Scophthalmidae (lat. Scophthalmidae) — kambalakimilər dəstəsinə aid balıq növü.
Els escoftàlmids són peixos teleostis, plans i de l'ordre dels pleuronectiformes.[1]
Viuen a l'Atlàntic Nord, Mar Bàltica, Mar Mediterrània i Mar Negra.[5]
Tenen un cert interès comercial.
Els escoftàlmids són peixos teleostis, plans i de l'ordre dels pleuronectiformes.
Die Steinbutte (Scophthalmidae) sind eine Familie der Plattfische (Pleuronectiformes). Alle Arten bis auf eine leben im nordöstlichen Atlantik, in der Ostsee, im Mittelmeer und im Schwarzen Meer. Lediglich Scophthalmus aquosus lebt im nordwestlichen Atlantik von Florida bis nach Neufundland.
Die Augen liegen auf der linken Körperseite. Die Rückenflosse beginnt über dem oberen Auge, die Basen der Bauchflossen sind auf beiden Seiten gleich lang. Das Seitenlinienorgan zieht sich in einem großen Bogen über die Brustflossen. Steinbutte sind Raubfische, die ein für Plattfische verhältnismäßig großes Maul mit einem massiven Unterkiefer haben. Die größte Art, der Steinbutt (Psetta maxima), wird maximal einen Meter lang. Die anderen Arten erreichen Längen von 12 bis 75 Zentimetern.
Steinbutte werden kommerziell gefischt.
Die Steinbutte (Scophthalmidae) sind eine Familie der Plattfische (Pleuronectiformes). Alle Arten bis auf eine leben im nordöstlichen Atlantik, in der Ostsee, im Mittelmeer und im Schwarzen Meer. Lediglich Scophthalmus aquosus lebt im nordwestlichen Atlantik von Florida bis nach Neufundland.
De terrebutachtign (Scophthalmidae) zyn e familie in de orde van de platvissn (Pleuronectiformes). Ze zyn te viendn in den Atlantischn Oceoan, de Baltische Zêe, de Middellansche Zêe en de Zwarte Zêe. De grotste soortn kunn e meter lank kommn.
De terrebutachtign (Scophthalmidae) zyn e familie in de orde van de platvissn (Pleuronectiformes). Ze zyn te viendn in den Atlantischn Oceoan, de Baltische Zêe, de Middellansche Zêe en de Zwarte Zêe. De grotste soortn kunn e meter lank kommn.
The Scophthalmidae are a family of flatfish found in the North Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea.[2] Fish of this family are known commonly as turbots,[1][3] though this name can refer specifically to Scophthalmus maximus, as well. Some common names found in species of this family are turbots, windowpanes, and brills.[4]
Cladistic analysis reveals that this family is a monophyletic group.[2]
Of all the scophthalmids, the largest species (Scophthalmus maximus) reaches approximately one meter in length.[4] Some species in the family have been historically fished commercially (predominantly the brill flatfish and the turbot flatfish, S.rhombus and S. maximus respectively).[2]
The Scophthalmidae family is composed of two main clades, four genera, and eight species.[4] The four genera are Zeugopterus, Lepidorhombus, Phrynorhombus, and Scophthalmus, all sharing synapomorphies yet also subtle distinctions.[2][4]
The first known fossil was dated to the Cenozoic era during the Miocene epoch. This specific fossil is believed to be from the upper Tertiary and is the oldest specimen of the family.[5]
Turbots are benthic animals and can be found in both Marine and Brackish environments, but not in freshwater.[4] While certain flatfish can be found in the other regions, Scophthalmidae are native to the North Atlantic, as well as the Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black seas.[2][4] According to Fishes of the Word and excluding one species located in the Western Atlantic, all other scophthalmids reside in the general Northeastern Atlantic region.[4] However, mapping out a specific organism’s changes in habitat over their lifespan would be rather complex. Environmental events can displace fish or incline them to leave their home ranges. All fishes, including scophthalmids, also face predation risks and prey scarcity, as well as the complexities of spawning behaviors. While true, movements of the species can be tracked for instances of displacement as well as seasonal cycles of migration–both of which “appear to be triggered by changes in water temperature, light, current velocity, and irregular episodic events.” [6]
The movement of water is crucial to the species as it is a primary form of transportation.[7] All stages of the flatfish (from larval, juvenile, to adult) use the elliptic and cyclic nature of Earth’s tides in locomotion. The rising tide carries individuals shoreward and during the ebb tide they can exit the water column and sink to the bottom. This is crucial to energy expenditure, especially in migratory events between feeding and spawning grounds that take place every year.[6] During migrations tidal cycles are primary in determining the vertical displacement of flatfish in the water column, while on feeding and spawning grounds these behaviors are more influenced by the diel cycle. The location of turbots is cryptic and multivariable, consisting of a mixture of both these cycles, an internal “clock” mechanism, and other factors such as turbulence, hunger, and magnetic fields.[6]
But with all said and done, the flatfish don’t go too far. The anatomy of these organisms is intrinsically negatively buoyant,[6] making them sink in the absence of currents and upwellings. To preserve energy, this is their natural state. They are rather sedentary and the fish spend most of their time on bottom substrates.[3][4][6]
Scophthalmidae is a family of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), so it exhibits any primitive traits of that clade. Being a scientific family, it also has its own set of general traits, as well as a variety of derived traits specific to the different genera of Scophthalmidae. These various features can be distinguished at every level of the scientific hierarchy to best emphasize the differences between the taxon. Being part of the Scophthalmidae family, all scophthalmids share the same fundamental Actinopterygii and pleuronectiformes traits.
Actinopterygii, or ray-finned fish, share traits will all prior marine vertebrates (i.e. a skeleton, paired fins, cycloid or ctenoid scales, covered gills, homocercal tails, protrusible jaws, etc...)[8] The main requirements for the taxa are fin-rays (of which make up the fins and are responsible the name of the clade) and a swim bladder (a derived trait of this phylogenetic group).[5] All genera of Scophthalmidae are Actinopterygii, and as such share this primary features.
Pleuronectiformes (flatfish) share a lot in common with some minor distinctions. Based on the name, it is right to assume that most of genera of pleuronectiformes are 'flat' and have a generally 'low' body profile. Due to this anatomical difference, flatfish are quite unique and have asymmetrical features. In adult individuals, both eyes lye on the same side of the head on whichever side is dominant (Scophthalmidae are left-eyed flatfish). Furthermore, flatfish have protrusible eyes and have slowly translated their dorsal fin (over the course of evolutionary history) onto the head.[3][4] Poking eyes out of the substrate and using this dorsal fin akin to a rudder, these three traits all serve the flatfish in its benthic lifestyle. Lastly, the generalized coloration of flatfish include a very pale underside with a cryptically pigmented dorsal side. This pigmentation serves as a camouflage for the fish and allows them to increase their survivorship via heightened predator avoidance and improved hunting behaviors.[9]
The three primary synapomorphies within the Scophthalmidae family (mentioned previously under Taxonomic History) have been crucial in defining the clade. Proposed in Interrelationships of Scophthalmid Fishes, the three aforementioned synapomorphies along with two other niche traits help differentiate scophthalmids from the other flatfish. These five anatomical traits are as follows:
(i) "The anterior extension of the two pelvic fins to the isthmus" [2]
(ii) "Slightly asymmetric lateral expansions on both pelvic bones" [2]
(iii) "An elongated anterior supraoccipital process (often crenulated) in contact with the dorsal margin of the right (blind-side) frontal" [2]
(iv) "The presence of asymmetrical transverse apophyses on the caudal vertebrae" [2]
(v) "The first neural spine bent at contact with the dorsal margin of the cranium" [2]
Other non-defining traits of scophthalmids that are not specific to the family are their large and prominent lower jaws, sinistral eyes, and the single oil globule present in the yolks of their eggs.[4]
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Scophthalmids live a fairly sedentary lifestyle in comparison to other ray-finned fish, and due to their negative buoyancy spend most of their time below other taxa. Being asymmetrical and spending most of their time on the bottom substrates, scophthalmids have evolved unique locomotive systems to better fit their lifestyle. Turning their bodies into levers, the flatfish use forward and backward movements to propel themselves across the substrate. Often times, these movements are short, with pauses in between strokes (akin to gliding). That being said, the fish can increase their movement speed through "rapid propulsive strokes" that can propel individuals in different directions.[6]
In addition to the "rapid propulsive strokes," scophthalmids can elevate their heads into an alert position. Using both of these adaptations in tandem, the fishes can change the angle of their projection, and shoot themselves into the water column by lifting their heads and then executing a 'rapid propulsive stroke.' This is highly useful to escape predation, initiate gliding, or journey far distances while conserving energy (e.g. traveling between feeding and spawning sites). While the propulsive stroke may be energetically costly, once in the water column the flatfish can exhibit 'swim and glide' behaviors to cruise through the water.[6]
Besides the lever-system that can propel the fish in the transverse plane, scophthalmids also have unique systems to control their vertical and horizontal movements. Due to their asymmetry, their bodies are on a 90 degree rotation and use their fins differently than most Actinopterygii. Flatfish can change their vertical direction by changing the angle of their bodies, with particular emphasis on the angle of their caudal fins.[6] On the contrary, horizontal direction is controlled usnig the pectoral fin (akin to a rudder of a boat).[6]
Burying is crucial to the survivorship of Scophthalmidae as it is their primary defense in avoiding predators and hunting prey. By burying, the fishes avoid detection from predation risks, and also reduce environmental challenges like current shear.[9] To initiate this important and unique behavior, flatfish vigorously beat their heads "against the sediment, accompanied by a wave of muscular [contractions] that [travel] with decreasing amplitude down the length of the body." This odd combination of muscle contractions complete two primary tasks:
(i) First, the head is driven into the substrate in the first half of the movement.
(ii) Second, the head movements "waft sediment from beneath the body so that it falls back onto the surface of the fish."[6] In this latter have of the movement the fishes do not simply swim into the substrate, they actively displace the substrate so that it falls back on top of them and conceals them.
Location is crucial to these behaviors as some substrates are impenetrable to flatfish. This facet actively selects for specific substrates that the fish can bury in (e.g. sand), and dictate their home ranges. In The Behaviour of Flatfish, it is noted that this preference of substrate drifts towards sandy over coarse, as well as an avoidance of overly muddy substrates. The Behaviour of Flatfish does not explain as to why this is, but it could be speculated that the murkiness caused by burying in muddy substrates can be rather visible to predators, counteracting the primary function of this behavior. Time of day can also be important, as visibility decreases with access to light. Due to this factor, it is expected that burial behaviors are less common in scophthalmids at lower depths and during the night.[6]
Lastly, burying behavior does not just limit predation detection via visual cues. Indeed, burial can reduce "conspicuousness," [6] but flatfish can employ additional tools to solidify their defense. Scophthalmids are believed to be capable of lowering heart rates and well as decreasing oxygen consumption, in turn sending less involuntary cues of their presence and reduce the chemical signals sent to predators.[6]
Feeding is crucial to any organisms behavior as it is necessary to sustain life. Unlike other organisms, however, temperature plays a significant role in determining feeding intensity and growth.[6][10] While making Scophthalmidae more susceptible to climate change, this force also helps dictate population size and drives growth to be proportional to the various seasons.[11] Being that Scophthalmidae is a family of flatfish very similar to other Pleuronectiformes, diet varies. Flatfish take advantage of complex environments while most fish have no choice but to hunt in open water. This gives the fishes relatively high plasticity in their feeding behaviors and they enlist a wide range of tactics. Visits to species pages will give higher insight onto the specific feeding-type of said species. By the same merit, below are the general feeding-types and elements of feeding behavior that exist within the order:
All three feeding types involve the various elements of feeding behavior. Visual predation is the most common in flatfish, but the non-visual nocturnal species rely on chemical cues left in the water (e.g. distress signals, high heart rates, oxygen consumption, cortisol levels, olfactory chemicals, decomposition, etc).
Little is known in regards to the reproduction of scophthalmids beyond what is widely accepted or generalized in the broader flatfish order. When a female enters a reproductive state (due to internal or external stimuli), courtship is usually initiated by the male. Male Pleuronectiformes follow the female individual across the sea floor, and then maneuvers either above or below the female depending on the species. If successfully courted, the female (now with the male) rise through the water column. The pair reaches the climax of the courtship ritual as they reach the "apex of the rise," where gametes are released into the water.[6] Following this dispersal of gametes, the two return to the seafloor having successfully mated.
Akin to courtship behaviors, scophthalmids also share a three-stage spawning behavior just like other flatfish.[6] Spawning tends to take place in the evening, and males and females generally pair due to relative body size.[6] One interesting fact about flatfish is that most species are actually born symmetrical, and their eyes rotate as they mature (can travel 10-25mm on average). As the fish develop, the non-dominant eye 'floats' to the dominant side over time, resulting in the intrinsic asymmetry of the order.[4]
Female can indicate their "readiness to spawn by rapidly raising and lowering their heads."[6] This in turn inclines males to approach and produce a threat signal, circling the female "flagging with the pectoral fin."[6] Speculation as to why is not solidified in scientific literature but it is possibly due to competition in paternity.
The Latitudinal Gradient is a common term in describing the change of a certain variable with respect to global latitudes. Due to the tilt of the Earth as well as the distance from the sun, this latitudinal gradient is often proportional to the global temperature gradient, both on water and land.[13] The temperature gradient of the ocean is crucial for all marine life as some species are specialized for different regions or use temperature to direct migrations. Thus, species that reside in temperate latitudes tend to have broader preferences and tolerances then species specialized for extreme temperatures. This makes both tropical and polar species more susceptible to changes in climate.[14] Flatfish are negatively affected by these temperature shifts and continue to decline in populations. Globally, their numbers dwindle and have been since the 1970s.[14] The use of technology has allowed researchers to calculate numbers of existing populations as well as estimate the future of the clade. Two of these methods, a vulnerability assessment and simulation model projections, help pinpoint the regions at highest risk of this change and align with previously mentioned latitudinal gradient predictions.[14] Findings suggest that the Indo-Pacific and Northeast Atlantic are at the highest risk of impacts due to climate change[14] (i.e. a tropical region and polar region). As mentioned previously, scophthalmids are almost exclusively located in the Northeast Atlantic and will suffer heavily from this.[3][4][13][14] Interestingly enough, the rapid warming was exacerbated regionally due to factors such as human populations, freshwater prevalence, and land-locking.[11] The highest levels of warming (“LMEs warming at rates 2–4 times the global mean rate” [11]) was confined to certain areas, especially in the North Atlantic. Regions that Scophthalmidae are native to (i.e. the Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black seas) all fall under this hotspot. It seems that this regional increase of warming can be traced to the “natural variability related to the North Atlantic Oscillation” as well as adjacent terrestrial warming near the coastal seas (caused by industrial/anthropogenic advancements).[11]
In addition to this fact, the increasingly negative population dynamics of all flatfish indicates that the clade has reached its maximum potential.[14] Furthermore, some fisheries have overfished certain regions to the point of collapse.[15] In these regions a bounce-back in population is not expected. This change is not just due to temperature change, but additional factors tied to climate change (i.e. ocean acidification, oxygen depletion, and decreases in net primary production). Climate change is a multivariate problem for scophthalmids as it has led to changes in distribution and net productivity in addition to the aforementioned decreases in population.[14] Yet, these changes in distribution are not exclusive to potentially obvious latitudinal range shifts. The flatfish have also been observed migrating within regions, shifting their depth as well.[16] Averaging to only several meters per decade,[16] this seemingly small change is drastic for the family. While decreasing depth can help scophthalmids fight the change in ocean temperature, the deeper they travel the less light can penetrate and both conditions and productivity also decrease.[14] This is a negative constraint on the fish which will eventually reach its limit.
Lastly, scophthalmids are simply less mobile than other taxa.[14] Their activity rate is much lower than other fish of similar size and location (alternate pelagic and demersal species). Because of this, it is harder to migrate, maneuver, and adapt, making their adjustment period relatively slow.[14] All finfish (including scophthalmids), however, are expected to shrink.[17][18][19] The decrease in body size relates to the temperature change via oxygen levels. The growing restriction on oxygen levels proportional to the increase in temperature negatively affects body size, adding yet another side effect to the changing climate.[19]
Put plainly, trawl fishing is when nets are dragged through the water to catch as many fish as possible. Bottom trawling (primarily industrially committed) is when this method is used on the seafloor where the nets are weighted and dragged.[20] Frowned upon by marine biologists, bottom trawling is harmful to the ecosystem due to the displacement of sediment and organisms as well as the irreversible damage it creates.[20] In addition to negatively affecting the ecosystem, bottom trawling proves to be highly dangerous to scophthalmids as well as other families of flatfish. This method of fishing exploits scophthalmids’ natural predator avoidance behaviors.[7] Flatfish find comfort with the substrate, and use detection minimization techniques as their primary avoidance behavior.[7] These strategies combine various techniques such as “ burial, highly evolved cryptic capabilities, and low activity,” [7] all of which are useless and therefore detrimental in fighting trawls.
The first indication of a trawling vessel is the sound vibrations sent through the water.[7] This stimulus is received by the fish ("which have good hearing in the range of 300–1000 Hz" [21]) and the scophthalmids then respond by diving.[22] Because of this, while flatfish do not school or directly herd as an avoidance behavior, individuals indirectly herd in the regard by which they are all migrating in the same direction. This increase in concentration is dangerous as it increases catch per trawl, often times when the flatfish are not even the desired target (bycatch).[7]
Highly specialized behaviors are hard to change, making the flatfishes' natural instinct to minimize detection rendered useless. Usually they can be rather cryptic, and have great success avoiding natural predators. Utilizing their low body profile and texture-matching colorations, they become hard to detect.[9][23] Furthering their camouflage, they have behavioral modifications that work in tandem to their anatomy. Scophthalmidae share a strong inclination to bury themselves and to cease movement, fighting the desire to flee until extremely close to detection.[24][25][26] In addition to being inclined to hiding, in the instance they are being caught, flatfish face the disadvantage of their maximum swim speed. Only able to sustain a certain speed at relatively lower rates than most roundfish, flatfish tend to respond to the trawls in short bursts and generally remain unresponsive until "approx. <1 meter away."[7] After observing the adaptations Scophthalmidae have made to survive in the Ocean, bottom trawling proves to be a major industrial threat to scophthalmids because of its own nature in specifically targeting and taking advantage of flatfish behavior.[10]
The Scophthalmidae are a family of flatfish found in the North Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea. Fish of this family are known commonly as turbots, though this name can refer specifically to Scophthalmus maximus, as well. Some common names found in species of this family are turbots, windowpanes, and brills.
Cladistic analysis reveals that this family is a monophyletic group.
Of all the scophthalmids, the largest species (Scophthalmus maximus) reaches approximately one meter in length. Some species in the family have been historically fished commercially (predominantly the brill flatfish and the turbot flatfish, S.rhombus and S. maximus respectively).
Los rodaballos, las limandas y los gallos forman la familia escoftálmidos (Scophthalmidae) de peces marinos incluida en el orden Pleuronectiformes, distribuidos por el Atlántico norte, el mar Báltico, el Mediterráneo y el mar Negro.[1] Su nombre procede del griego: skopein (vigilar) + ophthalmos (ojos),[2] por su forma de enterrarse en la arena asomando sólo los ojos que acechan a las presas.
Aparecen por primera vez en el registro fósil en el Mioceno, durante el Terciario superior.[3]
Tienen el cuerpo aplanado y asimétrico, como todos los de su orden, habiéndose descrito una longitud máxima de 1 m para la especie Psetta maxima.[1] Tienen los dos ojos sobre el lado izquierdo de la cabeza, la boca es muy grande y la mandíbula inferior prominente; las bases de ambas aletas pélvicas son alargadas.[1]
Huevos con un único glóbulo de aceite en la yema, son abandonados tras la puesta.[1]
Existen 9 especies de rodaballo, agrupadas en 5 géneros:
Los rodaballos, las limandas y los gallos forman la familia escoftálmidos (Scophthalmidae) de peces marinos incluida en el orden Pleuronectiformes, distribuidos por el Atlántico norte, el mar Báltico, el Mediterráneo y el mar Negro. Su nombre procede del griego: skopein (vigilar) + ophthalmos (ojos), por su forma de enterrarse en la arena asomando sólo los ojos que acechan a las presas.
Aparecen por primera vez en el registro fósil en el Mioceno, durante el Terciario superior.
Tienen el cuerpo aplanado y asimétrico, como todos los de su orden, habiéndose descrito una longitud máxima de 1 m para la especie Psetta maxima. Tienen los dos ojos sobre el lado izquierdo de la cabeza, la boca es muy grande y la mandíbula inferior prominente; las bases de ambas aletas pélvicas son alargadas.
Huevos con un único glóbulo de aceite en la yema, son abandonados tras la puesta.
Scophthalmidae arrain pleuronektiformeen familia da[1], iparraldeko Ozeano Atlantikoan, Mediterraneo itsasoan, Itsaso Beltzan eta Itsaso Baltikoan bizi dena. Barnean oilarrak eta erreboiloak ditu.
Hona hemen FishBasek proposaturiko zerrenda:
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Scophthalmidae arrain pleuronektiformeen familia da, iparraldeko Ozeano Atlantikoan, Mediterraneo itsasoan, Itsaso Beltzan eta Itsaso Baltikoan bizi dena. Barnean oilarrak eta erreboiloak ditu.
Piikkikampelat (Scophthalmidae) on kampelakaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan Atlantin pohjoisosista, Itämerestä, Välimerestä ja Mustastamerestä.[1][2]
Varhaisimmat piikkikampeloiden heimoon kuuluvien lajien fossiilit on ajoitettu mioseenikaudelle, Heimoon kuuluu 4 sukua ja 8 lajia. Lajeja ovat muun muassa pikkukampela (Phrynorhombus norvegicus), lehtikampela (Scopthalmus aquosus), mustanmerenkampela (S. maeoticus), piikkikampela (S. maxima), silokampela (S. rhombus) ja kalliokampela (Zeugopterus punctatus). Ruumiinmuodoltaan ne ovat ovaalinmallisia ja litteitä kaloja. Suurin laji piikkikampela voi saavuttaa noin metrin pituuden. Heimon lajien silmät sijaitsevat vasemmalla kyljellä, suu on suuri ja alaleuka esiintyöntyvä.[1][2]
Piikkikampelat (Scophthalmidae) on kampelakaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan Atlantin pohjoisosista, Itämerestä, Välimerestä ja Mustastamerestä.
Les Scophthalmidae sont une famille de poissons pleuronectiformes (c'est-à-dire des poissons plats ayant des côtés dissemblables), qui contient notamment les poissons appelés « turbots ».
Selon FishBase (13 février 2016)[1] et Selon World Register of Marine Species (24 juillet 2016)[2] :
Selon ITIS (13 février 2016)[3] :
Les Scophthalmidae sont une famille de poissons pleuronectiformes (c'est-à-dire des poissons plats ayant des côtés dissemblables), qui contient notamment les poissons appelés « turbots ».
A dos escoftálimidos (Scophthalmidae) é unha familia de peixes osteíctios da orde dos pleuronectiformes que comprende peixes planos cos ollos situados no lado esquerdo do corpo, co superior por riba ou por detrás do inferior (a diferenza dos citáridos, nos que o ollo superior está sempre lixeiramente máis avanzado), e con liña lateral presente a ambos os lados (a diferenza dos bótidos, que a teñen só no lado onde están os ollos).[2]
A familia comprende na actualidade 9 especies reunidas en 5 xéneros (ou 4, segundo os autores, xa que moitos inclúen Phrynorhombus en Zeugopterus), todos eles presentes no Atlántico norte, incluíndo os mares Báltico, Mediterráneo e Negro.[2]
Apareceron por primeira vez no rexistro fósil no mioceno, durante o terciario superior.[3]
O seu nome procede do grego σϰοπεîν skopeîn vixiar, e οϕθαλμός ophthalmós ollo, aludindo ao seu costume de enterrarse na area asomando só os ollos axexando ás súas presas.
Teñen o corpo aplanado e asimétrico, como todos os da súa orde, a boca moi grande, coa mandíbula prominente, e as aletas pelvianas ben desenvolvidas.[2]
As femias adultas son maiores que os machos (o máximo alcánzao o rodaballo, que pode medir até 1 m).[2]
Como quedou dito, existen 9 especies, agrupadas en 5 xéneros:
A dos escoftálimidos (Scophthalmidae) é unha familia de peixes osteíctios da orde dos pleuronectiformes que comprende peixes planos cos ollos situados no lado esquerdo do corpo, co superior por riba ou por detrás do inferior (a diferenza dos citáridos, nos que o ollo superior está sempre lixeiramente máis avanzado), e con liña lateral presente a ambos os lados (a diferenza dos bótidos, que a teñen só no lado onde están os ollos).
A familia comprende na actualidade 9 especies reunidas en 5 xéneros (ou 4, segundo os autores, xa que moitos inclúen Phrynorhombus en Zeugopterus), todos eles presentes no Atlántico norte, incluíndo os mares Báltico, Mediterráneo e Negro.
Apareceron por primeira vez no rexistro fósil no mioceno, durante o terciario superior.
Hverfuætt (fræðiheiti: Scophthalmidae) er ætt fiska af ættbálki flatfiska. Tegundir af hverfuætt eiga heimkynni sín í ísöltum sjávarhöfum Norður-Atlantshafsins en líka í Miðjarðar- og Svartahafi. Ættin telur níu tegundir og er stunduð veiði á nokkrum þeirra.
Við Ísland hafa fundist fjórar tegundir fiska af hverfuætt, sandhverfa, stórkjafta, slétthverfa og litli flóki.
Hverfuætt (fræðiheiti: Scophthalmidae) er ætt fiska af ættbálki flatfiska. Tegundir af hverfuætt eiga heimkynni sín í ísöltum sjávarhöfum Norður-Atlantshafsins en líka í Miðjarðar- og Svartahafi. Ættin telur níu tegundir og er stunduð veiði á nokkrum þeirra.
Við Ísland hafa fundist fjórar tegundir fiska af hverfuætt, sandhverfa, stórkjafta, slétthverfa og litli flóki.
Gli Scophthalmidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini appartenente all'ordine Pleuronectiformes comprendente 4 generi e 9 specie.
La famiglia è endemica del nord Oceano Atlantico, soprattutto orientale, del mar Baltico, del mar Mediterraneo e del mar Nero. Nel mar Mediterraneo sono presenti 6 specie:
a cui deve aggiungersi Scophthalmus maeoticus endemico del mar Nero[2]
Come tutti i pesci piatti gli Scophthalmidae hanno corpo molto appiattito lateralmente e asimmetrico, con entrambi gli occhi su un lato del corpo detto lato oculare mentre l'altro lato è denominato lato cieco. In questa famiglia il lato oculare è il sinistro. La bocca è ampia, armata o meno di denti, e la mascella inferiore è sporgente. La linea laterale è presente in entrambi i lati. Le pinne non hanno raggi spinosi. Le pinne ventrali hanno base lunga e sono in posizione giugulare, ovvero anteriore alla base delle pinne pettorali. L'ano è sul lato cieco[1][3].
Scophthalmus maximus con 100 cm di lunghezza massima è la specie di maggiori dimensioni[4]
L'uovo ha una singola goccia oleosa per il galleggiamento[3].
Gli Scophthalmidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini appartenente all'ordine Pleuronectiformes comprendente 4 generi e 9 specie.
Otinės (Scophthalmidae) – plekšniažuvių (Pleuronectiformes) būrio žuvų šeima.
Lietuvoje Baltijos jūroje aptinkamas otas, lietuviškoje literatūroje dar vadinamas rombas (Psetta maxima)
Otinės (Scophthalmidae) – plekšniažuvių (Pleuronectiformes) būrio žuvų šeima.
Lietuvoje Baltijos jūroje aptinkamas otas, lietuviškoje literatūroje dar vadinamas rombas (Psetta maxima)
De Tarbotachtigen (Scophthalmidae) zijn een familie in de orde van de Platvissen (Pleuronectiformes).
De Tarbotachtigen (Scophthalmidae) zijn een familie in de orde van de Platvissen (Pleuronectiformes).
Varer (Scophthalmidae)er en gruppe flyndrefisker. Artene i denne gruppen er venstrevendte (har øynene på venstre side av kroppen), men det forekommer individer som er høyrevendte. Inndelingen av arter mellom de forskjellige slektene er fortsatt omdiskutert og kan bli forandret.
Varer (Scophthalmidae)er en gruppe flyndrefisker. Artene i denne gruppen er venstrevendte (har øynene på venstre side av kroppen), men det forekommer individer som er høyrevendte. Inndelingen av arter mellom de forskjellige slektene er fortsatt omdiskutert og kan bli forandret.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Nagładowate[2] (Scophthalmidae) – rodzina morskich ryb z rzędu flądrokształtnych (Pleuronectiformes).
Morze Północne, zachodni Bałtyk, Morze Śródziemne, wschodni Atlantyk (od Norwegii po zachodnie wybrzeże Sahary w Afryce).
Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny[3]:
Nagładowate (Scophthalmidae) – rodzina morskich ryb z rzędu flądrokształtnych (Pleuronectiformes).
Scophthalmidae é uma família de peixes actinopterígeos pertencentes à ordem Pleuronectiformes, que agrupa 18 espécies distribuídas por 5 géneros. Pertencem a esta famílias as espécies conhecidas pelo nome comum de pregado.
O grupo inclui de 18 espécies, classificadas em 5 géneros, que habitam ambientes de água salgada e água salobra. Os scoftalmídeos distribuem-se pelo Atlântico Norte, Mar Báltico, Mar Mediterrâneo e Mar Negro. O achatamento observa-se nesta família sobre o lado esquerdo do peixe. As barbatanas pélvicas estão presentes e são alongadas. O tamanho máximo observado é de 1 m de comprimento na espécie Psetta maxima.
A família Scophthalmidae inclui os seguintes géneros:
Scophthalmidae é uma família de peixes actinopterígeos pertencentes à ordem Pleuronectiformes, que agrupa 18 espécies distribuídas por 5 géneros. Pertencem a esta famílias as espécies conhecidas pelo nome comum de pregado.
Piggvarar (Scophthalmidae) är en familj av ordningen plattfiskar (Pleuronectiformes). Alla arter utom en hör hemma i nordöstra Atlanten, Östersjön, Medelhavet och Svarta havet. En art, Scophthalmus aquosus, återfinns i nordvästra Atlanten från Florida till Newfoundland. Familjen omfattar fem släkten med nio arter. Indelningen i arter mellan de olika släkterna är emellertid omdiskuterat.
Piggvarar är vänstervända, där ryggfenan börjar vid det övre ögat. Bukfenans bas är lika lång på bägge sidor och sidolinjen går i en båge över bröstfenan. Piggvarar är rovfiskar med en förhållandevis stor mun med massiva underkäkar. Den största arten, piggvar, kan bli upp mot 100 cm. Övriga arter håller sig mellan 12 och 75 cm. Piggvarar är av stor kommersiell betydelse.
Piggvarar (Scophthalmidae) är en familj av ordningen plattfiskar (Pleuronectiformes). Alla arter utom en hör hemma i nordöstra Atlanten, Östersjön, Medelhavet och Svarta havet. En art, Scophthalmus aquosus, återfinns i nordvästra Atlanten från Florida till Newfoundland. Familjen omfattar fem släkten med nio arter. Indelningen i arter mellan de olika släkterna är emellertid omdiskuterat.
Piggvarar är vänstervända, där ryggfenan börjar vid det övre ögat. Bukfenans bas är lika lång på bägge sidor och sidolinjen går i en båge över bröstfenan. Piggvarar är rovfiskar med en förhållandevis stor mun med massiva underkäkar. Den största arten, piggvar, kan bli upp mot 100 cm. Övriga arter håller sig mellan 12 och 75 cm. Piggvarar är av stor kommersiell betydelse.
Kalkan balığı (Scophthalmidae) bir yassı balık türüdür. Boyları 60 cm, gövdeleri yeşilimsi veya grimsi kahverengi olabilmekte; dorsal ve anal yüzgeçlerinde belirgin olmayan benekler bulunabilmektedir. Ege Denizi ve Akdeniz'de yaşamaktadırlar.
Kemikli balıklar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz. Калканові (Scophthalmidae) — родина камбал. Містить десять видів в чотирьох родах.
Cá bơn Đại Tây Dương (họ Scophthalmidae) là một nhóm gồm 9 loài cá sống ở các vùng biển hay nước lợ. Tên khoa học của nó xuất phát từ tiếng Hy Lạp, với skopein có nghĩa là "nhìn" và ophthalmos nghĩa là "mắt"[1]. Các loài này tìm thấy ở Đại Tây Dương, biển Baltic, Địa Trung Hải và biển Đen[1][2].
Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cá bơn Đại Tây Dương (họ Scophthalmidae) là một nhóm gồm 9 loài cá sống ở các vùng biển hay nước lợ. Tên khoa học của nó xuất phát từ tiếng Hy Lạp, với skopein có nghĩa là "nhìn" và ophthalmos nghĩa là "mắt". Các loài này tìm thấy ở Đại Tây Dương, biển Baltic, Địa Trung Hải và biển Đen.
Scophthalmidae Chabanaud, 1933
Калкановые, или скофтальмовые[1][2] (лат. Scophthalmidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда камбалообразных (Pleuronectiformes). Обитают в северной части Атлантического океана, Балтийском, Средиземном и Чёрном морях. Кладистический анализ показывает, что это семейство является монофилетическим[3]. Крупнейший представитель семейства достигает 1 м в длину (Scophthalmus maximus)[4]. Некоторые виды являются объектами коммерческого промысла.
В семействе 4 рода и 9 видов[5]:
Калкановые, или скофтальмовые (лат. Scophthalmidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда камбалообразных (Pleuronectiformes). Обитают в северной части Атлантического океана, Балтийском, Средиземном и Чёрном морях. Кладистический анализ показывает, что это семейство является монофилетическим. Крупнейший представитель семейства достигает 1 м в длину (Scophthalmus maximus). Некоторые виды являются объектами коммерческого промысла.
菱鮃科 (Scophthalmidae)是属于比目鱼的一类鱼，此科包括有著名的大菱鮃，俗稱多寶魚 (Turbot)。
菱鮃科下分4個屬，如下：
대문짝넙치과(Scophthalmidae)는 가자미목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다.[1] 북대서양과 발트 해 그리고 지중해와 흑해에서 발견된다.[2] "터봇"(turbots)으로도 불리며, 대문짝넙치(Scophthalmus maximus) 등을 포함하고 있다. 9종으로 이루어져 있으며 가장 큰 종은 몸길이가 1m 정도이다. 일부 종은 상업용으로 잡힌다.
다음은 2016년 해링턴(Harrington) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]
전갱이류 돛새치목 전갱이목 전갱이과동갈방어아과
전갱이아과
전갱이과가시전갱이아과
빨판매가리아과
가자미목대문짝넙치과(Scophthalmidae)는 가자미목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다. 북대서양과 발트 해 그리고 지중해와 흑해에서 발견된다. "터봇"(turbots)으로도 불리며, 대문짝넙치(Scophthalmus maximus) 등을 포함하고 있다. 9종으로 이루어져 있으며 가장 큰 종은 몸길이가 1m 정도이다. 일부 종은 상업용으로 잡힌다.
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