comprimento, o comprimento máximo é de 77 cm. A população no Mar Branco tende a ser menor. Os peixes são de cor escura com uma barriga mais clara. Existem alguns pontos indistintos nas laterais do corpo e nas costas. O peritônio é escuro. A cabeça é relativamente larga, a distância entre os olhos é de 18 a 25% do comprimento da cabeça[2].

Taxonomia

Segundo estudos genéticos moleculares do ano de 1999, chegou-se a conclusão de que o gadus macrocephalus é idêntico à espécie gadus ogac.[3] O gadus ogac seria, portanto, teoricamente sinônimo do gadus macrocephalus[4]. No entanto, o ITIS ainda lista o Gadus ogac como um nome válido científicamente[5].

Pesca

 src=
Captura global do bacalhau-da-Groenlândia em toneladas, de acordo com dados da FAO, 1950–2010[6]

O bacalhau-da-Groenlândia não forma cardumes e vive principalmente perto da costa, isto é, desde a superfície do mar até 200 metros de profundidade[7]. A espécie raramente é encontrada em alto mar ou em águas mais profundas. Ele tolera água mais salobra, mas até agora não foi observado sua presença em água doce. O bacalhau-da-Groenlândia amadurece sexualmente entre os três e quatro anos de idade[8]. Os peixes aparecem mais em águas rasas entre fevereiro e maio de cada ano. Após a desova, os ovos submergem no fundo do mar. O bacalhau-da-Groenlândia se alimenta de Osmeridae, de Pleuronectiformes, do bacalhau-polar, do camarão, do caranguejo, do krill, de cefalópodes, de Polychaeta e de Echinodermata[9]. A idade máxima que o peixe pode alcançar é de 9 a 11 anos[10].

Ver também

Referências

  1. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.
  2. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.
  3. Carr, S. M.; Kivlichan, D. S.; Pepin, P.; Crutcher, D. C. (1999). «Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: Implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species». Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77: 19–26. doi:10.1139/z98-194
  4. Carr, S. M.; Kivlichan, D. S.; Pepin, P.; Crutcher, D. C. (1999). «Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: Implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species». Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77: 19–26. doi:10.1139/z98-194
  5. «Gadus ogac» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). Consultado em 6 de março de 2020
  6. Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em março de 2020.
  7. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.
  8. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.
  9. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.
  10. Site da FAO sobre o Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Consultado em fevereiro de 2020.

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Bacalhau-da-groenlândia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Bacalhau-da-Groenlândia (Gadus ogac), também chamado bacalhau-da-Gronelândia, é um peixe marinho demersal membro da família Gadidae, gênero Gadus, que ocorre no Oceano Ártico desde a costa norte do Alasca ao longo da costa norte do Canadá até a costa sudoeste da Groenlândia. No noroeste do Atlântico, o limite sul da área de distribuição fica na Ilha do Cabo Bretão. Uma população isolada vive no Mar Branco, no norte da parte européia da Rússia.

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Cod de Pacific ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Codul de Pacific (Gadus macrocephalus) este un pește ce face parte din familia Gadidae, genul Gadus, întâlnit în Nord-Vestul Oceanului Pacific. Poate atinge lungimi de peste un metru și poate cântări până la 15 kilograme. Este un pește cu un rol important în alimentația oamenilor, pescuitul fiind însă regularizat, existând eșantioane cu privire la metodele folosite pentru prinderea sa.

Descriere

Peștele prezintă trei înotătoare dorsale separate și mustăți asemănătoare celor ale somnului. În principiu, se aseamănă foarte bine cu codul de Atlantic(Gadus Morhua). Fiind un pește ce trăiește pe fundul apelor, este întâlnit în Oceanul Pacific de Nord, de la Marea Galbenă până la strâmtoarea Bering, de-a lungul Insulelor Aleutine la adâncimi de până la 900 metri. Poate atinge lungimi de până la 1 metru și poate cântări până la 15 kg. Trăiește în bancuri uriașe.

Pescării

În Pacificul de Nord-Vest, cantitățile de pește ce s-au obținut din pescăriile Statelor Unite au crescut de la mai puțin de 1000 de tone în 1979 la aproape 91.000 de tone în 1984, ajungând la 430.196 de tone în 1995. În ziua de azi, pescuitul codului este atent regulat, cantitățile ce sunt furnizate trebuind să provină de la pescării ce folosesc undițe cu cârlig, altele ce folosesc capcane, iar altele, năvoade.

 src=
Cantitățile de cod de Pacific pescuite la nivel mondial (1950-2010)
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Cod de Pacific: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Codul de Pacific (Gadus macrocephalus) este un pește ce face parte din familia Gadidae, genul Gadus, întâlnit în Nord-Vestul Oceanului Pacific. Poate atinge lungimi de peste un metru și poate cântări până la 15 kilograme. Este un pește cu un rol important în alimentația oamenilor, pescuitul fiind însă regularizat, existând eșantioane cu privire la metodele folosite pentru prinderea sa.

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Stillahavstorsk ( Swedish )

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Stillahavstorsk (Gadus macrocephalus) är en art som tillhör torskfiskarna.

Utbredningsområdet ligger i norra Stilla havet. Fisken blir upp till en meter lång och väger upp till 20 kg. Den lever av kräftdjur, andra fiskar samt bläckfiskar.

Till skillnad från arten torsk är arten inte rödlistad, men antas ha en låg återhämtningsförmåga om den väl decimeras, men tack vare fiskens snabba tillväxt och tidiga könsmognad tål arten en relativt hög fiskekvot jämfört med andra fiskar.[källa behövs]

Stillahavstorsk som livsmedel

Tack vare relativt kontrollerat fiske fiskas stillahavstorsken med en intensitet som troligtvis inte hotar bestånden på lång sikt. Liksom den torsk som finns i Sveriges vatten har stillahavstorsken magert kött, med bara 0,6% fett.

Källor

  1. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald; van der Laan, Richard. ”Catalog of Fishes Online Catalog” (på engelska). calacademy.org. The California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/getref.asp?id=12816. Läst 23 oktober 2018.

Externa länkar

FishBase med bild och utbredningskarta.

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Stillahavstorsk: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Stillahavstorsk (Gadus macrocephalus) är en art som tillhör torskfiskarna.

Utbredningsområdet ligger i norra Stilla havet. Fisken blir upp till en meter lång och väger upp till 20 kg. Den lever av kräftdjur, andra fiskar samt bläckfiskar.

Till skillnad från arten torsk är arten inte rödlistad, men antas ha en låg återhämtningsförmåga om den väl decimeras, men tack vare fiskens snabba tillväxt och tidiga könsmognad tål arten en relativt hög fiskekvot jämfört med andra fiskar.[källa behövs]

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Cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương ( Vietnamese )

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Cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương còn được gọi là cá tuyết xám (Danh pháp khoa học: Gadus macrocephalus) là loài cá tuyết phân bố tại vùng biển Thái Bình Dương, đây là một loài thực phẩm thương mại quan trọng. Nó có ba vây lưng riêng biệt, và râu cá giống cá trê như trên hàm dưới của nó. Nó tương tự như cá tuyết Đại Tây Dương.

Nó được tìm thấy chủ yếu dọc theo thềm lục địa và dốc trên với một loạt xung quanh mép của Bắc Thái Bình Dương, từ Hoàng Hải tới eo biển Bering, dọc theo quần đảo Aleutian, và phía nam để về Los Angeles, xuống độ sâu 900 mét (~ 3.000 feet). Cá có thể phát triển lên đến 1m (39") và nặng tới 15 kg (33 lbs).

Phân tích di truyền phân tử cho biết cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương và cá tuyết Greenland (Gadus ogac) từ vùng Greenland đến biển Bắc Cực là cùng loài. Sản lượng khai thác cá ở vùng Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương của Hoa Kỳ và liên doanh thủy sản tăng từ dưới 1.000 tấn vào năm 1979 lên gần 91.000 tấn vào năm 1984 và đạt 430.196 tấn trong năm 1995. Ngày nay, sản lượng đánh bắt cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương được quy định chặt chẽ và có hạn mức.

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương còn được gọi là cá tuyết xám (Danh pháp khoa học: Gadus macrocephalus) là loài cá tuyết phân bố tại vùng biển Thái Bình Dương, đây là một loài thực phẩm thương mại quan trọng. Nó có ba vây lưng riêng biệt, và râu cá giống cá trê như trên hàm dưới của nó. Nó tương tự như cá tuyết Đại Tây Dương.

Nó được tìm thấy chủ yếu dọc theo thềm lục địa và dốc trên với một loạt xung quanh mép của Bắc Thái Bình Dương, từ Hoàng Hải tới eo biển Bering, dọc theo quần đảo Aleutian, và phía nam để về Los Angeles, xuống độ sâu 900 mét (~ 3.000 feet). Cá có thể phát triển lên đến 1m (39") và nặng tới 15 kg (33 lbs).

Phân tích di truyền phân tử cho biết cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương và cá tuyết Greenland (Gadus ogac) từ vùng Greenland đến biển Bắc Cực là cùng loài. Sản lượng khai thác cá ở vùng Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương của Hoa Kỳ và liên doanh thủy sản tăng từ dưới 1.000 tấn vào năm 1979 lên gần 91.000 tấn vào năm 1984 và đạt 430.196 tấn trong năm 1995. Ngày nay, sản lượng đánh bắt cá tuyết Thái Bình Dương được quy định chặt chẽ và có hạn mức.

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Тихоокеанская треска ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Paracanthopterygii
Семейство: Тресковые
Подсемейство: Gadinae
Род: Трески
Вид: Тихоокеанская треска
Международное научное название

Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, 1810

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ITIS 164711NCBI 80720EOL 206691

Тихоокеанская треска[1] (лат. Gadus macrocephalus) — морская рыба семейства тресковых.

Характерным признаком тихоокеанской трески является более крупная и широкая, чем у атлантической трески, голова. Размеры рыбы при этом мельче. Максимальная длина 120 см, обычно 45—90 см, вес до 22,7 кг[2]. Обитает в северной части Тихого океана: в Беринговом, Охотском и Японском морях.

Тихоокеанская треска держится более оседло, чем атлантическая треска, ограничиваясь сезонными миграциями от берегов зимой и к берегам, на глубины 30—60 м, летом. В наибольших количествах встречается при температуре воды 3—4°С. Продолжительность жизни 10—12 лет. Созревает в 5—6-летнем возрасте. Икра донная, прилипающая. Плодовитость 1,8—5,7 млн икринок. Взрослая треска питается в основном рыбой (минтай, навага и др.), и беспозвоночными (ракообразные, иглокожие, черви, моллюски). Улов тихоокеанской трески составляет менее 1/10 доли улова атлантической трески.

 src=
Уловы тихоокеанской трески

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 196. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Тихоокеанская треска (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
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Тихоокеанская треска: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Тихоокеанская треска (лат. Gadus macrocephalus) — морская рыба семейства тресковых.

Характерным признаком тихоокеанской трески является более крупная и широкая, чем у атлантической трески, голова. Размеры рыбы при этом мельче. Максимальная длина 120 см, обычно 45—90 см, вес до 22,7 кг. Обитает в северной части Тихого океана: в Беринговом, Охотском и Японском морях.

Тихоокеанская треска держится более оседло, чем атлантическая треска, ограничиваясь сезонными миграциями от берегов зимой и к берегам, на глубины 30—60 м, летом. В наибольших количествах встречается при температуре воды 3—4°С. Продолжительность жизни 10—12 лет. Созревает в 5—6-летнем возрасте. Икра донная, прилипающая. Плодовитость 1,8—5,7 млн икринок. Взрослая треска питается в основном рыбой (минтай, навага и др.), и беспозвоночными (ракообразные, иглокожие, черви, моллюски). Улов тихоокеанской трески составляет менее 1/10 доли улова атлантической трески.

 src= Уловы тихоокеанской трески
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大头鳕 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Gadus macrocephalus
Tilesius, 1810[1]

大头鳕学名Gadus macrocephalus),又稱為太平洋鱈,为輻鰭魚綱鱈形鳕科鳕屬鱼类

分布

分布于国外东北达朝鲜、白令海峡北部、阿拉斯加湾及美国洛杉矶海区.在日本自北海道南达本州岛西岸的山阴县及东岸的中部以及黄海约北纬32°30'及东经124°以北到渤海及鸭绿江口诸海域等,屬于冷水性海鱼。其生存的海拔范围为-238至-15米。该物种的模式产地在白令海。[1] 本魚背鰭3個,臀鰭2個,下巴觸鬚長,背部棕色或灰色,腹側白色,背鰭軟條37-57個;臀鰭軟條31-42個,體長可達119公分。棲息在大陸棚大陸坡,屬肉食性,以魚類章魚甲殼類等為食,為高經濟價值的食用魚。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 大头鳕. 中国动物物种编目数据库. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).

扩展阅读

 src= 維基物種中有關大头鳕的數據

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:大头鳕
主要经济鱼类及养殖水产品
野生捕捞渔业英语Wild fisheries
野生鱼英语Wild fish
Atlantic cod

Lobster

Pacific oysters
水产养殖 规范控制 小作品圖示这是一篇與鱈形目相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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大头鳕: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

大头鳕(学名:Gadus macrocephalus),又稱為太平洋鱈,为輻鰭魚綱鱈形鳕科鳕屬鱼类

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マダラ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
曖昧さ回避 この項目では、生物について説明しています。漫画・ゲームについては「魍魎戦記MADARA」をご覧ください。
マダラ Pacific cod - cropped.jpg
マダラ
Gadus macrocephalus
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 亜綱 : 新鰭亜綱 Neopterygii 上目 : 側棘鰭上目 Paracanthopterygii : タラ目 Gadiformes : タラ科 Gadidae 亜科 : タラ亜科 Gadinae : マダラ属 Gadus : マダラ G. macrocephalus 学名 Gadus macrocephalus
Tilesius, 1810 英名 Pacific cod

マダラ (真鱈、英: Pacific codGadus macrocephalus)は、タラ目タラ科に属する魚類タラホンダラなどとも呼ばれる。全長1.2 m。北太平洋に広く分布する大型のタラで、重要な漁業資源となっている。

分布・生息域[編集]

黄海日本海東北地方以北の太平洋岸、北はベーリング海、東はカリフォルニア州まで北太平洋に広く分布する。沿岸から大陸棚斜面の底近くに生息する。夏は深場に移り、水深800mくらいの深海にも生息するが、産卵期の冬は浅場に移動してくる。地域個体群が形成される[1]が、個体群間の交流はほとんど無いとされている[2]

形態・生態[編集]

冷水域に生息し、生息上限水温は約12℃と推定されている[3]。最大で全長120 cm体重23kg程度[4]に達し、日本に分布するタラ類3種の中では最大種である。体色は褐色で、背側にまだら模様がある。スケトウダラコマイと同様、下顎には1本のひげがあり、背鰭3基、臀鰭2基を備える。上顎が下顎より前に出ている。また、頭身が小さく、腹部が大きく膨らむ。

肉食性で、稚魚期は主に浮遊生物のカイアシ類十脚類幼生等を、全長45mm以上になると底生生物の端脚類や十脚類稚仔を捕食している[3]

高緯度海域ほど成熟するまでに長い年数を必要とし、ベーリング海からカムチャッカ沖では5年 約60cmから70cm以上であるが中緯度の東北沖やワシントン州では3年 40cm程度である[2]北海道周辺海域での産卵期は12月-3月で、分離沈性卵を産卵する。1匹のメスの産卵数は数十万-数百万個に及び、これは魚類の中でも多い部類に入るが、成長できるのはごくわずかである。また、初回産卵魚は卵は大きさが小さく、産卵が遅れる、孵化率が低い、生存率が低いとの報告もある[2]

稚魚は1年で全長20cmほどに成長するが、この頃までは沿岸の浅場で生活し、以後体が大きくなるにつれて深場へ移動する。

近縁種[編集]

大西洋マダラ
学名: G.morhua(Trippel,1995)、北部大西洋に分布する。

人との関わり[編集]

 src=
棒鱈

北海道有珠10遺跡の縄文時代晩期の層からマダラの骨が出土し、耳石の分析から冬期に接岸した個体を捕獲し食用にしていたと推定されている[5]

日本における利用[編集]

底引き網定置網延縄釣りなどで漁獲される。20世紀後半頃からは輸入ものが多く流通している。富山県[6]などでは稚魚放流により資源回復を計る活動が行われている[7]

。身は柔らかく脂肪の少ない白身で、ソテームニエルフライなどの他、汁物や鍋料理にもよく使用される。身を干物にした「棒鱈」(ぼうだら)も様々な料理に使われる。漁師の間では釣りたての物を刺身で食べることもあるが鮮度の低下が早く一般的ではない。

また、白子(しらこ)と呼ばれる精巣もこってりとした味で珍重され、流通する際はメスよりオスの方に高い値がつく。白子は「キク」「キクコ」などとも呼ばれるが、これは房状になった外見がキクの花に似るためである。北海道では「タチ」(マダラは真ダチ、スケソウダラは助ダチ)とも呼ばれ、新鮮なものが寿司ねたなどで生食されている。

マダラのたらこ卵巣)はスケトウダラよりも硬いが、未熟なものは柔らかくスケトウダラよりも大型でボリュームがあるため、煮付けや焼き物、炒め煮にすると美味である。北陸地方では「真子(まこ)」と呼ばれよく食される。

他にも肝臓から取り出した脂肪肝油に用いられる。

その他、マダラやスケトウダラの胃を唐辛子などの香辛料、砂糖、塩などに漬け込んだものを韓国ではチャンジャといい、コリコリとした食感を楽しむ。

陸揚げ漁港[編集]

第1位 - 石巻漁港宮城県
第2位 - 歯舞漁港北海道
第3位 - 羅臼漁港(北海道)
第4位 - 八戸漁港青森県
第5位 - 女川漁港(宮城県)

出典[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 東北地方および北海道太平洋側海域におけるマダラの系群構造 日本水産学会誌 Vol.67 (2001) No.1 P67-77
  2. ^ a b c 成松庸二:マダラの生活史と繁殖生態 水産総合研究センター (PDF)
  3. ^ a b 森岡泰三、 桑田博:七尾湾北湾とその沖におけるマダラ稚魚の生息上限水温と食性 日本水産学会誌 Vol.68 (2002) No.3 P345-350
  4. ^ FishBase_Gadus macrocephalus
  5. ^ 耳石にもとつくマダラ (Gadus macrocephalus) 漁期の研究 有珠10遺跡出土マダラ耳石について 人類學雜誌 Vol.100 (1992) No.3 P331-339
  6. ^ 粗放的生産(スパルタ飼育)により マダラ仔稚魚の健苗性向上を目指す 水産総合研究センター (PDF)
  7. ^ 種苗生産過程におけるマダラ仔稚魚の体脂肪酸組成の変化 日本水産学会誌 Vol.61 (1995) No.5 P756-761

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、マダラに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにマダラに関する情報があります。
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マダラ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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マダラ (真鱈、英: Pacific cod、Gadus macrocephalus)は、タラ目タラ科に属する魚類。タラ・ホンダラなどとも呼ばれる。全長1.2 m。北太平洋に広く分布する大型のタラで、重要な漁業資源となっている。

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대구 (어류) ( Korean )

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대한민국 거제시 외포항 인근에서 잡은 대구를 걸어놓고 말리고 있다.

대구(大口, 夻, 영어: Pacific cod)는 대구과에 속하며 학명은 Gadus macrocephalus이다.

생태

몸 생김새

몸이 얇고 넓으며, 앞쪽이 둥글다. 몸빛깔은 회색에서 붉은색, 갈색, 검은색에 이르기까지 다양하며, 몸길이는 대개 1m 미만이며 무게는 1.5-9kg 정도이다. 등지느러미와 옆구리에는 모양이 고르지 않은 많은 반점과 물결 모양의 선이 있다. 주둥이는 둔하고 입은 크다. 위턱 후골은 동공의 앞 밑에 이르고 양 턱과 서골에는 억센 빗살 모양의 좁은 이빨띠가 있다. 턱에는 잘 발달된 수염 한 가닥이 있고 입은 비스듬히 찢어져 있다. 비늘은 작고 둥글며 옆줄은 잘 보이지 않는다.

한랭한 깊은 바다에 군집하여 서식하며, 수심 45-450m나 150m 내외에 많다. 산란기는 12-2월로 연안의 얕은 바다로 회유하며 북쪽으로 향할수록 서식하는 깊이가 얕아진다. 어류·갑각류 등을 먹으며 때로는 돌자갈이나 제 새끼를 잡아먹을 때도 있다. 대구는 를 갈라 소금으로 간을 한 후 말리면 오랫동안 저장할 수 있다. 또한 비타민A비타민D가 풍부한 대구 간유의 원료로 쓰인다.

영양

대구는 지방은 적으면서 비타민아미노산, 칼슘, 철분까지 고루 함유하고 있는데 특히 비타민 A비타민 B1, 비타민 B2가 많이 함유되어 있다.[1]

식용

대구는 주로 유럽의 대부분의 생선요리에서 사용되었다. 대표적으로 영국의 피쉬 앤 칩스가 있다.

각주

  1. 박지은 (2011년 1월 13일). “눈 내리면 더 맛있어진다는 '대구'. 《SBS 뉴스》. 2011년 6월 17일에 확인함.
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