Parabasalids

Stephanonympha from Neotermes a termite from New Caledonia. Dissociated karyomastigonts, flagella on the right, nuclei and axostyles on the left (immunofluorescence) 

Stephanonympha from Neotermes a termite from New Caledonia. Isolated karyomastigont with three anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum, a nucleus and an axostyle (immunofluorescence staining). 

Snyderella (snide-err-ell-a), a multinucleate trichomonad flagellates, flagella associated with nuclei to form karyomastigonts, of which there are many. Each karyomastigonts has four anteriorly directed flagella, no recurrent flagellum or cresta. As can be seen in this detail, the flagella are associated with small nuclei which lie close to the cell surface. They give rise to axostyles which meet together forming a central bundle, which reaches the posterior end. From Cryptotermes. Phase contrast.

Snyderella (snide-err-ell-a), a multinucleate trichomonad flagellates, flagella associated with nuclei to form karyomastigonts, of which there are many. Each karyomastigonts has four anteriorly directed flagella, no recurrent flagellum or cresta. Nuclei lie close to the cell surface. They give rise to axostyles which meet together forming a central bundle, which reaches the posterior end. Consumes particles of wood which have filled up the back end of this cell. Also with numerous elongate bacteria associated with the cell surface. From Cryptotermes. Phase contrast.

Snyderella (snide-err-ell-a), hypermastigid flagellate from the guts of termites. Numerous flagella arise from the anterior part of the cell, each is linked to a nucleus, and each gives rise to a descending cytoskeletal root - many of which join together to pass towards the back of the cell. Differential interference contrast.

Snyderella (snide-err-ell-a), hypermastigid flagellate from the guts of termites. Numerous flagella arise from the anterior part of the cell, each is linked to a nucleus, and these are stained a light yellow in the top part of the image. Fluorescence.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. The lophomonads are a subset of the trichomonad flagellates, and the trichomonad beat profile is evident in this image. There is a very substantial axostyle,which anteriorly expands to envelope the nucleus and the flagellar area. Posteriorly with many food vacuoles containing small particles of ingested wood. From the termite Kalotermes. Phase contrast.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. Joenia has a very substantial axostyle, and this detailed image shows how it expands to envelope the nucleus and the flagellar area. Just below the nucleus, the mustachios of dictyosomes extend out to either side. The flagella insert into a curving pad to the upper left side of the cell, but they sweep around, below and to the side. From the termite Kalotermes. Differential interference contrast.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. The lophomonads are a subset of the trichomonad flagellates, and the trichomonad beat profile is evident in this image. There is a very substantial axostyle, forming a calyx or sheath that envelopes the nucleus and the flagellar area, and projecting from the back of the cell. From the termite Kalotermes. Phase contrast.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. This is an image of a small drop of fluid from the gut of the termite Kalotermes, and showing the very high concentrations of cells which may occur there. Phase contrast.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. This is an image of a small drop of fluid from the termite gut, and showing the very high concentrations of cells which may occur there. From the termite Kalotermes. Phase contrast.

Joenia (joe-een-ee-a) is a lophomonad hypermastigid flagellate - this group being distinguished by having a pad of very long flagella inserting to one side of the anterior apex of the cell. The lophomonads are a subset of the trichomonad flagellates, and the trichomonad beat profile is evident in this image. There is a very substantial axostyle,which anteriorly expands to envelope the nucleus and the flagellar area. Posteriorly with many food vacuoles containing small particles of ingested wood. This image is of a fixed cell, and shows the anterior flagellum,. the axostyle and the region of the nucleus. Phase contrast.