Aspergillus flavus (flavus vol dir groc en llatí) és un fong del gènere Aspergillus. Té una distribució cosmopolita. i clonal per la seva reproducció asexual. En el medi ambient pot causar problemes en l'emmagatzemament de les granes. També pot ser un patogen humà, associat amb l'aspergil·losi del pulmó i de vegades causant otomicosi de la còrnia, i infeccions nasoorbitals. Moltes soques produeixen quantitats significatives d'aflatoxina,[1] un compost molt tòxic i carcinogènic. Les espores d'A. flavus són al·lergèniques. A. flavus de vegades causa pèrdues en els cucs de la seda.
A. flavus és el segon agent més comú de l'aspergil·losi, el primer és Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus pot envair les artèries del pulmó o del cervelli causar infart. La neutropènia predisposa a les infeccions per aspergillus
Aspergillus flavus també produeix la toxina (aflatoxina) que és un dels agents etiològics per el carcinoma hepatocel·lular.[2]
En condicions naturals és molt polimòrfic. Sota cultiu en laboratori A. flavus creix com una floridura verd-groguenca. Com altres espècies d'Aspergillus produeix un conidiòfor distintiu compost d'una llarga tija que suporta una vesícula inflada. Les cèl·lules conidiògenes de la vesícula produeixen conidis. Moltes soques d'A. flavus mostren una fluorescència verdosa sota llum ultraviolada que està correlacionada amb la producció d'aflatoxina.
A. flavus és particularment comú en panís i cacauets, com també en catifes danyades per l'aigua, i és una de les espècies que produeixen aflatoxina que causa hepatitis aguda, immunosupressió i carcinoma hepatocel·lular.
Per protegir els arbres que fan fruits secs i les plantes de blat de moro afectades per A. flavus els científics del Servei de Recerca agrícola han trobat que es pot utilitza el llevat Pichia anomala per a reduir el creixement d'A. flavus. [3]
Aspergillus flavus (flavus vol dir groc en llatí) és un fong del gènere Aspergillus. Té una distribució cosmopolita. i clonal per la seva reproducció asexual. En el medi ambient pot causar problemes en l'emmagatzemament de les granes. També pot ser un patogen humà, associat amb l'aspergil·losi del pulmó i de vegades causant otomicosi de la còrnia, i infeccions nasoorbitals. Moltes soques produeixen quantitats significatives d'aflatoxina, un compost molt tòxic i carcinogènic. Les espores d'A. flavus són al·lergèniques. A. flavus de vegades causa pèrdues en els cucs de la seda.
Aspergillus flavus je houba patřící do rodu Aspergillus (kropidlák). Je to plíseň běžně rozšířená v životním prostředí a způsobuje problémy při skladování obilí. Může být lidským patogenem způsobujícím aspergilózu plic a někdy také rohovky, vnějšího ucha nebo nosní klenby. Mnoho kmenů produkuje významná množství aflatoxinu[1], karcinogenní a akutně toxické sloučeniny. Spory A. flavus jsou alergenní. A. flavus někdy způsobuje ztráty v líhních bource morušového.
A. flavus je druhým nejčastějším původcem aspergilózy (nejčastějším je Aspergillus fumigatus). A. flavus může napadat plicní nebo mozkové tepny a způsobovat infarkt. Predispozicí k aspergilóze je neutropenie.
Aspergillus flavus také produkuje toxin (aflatoxin), který je jedním z etiologických činitelů hepatocelulárního karcinomu.[2]
A. flavus roste na kulturách jako žlutozelená plíseň. Podobně jako jiné plísně rodu Aspergillus tvoří specifický konidiofor složený z dlouhého stonku nesoucí nafouknutý váček. Konidiogenní buňky ve váčku produkují konidie. Mnoho kmenů A. flavus vykazuje pod ultrafialovým zářením zelenavou fluorescenci, která koreluje s úrovní produkce aflatoxinu.
A. flavus se vyskytuje zvláště na kukuřici a arašídech, podobně také na promočených kobercích, a je jedním z několika druhů plísní známých produkcí aflatoxinu, který může způsobit akutní hepatitidu, imunosupresi a karcinom jaterních buněk. Absence kontroly této plísně v některých státech, které mají také vysokou prevalenci virové hepatitidy, výrazně zvyšuje nebezpečí hepatocelulárního karcinomu.
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Aspergillus flavus je houba patřící do rodu Aspergillus (kropidlák). Je to plíseň běžně rozšířená v životním prostředí a způsobuje problémy při skladování obilí. Může být lidským patogenem způsobujícím aspergilózu plic a někdy také rohovky, vnějšího ucha nebo nosní klenby. Mnoho kmenů produkuje významná množství aflatoxinu, karcinogenní a akutně toxické sloučeniny. Spory A. flavus jsou alergenní. A. flavus někdy způsobuje ztráty v líhních bource morušového.
Aspergillus flavus (auch Penicillium rubrum oder Gelber Schimmel) ist ein Schimmelpilz der Gattung Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavus wurde als Ursache für den „Fluch des Pharao“ diskutiert.
A. flavus verbreitet sich weltweit in der Luft und im Boden. Er bildet hauptsächlich Kolonien auf fett- und stärkehaltigen Samen wie beispielsweise Erdnüsse, Baumwollsamen, Mais, Getreide oder Pistazien.[1] Über diese gelangen der Pilz und die vom Pilz produzierten Nebenprodukte in die menschliche Nahrungskette.
A. flavus ist neben A. parasiticus einer der Hauptproduzenten der Mykotoxine Aflatoxin B1 und Aflatoxin B2. Die Menge der Aflatoxine, die von A. flavus produziert werden, hängt von äußeren Faktoren wie Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit, sowie dem jeweiligen Stamm ab.[2] Die Produktion der Aflatoxine hat beispielsweise bei 20 °C ihr Maximum, während sie bei 9 °C relativ gering ist. Das Wachstumsoptimum ist zwischen 35 und 37 °C[3]. Manche Stämme von A. flavus produzieren das Antibiotikum Aspergillsäure.
Aflatoxine haben eine starke karzinogene Wirkung[4]. Die Entdeckung der Giftwirkung erfolgte nach dem gehäuften Auftreten von Leberschäden bei Truthähnen: Ein schwerer Befall von Erdnüssen mit A. flavus und damit einhergehende Aflatoxin-Kontamination war der Auslöser dieser sogenannten „Turkey X disease“, die zum massenhaften Sterben der Truthähne führte[5].
Das Aflatoxin B akkumuliert in der Leber und ist der Auslöser des kleinzelligen Leberzellkarzinoms, welches in Afrika (aufgrund der schlechten Hygieneverhältnisse) das am häufigsten auftretende Karzinom ist.
Der Pilz selbst kann im immungeschwächten menschlichen Körper verschiedene Organe infizieren (s. Mykosen). Häufiger Angriffspunkt ist dabei die Lunge, neben Herz, Leber, Niere, Zentralem Nervensystem, Augen und Haut. A. flavus verursacht ca. 10 % der durch Aspergillus-Arten hervorgerufenen Mykosen[4][6]. Bei Vögeln kann der Pilz ebenfalls eine Aspergillose, bei Hunden eine sinunasale Aspergillose hervorrufen, bei Bienen eine Steinbrut (Liste von Bienenkrankheiten).
Aspergillus flavus (auch Penicillium rubrum oder Gelber Schimmel) ist ein Schimmelpilz der Gattung Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavus wurde als Ursache für den „Fluch des Pharao“ diskutiert.
Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic[1] fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.[2] It is best known for its colonization of cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. Its specific name flavus derives from the Latin meaning yellow, a reference to the frequently observed colour of the spores. A. flavus infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (dormancy) until postharvest storage or transport. In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many strains produce significant quantities of toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which, when consumed, are toxic to mammals.[3] A. flavus is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, causing aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.[4]
Aspergillus flavus is found globally as a saprophyte in soils and causes disease on many important agriculture crops. Common hosts of the pathogen are cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Specifically, A. flavus infection causes ear rot in corn and yellow mold in peanuts either before or after harvest.[4] Infection can be present in the field, preharvest, postharvest, during storage, and during transit. It is common for the pathogen to originate while host crops are still in the field; however, symptoms and signs of the pathogen are often unseen. A. flavus has the potential to infect seedlings by sporulation on injured seeds. In grains, the pathogen can invade seed embryos and cause infection, which decreases germination and can lead to infected seeds planted in the field. The pathogen can also discolor embryos, damage seedlings, and kill seedlings, which reduces grade and price of the grains. The incidence of A. flavus infection increases in the presence of insects and any type of stress on the host in the field as a result of damage. Stresses include stalk rot, drought, severe leaf damage, and/or less than ideal storage conditions.[3] Generally, excessive moisture conditions and high temperatures of storage grains and legumes increase the occurrence of A. flavus aflatoxin production.[4] In mammals, the pathogen can cause liver cancer through consumption of contaminated feed or aspergillosis through invasive growth.[4]
Aspergillus flavus colonies are commonly powdery masses of yellowish-green spores on the upper surface and reddish-gold on the lower surface. In both grains and legumes, infection is minimized to small areas, and discoloration and dullness of affected areas is often seen. Growth is rapid and colonies appear downy or powdery in texture.[5]
Hyphal growth usually occurs by thread-like branching and produces mycelia. Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Once established, the mycelium secretes degradative enzymes or proteins which can break down complex nutrients (food). Individual hyphae strands are not typically seen by the unaided eye; however, conidia producing thick mycelial mats are often seen. The conidiospores are asexual spores produced by A. flavus during reproduction.[5][6][7]
The conidiophores of A. flavus are rough and colorless. Phialides are both uniseriate (arranged in one row) and biseriate.[5]
Recently, Petromyces was identified as the sexual reproductive stage of A. flavus, where the ascospores develop within sclerotia.[4] The sexual state of this heterothallic fungus arises when strains of opposite mating type are cultured together.[8] Sexual reproduction occurs between sexually compatible strains belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups.
Aspergillus flavus is complex in its morphology and can be classified into two groups based on the size of sclerotia produced. Group I consists of L strains with sclerotia greater than 400 μm in diameter. Group II consists of S strains with sclerotia less than 400 μm in diameter. Both L and S strains can produce the two most common aflatoxins (B1 and B2). Unique to the S strains is the production of aflatoxin G1 and G2 which typically are not produced by A. flavus.[4] The L strain is more aggressive than the S strain, but produces more less aflatoxin. The L strain also has a more acidic homoeostatic point and produces less sclerotia than the S strain under more limiting conditions.[9]
Aspergillus flavus overwinters in the soil and appears as propagules on decaying matter, either as mycelia or sclerotia. Sclerotia germinate to produce additional hyphae and asexual spores call conidia. These conidia are said to be the primary inoculum for A. flavus. The propagules in the soil, which are now conidia, are dispersed by wind and insects (such as stink bugs or lygus bugs). The conidia can land on and infect either grains or legumes. The spores enter the corn through the silks and thus infect the kernel. Conidiophores and conidia are produced in the spring from sclerotial surfaces. There is a secondary inoculum for A. flavus, which is conidia on leaf parts and leaves. A. flavus grows on leaves after damage by leaf-feeding insects. Insects are said to be a source of inoculum and promote inoculum production.[10][11]
Aspergillus flavus is unique in that it is a thermotolerant fungus, so can survive at temperatures that other fungi cannot. A. flavus can contribute to the storage rots, especially when the plant material is stored at high moisture levels. A. flavus grows and thrives in hot and humid climates.[10]
Temperature: A. flavus has a minimum growth temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) and a maximum growth temperature of 48 °C (118 °F). Though the maximum growth temperature is around 48 °C (118 °F), the optimum growth temperature is 37 °C (99 °F). A. flavus had rapid growth at 30–55 °C (86–131 °F), slow growth at 12–15 °C (54–59 °F), and almost ceases growth at 5–8 °C (41–46 °F).[3][12]
Moisture: A. flavus growth occurs at different moisture levels for different crops. For starchy cereals, growth occurs at 13.0–13.2%. For soybeans, growth occurs at 11.5–11.8%. For other crops, growth occurs at 14%.[3] A. flavus growth is prevalent in tropical countries.[4] Minimum aw (water activity) required for growth is inversely correlated with temperature – in other words higher temperatures permit lower aw. This is known to range from aw 0.78 at 33 °C (91 °F) to 0.84 at 25 °C (77 °F). Gibson et al 1994 provides a model relating expected growth rate to aw x temperature parameters.[13]
To ensure grains and legumes remain free of A. flavus infection, certain conditions must be incorporated before, during, and after harvest. Moisture levels should be kept below 11.5%. Temperature in storage units should be kept as low as possible since the pathogen is unable to grow below 5 °C. The low temperature facilitates slower respiration and prevents moisture increase. Fumigants are used to decrease the occurrence and persistence of insects and mites, which aids the rapid growth of the pathogen. Sanitary practices including, removing old and unripe seeds, exclusion of damaged and broken seeds, and overall cleanliness assist in minimizing the colonization and spread of the pathogen.[3]
The most common management practice for grains and legumes is the use of aeration systems. Air is pushed through the storage bins at low flow rates, which removes excess moisture and heat. Regulation of air flow allows the moisture content in harvested products to remain at a constant level and decreases the temperature within the bins. Temperature levels can decrease enough so insects and mites are dormant, which reduces rapid growth of the pathogen.[3]
Some environmental control practice have been explored to aid in the reduction of A. flavus infection. Resistant crop lines have shown little to no protection against unfavorable environmental conditions. However, good irrigation practices aid in the reduction of stress brought upon by drought, which in turn, reduces the likelihood of pathogen infection. Some research has been done in identifying particular plant proteins, both pathogen-related and drought-resistant proteins, that defend against A. flavus entry.[4]
To protect tree nuts and corn plants affected by A. flavus, scientists of the Agricultural Research Service found that treating these plants with the yeast Pichia anomala reduced the growth of A. flavus. The study showed that treating pistachio trees with P. anomala inhibited the growth of A. flavus up to 97% when compared to untreated trees.[14] The yeast successfully competes with A. flavus for space and nutrients, ultimately limiting its growth.[15]
Essential oils of Glycyrrhiza glabra inhibit growth.[16]
Aspergillus flavus strain AF36 is noncarcinogenic and aflatoxin-free and is used as an active ingredient in pesticides. AF36 is a fungal antagonist and is applied as a commercial biocontrol to cotton and corn to reduce aflatoxin exposure. AF36 was initially isolated in Arizona and has also occurred in Texas. It is grown on sterile seeds which serve as the carrier and a source of nutrients. Following application and colonization and in the presence of high moisture, AF36 growing seeds outcompete aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus. Nonaflatoxin spore dispersal is aided by wind and insects.[17][18]
Aspergillus flavus infections will not always reduce crop yields alone; however, postharvest disease can reduce the total crop yield by 10 to 30%, and in developing countries that produce perishable crops, total loss can be greater than 30%. In grains and legumes, postharvest disease results in the production of mycotoxins.[3] The largest economic loss caused by this pathogen is a result of aflatoxin production. In the United States, annual economic loss estimations of peanuts, corn, cottonseed, walnuts, and almonds are less severe when compared to Asia and Africa.[4]
After Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus is the second-leading cause of aspergillosis. Primary infection is caused by the inhalation of spores; bigger spores have a better chance of settling in the upper respiratory tract. The deposition of certain spore sizes could be a leading factor for why A. flavus is a common etiological cause of fungal sinusitis and cutaneous infections and noninvasive fungal pneumonia. Countries with dry weather, such as Saudi Arabia and most of Africa, are more prone to aspergillosis. Two allergens have been characterized in A. flavus: Asp fl 13 and Asp fl 18. In tropical and warm climates, A. flavus has been shown to cause keratitis in about 80% of infections. A. flavus infection is typically treated with antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin; however, some antifungal resistance has been shown in amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole.[10]
In 1960 on an English farm, about 100,000 turkeys died. Investigation into the cause of death showed the primary food source, peanut meal, was infected with A. flavus. The culture was isolated, grown in pure culture, and a subset of healthy turkeys was infected. The pure culture isolate caused death in the healthy turkeys. Chemical investigation into the cause of death showed the production of four toxic chemicals, named aflatoxins after being discovered in A. flavus. Turkey necropsies showed aflatoxins targeted the liver and either completely killed the tissue cells or induced tumor formation. The discovery of aflatoxins led to substantial changes in agricultural practices and regulations on how grains and legumes were grown, harvested, and stored.[19]
The amount of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus is affected by environmental factors. If other competitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production is low. However, if noncompetitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production can be quite high. The nature of the host is also an important factor in aflatoxin production. High A. flavus growth on soybean produces very little aflatoxin. High A. flavus growth aided by increased moisture content and warm temperatures on peanut, nutmeg, and peppers produces high concentrations of aflatoxins. A. flavus growth on spices produces low concentrations of aflatoxin as long as the spices remain dry.[19]
Species sensitivity is highly variable when exposed to aflatoxins. Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 20 ppb, causing liver tumor development in half the population. White rats develop liver cancer when exposed to 15 ppb.[19] Young piglets, ducklings, and turkeys exposed to high doses of aflatoxin become sick and die. Pregnant cows, mature pigs, cattle, and sheep exposed to low doses of aflatoxin over long periods develop weakening, intestinal bleeding, debilitation, reduced growth, nausea, no appetite, and predisposition to other infections.[3]
The four major aflatoxins produced are B1, B2, G1, and G2. The production of the major toxins is a result of particular strains of A. flavus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and potent hepatocarcinogenic natural compound characterized. A. flavus also produces other toxic compounds including sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, kojic acid, β-nitropropionic acid, aspertoxin, aflatrem, gliotoxin, and aspergillic acid.[10]
In humans, A. flavus aflatoxin production can lead to acute hepatitis, immunosuppression, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neutropenia. The absence of any regulation of screening for the fungus in countries that also have a high prevalence of viral hepatitis highly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.[20] The deaths of ten conservationists present at the opening of a 15th century tomb in Kraków, Poland in the 1970s has been attributed to aflatoxins originating from A. flavus present in the tomb.[21][22]
After the premature death of several Polish scientists following the 1973 opening of the tomb of the 15th century Polish King (and Lithuanian Grand Duke) Casimir IV Jagiellon, microbiologist Bolesław Smyk identified the presence of the fungus Aspergillus flavus in samples taken from the tomb, and media reports have suggested that the likely cause of the deaths were the aflatoxins produced by this fungus.[23]
It has since been suggested that it may also have contributed to some of the deaths following the 1922 discovery and subsequent opening of the tomb of Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, particularly the deaths of Lord Carnarvon, George Jay Gould, and Arthur Mace,[23][24] though the link has been disputed (at least in Carnarvon's case).[24]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 
Aspergillus flavus in a petri dish Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is best known for its colonization of cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. Its specific name flavus derives from the Latin meaning yellow, a reference to the frequently observed colour of the spores. A. flavus infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (dormancy) until postharvest storage or transport. In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many strains produce significant quantities of toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which, when consumed, are toxic to mammals. A. flavus is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, causing aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.
Aspergillus flavus es un hongo Ascomycota que se suele asociar con aspergilosis pulmonar y se cree que causa con frecuencia infecciones de córnea y nasoorbitales, además de ser alergénico.[1][2]
Aparece con frecuencia en maíz y cacahuetes y también en alfombras frecuentemente mojadas, produce aflatoxina.
Datos: Q137096
Multimedia:
Aspergillus flavus es un hongo Ascomycota que se suele asociar con aspergilosis pulmonar y se cree que causa con frecuencia infecciones de córnea y nasoorbitales, además de ser alergénico.
Aparece con frecuencia en maíz y cacahuetes y también en alfombras frecuentemente mojadas, produce aflatoxina.
Aspergillus flavus est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes.
Cette moisissure est relativement ubiquiste et très cosmopolite (sol, matières organiques en décomposition, graines d'oléagineux, céréales).
Elle est particulièrement abondante sur les arachides et ses dérivés. On la retrouve également dans les régions tropicales sur les niébés (haricots du Sénégal) et le riz.
Aspergillus flavus est le principal producteur d'aflatoxines B1 (la plus importante), B2, G1 et G2.
L'aflatoxine B1 est actuellement considérée comme le plus important agent carcinogène d'origine naturelle connu.
D'autres mycotoxines sont produites : acide aspergillique, acide kojique (très toxique pour les animaux), flavicine, flavicidine, granegilline, orizazine, acide flavicidique (phytotoxique), acide β propionique, substance trémorgénique.
Certaines souches peuvent également produire de l'acide cyclopiazonique.
Il existe des teneurs maximales réglementaires à ne pas dépasser, variant selon les produits.
Aspergillus oryzae (Bahasa Mandarin: 麴菌, 麴霉菌, 曲霉菌, pinyin: qū meí jūn; Bahasa Jepang: 麹, kōji, atau 麹菌, kōji-kin, Bahasa Korea: 누룩균, nurukgyun atau 누룩곰팡이 nuruk-gompang-i) adalah cendawan berfilamen yang tergabung dalam kelompok kapang.[2]
Kapang spesies ini digunakan sebagai produsen enzim amilase.[2]
Kapang ini dapat diisolasi dari udara.[2]
Aspergillus oryzae (Bahasa Mandarin: 麴菌, 麴霉菌, 曲霉菌, pinyin: qū meí jūn; Bahasa Jepang: 麹, kōji, atau 麹菌, kōji-kin, Bahasa Korea: 누룩균, nurukgyun atau 누룩곰팡이 nuruk-gompang-i) adalah cendawan berfilamen yang tergabung dalam kelompok kapang.
Aspergillus flavus Link, 1809 è un fungo patogeno appartenente alla famiglia delle Trichocomaceae. È un saprofita cosmopolita[1] noto per le infezioni che provoca nei cereali, nelle leguminose, e nelle noci, sul campo o dopo la raccolta, causandone la marcescenza. Inoltre è in grado di produrre le aflatossine, micotossine tossiche per i mammiferi, ed è un patogeno opportunista negli esseri umani e negli animali causando l'aspergillosi negli individui immunocompromessi.[2]
Aspergillus flavus è un fungo termotollerante che cresce e prospera nei climi caldi e umidi.[3] Cresce a un intervallo di temperatura compreso tra i 12 °C e i 48 °C, con temperatura di crescita ottimale di 37 °C.[4] I livelli di umidità a cui A. flavus cresce dipendono dal tipo di raccolto considerato: nei cereali amidacei la crescita si verifica a livelli di umidità del 13-13,2%, nella soia all'11,5-11,8%, e negli altri raccolti si verifica al 14% di umidità.[5]
Aspergillus flavus è un saprofita cosmopolita presente nel suolo e infetta molte coltivazione importanti, più comunemente i cereali, i legumi, e la frutta secca, provocando una minore resa delle produzioni con perdite economiche e rischi per la salute umana e animale. L'infezione può avvenire sul campo, con segni e sintomi che passano spesso inosservati, oppure durante il trasporto e l'immagazzinamento con formazione di aflatossine.[5]
Le colonie di Aspergillus flavus appaiono comunemente come masse polverulenti o lanuginose di spore giallo-verdi o rosso-dorate. Nei cereali e nei legumi l'infezione interessa piccole aree e spesso si nota lo scolorimento di queste aree. Il ciclo di infezione inizia con la maturazione del fungo nel suolo e la successiva dispersione dei conidi, tramite l'azione del vento o degli insetti. Depositandosi sulle piante, le spore penetrano all'interno dei grani dei cereali o nei legumi arrivandone ad infettare il seme. Dopo una nuova fase di maturazione l'infezione si espande quindi alle foglie, espansione favorita dai danni prodotti dagli insetti che si nutrono delle foglie stesse.[3][6]
Le ife, settate o ialine, crescono solitamente in modo ramificato e producono i miceli. Contrariamenti agli ammassi di conidi, tipicamente non è possibile osservare a occhio nudo i filamenti di ife. I conidiofori sono evanescenti e incolori. Le fialidi sono sia uniseriate (disposte su una fila) sia biseriate.
Per assicurare che i cereali e i legumi non siano infettati da A. flavus, è necessario adottare alcuni accorgimenti prima, durante e dopo la raccolta. I livelli di umidità dovrebbero essere mantenuti sotto l'11,5%. La temperatura nelle unità di immagazzinamento dovrebbe essere mantenuta la più bassa possibile, dato che il fungo non è in grado di crescere al di sotto dei 5 °C. La bassa temperatura facilita una respirazione più lenta e previene l'aumento di umidità. La fumigazione è utilizzata per contrastare gli insetti e gli acari, che supportano la rapida crescita del patogeno. Le pratiche igieniche, inclusa la rimozione dei semi vecchi e immaturi, l'esclusione di semi danneggiati e rotti, e una pulizia complessiva contribuiscono a minimizzare la colonizzazione e la diffusione del patogeno.[5]
La pratica di gestione più comune per i cereali e i legumi consiste nell'uso dei sistemi di aerazione. L'aria viene spinta attraverso i contenitori di immagazzinamento a basso flusso, rimuovendo l'eccesso di umidità e di calore. La regolazione del flusso d'aria permette di mantenere il contenuto di umidità a livello costante nei prodotti raccolti e diminuisce la temperatura all'interno dei contenitori. I livelli di temperatura possono diminuire abbastanza da rendere dormienti gli insetti e gli acari, il che riduce la rapida crescita del patogeno.[5]
Sono state esplorate alcune pratiche di controllo ambientale per ridurre l'infezione da parte di A. flavus. Linee di cereali resistenti hanno mostrato poca o nessuna protezione contro le condizioni ambientali sfavorevoli. Tuttavia, le pratiche di buona irrigazione aiutano a ridurre lo stress causato dalla siccità il che, a sua volta, riduce la probabilità di infezione. Alcune ricerche hanno identificato particolari proteine delle piante, sia legate al patogeno sia legate alla resistenza alla siccità, che difendono contro la penetrazione di A. flavus.[2]
Dopo Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus è la seconda principale causa di aspergillosi. L'infezione primaria è causata dall'inalazione delle spore; le spore più grandi hanno una maggiore probabilità di stabilirsi nel tratto respiratorio superiore. Le dimensioni delle spore potrebbero essere un fattore principale del motivo per cui A. flavus è una comune causa eziologica di sinusiti micotiche, infezioni cutanee e polmonite micotica non invasiva. Le nazioni con un clima secco, come l'Arabia Saudita e la maggior parte dell'Africa, sono maggiormente inclini all'aspergillosi. Nei climi tropicali e caldi, A. flavus è la causa di cheratiti nell'80% circa delle infezioni. L'infezione da A. flavus viene tipicamente trattata con farmaci antimicotici come amfotericina B, itraconazolo, voriconazolo, posaconazolo, e caspofungina; tuttavia, è stata dimostrata una certa resistenza nei riguardi di amfotericina B, itraconazolo, e voriconazolo.[3]
Di non meno importanza è la produzione di aflatossine, che possono essere assunte dagli esseri umani in seguito al consumo di fonti alimentari infette. Sono micotossine mutagene ed epatocancerogene che possono provocare epatite acuta, immunosoppressione, carcinoma epatocellulare, e neutropenia. L'aflatossina più tossica è la B1 e questo composto rappresenta pure uno dei più potenti cancerogeni naturali che siano noti.[7] L'aflatossina M1 è un metabolita idrofilo che viene secreto nel latte ed è quindi di particolare interesse in latte e latticini, oltre a porre problemi anche per l'eventuale trasmissione di madre in figlio attraverso il latte materno. A. flavus produce inoltre altri composti tossici inclusi la sterigmatocistina, l'acido ciclopiazonico, l'acido cogico, l'acido β-nitropropionico, la gliotossina, e l'acido aspergillico.[3]
Aspergillus flavus Link, 1809 è un fungo patogeno appartenente alla famiglia delle Trichocomaceae. È un saprofita cosmopolita noto per le infezioni che provoca nei cereali, nelle leguminose, e nelle noci, sul campo o dopo la raccolta, causandone la marcescenza. Inoltre è in grado di produrre le aflatossine, micotossine tossiche per i mammiferi, ed è un patogeno opportunista negli esseri umani e negli animali causando l'aspergillosi negli individui immunocompromessi.
Aspergillus flavus is een schimmel die onder meer aangetroffen wordt bij opslag van mais en pinda's. De schimmel staat ook bekend vanwege zijn pathogene eigenschappen in verband met aspergillose van de longen en het veroorzaken van infecties van de cornea en otomycose. Aspergillus flavus maakt ook een aflatoxine[1], een carcinogene en toxische stof. De sporen van A. flavus veroorzaken allergene reacties.
Onder conservators van wasrollen is de Aspergillus Flavus ook bekend als één van de voornaamste bedreigingen voor de geluidsinformatie bewaard op deze dragers. De schimmel nestelt zich goed op verschillende soorten was die daarvoor werden gebruikt.[bron?]
Lumsk strålemugg (Aspergillus flavus) er ein saprofytt strålemuggsopp som finst i jord over heile verda.[1] Han kan infisera frøavlingar før og etter innhausting og ureina dei med aflatoksin, ei gruppe giftige og kreftframkallande stoff. Han er nærskyld Aspergillus oryzae og Aspergillus parasiticus.[2] Genetisk sett er lumsk strålemugg nesten identisk med A. oryzae, ein art som ikkje er i stand til å laga aflatoksin. Han er mogelegvis ei tamd utgåve av lumsk strålemugg.[1][2]
Lumsk strålemugg kan òg valda aspergillose i menneske og dyr; særskilt i individ med minska immunforsvar.[2] Hjå menneske ligg han berre bak grøn strålemugg (Aspergillus fumigatus) som opphav til aspergillose. Han er òg den strålemuggsoppen som mest infiserer insekt.[1]
Til liks med alle strålemuggsoppar studerte so langt, har lumsk strålemugg åtte kromosom. Han har ein genomstorleik på kring 37 megabasar og over 12 000 verksame gen.[2]
Lumsk strålemugg lagar mellom anna, som sekundære metabolittar, aflatoksin B1 og B2, aspergillsyre, aspergillomarasmin A og B, syklopiasonsyre, kojisyre, gliotoksin, sterigmatocystin og 3-nitropropionsyre.[1][3]
Lumsk strålemugg (Aspergillus flavus) er ein saprofytt strålemuggsopp som finst i jord over heile verda. Han kan infisera frøavlingar før og etter innhausting og ureina dei med aflatoksin, ei gruppe giftige og kreftframkallande stoff. Han er nærskyld Aspergillus oryzae og Aspergillus parasiticus. Genetisk sett er lumsk strålemugg nesten identisk med A. oryzae, ein art som ikkje er i stand til å laga aflatoksin. Han er mogelegvis ei tamd utgåve av lumsk strålemugg.
Lumsk strålemugg kan òg valda aspergillose i menneske og dyr; særskilt i individ med minska immunforsvar. Hjå menneske ligg han berre bak grøn strålemugg (Aspergillus fumigatus) som opphav til aspergillose. Han er òg den strålemuggsoppen som mest infiserer insekt.
Til liks med alle strålemuggsoppar studerte so langt, har lumsk strålemugg åtte kromosom. Han har ein genomstorleik på kring 37 megabasar og over 12 000 verksame gen.
Lumsk strålemugg lagar mellom anna, som sekundære metabolittar, aflatoksin B1 og B2, aspergillsyre, aspergillomarasmin A og B, syklopiasonsyre, kojisyre, gliotoksin, sterigmatocystin og 3-nitropropionsyre.
Kropidlak żółty (Aspergillus flavus) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny Trichocomaceae[1]. Gatunek kosmopolityczny, występujący na całym świecie, głównie w rejonach tropikalnych[2].
Takson ten po raz pierwszy zdiagnozowany został w 1809 r. przez Linka[3] i według Index Fungorum nazwa podana przez tego autora jest prawidłowa. Później przez różnych autorów opisywany był pod różnymi nazwami i zaliczany do różnych rodzajów, wyróżniono też w jego obrębie różne odmiany. Według Index Fungorum obecnie wszystkie one są synonimami Aspergillus flavus. Jest ich ponad 50. Niektóre z nich[4]:
Na podłożu Czapka-Doxa wzrastają kolonie filcowate koloru żółtego, które szybko ciemnieją do koloru żółtozielonego, a następnie do zielonego; spód kolonii jest bezbarwny. Główki konidioforów mają promienisty układ zarodników. Metule mają 6–10 × 5 μm długości, fialidy 6–10 × 3–5 μm. Struktury zarodnikotwórcze mają układ dwurzędowy i pokrywają całą główkę. Zarodniki są zielonawe, okrągłe i szorstkie[2].
Kropidlak żółty (Aspergillus flavus) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny Trichocomaceae. Gatunek kosmopolityczny, występujący na całym świecie, głównie w rejonach tropikalnych.
Aspergillus flavus é uma espécie de fungo cosmopolita que desenvolve-se em vários tipos substratos, dentre os quais alimentos como grãos de amendoim, soja, castanha-do-pará e outros, produzindo aflatoxinas , que são micotoxinas [metabolitos secundários], responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas e capaz de provocar câncer. É um fungo de grande importância médica no que diz respeito a infecções oportunistas como a aspergilose (colonização das vias e do trato respiratório) e alergias respiratórias.
Morfologicamente, pode apresentar hifas hialinas, estirpes e esporos rugosos, vesícula globulosa ou piriforme, esporos globulosos de cor verde oliva, pode ser unisseriado, apresentando métulas de onde originam se os esporos ou podem ser bisseriados, possuindo métulas e fialides, os conidioforos originam se de uma estrutura chamada celula pé. Macroscopicamente possui textura pulvurulenta, micelio branco, com esporulação cuja tonalidade varia de verde oliva à amarelado. Dependendo do meio de cultura pode ou não haver coloração no reverso da placa, sendo radiado em qualquer condição de cultivo em meio solido.
Possui grande valor do ponto de vista biotecnologico por ser um exelente produtor de enzimas de interesse alimentício, como pectinases utilazadas para clarificação de sucos de frutas, amilases para fabricação de xaropes e a produção do acido citrico assim como também é produtor de micotoxinas como as [aflatoxinas B1], [B2], [G1], [G2] e [M1] sendo esta ultima metabolito da aflatoxina B1.[1] [2][3]
Amabis,José Mariano
Biologia/José Mariano Amabis,
Gilberto Rodrigues Martho. - 3. ed. - São Paulo: Moderna,2009., página 149
Aspergillus flavus é uma espécie de fungo cosmopolita que desenvolve-se em vários tipos substratos, dentre os quais alimentos como grãos de amendoim, soja, castanha-do-pará e outros, produzindo aflatoxinas , que são micotoxinas [metabolitos secundários], responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas e capaz de provocar câncer. É um fungo de grande importância médica no que diz respeito a infecções oportunistas como a aspergilose (colonização das vias e do trato respiratório) e alergias respiratórias.
Morfologicamente, pode apresentar hifas hialinas, estirpes e esporos rugosos, vesícula globulosa ou piriforme, esporos globulosos de cor verde oliva, pode ser unisseriado, apresentando métulas de onde originam se os esporos ou podem ser bisseriados, possuindo métulas e fialides, os conidioforos originam se de uma estrutura chamada celula pé. Macroscopicamente possui textura pulvurulenta, micelio branco, com esporulação cuja tonalidade varia de verde oliva à amarelado. Dependendo do meio de cultura pode ou não haver coloração no reverso da placa, sendo radiado em qualquer condição de cultivo em meio solido.
Possui grande valor do ponto de vista biotecnologico por ser um exelente produtor de enzimas de interesse alimentício, como pectinases utilazadas para clarificação de sucos de frutas, amilases para fabricação de xaropes e a produção do acido citrico assim como também é produtor de micotoxinas como as [aflatoxinas B1], [B2], [G1], [G2] e [M1] sendo esta ultima metabolito da aflatoxina B1.
Amabis,José Mariano
Biologia/José Mariano Amabis,Gilberto Rodrigues Martho. - 3. ed. - São Paulo: Moderna,2009., página 149
Aspergillus flavus je huba patriaca do rodu Aspergillus. Je to pleseň bežne rozšírená v životnom prostredí a spôsobuje problémy pri skladovaní obilia. Môže byť ľudským patogénom spôsobujúcim aspergilózu pľúc a niekedy aj rohovky, vonkajšieho ucha alebo nosnej klenby. Mnoho kmeňov produkuje významné množstvo aflatoxínu,[1] karcinogénne a akútne toxické zlúčeniny. Spory huby Aspergillus flavus sú alergénne. Huba niekedy spôsobuje straty v liahňach priadky morušovej.
Aspergillus flavus je druhým najčastejším pôvodcom aspergilózy (najčastejším je Aspergillus fumigatus). Huba A. flavus môže napádať pľúcne alebo mozgové tepny a spôsobovať infarkt. Predispozíciou k aspergilóze je neutropénia.
A. flavus tiež produkuje toxín (aflatoxín), ktorý je jedným z etiologických činiteľov hepatocelulárneho karcinómu.[2]
A. flavus rastie na kultúrach ako žltozelená pleseň. Podobne ako iné plesne rodu Aspergillus tvorí špecifický konídiofor zložený z dlhej stonky nesúcej nafúknuté vrecko. Konídiogenné bunky vo vrecku produkujú konídie. Mnoho kmeňov A. flavus vykazuje pod UV žiarením zelenkavú fluorescenciu, ktorá koreluje s úrovňou produkcie aflatoxínu.
A. flavus sa vyskytuje najmä na kukurici a arašidoch, podobne aj na premočených kobercoch, a je jedným z niekoľkých druhov plesní známych produkciou aflatoxínu, ktorý môže spôsobiť akútnu hepatitídu, imunosupresiu a karcinóm pečeňových buniek. Absencia kontroly tejto plesne v niektorých štátoch, ktoré majú tiež vysokú prevalenciu vírusovej hepatitídy, výrazne zvyšuje nebezpečenstvo hepatocelulárneho karcinómu.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavus je huba patriaca do rodu Aspergillus. Je to pleseň bežne rozšírená v životnom prostredí a spôsobuje problémy pri skladovaní obilia. Môže byť ľudským patogénom spôsobujúcim aspergilózu pľúc a niekedy aj rohovky, vonkajšieho ucha alebo nosnej klenby. Mnoho kmeňov produkuje významné množstvo aflatoxínu, karcinogénne a akútne toxické zlúčeniny. Spory huby Aspergillus flavus sú alergénne. Huba niekedy spôsobuje straty v liahňach priadky morušovej.
Aspergillus flavus je gliva iz rodu glavičastih plesni, ki se nahaja v zemlji, predvsem na zemeljskih oreških in na žitu in ki proizvaja aflatoksine[1] Gre za plesen, ki lahko predstavlja težavo pri skladiščenju prej omenjenih živil, lahko pa predstavlja tudi povzročitelja bolezni pri človeku; Povzroča aspergilozo pljuč, lahko pa pride tudi do okužbe roženice, ušes ali obnosnih votlin. Številni sevi te glive izločajo omenjene aflatoksine,[2], ki so rakotvorni in akutno toksični. Spore A. flavus so alergene. Včasih okuži tudi valilnice sviloprejk.
A. flavus je drugi najpogostejši povzročitelj aspergiloz, takoj za sorodno vrsto Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus lahko napade pljučne ali možganske arterije in povzroči infarkt. Nevtropenija poveča tveganje za pojav aspergiloze. Aflatoksini, ki jih izloča Aspergillus flavus, so eni od možnih vzrokov za nastanek hepatocelularnega raka.[3]
A. flavus zraste na gojišču v obliki rumenozelene plesni. Kot druge glavičaste plesni tvori značilne konidiospore (pecljaste tvorbe z uvihanim mešičkom na vrhu). Konidiogene celice na mešičku proizvajajo konidije. Številni sevi zeleno fluorescirajo pod svetlobo UV, kar je odvisno od proizvedene količine aflatoksinov.
A. flavus se zlasti pogosto pojavlja na koruzi in zemeljskih oreških, kot tudi na vlažnih preprogah. Izločeni aflatoksini lahko povzročijo akutni hepatitis, imunosupresijo ali hepatocelularnega raka.
Izkazalo se je, da je pri zatiranju te plesni na žitnih poljih in plantažah zemeljskega oreška učinkovita kvasovka Pichia anomala, ki zavira rast A. flavus. Študija je pokazala, da se na pistacijah, na katerih so uporabili omenjeno kvasovko, rast A. flavus zavre do 97 % v primerjavi z drevesi brez P. anomala.[1] Ta kvasovka namreč tekmuje z A. flavus za prostor in hranilne snovi in zato zavre njeno rast. [4]
Aspergillus flavus je gliva iz rodu glavičastih plesni, ki se nahaja v zemlji, predvsem na zemeljskih oreških in na žitu in ki proizvaja aflatoksine Gre za plesen, ki lahko predstavlja težavo pri skladiščenju prej omenjenih živil, lahko pa predstavlja tudi povzročitelja bolezni pri človeku; Povzroča aspergilozo pljuč, lahko pa pride tudi do okužbe roženice, ušes ali obnosnih votlin. Številni sevi te glive izločajo omenjene aflatoksine,, ki so rakotvorni in akutno toksični. Spore A. flavus so alergene. Včasih okuži tudi valilnice sviloprejk.
Aspergillus flavus je grzib. Aspergillus flavus nŏleży do zorty Aspergillus i familije Trichocomaceae.[1][2]
Gatōnek sie dzieli na take podgatōnki:[1]
Aspergillus flavus je grzib. Aspergillus flavus nŏleży do zorty Aspergillus i familije Trichocomaceae.
Aspergillus flavus, bir küf mantarıdır. Bir patojen olup akciğerlerde aspergillosize neden olabilir. Gözün korneasında ve üst yollarında infeksiyon yapabilir.Alerjik olduğuna inanılır ve ipekböceği kolonilerine zarar verir.
Su hasarına uğramış halıda, mısırda ve yer fıstığında bulunur. Birçok küf türü gibi kanserojen bir madde olan aflatoksin üretebilmektedir. İyi kurutulmamış kırmızı pul biberde de bulunur.
Aspergillus flavus, bir küf mantarıdır. Bir patojen olup akciğerlerde aspergillosize neden olabilir. Gözün korneasında ve üst yollarında infeksiyon yapabilir.Alerjik olduğuna inanılır ve ipekböceği kolonilerine zarar verir.
Su hasarına uğramış halıda, mısırda ve yer fıstığında bulunur. Birçok küf türü gibi kanserojen bir madde olan aflatoksin üretebilmektedir. İyi kurutulmamış kırmızı pul biberde de bulunur.
Везикула жовтого кольору, стеригми однорядові (з віком - дворядні) з колонками радіальних ланцюжків. Конідії грушоподібні або закруглені, 3-6 мкм в діаметрі.
А. flavus розповсюджений повсюдно, частіше його виявляють у зерні, борошні, на арахісі.
10% інвазивних аспергільозів зумовлені даним видом гриба. Він причетний до розвитку міцетом різних органів, отитів, уражає нижні відділи респіраторного тракту, ЦНС, викликає ендокардит, висівається у хворих на діабет.
А. flavus утворюе афлатоксини, що ушкоджують гепатоцити і при тривалому потраплянні з їжею є причиною первинного раку печінки. Описані масові отруєння людей у Африці, Південно-Східній Азії, Ірані та інших країнах з низьким рівнем життя.
На агарі Сабуро культивуеться при 25-37 °С із формуванням жовтyвато-зелених клаптикових колоній із жовтуватим реверсом.
Aspergillus flavus Link, 1809
Асперги́лл жёлтый (лат. Aspergíllus flávus) — вид гетероталличных грибов-аскомицетов, относящийся к роду Аспергилл (Aspergillus). Ранее это название применялось только к анаморфной стадии гриба.
Продуцент опасных микотоксинов — афлатоксинов.
Колонии на агаре Чапека (англ.)русск. с дрожжевым экстрактом (CYA) 6—7 см в диаметре на 7-е сутки, бархатистые по краю до шерстистых хотя бы в центральной части, с белым мицелием и обильным спороношением по всей поверхности, за исключением шерстистых участков, в серо-зелёных, жёлто-зелёных, оливково-жёлтых тонах, реже жёлтым, затем жёлто-зелёным. Часто образует склероции — беловатые, затем красно-коричневые до почти чёрных, иногда покрывающие почти всю колонию (тогда конидиальное спороношение слабовыраженное), шаровидные, 400—1000 мкм в диаметре. Реверс неокрашенный. При 37° C колонии 5,5—6,5 см в диаметре, сходные с колониями, образующимися при 25 °C, с оливковым спороношением, иногда с более обильными склероциями. На агаре с солодовым экстрактом (MEA) колонии 5—7 см в диаметре на 7-е сутки, обычно менее густые, чем на CYA.
Конидиеносные головки обыкновенно двухъярусные, но иногда преобладают одноярусные (на малых вздутиях), с неокрашенной или коричневатой ножкой 400—1000 мкм и более длиной, с шаровидным апикальным вздутием до 20—65 мкм. Метулы покрывающие верхние три четверти вздутия, 6—10 (16) мкм длиной. Фиалиды 6,5—10 мкм (при отсутствии метул — до 14 мкм) длиной. Конидии шаровидные и почти шаровидные, часто несколько неодинаковых формы и размеров, мелкошероховатые, редко гладкие, 3,5—5 мкм в диаметре.
Телеоморфа на смешанно-зерновом агаре (MCA) образует жёсткие склероциевидные стромы с клейстотециями, из которых часто только половина несут аски со спорами. Аски обычно восьмиспоровые (но нередко с 1—6 спорами), 19—30 × 16,5—26,5 мкм. Аскоспоры сплюснутые, шаровидные до широкоэллипсоидальных, мелкобородавчатые, с узким экваториальным гребнем, 8—12,5 × 7,5—12 мкм.
Близок Aspergillus parasiticus, который отличается толстостенными шиповатыми шаровидными конидиями, преимущественно одноярусными головками с верхушечным вздутием до 30 мкм. Aspergillus oryzae, представляющий собой введённую в культуру форму A. flavus, отличается более слабым спороношением — зеленоватым, затем оливково-коричневым. Конидии у этого вида несколько крупнее, часто гладкостенные. Aspergillus nomius образует пулевидные склероции (при их отсутствии морфологически неотличим).
Повсеместно распространённый гриб, наиболее часто выделяемый из тропических регионов. Обнаруживается в почве, на плодах и семенах, на растительных остатках, на пищевых продуктах. Больше всего поражает растения с повышенным содержанием крахмала (зерновые культуры — пшеница, рис, кукуруза, просо итд.) и жирных кислот (бобовые и масличные культуры — арахис, грецкие орехи, нут, соя, семена подсолнечника и хлопчатника, но в особенности арахис).
Основной продуцент афлатоксинов B1, B2, G1, G2, вызывающих поражения почек и печени, а также обладающих гепатоканцерогенным и тератогенным эффектом.
Один из наиболее частых возбудителей аспергиллёза.
Aspergillus flavus Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 3(1): 16 (1809).
Асперги́лл жёлтый (лат. Aspergíllus flávus) — вид гетероталличных грибов-аскомицетов, относящийся к роду Аспергилл (Aspergillus). Ранее это название применялось только к анаморфной стадии гриба.
Продуцент опасных микотоксинов — афлатоксинов.
黃麴黴菌（學名：Aspergillus flavus）或稱為黃麴菌、黃麴霉、黃曲黴與黃曲霉等，是一種真菌。在自然環境中，它是一種常見的黴菌，在儲存的榖類中會造成儲存的問題。它也是一種人類的病原，會造成肺的麴菌症（Aspergillosis），有時候也會引起角膜、耳[1]與鼻眼框的感染。許多菌種會產生足量的黃麴毒素[2]，這是一種有致癌性且有劇烈毒性的化合物。黃麴黴菌的孢子是一種過敏原（Allergen）。黃麴黴菌有時候也會造成蠶孵卵所的損害。
黃麴黴菌是造成麴菌症第二常見的病媒，僅次於薰煙麴菌[3]（Aspergillus fumigatus）。黃麴黴菌會入侵肺或是腦的動脈，因而造成梗塞（Infarction）。嗜中性白血球減少症[4]（Neutropenia）目前也被認定為是麴菌屬的傳染病。
黃麴黴菌也產生毒素（黃麴毒素），而該毒素則是肝細胞癌[5]（hepatocellular carcinoma）的其中一種病源媒介[6]。
黃麴黴菌在培養時是成長成黃綠色的黴菌，「黃麴黴菌」的中文名稱也是來自於外觀的顏色。與其他麴菌屬的物種一樣，它也會產生一種特別的分生孢子梗[7]（conidiophore），這個結構是由一條支撐著膨脹囊泡的長莖所組成。在囊泡上的產孢細胞（conidiogenous cell）則會產生分生孢子（conidia）。黃麴黴菌的許多菌種在紫外光照射下會呈現出一種綠色的螢光，這個與黃麴毒素生產的程度有所相關。
黃麴黴菌特別普遍存在於玉米、花生或黃豆[8]之中，造成的霉害如同水損的（water damage）地毯一樣。並且，黃麴黴菌是其中幾種會產生知名的黃麴毒素的黴菌之一，而黃麴毒素則可能會導致急性肝炎（acute hepatitis）、免疫抑制（immunosuppression）與肝細胞癌。在一些病毒性肝炎高度流行的國家會缺乏對於這種真菌的任何屏障方式，也會高度增加肝細胞腫瘤的風險。
黃麴黴菌（學名：Aspergillus flavus）或稱為黃麴菌、黃麴霉、黃曲黴與黃曲霉等，是一種真菌。在自然環境中，它是一種常見的黴菌，在儲存的榖類中會造成儲存的問題。它也是一種人類的病原，會造成肺的麴菌症（Aspergillosis），有時候也會引起角膜、耳與鼻眼框的感染。許多菌種會產生足量的黃麴毒素，這是一種有致癌性且有劇烈毒性的化合物。黃麴黴菌的孢子是一種過敏原（Allergen）。黃麴黴菌有時候也會造成蠶孵卵所的損害。
누룩곰팡이는 자낭균류 누룩곰팡이속에 속하는 생물로 많은 종류가 있다. 여러 가지 물질로부터 영양분을 섭취하여 성장할 수 있으며, 이 중에는 공업에 이용되는 것이 많다.
유성 생식을 할 때는 다세포인 균사체로부터 길쭉한 장낭기와 장정기가 이웃하여 생기며 이들이 서로 얽혀 접합한다. 그 후 주변의 균사가 이것들을 둘러싸면서 작은 공 모양의 작고 노란 자실체를 만든다. 여기에서 분지되어 나온 장낭사는 불규칙적으로 자라 자낭을 만들므로, 자실체 속에는 자낭이 분산되어 만들어지게 된다. 그리하여 자실체가 성숙되면 자낭벽은 녹아 없어지고, 자낭 포자가 자실체 안에서 유리되는데, 자낭 포자는 주위의 균사 조직이 붕괴되면 살포된다. 한편, 무성 생식에서는 균사체에 분생 포자 자루가 생겨 그 끝에 분생 포자가 만들어진다.
누룩곰팡이의 일반적인 번식 방법은 바로 이러한 무성 생식으로, 무성 생식 세대의 것을 '아르페르길루스'라고 한다. 이에 대하여, 이와 비슷한 무리인 푸른곰팡이에서는 무성 생식 세대의 것을 '페니실리움'이라고 한다.
