This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g. [27,43,44]).
Japanese climbing fern fronds are from 3.3 to 100 feet (1-30.5 m) in length [1,3,27], and small-leaf climbing fern fronds grow to 90 feet (27 m) long [15]. In Japanese climbing ferns, pinnae (groups of leaflets) are up to 12 inches (30 cm) wide, and are subdivided into 2 or 3 pinnules (leaflets) up to 3 inches (8 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide [27,28]. Small-leaf climbing fern pinnae are 2 to 5 inches (5-13 cm) long with several pairs of pinnules [15]. Fertile pinnules of small-leaf climbing fern are fringed with tiny lobes of enrolled leaf tissue along the margin, which cover the reproductive tissues [15]. Japanese climbing fern sporangia are borne on narrow, fingerlike segments of the pinnae [3].
Japanese climbing fern Small-leaf climbing fern ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy ©Mandy Tu/The Nature Conservancy
In addition to their photosynthetic and reproductive functions, adult climbing fern fronds are analogous to the twining shoots of flowering plants, spreading along the ground, over shrubs, or climbing by twining around other structures, such as trees and other vines [3,15,18,27]. Twining growth is indeterminate and occurs at a steady rate [18,19,26]. Annual height increase averaged (± SE) 3.81 ± 0.07 feet (1.16 ± 0.02 m) for small-leaf climbing fern growing on infested trees in Jonathon Dickinson State Park and Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation, southern Florida [38].
Climbing ferns are rhizomatous [3,27]. Rhizomes grow 0.4 to 1.2 inches (1-3 cm) below soil surface [18].
Climbing ferns are evergreen in subtropical environments [5].
Japanese climbing fern is native from India, east through southeastern Asia and China to Japan and Korea, and south to eastern Australia (Singh and Panigrahi 1984 as cited in [5]). North American establishment was first recorded in the early 1900s in Georgia (Clute 1903 as cited in [25]). Japanese climbing fern is now introduced throughout the southeastern United States from Texas and Arkansas to North Carolina, and also in Puerto Rico (Proctor 1989, Nauman 1993 as cited in [5]). It is considered a "problem weed" from central Florida west across the southern half of the Gulf states [28].
Small-leaf climbing fern is native to tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, southeastern Asia, northern and eastern Australia, and the Pacific islands (reviewed by [5,24]). In North America it is found in southern and central Florida [21,44]. Large parts of the Caribbean, Central and South America, and perhaps coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Texas may also be vulnerable to small-leaf climbing fern invasion [10,23,25]. Small-leaf climbing fern was first collected from the wild in southern Florida in 1960 [15]. As of 2005, Florida Plant Atlas [42] showed small-leaf climbing fern distribution in southern Florida from coast to coast and as far north as Hillsborough and Brevard counties. Ecological/climate modeling indicates small-leaf climbing fern could become established throughout most of southern Florida, with northern distribution extending furthest along the coasts [10].
Ferriter [5] reviewed the history of climbing fern invasion in the southeastern U.S.
The Flora of North America provides distribution maps of climbing ferns.
The following biogeographic classification systems demonstrate where Japanese climbing fern (labeled with the abbreviation J) and small-leaf climbing fern (O) could potentially be found based on floras and other literature, herbarium samples, and confirmed observations. Precise distribution information is unavailable. In general, predicting distribution of nonnative species in North America is difficult due to gaps in understanding of their biological and ecological characteristics, and because they may still be expanding their range. Therefore, these lists are speculative and may be imprecise.
There are suggestions that small-leaf climbing fern is "tolerant of fire" (reviewed by [5]) and that Japanese climbing fern is "promoted" by fire (reviewed by [40]), but no details are provided.
Fire adaptations: Although it is likely that climbing ferns can regenerate following fire (see Plant Response To Fire), as of this writing (2005) there are no published descriptions of climbing fern fire adaptations.
FIRE REGIMES: Climbing ferns may alter FIRE REGIMES by providing ladder fuels, leading to greater incidence of crown fire in communities that are ill-adapted to crown fire (reviewed by [20]).
The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where climbing ferns are important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant species listed below. This list may not be inclusive for all plant communities in which climbing ferns occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which these species may occur by entering the species' names in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Climbing fern spp.** Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) J bluestem-Sacahuista prairie Andropogon littoralis-Spartina spartinae 22] O mangrove Avicennia nitida-Rhizophora mangle 35-200 [20] J sugarberry-America elm-green ash Celtis laevigata-Ulmus americana-Fraxinus pennsylvanica <35 to 200 J Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 35 to >200 J yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera <35 [40] JO Everglades Mariscus jamaicensis <10 JO melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia <35 to 200 [20] J shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 2-15 J shortleaf pine-oak Pinus echinata-Quercus spp. <10 JO slash pine Pinus elliottii 3-8 JO slash pine-hardwood Pinus elliottii-variable <35 [40] JO South Florida slash pine Pinus elliottii var. densa 1-15 [20,33,40] JO longleaf-slash pine Pinus palustris-P. elliottii 1-4 [20,40] J pocosin Pinus serotina 3-8 J pond pine Pinus serotina 3-8 J loblolly pine Pinus taeda 3-8 J loblolly-shortleaf pine Pinus taeda-P. echinata 10 to <35 J Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 10 to <35 J Virginia pine-oak Pinus virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to <35 J sycamore-sweetgum-American elm Platanus occidentalis-Liquidambar styraciflua-Ulmus americana <35 to 200 [40] J eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides <35 to 200 [22] J mesquite Prosopis glandulosa <35 to <100 [17,22] J oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. <35 [40] J oak-gum-cypress Quercus-Nyssa-spp.-Taxodium distichum 35 to >200 [20] J southeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. <10 J white oak-black oak-northern red oak Quercus alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra <35 J post oak-blackjack oak Quercus stellata-Q. marilandica <10 J black oak Quercus velutina <35 J live oak Quercus virginiana 10 to<100 [40] JO cabbage palmetto-slash pine Sabal palmetto-Pinus elliottii <10 [20,40] J southern cordgrass prairie Spartina alterniflora 1-3 [22] JO bald cypress Taxodium distichum 100 to >300 JO pond cypress Taxodium ascendens <35 [20] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species reviewAs of this writing (2005) there is very little published information about fire management and climbing ferns. Roberts [30] indicated that "fire alone will not control" small-leaf climbing fern, but no further details were provided. Stocker and others [36] burned small-leaf climbing fern with a propane torch and indicated that "recovery" was imminent. Citing a personal communication, Ferriter [5] reported that prescribed fire, alone and in combination with 2,4-D herbicide application, was not effective at controlling Japanese climbing fern in northern Florida pine plantations. More detailed research is needed to determine how climbing ferns might respond to broadcast burning or wildfire under varying burn conditions, intervals, seasons, etc.
Climbing fern presence may instigate changes in fire behavior. Small-leaf climbing fern presence in southern Florida forests has been associated with greater incidence of crown fire, due to an increase in ladder fuels. Also, burning mats of small-leaf climbing fern may be lofted by convection and ignite spot fires downwind from the main fire (reviewed by [20]). There are also suggestions that climbing fern presence in forest canopies may carry fire through wet areas that would otherwise present a boundary to fire spread (reviewed by [15]).
In the southeastern U.S. Japanese climbing fern can be found in swamps, moist woods, and riparian habitats, and is frequently associated with disturbance [3,27,43,44]. Small-leaf climbing fern occurs in a variety of forested and nonforested sites in southern Florida, including hardwood hammocks, cypress swamps, savannas, woodlands, marshes, and wet prairies [25,43,44]. A review by Ferriter [5] indicated that, in its native range, small-leaf climbing fern is "found in a variety of habitats including mesic forests, rain forest, and open swampy areas" (Serizawa 1975, Edie 1978, Singh and Panigrahi 1984 as cited in [5]), and Japanese climbing fern is "native to the edges of forests, open forests, and secondary forests" (Serizawa 1975, Edie 1978, Singh and Panigrahi 1984 as cited in [5]).
Climbing ferns do not seem well-adapted to extremely dry habitats or soils with exceptionally long hydroperiods (reviewed by [5]). Nauman and Austin [21] reported that small-leaf climbing fern is "confined to wet, disturbed sites...found only near canals, rivers, ditches, in disturbed swamps, and other sites which have standing water for a large part of the year." Volin and others [38] reported that small-leaf climbing fern presence within study sites in Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation, southern Florida, was significantly (p<0.05) correlated to hydrology, "coinciding with a wet, but not permanently inundated environment."
Aboveground portions of climbing ferns are killed by frost, but roots may be protected [5,25,41]. This is particularly true, at least for small-leaf climbing fern, when roots are growing in standing water (reviewed by [41]). Japanese climbing fern foliage is killed by freezing temperatures, but browned fronds often remain draped in shrub and tree canopies enabling new growth easier access to the same habitat once favorable temperatures for growth resume [5]. A modeling exercise conducted by Goolsby [10] indicated that, although small-leaf climbing fern appears intolerant of freezing temperatures, it may be tolerant of near-freezing temperatures if daytime maximums are warm. Pemberton and Ferriter [25] suggested that small-leaf climbing fern may eventually extend its range into portions of northern and central Florida that are within USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9b [12]. However, its occurrence may be limited by insufficient heating degree-days. Although damage from cold, but above-freezing temperatures may not be apparent, reduced growth during prolonged periods of cool weather may limit small-leaf climbing fern competitiveness [10].
Impacts: Although there are few studies documenting the impacts of climbing ferns on native plants and ecosystems in the southeastern U.S., their invasion is likely to have deleterious effects. Nauman and Austin [21] reported that climbing ferns are established, persistent, and spreading in Florida, Japanese climbing fern in the north and small-leaf climbing fern in the south. A review by Ferriter [5] suggested that climbing ferns don't require "human disturbance in order to spread and become established."
Most accounts of impacts associated with climbing fern invasion (e.g. reviews by [1,15,16,21,25,41]) describe interference with native plants due to a prodigious growth habit. Climbing ferns can produce thick mats along the ground, severely reducing native ground cover. A review by Wood [41]) indicated that small-leaf climbing fern can form mats up to 4 feet (1.2 m) thick. They also climb into forest canopies, shading trees and shrubs that it covers, weakening or killing them, their associated epiphytic orchids and bromeliads, and understory plants.
Japanese climbing fern Small-leaf climbing fern ©Barry A. Rice/The Nature Conservancy ©Mandy Tu/The Nature Conservancy
Of particular concern may be climbing fern impacts on native vegetation within many of the region's high-quality natural areas. A review by Pemberton and others [23] indicated that, as of 2004, small-leaf climbing fern was rapidly spreading in southern Florida, including in Everglades National Park. Volin and other [38] expressed concern that efforts to restore Everglades hydrology to approximate a "pre-drainage environment," while perhaps reducing establishment and spread of many important nonnative plant invaders, may "improve the ecological conditions for small-leaf climbing fern." Lott and others [16] reported that small-leaf climbing fern "has been observed overtopping tree canopies among tree islands in the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge" [16]. Volin and others [38] recorded an average of 14 small-leaf climbing fern infestations (defined as contiguous growth that had climbed above the shrub layer on 1 or more trees) per km2 along transects in the Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation. The most heavily infested transect contained 58 infestations per km 2.
Climbing fern invasion may also impact rare and threatened taxa. Reviews by Ferriter [5] and Langeland [15] indicate that climbing fern invasion in Florida threatens the rare plant ray fern (Actinostachys pennula), as well as the endangered Georgia bully (Sideroxylon thornei), common dutchmanspipe (Aristolochia tomentosa), and branched tearthumb (Polygonum meisnerianum).
Control: Removing dead material following climbing fern control activities may be desirable to reduce fuels and to promote native plant recovery. On-site disposal of dead climbing fern material, such as by burning, can reduce spore dispersal (reviewed by [5]).
Ferriter [5] provides an extensive review of climbing fern management in Florida, available online through Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.
Prevention: Frequent monitoring and immediate removal of newly established climbing fern populations may be the best strategy for mitigating their spread, especially since spore production can be prolific and spores may be dispersed over vast distances [5].
Integrated management: No information is available on this topic.
Physical/mechanical: Repeated pulling and/or cutting can control small climbing fern infestations (reviewed by [28]). Cutting kills fronds above the cut site, but fronds can regrow from below the cut site and after pulling (reviewed by [5]).
Fire: See the Fire Management Considerations section of this summary.
Biological: Pemberton [24] and Pemberton and others [23] reviewed the developmental status (as of 2004) of biological control of climbing ferns in North America. In February 2005, more than 100 individuals of Austromusotima camptonozale, an Australian moth and the first biological control agent approved for use against small-leaf climbing fern in the United States, were released at the Jonathon Dickinson State Park, southeastern Florida. Larvae of A. camptonozale feed on small-leaf climbing fern leaves [6].
Chemical: Several sources indicate herbicides may be an effective tool for controlling invasive climbing ferns. A review by Langeland [15] suggests the most common climbing fern control method, as of 2004, has been application of glyphosate and metsulfuron herbicides, either individually or in combination. When plants have grown into the canopy, stems may be cut and herbicide applied to the rooted portion of the plant [15]. Roberts [30] indicated foliar spraying of glyphosate can control small-leaf climbing fern, but few data and no analysis were provided. Descriptive results from several "demonstration trials" in southeastern Florida suggest that glyphosate, triclopyr, and 2,4-D can be used to at least top-kill small-leaf climbing fern, and that triclopyr ester (vs. triclopyr amine) may be "translocated" within the plant following application [36]. According to Randall [28], managers at Florida Caverns State Park have treated large Japanese climbing fern infestations by pulling the plants down from the trees and spraying their foliage with triclopyr. A review by Ferriter [5], citing unpublished data, indicated that glyphosate was effective for controlling Japanese climbing fern, although some follow-up spot treatments were necessary. Triclopyr treatments, while initially providing greatest observed Japanese climbing fern mortality, were ineffective in the long term due to extensive regrowth.
Other authors have indicated that herbicide use for climbing fern control may be problematic. A review by Stanturf and others [34] suggested that Japanese climbing fern "cannot be controlled by any available herbicide." Small-leaf climbing fern can apparently "regrow after spraying" with herbicides (reviewed by [41]), although further details describing the biology of this phenomenon are lacking. Pemberton and Ferriter [25] suggested that chemical control of small-leaf climbing fern (and presumably also Japanese climbing fern) will be difficult without damaging associated vegetation.
Cultural: No information is available on this topic.
As of this writing (2005) there is no published information describing the importance of climbing ferns to livestock and wildlife.
Palatability/nutritional value: No information is available on this topic.
Cover value: No information is available on this topic.
As of this writing (2005), there are few published accounts of specific North
American habitat types and plant communities where climbing ferns are common or
likely to be found.
A survey of Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Louisiana
found Japanese climbing fern "well established" in both American beech
(Fagus grandifolia)-southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) woods
and "mixed woods" (successional forests dominated by loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda)) [31].
A review by Pemberton and Ferriter [25] indicates that small-leaf climbing fern is
common in bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) stands and also occurs in pine
(Pinus spp.) flatwoods, wet prairies, sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense)
marshes, mangrove (Rhizophora, Avicennia, and/or Laguncularia
spp.) communities, and Everglades tree islands. Volin and others [38] found that
presence of small-spike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), royal fern
(Osmunda regalis), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp.
polypodioides), and toothed midsorus fern (Blechnum serrulatum) were
significant (p<0.05) indicators of small-leaf climbing fern occurrence in Big
Cypress National Preserve and Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation, southern
Florida.
Breeding system: Climbing ferns reproduce sexually by spores. They are capable of intragametophytic selfing. Small-leaf climbing fern can also reproduce via intergametophytic selfing and outcrossing [16,39]. Lott and others [16] suggested that small-leaf climbing fern's mixed mating system facilitates long distance dispersal, as well as local adaptation in established populations.
Spore production: Volin and others [38] studied small-leaf climbing fern spore production at 2 sites in southern Florida. Approximately 1% of pinnules were fertile. Fertile pinnules averaged 133 sori, with an average of 215 spores per sorus. Each fertile pinnule could potentially produce 28,600 spores or ~15,000 spores per cm2 of fertile leaf area [38].
Spore dispersal: Climbing fern spores are wind-dispersed, potentially over great distances, particularly during storms [5,15,25]. Pemberton (unpublished data, reported in [25]) recorded 724 small-leaf climbing fern spores/m3/hour in the air in southeastern Florida.
Spore longevity: Climbing fern spores are thick-walled, providing "long environmental viability" (reviewed by [5]).
Plant establishment/growth: In a laboratory experiment, climbing fern gametophytes were sexually mature within 5 weeks of germination, followed by sporophyte production through week 12. Rapid development/reproductive rates may be an advantage in many Florida habitats where seasonal environmental conditions such as hydroperiod can vary widely [16].
Asexual regeneration: Small-leaf climbing fern (and presumably Japanese climbing fern) can apparently regrow aboveground tissues that are damaged by herbicides, mechanical injury, fire [36], or that are killed to the ground by frost (reviewed by [41]), although details describing this biology are lacking.
Lygodium (falguera enfiladissa) és un gènere de falgueres amb unes 40 espècies que és originari de zones tropicals d'arreu del món amb unes poques espècies en zones temperades d'Àsia i est d'Amèrica del Nord. És l'únic gènere dins la família Lygodiaceae, però inclòs dins la família Schizaeaceae per alguns botànics.
La majoria de les espècies d'aquest gènere es consideren tòxiques.
El seu raquis en la fronda és prim, llarg i flexible, cada fronda forma una part enfiladissa diferenciada. les frondes poden fer 3-12 m de llargada, segons les espècies.
Algunes espècies de Lygodium es consideren plantes invasores molt problemàtiques al sud-est dels Estats Units i les seves poblacions, allà s'han incrementat més de 12 cops en una dècada SRFer Mapserver.
L'extracte d'espores de Lygodium japonicum mostren in vitro activitat inhibidora de la testosterona 5α-reductasa i in vivo activitat antiandrogènica.[1]
Lygodium (falguera enfiladissa) és un gènere de falgueres amb unes 40 espècies que és originari de zones tropicals d'arreu del món amb unes poques espècies en zones temperades d'Àsia i est d'Amèrica del Nord. És l'únic gènere dins la família Lygodiaceae, però inclòs dins la família Schizaeaceae per alguns botànics.
La majoria de les espècies d'aquest gènere es consideren tòxiques.
El seu raquis en la fronda és prim, llarg i flexible, cada fronda forma una part enfiladissa diferenciada. les frondes poden fer 3-12 m de llargada, segons les espècies.
Algunes espècies de Lygodium es consideren plantes invasores molt problemàtiques al sud-est dels Estats Units i les seves poblacions, allà s'han incrementat més de 12 cops en una dècada SRFer Mapserver.
Pnulka[1] (Lygodium) je rod kapradin a jediný rod čeledi pnulkovité z řádu Schizaeales. Jsou to neobvyklé kapradiny s ovíjivými listy dorůstajícími délky až 10 metrů. Vyskytují se v tropech celého světa, místy zasahují až do nejteplejších oblastí mírného pásu. Občas jsou pěstovány v botanických zahradách, některé druhy mají význam v místní medicíně a v klimaticky příhodných oblastech se mohou stát invazními rostlinami.
Pnulky jsou pozemní ovíjivé kapradiny. Oddenek je podzemní, hustě pokrytý tmavými chlupy. Cévní svazky jsou typu protostélé. O jsou ve skutečnosti ovíjivá Střední žebra listů jsou ovíjivá a nesou postranní listové segmenty. Dospělé listy mají neukončený růst a dosahují délky až 10 metrů. Jednotlivé postranní listové segmenty jsou krátce stopkaté a mají v úžlabí spící pupen. Jsou celistvé nebo dlanitě složené nebo jednoduše či 2x zpeřené. Větvení je pseudodichotomické. Plodné a sterilní listy jsou podobného charakteru anebo jsou fertilní části listu oproti sterilním výrazně zúžené. Žilnatina je tvořena volnými nebo síťnatými žilkami. Výtrusnice jsou jednotlivé, umístěné na okraji laloků koncových segmentů a kryté kápovitým výrůstkem připomínajícím ostěru. Každá výtrusnice obsahuje 128 až 256 spor. Spory jsou čtyřhranné, triletní. Prokel je zelený, povrchový, srdčitého tvaru.[2][3]
List Lygodium palmatum
Plodný list Lygodium venustum
Lygodium radiatum
Rod zahrnuje asi 25 druhů.[4] Je rozšířen v tropech celého světa. V některých oblastech zasahuje do subtropů i nejteplejších oblastí mírného pásu (Japonsko, Čína, východní oblasti USA, Nový Zéland, Jižní Afrika).[2][5] Některé druhy mají rozsáhlý areál výskytu, např. druh Lygodium flexuosum je rozšířen od Indie až po severní Austrálii.[6] V Severní Americe roste jediný původní druh, Lygodium palmatum (státy Kentucky a Tennessee). Některé další druhy (L. microphyllum, L. japonicum) sem byly zavlečeny.[3] Na Severním ostrově Nového Zélandu roste endemický druh Lygodium articulatum.[5]
Čeleď Lygodiaceae tvoří podle fylogenetických kladogramů bazální větev řádu Schizaeales.[4] Počet udávaných druhů rodu Lygodium se často liší, ve starších zdrojích je udáváno až 35 druhů. Jejich počet byl postupně snižován. Některé druhy vykazovaly plynulý přechod k jinému druhu v jiné části areálu a byly sloučeny.[7]
Za přímého předka rodu Lygodium je považován rod †Stachypteris z období střední jury. Doba oddělení čeledi Lygodiaceae od vývojové větve ostatních žijících zástupců řádu Schizaeales byla stanovena na čas před 169 milióny let.[8] Nejstarší fosilní pozůstatky rodu Lygodium jsou známy ze svrchní křídy (†Lygodium bierhorstiana). Druh †Lygodium kaulfussi je znám z období eocénu a oligocénu.[9] Fosílie †Lygodium gaudinii jsou nacházeny i v české třetihorní (miocén) uhelné pánvi na Mostecku.[10][11]
Pnulka Lygodium microphyllum je v některých oblastech světa, např. na Floridě, silně invazní rostlinou. Pochází z tropů a subtropů Starého světa.[13] Druh Lygodium venustum je v místní medicíně v Latinské Americe používán jako antiseptikum, proti plísním a trichomonázám.[14] Některé druhy pnulek jsou pěstovány jako zajímavost v botanických zahradách .[15]
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu pnulka ve Wikimedia Commons
Pnulka (Lygodium) je rod kapradin a jediný rod čeledi pnulkovité z řádu Schizaeales. Jsou to neobvyklé kapradiny s ovíjivými listy dorůstajícími délky až 10 metrů. Vyskytují se v tropech celého světa, místy zasahují až do nejteplejších oblastí mírného pásu. Občas jsou pěstovány v botanických zahradách, některé druhy mají význam v místní medicíně a v klimaticky příhodných oblastech se mohou stát invazními rostlinami.
Pakis rambat ya iku tuwuhan kang kalebu kelompok tuwuhan pakis, tuwuh mrambat lan kalebu ing genus Lygodium. Genus iki siji-sijiné genus ing suku Lygodiaceae, sanajan sawatara ahli nglebokaké ing suku Schizaeaceae. Jinis-jinis umum kang tinemu ing Jawa ya iku pakis ata Lygodium circinnatum lan hata leutik (Lygodium philodendron). Ing Basa Indonesia diarani paku hata kang dijupuk saka basa Sunda.
Golor kang mrambat sakjané dudu wit nanging gagang godhong kang dawa. Ing padésan, golor iki digunakaké minangka tali, sawisé godhong diresiki. Ing Bali lan NTB, paku ata dibudidaya kanggo bahan anaman.[1] Ing Amérika Serikat, L. microphyllum wis dadi tuwuhan invasif sing angèl dikendhalèni.
Pakis rambat ya iku tuwuhan kang kalebu kelompok tuwuhan pakis, tuwuh mrambat lan kalebu ing genus Lygodium. Genus iki siji-sijiné genus ing suku Lygodiaceae, sanajan sawatara ahli nglebokaké ing suku Schizaeaceae. Jinis-jinis umum kang tinemu ing Jawa ya iku pakis ata Lygodium circinnatum lan hata leutik (Lygodium philodendron). Ing Basa Indonesia diarani paku hata kang dijupuk saka basa Sunda.
Golor kang mrambat sakjané dudu wit nanging gagang godhong kang dawa. Ing padésan, golor iki digunakaké minangka tali, sawisé godhong diresiki. Ing Bali lan NTB, paku ata dibudidaya kanggo bahan anaman. Ing Amérika Serikat, L. microphyllum wis dadi tuwuhan invasif sing angèl dikendhalèni.
Sawetara spesies Lygodium Lygodium articulatum – Asia Kidul-wétan. Lygodium circinnatum (pakis ata) – Malësia lan Australasia. Lygodium conforme – China. Lygodium cubense – Kuba, Hispaniola. Lygodium digitatum – China. Lygodium flexuosum – China kidul tekan Australia tropis. Lygodium japonicum – Wétan Asia tropis Australia. Lygodium microphyllum (hata leutik) – Asia tropis. Lygodium microstachyum – China. Lygodium palmatum – Pesisir wétan Amerika Serikat. Lygodium polystachyum – China. Lygodium reticulatum – Australia, Polynesia. Lygodium salicifolium – China iring kidul nganti Australia tropis. Lygodium subareolatum – China. Lygodium trifurcatum – Asia kidul wétan nganti Australia tropis. Lygodium volubile – Amérika Kidul, Tengah lan Karibia. Lygodium versteeghii – Asia kidul wétan nganti Australia tropis.. Lygodium yunnanense – China kidul
Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae,[2] the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.[3]
Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3–12 m (9.8–39.4 ft) long, depending on the species.
Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.[4][5]
Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[6]
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.[7]
Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.
Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.
Las ligodiáceas (nombre científico Lygodiaceae, con su único género Lygodium) son una familia de helechos del orden Schizaeales, que en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011[1][2][3] son monofiléticas.
Esta planta, llamada "helecho trepador", posee un tallo subterráneo (rizoma) del que se elevan las largas hojas compuestas, de raquis voluble que las enroscan a los soportes pudiendo alcanzar los 30 metros de altura. Las hojas que se elevan del rizoma y se enroscan a los soportes carecen de los nudos y yemas que caracterizan a los tallos de las plantas guiadoras.
La clasificación más actualizada es la de Christenhusz et al. 2011[1][2][3] (basada en Smith et al. 2006,[4] 2008);[5] que también provee una secuencia lineal de las licofitas y monilofitas.
Ubicación taxonómica:
Plantae (clado), Viridiplantae, Streptophyta, Streptophytina, Embryophyta, Tracheophyta, Euphyllophyta, Monilophyta, Clase Polypodiopsida, Orden Schizaeales, familia Lygodiaceae, género Lygodium.
Cerca de 25 especies.
Monofilético (Skog et al. 2002, Wikström et al. 2002).
Terrestres, pantropicales.
Con las características de Pteridophyta.
Rizoma postrado, esbelto, protostélico, con pelos.
Hojas de crecimiento indeterminado, trepadoras, con pinas alternadas, las pinas primarias divididas pseudodicotómicamente ("falsamente divididas en dos"), dejando la yema apical en dormición en la axila. Venas libres o anastomosadas.
Soros en lóbulos de los segmentos terminales.
Esporangios abaxiales, solitarios, uno por soro. Cada esporangio cubierto por una pestaña de la hoja que parece un indusio. 128-256 esporas por esporangio.
Esporas tetraédricas, con marca trilete.
Gametofitos verdes, cordados, superficiales.
Número de cromosomas: x = 29,30.
Las ligodiáceas (nombre científico Lygodiaceae, con su único género Lygodium) son una familia de helechos del orden Schizaeales, que en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011 son monofiléticas.
Esta planta, llamada "helecho trepador", posee un tallo subterráneo (rizoma) del que se elevan las largas hojas compuestas, de raquis voluble que las enroscan a los soportes pudiendo alcanzar los 30 metros de altura. Las hojas que se elevan del rizoma y se enroscan a los soportes carecen de los nudos y yemas que caracterizan a los tallos de las plantas guiadoras.
Hata atau paku hata adalah sekelompok paku-pakuan merambat yang dimasukkan dalam marga Lygodium. Marga ini juga merupakan satu-satunya marga dalam suku Lygodiaceae, meskipun beberapa ahli sistematika memasukannya ke dalam suku Schizaeaceae. Jenis-jenis yang umum ditemui di Jawa adalah hata areuy (besar) Lygodium circinnatum dan hata leutik (Lygodium scandens). "Hata" adalah nama dari bahasa Sunda.
Tangkai daun majemuk yang memanjang dari paku merambat ini digunakan oleh penduduk desa sebagai tali pengikat, setelah daunnya dibuang. Di Amerika Serikat, L. microphyllum telah menjadi tumbuhan invasif yang sulit dikendalikan.
Lygodium, vanuit het Grieks: lugooidès = buigzaam, is een geslacht varens uit de familie Schizaeaceae.
Het geslacht komt met ongeveer 40 soorten in tropische en subtropische streken over heel de wereld voor. Tot dit geslacht behoren de "klimmende" varens, die zich met steeds doorgroeiende middennerf om takken en boomstammen winden en waarvan de bladeren meters lang kunnen worden. De bladeren zijn veervormig samengesteld, de sporangiën staan in dubbele rijen op de bladrand of op een apart "aarvormig" deel hiervan, ze zijn door een indusium bedekt. De vruchtbare en de onvruchtbare bladeren zijn gelijk van vorm.
Enkele soorten worden in kassen gekweekt, bekende soorten zijn:
Lygodium, vanuit het Grieks: lugooidès = buigzaam, is een geslacht varens uit de familie Schizaeaceae.
Het geslacht komt met ongeveer 40 soorten in tropische en subtropische streken over heel de wereld voor. Tot dit geslacht behoren de "klimmende" varens, die zich met steeds doorgroeiende middennerf om takken en boomstammen winden en waarvan de bladeren meters lang kunnen worden. De bladeren zijn veervormig samengesteld, de sporangiën staan in dubbele rijen op de bladrand of op een apart "aarvormig" deel hiervan, ze zijn door een indusium bedekt. De vruchtbare en de onvruchtbare bladeren zijn gelijk van vorm.
Enkele soorten worden in kassen gekweekt, bekende soorten zijn:
Lygodium articulatum – Tropisch Zuidoost-Azië. Lygodium circinatum – Tropical Asia and Australasia. Lygodium conforme – China. Lygodium cubense – Cuba, Centraal-Amerika. Lygodium digitatum – China. Lygodium flexuosum – Zuid-China en Australasië. Lygodium japonicum – Japan en Australasië. Lygodium microphyllum – alleen fossiel bekend. Lygodium microstachyum – China. Lygodium palmatum – Verenigde staten. Lygodium polystachyum – China. Lygodium reticulatum – Australië, Polynesië. Lygodium salicifolium – Zuidoost-Azië, en Maleisische archipel. Lygodium scandens – Zuid-China, Maleisische archipel, Noord-Australië. Lygodium subareolatum – China. Lygodium trifurcatum – Tropisch Zuidoost-Azië en Australasië. Lygodium volubile – Centraal- en Zuid-Amerika. Lygodium versteeghii – Tropisch Zuidoost-Azië en Australasië. Lygodium yunnanense – Zuid-China.Lygodiaceae eller «klatrebregner» er en familie av bregner. Den består av bare én slekt (Lygodium) og om lag 25 arter. Antall kromosomer er 29 eller 30, og plantene er utbredt over tropene i hele verden.
Artene er klatrende planter som klatrer på trær og busker, ofte flere titalls meter oppover en trestamme slik at den dekkes som av eføy. Bregnene har enten parflikete blader (som ask) elker sterkt gaffelflikete (som stankstorknebb).
Artene kan invadere tropiske og subtropiske områder og forringe habiattet for andre arter. I Florida gjennomføres det prosjekter for å begrense spredningen av Lygodium-klatrebregner.
Ordenen Schizaeales omfatter også to andre familier utfra genetiske ulikheter (Smith el al 2006). Ordenen er skilt ut fra den gamle orden Filicales, hvor gruppen Schizaeales tidligere var henregnet som bare én familie.
For en mer omfattende taksonomi, se: Bregner
Lygodiaceae eller «klatrebregner» er en familie av bregner. Den består av bare én slekt (Lygodium) og om lag 25 arter. Antall kromosomer er 29 eller 30, og plantene er utbredt over tropene i hele verden.
Artene er klatrende planter som klatrer på trær og busker, ofte flere titalls meter oppover en trestamme slik at den dekkes som av eføy. Bregnene har enten parflikete blader (som ask) elker sterkt gaffelflikete (som stankstorknebb).
Artene kan invadere tropiske og subtropiske områder og forringe habiattet for andre arter. I Florida gjennomføres det prosjekter for å begrense spredningen av Lygodium-klatrebregner.
Ordenen Schizaeales omfatter også to andre familier utfra genetiske ulikheter (Smith el al 2006). Ordenen er skilt ut fra den gamle orden Filicales, hvor gruppen Schizaeales tidligere var henregnet som bare én familie.
For en mer omfattende taksonomi, se: Bregner
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wężówka[3], lygodium[4] (Lygodium Sw.) – rodzaj pnących paproci z monotypowej rodziny wężówkowate (Lygodiaceae) z rzędu szparnicowców (Schizaeales). Przedstawiciele występują w strefie międzyzwrotnikowej na całym świecie[1], nieliczne gatunki rosną w strefie umiarkowanej – w Japonii, Ameryce Północnej, na Nowej Zelandii i w południowej Afryce[5]. Kilka gatunków uprawianych jest jako rośliny ozdobne[4].
Kłącza cienkie i owłosione, płoży się i wspina. Liście są złożone, naprzemiennie pierzaste[1]. Rosną szybko i w ciągu życia osiągają znaczną długość – ponad 10 m[4], nawet do 30 m[5]. Owijają się za pomocą osi na podporach i pokrywać mogą znaczne powierzchnie[4].
W obrębie rzędu szparnicowców (Schizaeales) rodzina Lygodiaceae stanowi klad bazalny – jest grupą siostrzaną dla rodzin: szparnicowate (Schizaeaceae) i splątkowatych (Anemiaceae)[1]. Rodzaj Lygodium bywa też włączany do rodziny szparnicowatych[6].
Ze względu na silny rozwój systemu korzeniowego rośliny wymagają uprawy w gruncie lub obszernych pojemnikach. Szybko i silnie rosnąc pokrywać mogą duże powierzchnie ażurowych podpór (owijają się na siatkach, rozpiętych drutach). Rozmnażane są przez podział kłącza w końcu zimy. Ze względu na odporność, w tym także na okresowe przesuszanie, najlepiej do upraw domowych nadaje się wężówka japońska i wężówka palmiasta[4].
Wężówka, lygodium (Lygodium Sw.) – rodzaj pnących paproci z monotypowej rodziny wężówkowate (Lygodiaceae) z rzędu szparnicowców (Schizaeales). Przedstawiciele występują w strefie międzyzwrotnikowej na całym świecie, nieliczne gatunki rosną w strefie umiarkowanej – w Japonii, Ameryce Północnej, na Nowej Zelandii i w południowej Afryce. Kilka gatunków uprawianych jest jako rośliny ozdobne.
Lygodium é um género de pteridófitas da família monotípica Lygodiaceae da ordem das Schizaeales. Este género agrupa cerca de 25 espécies, com distribuição pantropical, mas com centro de diversidade no Paleotropis.[1][2][3][4][5] Na sua corrente circunscrição taxonómica o género é monofilético,[1][2][3] agrupando espécies com crescimento escandente com caule subterrâneo (rizoma) de onde nascem longas folhas compostas, com ráquis volúvel que se enrola em torno de troncos e ramos de árvores, que podem atingir até 30 metros de altura. As folhas que sobem do rizoma e se enrolam sobre os suportes não têm os nós e botões que caracterizam os caules das trepadeiras.
As espécies que integram o género Lygodium apresentam as características típicas das Pteridophyta, com rizoma postrado, esbelto e protostélico, recoberto de pelos.
As folhas são de crescimento indeterminado, trepadoras, pinadas, com folíolos (pinas) alternados, os primários divididos pseudodicotómicamente ("falsamente divididos em pares"), deixando a gema apical em dormição na axila. Nervuras livres ou anastomosadas.
Os soros ocorrem em lóbulos dos segmentos terminais. Os esporângios são abaxiais, solitários, um por cada soro. Cada esporângio está recoberto por uma excrescência da folha que se assemelha a um indúsio. Apresenta 128-256 esporos por esporângio. Os esporos são tetraédricos, com marca trilete.
Os gametófitos são verdes, cordados, superficiais.
O número cromossómico é x = 29 ou x = 30.
A clasificação mais actualizada é a constante do Christenhusz et al. (2011),[1][2][3] que por sua vez é baseado no sistema de Smith et al. (2006),[4][5] o qual também fornece uma sequência linear das licófitas e monilófitas.
Nessa classificação a família Lygodiaceae M.Roem. in Handb. Allg. Bot. 3: 520 (1840) constitui a Família 13, com apenas o Lygodium.[6]. Esse género, por sua vez, inclui as seguintes espécies:
Lygodium é um género de pteridófitas da família monotípica Lygodiaceae da ordem das Schizaeales. Este género agrupa cerca de 25 espécies, com distribuição pantropical, mas com centro de diversidade no Paleotropis. Na sua corrente circunscrição taxonómica o género é monofilético, agrupando espécies com crescimento escandente com caule subterrâneo (rizoma) de onde nascem longas folhas compostas, com ráquis volúvel que se enrola em torno de troncos e ramos de árvores, que podem atingir até 30 metros de altura. As folhas que sobem do rizoma e se enrolam sobre os suportes não têm os nós e botões que caracterizam os caules das trepadeiras.
Chi Bòng bong (danh pháp khoa học: Lygodium) là chi thực vật của khoảng 40 loài dương xỉ, chúng phân bổ chủ yếu ở vùng nhiệt đới trên toàn thế giới bên cạnh một số loài phân bổ vùng ôn đới của Đông Á và Đông Bắc Mỹ. Đây là chi duy nhất trong họ Lygodiaceae,[1] mặc dù có một số ý kiến xếp chúng vào họ Schizaeaceae.
Danh pháp khoa học của chi Lygodium có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Hy Lạp cổ lugooidès (linh hoạt).
Chúng là những loài thân leo trong đó có nhiều loài leo bằng lá. Thân có thể dài từ 3-12 m. Các loài trong chi này có số lượng nhiễm sắc thể cơ bản là n= 28, 29, 30.
Bài viết liên quan đến ngành Dương xỉ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Chi Bòng bong (danh pháp khoa học: Lygodium) là chi thực vật của khoảng 40 loài dương xỉ, chúng phân bổ chủ yếu ở vùng nhiệt đới trên toàn thế giới bên cạnh một số loài phân bổ vùng ôn đới của Đông Á và Đông Bắc Mỹ. Đây là chi duy nhất trong họ Lygodiaceae, mặc dù có một số ý kiến xếp chúng vào họ Schizaeaceae.
Danh pháp khoa học của chi Lygodium có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Hy Lạp cổ lugooidès (linh hoạt).
Chúng là những loài thân leo trong đó có nhiều loài leo bằng lá. Thân có thể dài từ 3-12 m. Các loài trong chi này có số lượng nhiễm sắc thể cơ bản là n= 28, 29, 30.
見文中。
海金沙屬是蕨類植物中的一門，約有40個物種，原生於世界各地的熱帶地區，少數生長於亞洲東部及北美東部的溫帶地區。海金沙屬現在是海金沙科下的唯一屬，不過有些植物學家曾將其歸類於莎草蕨科之下。
海金沙屬和其他蕨類植物不同的地方在於，它們的葉軸很細、柔韌且很長。海金沙屬的蕨葉以無限延長的方式展開，且葉軸會偶合在支撐物上，因此每個蕨葉都會形成分開的藤蔓。依據物種的不同，蕨葉可長到3至12公尺。
海金沙屬是蕨類植物中的一門，約有40個物種，原生於世界各地的熱帶地區，少數生長於亞洲東部及北美東部的溫帶地區。海金沙屬現在是海金沙科下的唯一屬，不過有些植物學家曾將其歸類於莎草蕨科之下。
海金沙屬和其他蕨類植物不同的地方在於，它們的葉軸很細、柔韌且很長。海金沙屬的蕨葉以無限延長的方式展開，且葉軸會偶合在支撐物上，因此每個蕨葉都會形成分開的藤蔓。依據物種的不同，蕨葉可長到3至12公尺。
部份物種 Lygodium articulatum – 南亞熱帶地區 Lygodium circinatum – 亞洲熱帶地區及澳洲 海南海金沙 Lygodium conforme – 中國 古巴海金沙 Lygodium cubense – 古巴、伊斯帕尼奧拉島 掌葉海金沙 Lygodium digitatum – 中國 長葉海金沙 Lygodium flexuosum – 中國南部至澳洲北部 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum – 東亞至澳洲北部 小葉海金沙 Lygodium microphyllum – 舊世界熱帶地區 狹葉海金沙 Lygodium microstachyum – 中國 掌羽海金沙 Lygodium palmatum – 美洲東部（稀少，只生長在酸性土壤中） 羽裂海金沙 Lygodium polystachyum – 中國 Lygodium reticulatum – 澳洲、玻里尼西亞 柳葉海金沙 Lygodium salicifolium – 中國南部至澳洲北部 網脈海金沙 Lygodium subareolatum – 中國 Lygodium trifurcatum – 東南亞至澳洲北部 Lygodium volubile – 南美北部、中美洲、加勒比地區 Lygodium versteeghii – 東南亞至澳洲北部 雲南海金沙 Lygodium yunnanense – 中國南部
カニクサは、つる植物になるシダ類である。
カニクサ(Lygodium japonicum (Thumb.) Sw.)は、シダ植物門フサシダ科に属するシダである。シダ類では珍しい、巻き付く形のつる植物である。別名のツルシノブはこれに由来する。
長くのぼる蔓は、実は1枚の葉である。本当の茎は地下にあり、横に這い、先端から一枚の葉を地上に伸ばす。株が小さいうちは葉は短く、次第に長い葉を出すようになり、長いものは2mを越える。葉は日本では冬に枯れる場合が多いが、より温暖な地域では枯れずに残る。
主軸沿いに間隔を開けて羽片が左右にほぼ対をなして出る。小葉には胞子のつくものとつかないものの分化が見られ、羽片ごとに胞子葉と栄養葉が分かれているような感じである。ただし中間的なものも交じる。胞子のつく羽片は主軸上にまとまって生じる傾向がある。羽片は一回羽状かすこし二回羽状になる。胞子をつけない羽片では、小羽片は細長い三角形で、根元側から左右に少し大きい突出部を出すこともある。胞子をつける羽片の小羽片はずっと丸くて三角形で、周囲から胞子形成部が短い棒状の感じで突き出る。この突き出した部分の下面に、胞子のうの列が左右二列に配置する。
日本中部以南、琉球列島から、東アジア、東南アジアを経てオセアニアに渡る、広い分布域を持つ。琉球列島のものは小葉が細長く伸びることから変種のナガバカニクサ(var. microstachyum (Desv.) C.Cr. et Tard.)として分けることもある。なお、北アメリカに帰化しており、よく繁殖してやっかい者になっているとのこと。
本州中部以南に分布し、道端にも出現する。ごく乾燥したところにもよく生育し、日向にも出てくる。雑草的な性格が強い。 名前の由来は蟹草で、子供が蟹を釣るのに使ったことがあるのに由来すると言う。また、蔓を使ってカゴを編んだりする利用もある。利尿薬として用いられることもある。
長いつるを出して他物に巻き付いて登り、羽状に分かれた葉をつけるように見えるが、実はこのつるは茎ではなく、本当の茎は地下にある。蔓になっているのは、実は一枚の葉である。したがって、つるに見えるのは葉の主軸で、横に出る葉は羽片にすぎない。しかしながら、この葉の先端が無限成長するようになっており、その点では茎と同じ機能を持つ。同様に葉が無限成長する例はウラジロ属にもある。
同属のものは熱帯を中心に約四十種が知られる。日本にはもう一種、イリオモテシャミセンヅル(L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br.)が八重山諸島に産する。日当たりのよい林縁などに見られ、高さは数mになる。小羽片が三角を帯びた楕円形で、先端が丸い。また、葉の質がより厚くて硬く、光沢があってなかなか美しい。
실고사리속(Lygodium)은 실고사리목에 속하는 양치식물 속의 하나이다. 실고사리과(Lygodiaceae)의 유일속이다. 전형적인 양치식물로 보이지만 다른 실고사리목의 양치식물의 서식지와 크게 구별된다. 약 40여 종으로 이루어져 있으며, 전세계 열대 지역에서 자생한다. 일부는 동아시아와 북아메리카 동부의 온대 지역에서 발견된다.
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