Anagyris foetida ye una especie de planta melecinal perteneciente a la familia de les fabacees. Ye un parrotal o arbolín caducifoliu, tóxicu, d'hasta 4 m d'altor (anque de normal nun suel pasar de los 2 m). Trátase d'una especie relíctica de la flora subtropical del periodu terciariu.
Presenta fueyes trifoliaes, qu'esprenden un golor que puede resultar desagradable, pero non tan fedientu como se suel afirmar. Esta planta presenta la peculiaridá de ser una caducifolia de branu: pierde les fueyes de primeres de la estación seca y vuélven-y a brotar coles primeres agües de seronda. Trátase d'una adaptación a los secos branos mediterráneos.
Les flores son d'un color mariellu verdosu, col estandarte muncho más corto que los otros pétalos. Les llegumes paecen pequeñes algarrobes de color verde. Floria pel iviernu y principios de primavera (febreru-marzu). Otra traza distintiva d'esta especie ye que se trata de la única planta de polinización ornitófila documentada n'Europa: dalgunos paseriformes como les papudes (Sylvia atricapilla y Sylvia melanocephala) o'l mosquiteru común (Phylloscopus collybita) visiten los sos flores en busca de néctar y tresfiriendo conducentemente, coles mesmes, el polen.
Trátase d'una planta de distribución mediterránea, qu'habita sobremanera en carbaes, cantos de caminos y otros llugares parcialmente antropizaos.
Ye posible que la so irregular distribución deber a qu'una parte de les poblaciones monteses sían productu del cultivu, en tiempos pasaos, d'esta planta.
Esta planta contién los alcaloides anagirina, con propiedaes emétiques, y citisina, qu'actúa como depresor respiratoriu (alministráu en dosis abondo elevaes, produz la muerte). Foi utilizáu en medicina popular como emético y antiasmático, pero la so elevada tosicidá fai totalmente desaconsejable el so usu como ximistría.
Indicaciones: El matu ye purgante, vermífugo. La grana ye laxante y emética.
Mientres la Edá Media esta planta utilizar pa envelenar les puntes de les fleches que se disparaben colos arcos o les ballestes.
Anagyris foetida describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753.[1]
Anagyris: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu (onógyros), llatinizáu anagyris en Dioscórides y Pliniu'l Vieyu, según paez, refiriéndose al fediondu o altramuz fededor (Anagyris foetida L.).
foetida: epítetu llatín que significa "fedienta, de golor desagradable".[2]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Anagyris foetida ye una especie de planta melecinal perteneciente a la familia de les fabacees. Ye un parrotal o arbolín caducifoliu, tóxicu, d'hasta 4 m d'altor (anque de normal nun suel pasar de los 2 m). Trátase d'una especie relíctica de la flora subtropical del periodu terciariu.
Anagyris foetida, conegut popularment com a garrofer bord, garrofer del diable, garrofer pudent, garroferet de moro, arbre monjat o bajoca de moro, és un arbust o arbret caducifoli, tòxic, de fins a 4 m d'alçada (tot i que normalment no sol passar dels 2 m). Es tracta d'una espècie relíctica de la flora subtropical del període terciari.[1]
Presenta fulles trifoliades, que desprenen una olor que pot resultar desagradable, però no tan fètida com se sol afirmar. Aquesta planta presenta la peculiaritat de ser una caducifòlia d'estiu: perd les fulles al principi de l'estació seca i li tornen a brotar amb les primeres pluges de tardor. Es tracta d'una adaptació als secs estius mediterranis.[1]
Les flors són d'un groc verdós, amb l'estendard molt més curt que els altres pètals. Els llegums semblen petites garroves de color verd. Floreix a l'hivern i principis de primavera (febrer-març). Un altre tret distintiu d'aquesta espècie és que es tracta de l'única planta de pol·linització ornitòfila documentada a Europa: alguns passeriformes com els boscarets (Sylvia atricapilla i Sylvia melanocephala) o els ulls de bou (Phylloscopus collybita) visiten les seves flors a la recerca de nèctar i transferint eficaçment, al mateix temps, el pol·len.[2]
El fruit es coneix amb el nom de tramús fètid.
Es tracta d'una planta de distribució mediterrània, que habita sobretot en garrigues, vores de camins i altres llocs parcialment antropitzats.
Aquesta planta conté els alcaloides anagirina, amb propietats emètiques, i citisina, que actua com a depressor respiratori (administrat en dosis prou elevades, produeix la mort). Ha estat utilitzat, en medicina popular, com a emètic i antiasmàtic, però la seva elevada toxicitat fa totalment desaconsellable utilitzar-lo com a remei casolà.
Durant l'edat mitjana aquesta planta s'emprava per a emmetzinar les puntes de les sagetes que es disparaven amb arcs o ballestes.
És possible que la seva irregular distribució es degui al fet que una part de les poblacions silvestres siguin producte del conreu, en temps passats, d'aquesta planta.[1]
Anagyris foetida, conegut popularment com a garrofer bord, garrofer del diable, garrofer pudent, garroferet de moro, arbre monjat o bajoca de moro, és un arbust o arbret caducifoli, tòxic, de fins a 4 m d'alçada (tot i que normalment no sol passar dels 2 m). Es tracta d'una espècie relíctica de la flora subtropical del període terciari.
Der Stinkstrauch, auch Stinkholz oder Stinkbaum (Anagyris foetida),[1] ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Anagyris in der Unterfamilie der Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Sie ist im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.[2]
Der Stinkstrauch wächst als laubabwerfender, wintergrüner und trockenheitstoleranter, reich verzweigter Strauch oder selten als kleiner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 1 bis 4 Metern erreicht.[3][4][5][6] Er ist dornenlos.[4][5] Pflanzenteile, besonders die Laubblätter, sind übelriechend.[4][5] Er ist im Sommer blattlos und blüht im Herbst und Winter.[2][7] Die Borke ist gräulich und im Alter rissig bis furchig.[8][9]
Die wechselständig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und -spreite gegliedert. Der behaarte und bis 2 Zentimeter lange Blattstiel ist oberseits rinnig.[5] Die Laubblätter des Stinkstrauch (Anagyris foetida) erinnern an jene des Goldregens (Laburnum anagyroides). Die Blattspreite ist dreizählig unpaarig gefiedert. Die fast sitzenden bis kurz gestielten, ganzrandigen, 3–7 Zentimeter langen Blättchen sind schmal-eiförmig bis -lanzettlich bis elliptisch oder schmal verkehrt-eiförmig, -eilanzettlich, spitz bis stumpf, manchmal eingebuchtet, mit stachelspitzigem oberen Ende,[3] bewimpert und unterseits seidig behaart.[4][5][10][11] Sie sind öfters leicht eingefaltet. Die zwei kleinen Nebenblätter sind verwachsen.[3]
Die Blütezeit reicht von Dezember bis Mai.[4] In seitenständigen oder stammblütigen, kaulifloren,[2][12] relativ kurzen, traubigen Blütenständen[3] befinden sich bis zu 12 hängende Blüten. Die seidig behaarten Blütenstiele sind bis 1 Zentimeter lang.[2][4][5][12]
Die duftlosen,[2] zwittrigen Blüten sind zygomorph und fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die fünf Kelchblätter sind zu einem 8 bis 10 Millimeter langen, glockenförmigen und seidig behaarten, gräulich-weißen,[2] gezähnten Kelch verwachsen. Die gelbe Blütenkrone ist 18 bis 25 Millimeter lang und besitzt die typische Form einer Schmetterlingsblüte. In der Blütenkrone beträgt der Winkel zwischen Fahne und Flügeln sowie Schiffchen nur 15° bis 30°.[2] Die dunkel gefleckte und eingefaltete[12] Fahne ist 12 bis 16 Millimeter lang und 20 bis 18 Millimeter breit, das obere Ende ist stumpf. Die Fahne ist nur etwa halb so lang wie das Schiffchen. Die Flügel sind 18 bis 22 Millimeter lang und nur 5,5 bis 8 Millimeter breit.[4][5] Die 10 ungleichen Staubblätter, mit verschiedenen Antheren, sind frei. Der gestielte und längliche Fruchtknoten ist leicht seidig behaart.[5] Die minimale Narbe ist pinselförmig.[13] Es ist ein Diskus im Kelch vorhanden.[2][12][14]
Die gegliederte, geschnäbelte und mit einem kurzen Karpophor gestielte Hülsenfrucht mit beständigem Kelch ist 6 bis 20 Zentimeter lang sowie 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter breit, kahl, flach und an beiden Enden spitz.[4][5] Die Frucht öffnet sich oder auch nicht und enthält bis 8 Samen.[10] Die bohnen- und leicht nierenförmigen, bis 1–1,5 Zentimeter großen und abgeflachten, harten, glatten Samen sind violett und teils gelblich gefleckt.[3][5][12]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 18.[15]
Anagyris foetida ist im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.[2] Es gibt Fundortangaben für Marokko, Tunesien, das nördliche Algerien, nördliche Libyen, Saudi-Arabien, Jemen, Zypern, den westlichen-zentralen Iran, den nördlichen Irak, Israel, das westliche Jordanien, Libanon, das westliche Syrien, die Türkei, Albanien, Griechenland, Kreta, Kroatien, Italien, Sardinien, Frankreich, Korsika, Sizilien, Spanien und Portugal.[16][17] Im südlichen Australien ist sie ein Neophyt.[18]
Der Stinkstrauch wächst an Felshängen, in Macchien, an Straßenrändern meist in Meeresnähe. Er kommt auch öfter aus Kultur verwildert vor.[4]
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Anagyris foetida erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Tomus I, S. 374.[19]
Aus Blättern des Stinkstrauches wurden Anagyrin, Baptifolin, Isorhamnetin und Syringin 4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosid extrahiert. Von den ersten drei wurde ihre Zytotoxizität nachgewiesen. Außerdem wurden Scopoletin und das Cumarin-Derivat 5-Hydroxy-7-Methoxycumarin isoliert.[20] Daneben sind viele weitere Inhaltsstoffe, wie Cytisin, enthalten.[21][22]
Das Holz, Stinkholz, des Stinkstrauchs wurde früher wegen seiner Giftigkeit zur Herstellung von Lanzen und Pfeilspitzen verwendet.[13] Pflanzenteile des Stinkstrauch wurden auch als Heilmittel genutzt.[4] Die Samen und die Blätter dienen als Brech- oder Abführmittel, dies ist schon bei Plinius und Dioskurides erwähnt.[23][24]
Der Stinkstrauch, auch Stinkholz oder Stinkbaum (Anagyris foetida), ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Anagyris in der Unterfamilie der Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Sie ist im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.
Anagjiri i gjelbër ( lat. Anagyris foetida L.) i takonë nën-familjes Faboideae. Në teritoret tona është i njohur me emërtime të ndryshme si p.sh.: qelbës, pushkavie (Delvine), karthë e egër.
Anagjiri i gjelbër ( lat. Anagyris foetida L.) i takonë nën-familjes Faboideae. Në teritoret tona është i njohur me emërtime të ndryshme si p.sh.: qelbës, pushkavie (Delvine), karthë e egër.
Ufni (Isem usnan: Anagyris foetida) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n fabaceae 
. Carl Von Linné d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1753. Tamlest-a teḥseb-itt IUCN am d talmest ur tettwaggez.
Ufni (Isem usnan: Anagyris foetida) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n fabaceae . Carl Von Linné d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1753. Tamlest-a teḥseb-itt IUCN am d talmest ur tettwaggez.
Anagyris foetida (English common name stinking bean trefoil), is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, forming a malodorous, Summer-deciduous[1][2] shrub or small tree 2-4m in height with green twigs bearing grey-green trifoliate leaves clad beneath in silvery hairs. The red-tinged, yellow, Laburnum-like flowers are borne on the previous season's growth and are pollinated mainly by birds[3] and bees - notably the buff-tailed bumblebee.The large spot of red pigmentation on the flowers is located on the exterior of the standard, the interior of which bears, in turn, many small, deep red spots.[4][5] [6]
The genus name Anagyris is a compound of the Ancient Greek prefix ανα (ana-) "up / back again / backwards" and γῦρος (gŷros), "ring" / "round", giving the meaning "bent back into a ring" - in reference to the curved pods of the plant, while the Latin specific name foetida is the feminine form of the adjective foetidus, meaning "stinking" or "smelly" - in reference to the foul stench of the bruised leaves, which is said to resemble that of spoiled beans.[7]
The shrub has a wide variety of vernacular names in the languages spoken around the Mediterranean, most of them alluding to its foul smell and poisonous properties. Into the former category fall the French bois puant and the Italian legno puzzo - both meaning "stinkwood" - and the Spanish hediondo meaning simply "stinker".[7] Into the latter category (poison-related names) fall two overlapping sub-categories: the first comprising names referencing the similarity in appearance of Anagyris to the carob tree, with its similarly large and pendent pods, and contrasting it unfavourably with that edible species, and the second, pejorative names containing the names of animals perceived as being in some way noxious. A purely carob-related name is the Italian carrubazzo meaning "bad carob", the suffix -azzo providing the pejorative sense, as in ragazzo now "boy", but with the original sense of "lout", "street urchin" or "slave".[8] Carob-and-animal names include the Arabic kharroub kelb / karrûb el klâb "carob of the dog", kharroub el-khinzir "carob of the pig" and kharroub el-maiz "carob of the goat". Animal-and-bean names include the French fève de loup "bean of the wolf" and the Maltese fula tal-klieb and Arabic fûl el klâb, both meaning "bean of the dog".[7] Of dog-related plant names it may be noted that in Europe these generally convey a perceived inferiority of some sort when compared to plants fit for humans e.g. a dog rose is scentless[9] and dog's mercury (as opposed to the true mercury plant) is poisonous.[10] Likewise in the Arab world the dog is deemed a dirty animal which feeds on carrion and other unclean things and is itself unfit for human consumption - whence the Arabic language insults kelb and ibn al kalb ("dog" and "son of a dog", respectively).[11][12] Regarding the Arab conception of the "carob of the pig", it may further be noted that the pig is the only animal the meat of which is explicitly condemned as haram in the Quran (Quran 2:173)[13] (see also Islamic dietary laws).
The plant has a circum-Mediterranean distribution in Europe and North Africa, with extensions into Turkey, Iran and the Arabian peninsula.[14]
A. foetida is a tropical or subtropical relict species from the Tertiary period ( a status suggested (i.a.) by its unusually large and heavy seeds),[15] which suggests that its original homeland may have lain somewhere in the refugium encompassing the Balkans, Türkiye and the Black Sea coastal region of the Caucasus.[16] The picture is complicated by the fact that it is also an archaeophyte (ancient introduction - original homeland uncertain). In France it is a rare and protected species now found only in coastal départements, although it once grew also in Alpes-Maritimes where it is now extinct. It grows in calcareous soils in seasonally arid areas exposed to the hottest summer sun, favouring rocky limestone escarpments (as currently at Mont Faron), often among the ruins of castles and abbeys (see also monastic garden), suggesting that it may be a relic of cultivation for medicinal purposes or even to furnish an arrow poison for military use.[17]
Anagyris foetida is an ultra drought-tolerant member of the Fabaceae family. The large shrub originates in the Mediterranean Basin. The plant illustrates one of the best drought-resisting strategies of mediterranean flora: the plant keeps its leaves through autumn, winter and spring, then it goes completely deciduous in summer, becoming dormant and highly resistant to drought.[1]
This pattern of aestivation (summer dormancy)[2] is more characteristic of many Mediterranean bulbs than it is of the majority of Mediterranean shrubs, which have often adopted the different strategy of sclerophylly to cope with high Summer temperatures and drought.[18][19]
Canon Fournier noted as early as 1947 that A. foetida was primarily bird-pollinated.[3] This was substantiated by Ortega-Olivencia et al. who carried out a study of the pollinators visiting two populations of the plant in Southwest Spain over a three-year period and recorded their findings in a paper of 2005.[20] Such bird-pollination (ornithophily) is, so far, unique among the thousands of plant species comprising the flora of Europe. The avian pollinators recorded in the study were three passerine species: the Common chiffchaff, the Eurasian blackcap and the Sardinian warbler.[20] Relevant in this context are the red markings on the flowers of A. foetida, red being a colour particularly noticeable by (and therefore attractive to) birds, with their tetrachromat vision.[21] The authors offer the following plausible explanation for the unusual form of pollination which has evolved in the case of A. foetida:
The negligible existence of insect visitors and pollinators of A. foetida flowers could be explained by the early flowering of this species during the autumn–winter, coinciding with the coolest and wettest months of the year (cold, high winds, almost daily mists that persist until nightfall, and above all, abundant rainfall).[20]
A complementary study of a similar kind undertaken by Haran et al. in Israel in 2018 revealed yet further bird species involved in the pollination of A. foetida, along with a single species which steals nectar from the flowers while seldom acting as a pollen vector.[22] In addition to the Common chiffchaff, the Eurasian Blackcap and the Sardinian Warbler the Israeli study documents another six pollinating species: the White-spectacled bulbul, the Spanish Sparrow, the Common whitethroat, the Lesser whitethroat, Rüppell's warbler and the Eastern Orphean warbler. The species found generally to operate as a nectar thief was the Palestine sunbird (in consequence of its longer bill), although even it could act as a pollinator, on occasion.[22] As in Spain, bird pollination is explicable by the plant's flowering at a time when weather and temperatures are uncongenial to insect activity: the plant is almost the only shrub in the eastern Mediterranean region that flowers in winter.[22]
The fruits of this species mature at the beginning of Summer, and are dispersed by simple fall under gravity. The process of fruit abscission lasts about a month, although really most of the fruits fall in the first two weeks. The fruits are indehiscent and, if they are not eaten by livestock, remain on the ground. After the heat of summer and the arrival of autumnal rains, the papyraceous–coriaceous pericarp (papery, corky pod) begins to rot, passing from brown to blackish in colour, and leaving the seeds exposed. These are large in size, very hard, and of an attractive bluish or violet-bluish colour. At least at present and in the populations studied, A. foetida shows no specialized dispersal mechanism, as is the case in many species of the Iberian Peninsula[15]
- thus Ortega-Olivencia, Valtueña and Rodríguez-Riaño in their data-rich paper of 2008 attempting to account for the relative rarity and decline of Anagyris foetida in Spain - the study focussing on populations of the plant in Andalusia and Valencia. The authors are cautious in applying conclusions drawn from data gathered solely in Spain, but nonetheless offer pointers for future research in other countries where the plant is native.[15]
The authors sought to determine whether the plant could form a soil seed bank, while doubting that this could be possible, given the large size and high surface-to-volume ratio of the somewhat flattened, reniform seeds, which would be likely to hinder their slipping through gaps in the soil and their sinking in soil through the action of earthworms and other soil organisms. Their doubts, however, proved unfounded: since the species could indeed form seed banks through two mechanisms: first the seed could sink during the rainy season, when the soil became waterlogged and colloidal, and secondly there emerged evidence that moles were involved in seed burial when they raised molehills while digging their burrows during the winter months, although this occurred only in areas where the soil had not been overly compacted by the trampling of livestock.[15]
While the authors were unable to discover a seed dispersal vector for the plant in Spain, they did discover an intriguing strategy encouraging endozoochory (consumption of seeds followed by defecation at a distance) that suggested that a species of bird might be involved. The large blue-black seeds of Anagyris foetida bear a strong resemblance (particularly when seen from a distance) to the fruits of Olea europaea var. sylvestris, the wild olive, which, being fleshy, brightly coloured and lipid-rich, have typical characteristics of fruits encouraging dispersal by birds.[15]
The similarity between these fruits and the seeds of Anagyris could lead to dispersal of the seeds of Anagyris by birds in habitats where Olive and Anagyris coexist and are abundant (they are frequently found in the same habitat), because of the birds confusing them with the fruits of Olea. Nevertheless, the test of this hypothesis did not give a positive result in the population studied…[15]
While the authors failed to observe any birds which are habitual consumers of black olives in Spain consuming Anagyris seeds in error, they do not rule out the role of olive mimicry in seed dispersal in other Mediterranean countries where both Anagyris and Olea are present. (See also Vavilovian mimicry).[15]
Few seeds can sink to the seed bank in the soil due to the intense pressure of predation by sheep. This is due principally to the shrubby habit of the plants and constant presence of sheep (always present during the period of ripening of the fruits, when predation has the most negative effect).[15]
In Spain, sheep proved to have both negative and positive effects upon seed production and germination. On the negative side, the animals showed a predilection for browsing on unripe pods (at which stage of development the seeds have not yet acquired a hard testa) and thus destroyed, by mastication, a great many seeds before these had had a chance to ripen. On the positive side, in years of drought, when there was no grass upon which they could graze, sheep would resort to eating fallen pods containing ripe seeds. This suggested to the authors that sheep might be involved in endozoochoric seed dispersal, but examination of their droppings failed to reveal any ripe seeds that had passed through their guts (which would have involved their being exposed to acid scarification in the animals’ stomachs). However, the authors discovered that, in consuming the ripe, fallen pods, the sheep had swallowed the pericarps, but spat out the ripe seeds, having (sometimes) chewed them enough to rupture their leathery testae (seed coats) but not enough to kill the embryos in them - thus improving their rate of germination by up to 48%. [15]
The authors note that horses and cattle play no role in seed dispersal, because they do not browse on the fruits of A. foetida. They speculate that, in habitats modified less by agriculture than those of the Spanish locales in which they carried out their research, other mammals, such as deer, foxes and hares might be involved (indeed, they do not even rule out sheep completely as vectors elsewhere in the plant's range). Olive mimicry by the seeds might suggest the existence of an avian vector of some kind, but in that instance, scarification would be purely chemical (by stomach acid),not involving mastication, as the seeds would be swallowed whole, without any preliminary chewing. Such chemical scarification by a bird would be less effective than mechanical scarification by the teeth of a mammal in rupturing the seed coat to facilitate imbibition.[15]
In Spain, the dispersers of A. foetida fruit remain unknown, although this does not mean that the species does not possess them in other populations in its area of distribution. If it still exists [italics added], this disperser is likely to be a mammal since the latency of the seeds of this species, which are hard and impermeable, is broken physically through biting and by the action of stomach acid.[15]
As the above makes plain, the principal disperser or dispersers of A. foetida may actually be extinct, which conclusion would go some way toward accounting for its relative rarity and would fit with its status as an archaeophyte possibly no longer to be found growing in a truly wild state.
As suggested by their accumulation in soil seed banks, the seeds of A. foetida have tough, waterproof testae (seed coats) which enable them to remain viable for a long time. The authors demonstrated this water-resistance clearly by immersing a batch of unscarified seeds (i.e. seeds with undamaged seed coats) in a beaker of water for no fewer than four years - without the least ensuing sign of imbibition (water uptake necessary for the initiation of germination). Scarification of the seeds before their immersion (whether chemically by acids or mechanically by nicking, filing or similar damage from the teeth of sheep) on the other hand, could result in complete imbibition within 48 hours - this being indicated by colour change. The fully-imbibed seeds swelled and lost their purple-black, olive-like tones as the anthocyanin pigments responsible for this colouration leached away into the water, leaving the swollen seeds cream-coloured - and thus no longer potentially attractive to birds fooled by olive mimicry. These anthocyanin pigments not only mimic the dark colours of black olives, but also confer resistance to pathogens, since they possess antibacterial properties providing a measure of protection of the seed coats from breakdown by soil bacteria.[15]
A. foetida will tolerate a wide variety of soils and has been grown as a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing pioneer species in the large-scale restoration of fire-damaged areas in Southern Europe, using native species. It has also been planted at high densities as a nitrogen-fixing companion plant (albeit a very toxic one) among fruit and nut trees.[1]
The blossom smells strongly of cabbage, and all parts of the plant were used medicinally, particularly in cases surrounding childbirth problems.[23]
The first to write an account of the folk medicinal properties of A. foetida [24] was Ancient Greek herbalist and physician Pedanius Dioscorides in his monumental work De materia medica. He lists the names onaguris, anaguris, anagyros, acopon, and agnacopum for the shrub and records distinct uses for the leaves, root and seeds. Concerning the leaves, he recommends a poultice of the young foliage to treat oedema and an infusion of a small quantity of the leaves in raisin wine to treat asthma, headache and delayed menstruation. He further records two uses of the leaves suggesting uterine stimulant properties: an aid to placental expulsion and an abortifacient. Of the root, he writes that it "dissolves and ripens" (presumably in reference to tumours and boils, although this is not specifically stated). His statement "It is hung as an amulet on those who have hard labour, yet one must at once (after the woman’s delivery) take off the amulet and put it away" presumably also refers to the root, although it is possible that other plant parts are also intended (contact between plant parts and bare skin could conceivably lead to some degree of absorption of active constituents). Concerning the seeds, he says only that their consumption causes excessive vomiting.[25]
Eminent French botanist Professor Canon Paul-Victor Fournier (1877-1964) devotes two pages of his three-volume work on the medicinal and poisonous plants of France (published in 1947) to the uses and toxicity of the plant.[3]
The seeds of the plant were formerly employed as an emetic (which Renaissance doctor and botanist Matthiolus observed was so violent in its action that it could cause internal bleeding),[3] while an infusion of the leaves was used as a purgative, but neither use should be considered safe, given the extreme toxicity of the species.[26][27]
The alkaloid anagyrine, present in the seeds, causes, in warm-blooded animals, first slowing of the breathing and heartbeat and ultimately cessation of respiration and cardiac arrest.[3]
As the specific name foetida (as do various common names in European languages) indicates, the foliage emits an unpleasant smell when brushed against or handled. The plant is very poisonous, containing a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids, including the teratogenic anagyrine (named for the genus Anagyris and occurring also in certain toxic species belonging to the genus Lupinus[28]). The highest concentration of the toxins occurs in the greenish-purple, bean-like seeds, while the second highest occurs in the bark of the root and the lowest concentration in the petals of the flower.[24] In the course of his research undertaken in 1895, Guérin conducted a thorough investigation into the distribution of anagyrine in the tissues of the plant and concluded that the toxic alkaloid was almost ubiquitous, being present in almost all tissues of the plant at all stages of growth, from seed to mature tree - this in contrast to alkaloid distribution in other notably alkaloidal plants such Nicotiana and Papaver species.[24]
The shrub should not be grown in areas where children play because they may be tempted by the bean-like appearance of the seed pods to nibble the attractive seeds, with potentially fatal consequences (- the most dangerous poisonous plants are those combining high toxicity with fruits resembling those of edible species).[3]
As canon Fournier points out, stock generally avoid browsing upon the plant because of its unpleasant smell and taste, this being fortunate for humans, for, on the rare occasions when ewes have been forced, by hunger and the unavailability of other fodder, to consume the plant in quantity, their milk has become not merely tainted, but poisonous. Persons who have eaten cheese prepared from such milk have suffered violent vomiting, and, on occasion, (unspecified) symptoms of an even more severe nature.[3]
Trotter mentions, in passing (and without further elaboration), a case of accidental poisoning by the plant recorded in a work of Vesque's: a group of hungry soldiers, foraging for edible wild plants while stationed in Algeria, mistook the seeds of A. foetida for beans, with grave consequences.[29]
That the plant was deemed proverbially smelly in Ancient Greece is demonstrated by a punning exchange near the beginning of the celebrated comedy of circa 411BCE Lysistrata, by the playwright Aristophanes:[24]
[Several women enter, headed by MYRRHINA, from the deme (=suburb) of Anagyrous. Others soon follow.]
CALONICE: Hi ! but they're coming now : here they all are : First one,and then another - hoity-toity! Where are this lot from?
LYSISTRATA: From Anagyrous.
CALONICE: Aha! Well, at any rate we’ve "stirred up Anagyrous" [homophonic pun upon the plant name "Anagyris"]. *
- Note: κινεῖν τὸν ἀνάγυρον (kinein tòn anáguron) "To stir up [shake] the Anagyris" (meaning the nauseous-smelling shrub Anagyris foetida) was a proverb, used of persons who brought some unpleasantness on themselves [compare "Let sleeping dogs lie"]. Calonice applies the proverb to the [similarly named] deme [=suburb], meaning that the influx of Anagyrasian women proved that the deme [suburb of ancient Athens] Anagyrous was thoroughly stirred up [i.e. in uproar/out on the street].[30]
Further layers of meaning can be guessed at in the pun: some commentators have inferred that the Athenian suburb of Anagyrus may have been so named because the rank-smelling Anagyris grew plentifully there:[31] others that a playful (possibly traditional) jibe at the inhabitants of Anagyrus may have been intended - to the effect that the Anagyrasians were notably smelly, because their personal hygiene was poor. [Aristophanes may here be referencing an in-joke that his Athenian audience would have appreciated].
There are two theories concerning the etymology of the suburb name Anagyrous punned upon in Lysistrata (as quoted above): first that it was named for an eponymous hero Anagyrous, famed for exacting a terrible revenge upon those who had cut branches from the sacred grove dedicated to him, and secondly that it was actually named for the foul-smelling shrub Anagyris that grew there in such profusion. More light might have been cast on the matter by a lost play by Aristophanes entitled Anagyrous and devoted to the deeds of the vengeful hero. However a measure of confusion over the title of a second play possibly devoted to the same hero makes plain the availability to Aristophanes of a second pun at the expense of the Anagyrasians: the playwright Diphilus also wrote a play entitled Anagyrous, but it remains uncertain whether the title was actually Anargyrous - the insertion of a second 'r' changing the meaning to 'without silver' (prefix αν 'without' + ἁργυρυσ 'silver') i.e. 'penniless' or 'impoverished'. Such wordplay could lend itself both to a comic characterisation of the hero Anagyrous as a ne'er-do-well and/or of the inhabitants of the suburb named for him as paupers.[32]
The shrub of Anagyrous groweth near all the great roads of the isle, so stinking that it maketh the head to ache, and there doth keep its ancient name, for the common people do call it "Anagyros". So vile its savour that the very famished goats feed not upon it.[33]
Thus writes Pierre Belon (1517–1564), French diplomat, traveller, and pioneering naturalist, in an essay devoted to the notable plants of the area surrounding Mount Ida (now known as Psiloritis) on the island of Crete, which forms part of his Observations - a work devoted to the noteworthy things which he observed during his travels in Arabia, Greece and the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean.[24][33]
Closeup of flower cluster, showing red markings on standard attractive to avian pollinators
Closeup of flowers showing stamens and a young, protruding pod
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Containerised sapling, showing young foliage
Mature shrubby specimen festooned with ripening pods
_de_la_poblacion_de_Can%C3%A8ssa_Lorcha-l%60Orxa_Vall_de_Perputxent.jpg)
Low-growing, wild specimen, showing spreading canopy of grey-green foliage
Canopy viewed from beneath, showing bark, foliage and ripening pods
Unripe, paired pods, hanging among proverbially unpleasant-smelling foliage.
Ripe pods juxtaposed with ripe, bean-like seeds
_Can%C3%A8ssia_i_Castell_de_Perputxent_Lorcha.jpg)
Twigs, showing ash-grey bark and single pod split open to reveal toxic, bean-like seeds
Highly toxic and emetic bean-like seeds, rich in the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine (note superficial similarity to olive fruit)
Engraving showing anatomical detail from the Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien of Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1891)
Generalist species whose short beaks increase the likelihood of transporting A. foetida pollen on their foreheads and throats [22]
Common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita
_male.jpg)
Eurasian blackcap Sylvia atricapilla
Sardinian warbler Curruca melanocephala
White-spectacled bulbul
Pycnonotus xanthopygos
Spanish sparrow Passer hispaniolensis
Common whitethroat
Curruca communis
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Lesser whitethroat Curruca curruca
Rüppell's warbler Curruca ruppeli
-cropped.jpg)
Eastern orphean warbler
Curruca crassirostris
Palestine sunbird Cinnyris osea showing beak specially adapted for feeding on nectar
_male.jpg)
Palestine sunbird feeding
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bombus terrestris
Western honey bee Apis mellifera
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. World Wide Fund for Nature. "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub Ecoregions". Archived from the original on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2022-12-30. Anagyris foetida (English common name stinking bean trefoil), is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, forming a malodorous, Summer-deciduous shrub or small tree 2-4m in height with green twigs bearing grey-green trifoliate leaves clad beneath in silvery hairs. The red-tinged, yellow, Laburnum-like flowers are borne on the previous season's growth and are pollinated mainly by birds and bees - notably the buff-tailed bumblebee.The large spot of red pigmentation on the flowers is located on the exterior of the standard, the interior of which bears, in turn, many small, deep red spots.
Anagyris foetida es una especie de planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas. Es un arbusto o arbolito caducifolio, tóxico, de hasta 4 m de altura (aunque normalmente no suele pasar de los 2 m). Se trata de una especie relíctica de la flora subtropical del período terciario.
Presenta hojas trifoliadas, que desprenden un olor que puede resultar desagradable, pero no tan fétido como se suele afirmar. Esta planta presenta la peculiaridad de ser una caducifolia de verano: pierde las hojas al principio de la estación seca y le vuelven a brotar con las primeras lluvias de otoño. Se trata de una adaptación a los secos veranos mediterráneos.
Las flores son de un color amarillo verdoso, con el estandarte mucho más corto que los otros pétalos. Las legumbres parecen pequeñas algarrobas de color verde. Florece en invierno y principios de primavera (febrero-marzo). Otro rasgo distintivo de esta especie es que se trata de la única planta de polinización ornitófila documentada en Europa: algunos paseriformes como las currucas (Sylvia atricapilla y Sylvia melanocephala) o el mosquitero común (Phylloscopus collybita) visitan sus flores en busca de néctar y transfiriendo eficazmente, al mismo tiempo, el polen.
Se trata de una planta de distribución mediterránea, que habita sobre todo en matorrales, bordes de caminos y otros lugares parcialmente antropizados.
Es posible que su irregular distribución se deba a que una parte de las poblaciones silvestres sean producto del cultivo, en tiempos pasados, de esta planta.
Esta planta contiene los alcaloides anagirina, con propiedades eméticas, y citisina, que actúa como depresor respiratorio (administrado en dosis suficientemente elevadas, produce la muerte). Ha sido utilizado en medicina popular como emético y antiasmático, pero su elevada toxicidad hace totalmente desaconsejable su utilización como remedio casero.
Indicaciones: La mata es purgante, vermífugo. La semilla es laxante y emética.
Durante la Edad Media esta planta se utilizaba para envenenar las puntas de las flechas que se disparaban con los arcos o las ballestas.
Anagyris foetida fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753.[1]
Anagyris: nombre genérico que deriva del griego (onógyros), latinizado anagyris en Dioscórides y Plinio el Viejo, según parece, refiriéndose al hediondo o altramuz hediondo (Anagyris foetida L.).
foetida: epíteto latíno que significa "fétida, de olor desagradable".[2]
Anagyris foetida es una especie de planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas. Es un arbusto o arbolito caducifolio, tóxico, de hasta 4 m de altura (aunque normalmente no suele pasar de los 2 m). Se trata de una especie relíctica de la flora subtropical del período terciario.
L'anagyre fétide ou bois-puant (Anagyris foetida L.), est une plante méditerranéenne d'origine probablement grecque qui se retrouve, de nos jours, dans de nombreux territoires méditerranéens. Sa présence dans la nature est plutôt rare. Elle pousse souvent à proximité de lieux historiques tels que des carrières, monastère ou châteaux. Ce qui laisse penser qu'elle a été très anciennement introduite par l'homme à proximité de ces lieux. Il s'agit d'une plante archéophyte.
C'est un arbrisseau de 1 à 3 m de hauteur[1]. La plante dégage une odeur désagréable (fétide) quand on casse les tiges ou on froisse les feuilles. Les jeunes rameaux sont pubescents, ce qui les rend blanchâtres. Les feuilles sont caduques, d'un vert glauque, un peu velues en dessous, à 3 folioles elliptiques, entières, glabres en dessus, pubescentes en dessous. Les stipules sont soudées ensemble.
La floraison intervient tôt, de février à mars, et la fructification en mai[1]. Les fleurs sont jaunes avec un étendard taché de noir plus court que les autres pétales.
Les fruits sont des gousses de 10 à 18 cm de long pour environ 2 cm de large[1], grossièrement ondulées sur les bords. Ces gousses contiennent de 3 à 8 grosses graines[1] de couleur violacée.
La plante à la particularité de perdre son feuillage pendant la saison estivale. Les nouvelles feuilles font leur apparition en automne.
En France, on la trouve dans les départements méditerranéens du Var, des Bouches-du-Rhône, du Gard et de l'Hérault. Elle est également présente de manière naturelle en Grèce, Italie, Espagne ainsi qu'en Afrique du nord. Il s'agit d'une plante circumméditerranéenne qui pousse plutôt en milieux secs comme la garrigue.
Elles est souvent présente à proximité de sites historiques antiques ou médiévaux. Ainsi, il est possible de l'observer sur l'oppidum d'Ensérune ou encore à proximité de l'abbaye de Montmajour à Arles.
Son implantation et utilisation ancienne par l'homme rend sa répartition dans la nature plutôt irrégulière.
La plante est très toxique[réf. nécessaire]. Le caractère fétide de la plante était proverbial[réf. nécessaire].
L'anagyrine, un alcaloïde présent dans toutes les parties de la plante et particulièrement dans ses graines, a des effets tératogènes chez les herbivores d'élevage, notamment les bovins à certains stades de la gestation.
Cette plante est signalée[2] comme parasitée par Apion croceifemoratum (voir Apion). Le parasitoïde Pnigalio mediterraneus vient parasiter les larves d'Apion. Ce parasitoïde est aussi un parasite de Bactrocera oleae.
Cette espèce est classée dans la catégorie "vulnérable" sur la liste rouge des espèces menacées en France[3]. Elle figure sur la liste des espèces végétales protégées en région Languedoc-Roussillon et en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur[4].
Noms communs catalans
L'anagyre fétide ou bois-puant (Anagyris foetida L.), est une plante méditerranéenne d'origine probablement grecque qui se retrouve, de nos jours, dans de nombreux territoires méditerranéens. Sa présence dans la nature est plutôt rare. Elle pousse souvent à proximité de lieux historiques tels que des carrières, monastère ou châteaux. Ce qui laisse penser qu'elle a été très anciennement introduite par l'homme à proximité de ces lieux. Il s'agit d'une plante archéophyte.
Anagyris foetida L., 1753 è una pianta della famiglia delle Fabacee (o Leguminose)[1] chiamata volgarmente legno puzzo per il suo odore sgradevole. È l'unica specie nota del genere Anagyris [1].
Il legno puzzo è un arbusto alto solitamente 1–2 m, eccezionalmente fino a 4 m.
Le foglie sono composte di tre foglioline (trifoliate) e sono anch'esse fonte dell'odore sgradevole (ma non proprio fetido come vorrebbe il nome). Il legno puzzo ha la particolarità di perdere le foglie durante la secca estate mediterranea.
I fiori compaiono all'inizio della primavera (febbraio-marzo) e hanno la caratteristica forma irregolare dei fiori delle leguminose, ma con stendardo ridotto. Sono di colore giallo con sfumatura verdastra.
Il legno puzzo è una delle pochissime specie europee (forse l'unica) a essere impollinata da uccelli dei generi Sylvia e Phylloscopus (impollinazione ornitogama) [2][3].
Il frutto è un legume, di colore prima verde e poi crema, lungo 10–20 cm.
Tutte le parti della pianta, ma particolarmente i semi, sono velenosi, per la presenza di alcaloidi, in particolare l'anagirina e la citisina.
Anagyris foetida è spontanea in tutto il bacino del Mediterraneo, dalle isole Canarie al Medio Oriente, Europa meridionale e Nordafrica compresi. In Italia è presente in tutta l'Italia pensinsulare, nelle isole maggiori e in Liguria [4].
Viene considerata una specie relitta di un'estinta flora subtropicale del Terziario.
Il genere Anagyris è strettamente affine al genere Thermopsis ed è inserito nella stessa tribù della famiglia delle Leguminose o Fabacee, precisamente la tribù delle Termopsidee.
Secondo la maggior parte degli autori Anagyris foetida è l'unica specie accettata di questo genere. Altre specie sono sinonimi o sottospecie, oppure vanno attribuite al genere Thermopsis.
Alcuni autori riconoscono come specie distinta Anagyris latifolia, diffusa nelle Canarie. Una recente monografia dedicata alle Termopsidee del Servizio di Ricerca Agricola del Ministero dell'Agricoltura degli Stati Uniti (USDA) [5] riporta le testuali parole: "Non siamo ancora sicuri se esistano una o due specie in Anagyris".
Anagyris foetida L., 1753 è una pianta della famiglia delle Fabacee (o Leguminose) chiamata volgarmente legno puzzo per il suo odore sgradevole. È l'unica specie nota del genere Anagyris .
Anagyris foetida é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Fabaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da região atrás indicada.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Anagyris foetida é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Fabaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753.
Чагарник 1-2 м, у виняткових випадках до 4 м. Трійчасте листя випускає запах, який може бути неприємним, але не смердючим. Листові фрагменти ланцетно-еліптичні, 6-40(70) x 3-20(30) мм. Скидає листя на початку сухого сезону і воно знову з'являється з першими дощами осені. Це адаптація до сухого середземноморського літа. Квітки зеленувато-жовті. Плоди — маленькі, спершу зелені, а потім вершкові стручки 10-20 см завдовжки. Насіння 7,5-10 х 10-15 мм, стислі, бузкові, іноді з жовтими плямами. 2n = 18. Цвіте взимку та ранньої весни (лютий-березень). Це єдина у Європі рослина яка (документально підтверджено) запилюється птахами (Sylvia atricapilla, Sylvia melanocephala, Phylloscopus collybita)
Країни поширення: Північна Африка: Алжир; [пн.] Лівія [пн.]; Марокко; Туніс. Азія: Саудівська Аравія; Ємен; Кіпр; Іран [зх.-ц.]; Ірак [пн.]; Ізраїль; Йорданія [зх.]; Ліван; Сирія [зх.]; Туреччина; Єгипет — Синай. Південна Європа: Албанія; Хорватія; Греція [вкл. Крит]; Італія [вкл. Сардинія, Сицилія]; Франція [вкл. Корсика]; Португалія; Гібралтар; Іспанія. Населяє вапняні суглинисті ґрунти. Росте по узбіччях доріг, у прибережжі, на деградованих або кам'яних землях; 0-1000 м.
Ця рослина (особливо насіння) містить алкалоїди анагірин і цитизин з блювотними властивостями (в досить великих дозах, чинить смерть). Використаний в народній медицині як блювотний і анти-астматичний засіб. Насіння — проносний і блювотний засіб. У середньовіччя цю рослину використовували для отруєння кінчиків стріл з луків або арбалетів.
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Це незавершена стаття про Бобові.Anagyris foetida là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến Phân họ Đậu này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Anagyris foetida là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.
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