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Description of Phyllopharyngea

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Intramacronucleate ciliates, the ciliated stage with somatic kineties mostly as monokinetids that each have a lateral kinetodesmal fibril, a reduced (or absent) transverse microtubular ribbon (usually accompanied by a left-directed transverse fiber), and a somewhat convergent postciliary ribbon extended posteriorward to accompany ribbons of more anterior monokinetids; ribbon-like subkinetal nematodesmata arise from somatic monokinetids, extending beneath kineties as subkinetal ribbons, which in cyrtophorids and chonotrichs probably extend anteriorly and in rhynchodids and suctoria posteriorly; oral region with radially arranged microtubular ribbons, the phyllae, which, in cyrtophorids, are enclosed by large, rod-shaped nematodesmata of hexagonally-packed microtubules held together near the cell membrane by filaments.
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Phyllopharyngea

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The Phyllopharyngea are a class of ciliates, some of which are extremely specialized. Motile cells typically have cilia restricted to the ventral surface, or some part thereof, arising from monokinetids with a characteristic ultrastructure. In both chonotrichs and suctoria, however, only newly formed cells are motile and the sessile adults have undergone considerable modifications of form and appearance. Chonotrichs, found mainly on crustaceans, are vase-shaped, with cilia restricted to a funnel leading down into the mouth. Mature suctorians lack cilia altogether, and initially were not classified as ciliates.

The mouths of Phyllopharyngea are characteristically surrounded by microtubular ribbons, called phyllae. Nematodesmata, rods found in several other classes of ciliates, occur among the subclass Phyllopharyngia, most of which are free-living. In others, the mouth is often modified to form an extensible tentacle, with toxic extrusomes at the tip. These are especially characteristic of the suctoria, which feed upon other ciliates, and are unique among them in having multiple mouths on each cell. They are also found in many rhynchodids which are mostly parasites of bivalves.

References

  1. ^ Lynn DH (2008-06-24). The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature (3 ed.). Springer. pp. 379–380. ISBN 978-1-4020-8239-9.
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Phyllopharyngea: Brief Summary

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The Phyllopharyngea are a class of ciliates, some of which are extremely specialized. Motile cells typically have cilia restricted to the ventral surface, or some part thereof, arising from monokinetids with a characteristic ultrastructure. In both chonotrichs and suctoria, however, only newly formed cells are motile and the sessile adults have undergone considerable modifications of form and appearance. Chonotrichs, found mainly on crustaceans, are vase-shaped, with cilia restricted to a funnel leading down into the mouth. Mature suctorians lack cilia altogether, and initially were not classified as ciliates.

The mouths of Phyllopharyngea are characteristically surrounded by microtubular ribbons, called phyllae. Nematodesmata, rods found in several other classes of ciliates, occur among the subclass Phyllopharyngia, most of which are free-living. In others, the mouth is often modified to form an extensible tentacle, with toxic extrusomes at the tip. These are especially characteristic of the suctoria, which feed upon other ciliates, and are unique among them in having multiple mouths on each cell. They are also found in many rhynchodids which are mostly parasites of bivalves.

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Phyllopharyngea ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Phyllopharyngea es una clase de protistas del filo Ciliophora, incluyendo algunas especies extremadamente especializadas.[2][3]​ Las células móviles típicamente tienen cilios restringidos a la superficie ventral o a parte de ella, presentando monocinétidas con una ultraestructura característica. En Chonotrichia y Suctoria, sin embargo, solamente las células recién formadas son móviles, pues los adultos son sésiles y han experimentado modificaciones considerables en forma y aspecto. Chonotrichia, encontrados principalmente en crustáceos, tienen forman de vaso, con los cilios restringidos a un embudo que conduce hacia la boca. En Suctoria, las formas maduras carecen completamente de cilios, por lo que inicialmente no fueron clasificados como ciliados.

La boca característica de los Phyllopharyngea está rodeada por cintas microtubulares (se denominan phyllae y dan el nombre a la clase). La subclase Phyllopharyngia presenta barras o nematodesmas similares a las encontradas en varias otras clases de ciliados y son en su mayor parte de vida libre. En otras subclases la boca se modifica para formar un tentáculo extensible, con extrusomas tóxicos en el extremo, y es especialmente característica en Suctoria. Los suctores se alimentan de otros ciliados y son únicos entre ellos por tener múltiples bocas en cada célula. También se encuentran en muchos Rhynchodida, que son, sobre todo, parásitos de bivalvos.

 src=
Suctoria (izquierda) atacando a un Colpidium.

Referencias

  1. Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora, down to genus, revised by Denis Lynn (unpubl.), http://www.uoguelph.ca/~ciliates/classification/genera.html, Consultado el 27 de agosto de 2015.
  2. Lynn, D. H. (2003). Morphology or molecules: how do we identify the major lineages of ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology, 39(4), 356-364.
  3. Lynn, Denis (2008). The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature (3 ed.). Springer. p. 10.
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Phyllopharyngea: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Phyllopharyngea es una clase de protistas del filo Ciliophora, incluyendo algunas especies extremadamente especializadas.​​ Las células móviles típicamente tienen cilios restringidos a la superficie ventral o a parte de ella, presentando monocinétidas con una ultraestructura característica. En Chonotrichia y Suctoria, sin embargo, solamente las células recién formadas son móviles, pues los adultos son sésiles y han experimentado modificaciones considerables en forma y aspecto. Chonotrichia, encontrados principalmente en crustáceos, tienen forman de vaso, con los cilios restringidos a un embudo que conduce hacia la boca. En Suctoria, las formas maduras carecen completamente de cilios, por lo que inicialmente no fueron clasificados como ciliados.

La boca característica de los Phyllopharyngea está rodeada por cintas microtubulares (se denominan phyllae y dan el nombre a la clase). La subclase Phyllopharyngia presenta barras o nematodesmas similares a las encontradas en varias otras clases de ciliados y son en su mayor parte de vida libre. En otras subclases la boca se modifica para formar un tentáculo extensible, con extrusomas tóxicos en el extremo, y es especialmente característica en Suctoria. Los suctores se alimentan de otros ciliados y son únicos entre ellos por tener múltiples bocas en cada célula. También se encuentran en muchos Rhynchodida, que son, sobre todo, parásitos de bivalvos.

 src= Suctoria (izquierda) atacando a un Colpidium.
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Phyllopharyngea ( French )

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Les Phyllopharyngea sont une classe de ciliés du sous-embranchement des Intramacronucleata.

Liste des sous-taxons

Selon WoRMS (site consulté le 1er avril 2022), la classe compte 5 sous-classes:

Références

  • Puytorac P. de, Batisse A., Bohatier J., Corliss J.O., Deroux G., Didier P., Dragesco J., Fryd-Versavel G., Grain J., Grolière C.-A., Hovasse R., Iftode F., Laval M., Rogue M., Savoie A. et Tuffrau M., 1974. Proposition d'une classification du phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie de Sciences, Paris 278: 2799-2802.

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Phyllopharyngea: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Phyllopharyngea sont une classe de ciliés du sous-embranchement des Intramacronucleata.

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叶咽纲 ( Chinese )

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Typical orders

見內文

叶咽纲(學名:Phyllopharyngea),又名層狀咽頭綱,是纖毛蟲門原生生物的總稱。本綱包括一些非常不尋常的物種,在系統分類屬於纤毛虫门Intramacronucleata亞門Ventrata下門[1][2]

分類

按不同文獻,本綱之下分為三個到五個亞綱不等。以下分類依WoRMS的五個分類為準[1]

延伸閱讀

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 WoRMS. Phyllopharyngea. World Register of Marine Species. [2016-09-10].
  2. ^ Scott, F.J.; Marchant, H.J. (编). Antarctic marine protists (PDF). Australian Biological Resources Study (Canberra, Aus.). 2005: 563. ISBN 0-642-56835-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-10) (英语).
  3. ^ WoRMS. Cyrtophoria. World Register of Marine Species. [2016-09-10].
  4. ^ Lynn, Denis H. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature 3rd Edition. New York, USA: Springer. 2008: 348–350, 380. ISBN 978-1-4020-8238-2 (英语). 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 龚骏. 青岛沿海管口目纤毛虫的分类学研究及科属级阶元的系统修订. [2016-09-23] (中文(简体)‎).
  6. ^ Park, Mi-Hyun; Min, Gi-Sik. A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea. Acta Protozoologica. 2014, 53 (3): 257–268. doi:10.4467/16890027AP.14.023.1998.
  7. ^ WoRMS. Dysteriida. World Register of Marine Species. [2016-09-10].
  8. ^ WoRMS. Suctoria incertae sedis. World Register of Marine Species. [2016-09-10].
  9. ^ Gong, Jun; Gao, Shan; Roberts, David McL.; al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Song, WeiBo. Trichopodiella faurei n. sp. (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Cyrtophoria): Morphological Description and Phylogenetic Analyses Based on SSU rRNA and Group I Intron Sequences (PDF). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. (the International Society of Protistologists). 2008, 55 (6): pp. 492 – 500 [2016-09-11]. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00350.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-09-19) (英语). 参数|title=值左起第22位存在換行符 (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
纖毛蟲門
后纤束亚门
Postciliodesmatophora
粘孢子总门
Ixorheorida英语Ixorheorida
Septatorina英语Septatorina
Chromerida英语Chromerida
Other
Perkinsozoa英语Perkinsozoa
Perkinsea英语Perkinsea
Acavomonidia
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叶咽纲: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

叶咽纲(學名:Phyllopharyngea),又名層狀咽頭綱,是纖毛蟲門原生生物的總稱。本綱包括一些非常不尋常的物種,在系統分類屬於纤毛虫门Intramacronucleata亞門Ventrata下門。

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층상인두류 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

층상인두류(層狀咽頭類)는 층상인두강(Phyllopharyngea)에 속하는 섬모충류 원생생물의 총칭이다. 아주 특이한 종들을 일부 포함하고 있다.

하위 분류

  • 층상인두아강 (層狀咽頭亞綱, Phyllopharyngia)
  • 누두류 (漏斗類) 또는 누두아강 (漏斗亞綱, Chonotrichia)
    • 외생배류 (外生胚類) 또는 외생배목(外生胚目, Exogemmida)
    • 내생배류 (內生胚類) 또는 내생배목(內生胚目, Cryptogemmida)
  • 유문아강 (有吻亞綱, Rhynchodia)
  • 흡관류 (吸管類) 또는 흡관충류(吸管蟲類) 또는 흡관충아강 (吸管蟲亞綱, Suctoria)
    • 외생아류 (外生芽類) 또는 외생아목(外生芽目, Exogenida)
    • 내생아류 (內生芽類) 또는 내생아목(內生芽目, Endogenida)
    • 외전아류 (外轉芽類) 또는 외전아목(外轉芽目, Evaginogenida)
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