dcsimg

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / saprobe
subiculate perithecium of Acanthonitschkea tristis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Acronicta psi grazes on live leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
Aculus fockeui causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / miner
larva of Anthaxia nitidula mines cambium of Prunus

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
Endostilbum anamorph of Ascocoryne albidum is saprobic on dead Prunus

Foodplant / gall
larva of Asphondylia pruniperda causes gall of bud of Prunus

Foodplant / shot hole causer
hypophyllous acervulus of Phloeosporella coelomycetous anamorph of Blumeriella jaapii causes shot holes on live leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Acladium anamorph of Botryobasidium conspersum is saprobic on dead bark of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
Brachycaudus cardui causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / false gall
Brachycaudus helichrysi causes swelling of curled leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
Brachycaudus schwartzi causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Brachysporium dematiaceous anamorph of Brachysporium bloxamii is saprobic on rotten bark of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Brachysporium dematiaceous anamorph of Brachysporium masonii is saprobic on rotten wood of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Brachysporium dematiaceous anamorph of Brachysporium obovatum is saprobic on rotten wood of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Byssomerulius corium is saprobic on fallen, decayed wood of Prunus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / spinner
caterpillar of Cacoecimorpha pronubana spins live leaf of Prunus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
epiphyllous larva of Caliroa cerasi grazes on leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: 6-9
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
stroma of Capronia nigerrima is associated with fungus-infected wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / pathogen
basidiome of Chondrostereum purpureum infects and damages dying Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Clytra laeviuscula grazes on live flower of Prunus
Remarks: season: 5-8

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, numerous, gregarious pycnidium of Coleophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Coleophoma cylindrospora is saprobic on dead leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: 4-5

Plant / associate
perithecium of Cosmospora purtonii is associated with dead, fungus infected branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 3-7

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum condensatum is saprobic on dead bark of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, plurilocular stroma of Cytosporina coelomycetous anamorph of Cytosporina ludibunda p.p. (Prunus form) is saprobic on branch of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Prunus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura tortrix causes gall of leaves (terminal) of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Haplographium dematiaceous anamorph of Dematioscypha dematiicola is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on wood of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Diplococcium dematiaceous anamorph of Diplococcium spicatum is saprobic on dead, often rotting wood of Prunus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma niphoides is associated with Prunus
Remarks: season: usually spring
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes padi causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes phloeocoptes causes gall of leaf scar of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes similis causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Eulecanium excrescens sucks sap of Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Euproctis similis grazes on live leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
loosely gregarious, covered then erumpent by transverse fissure, radially plurilocular stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Eutypella prunastri is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: Winter, Spring

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Farlowiella carmichaeliana is saprobic on dead bark of Prunus
Remarks: season: 2-4

Foodplant / saprobe
leathery, stromatic, grouped, immersed then emrging by transverse fissure, compressed, reddish-black pycnidium of Foveostroma coelomycetous anamorph of Foveostroma drupacearum is saprobic on dead bark of Prunus
Remarks: season: autumn

Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Gloeodes anamorph of Gloeodes pomigena causes spots on live, sometimes dwarfed fruit of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Gloniopsis praelonga is saprobic on dead twig of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Gnorimus nobilis feeds within wood mould of stump of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Graphium dematiaceous anamorph of Graphium calicioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Helminthosporium velutinum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Prunus

Plant / associate
effuse colony of Heteroconium anamorph of Heteroconium tetracoilum is associated with damp, rotten branch of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse stroma of Hypoxylon multiforme is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
often long-stalked apothecium of Lachnum brevipilosum is saprobic on rotten branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-9

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, closely packed in large clusters perithecium of Lasiosphaeria spermoides is saprobic on rotting wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic, in group of usually 3 to 8 perithecium of Lopadostoma turgidum is saprobic on dead, fallen, characteristically reddish-brown branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / miner
caterpillar of Lyonetia clerkella mines live leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / miner
larva of Magdalis barbicornis mines below cambium of dead twig of Prunus

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Magdalis ruficornis feeds on dead twig of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Menispora ciliata is saprobic on dead wood of Prunus

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilia dematiaceous anamorph of Monilinia fructicola infects and damages brown rotted fruit of Prunus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia laxa infects and damages live, cankered spur shoot of Prunus

Plant / associate
Mycetochara humeralis is associated with Prunus

Foodplant / false gall
Myzus cerasi causes swelling of curled leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: 3-7, autumn

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus

Plant / associate
perithecium of Nectria episphaeria is associated with pyrenomycete infection Prunus
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / pathogen
Nectria galligena infects and damages cankered branch of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
becoming superficial perithecium of Neopeckia fulcita is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus

Foodplant / web feeder
communal larva of Neurotoma saltuum feeds from web on leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Orgyia antiqua grazes on live leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: -7/8

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Orsodacne cerasi feeds on anther of Prunus
Remarks: season: 4-9

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oudemansiella mucida is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / roller
larva of Pamphilius sylvaticus rolls leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Panellus ringens is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Prunus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Parthenolecanium corni sucks sap of live shoot of Prunus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Pentatoma rufipes sucks sap of Prunus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phaeoisaria dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeoisaria clavulata is saprobic on rotten wood of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Phaeostalagmus dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus pomaceus parasitises live Prunus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota squarrosa is saprobic on relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump of Prunus

Foodplant / pathogen
scattered or clustered, immersed, then semi-immersed, finally superficial pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis perniciosa infects and damages cankered fruit of Prunus

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phylloporia ribis parasitises live trunk of Prunus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / shot hole causer
few, minute, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta circumscissa causes shot holes on live leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / shot hole causer
amphigenous, scattered pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta prunicola causes shot holes on live leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-10

Foodplant / saprobe
becoming superficial, scattered pycnidium of Pleurophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Pleurophoma pleurospora is saprobic on dead Prunus
Remarks: season: 3,11

Foodplant / pathogen
Plum Line Pattern virus infects and damages patterned leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus splendidus feeds on Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus ciliatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: summer
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Prionychus ater feeds within decaying wood of Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus pallipes grazes on leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / pathogen
Prune Dwarf virus infects and damages live, small, narrowed, thickened, irregular margined leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona sucks sap of thickly encrusted branch (old) of Prunus

Foodplant / spot causer
Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors-prunorum causes spots on live leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: late spring
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringiae causes spots on live leaf of Prunus
Remarks: season: late spring
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / gall
larva of Putoniella pruni causes gall of leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster punctulata grazes on leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae sucks sap of live Prunus
Remarks: season: winter

Foodplant / false gall
Rhopalosiphum padi causes swelling of curled leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites aequatus feeds within fruit of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites auratus feeds within fruit kernel of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites bacchus feeds within fruit of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites caeruleus feeds within decaying shoot of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus mali feeds within cambium of Prunus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus rugulosus feeds within cambium of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Spadicoides dematiaceous anamorph of Spadicoides bina is saprobic on dead wood of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium altum is saprobic on bark of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / internal feeder
underground larva of Stenocorus meridianus feeds within dead root of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Strossmayeria basitricha is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus

Plant / resting place / on
male of Taeniothrips inconsequens may be found on live Prunus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / gall
infection of Taphrina pruni causes gall of live fruit of Prunus

Foodplant / gall
fruitbody of Taphrina wiesneri causes gall of live, galled shoot tip of Prunus

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo ferruginea grazes on leaf of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes hirsuta is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Prunus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes ochracea is saprobic on dead wood of Prunus

Plant / epiphyte
colony of Trentepohlia abietina grows on bark of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Trichothecium anamorph of Trichothecium roseum is saprobic on fallen branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 10-3

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Triposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Triposporium elegans is saprobic on dead, often grey or purple stained twig of Prunus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph of Truncatella angustata is saprobic on dead rootstock of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 10-5

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic, in group of 3 to 8 perithecium of Valsa cypri is saprobic on dead branch (cortex) of Prunus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic, in groups of 7-10 perithecium of Valsaria insitiva is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 10-11

Foodplant / pathogen
small dark green, velvety colony of Fusicladium dematiaceous anamorph of Venturia cerasi infects and damages live leaf of Prunus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
erect stroma of Xylaria polymorpha is saprobic on dead branch of Prunus
Remarks: season: 9-11

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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Trees or shrubs, sometimes spiny (not in ours). Stipules present. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous. sometimes flowering before the leaves. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx tube. Stamens 10-many. Carpel 1, style terminal; ovules 2. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, 1(-2)-seeded.
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cc-by-nc
copyright
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Prunus Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=660
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Prunus

provided by wikipedia EN

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes (among many others) the fruits plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds.

Native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and the paleotropics of Asia and Africa,[2] 430 different species are classified under Prunus.[3] Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena ("stone" or "pit").[4] This shell encloses the seed (or "kernel") which is edible in many species (such as almonds) but poisonous in others (such as apricots). Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and seeds for roasting.[5]

Botany

Members of the genus can be deciduous or evergreen. A few species have spiny stems. The leaves are simple, alternate, usually lanceolate, unlobed, and often with nectaries on the leaf stalk along with stipules. The flowers are usually white to pink, sometimes red, with five petals and five sepals. Numerous stamens are present. Flowers are borne singly, or in umbels of two to six or sometimes more on racemes. The fruit is a fleshy drupe (a "prune") with a single relatively large, hard-coated seed (a "stone").[6]

Within the rose family Rosaceae, it was traditionally placed as a subfamily, the Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Prunoideae"), but was sometimes placed in its own family, the Prunaceae (or Amygdalaceae). More recently, Prunus is thought to have evolved from within a much larger clade now called subfamily Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Spiraeoideae").[1]

Classification

Evolutionary history

The oldest fossils confirmed to belonging to Prunus date to the Eocene, which are found across the Northern Hemisphere, older potential Late Cretaceous records are unconfirmed.[7]

Linnean classification

In 1737, Carl Linnaeus used four genera to include the species of modern PrunusAmygdalus, Cerasus, Prunus, and Padus—but simplified it to Amygdalus and Prunus in 1758.[8] Since then, the various genera of Linnaeus and others have become subgenera and sections, as all the species clearly are more closely related. Liberty Hyde Bailey says: "The numerous forms grade into each other so imperceptibly and inextricably that the genus cannot be readily broken up into species."[9]

Traditional classification

Historical treatments break the genus into several different genera, but this segregation is not currently widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. The ITIS recognises just the single genus Prunus, with an open list of species,[a] all of which are given at List of Prunus species.[b]

One treatment of the subgenera derives from the work of Alfred Rehder in 1940. Rehder hypothesized five subgenera: Amygdalus, Prunus, Cerasus, Padus, and Laurocerasus.[10] To them C. Ingram added Lithocerasus.[11] The six subgenera are described as follows:

  • Subgenus Amygdalus, almonds and peaches: axillary buds in threes (vegetative bud central, two flower buds to sides); flowers in early spring, sessile or nearly so, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side; stone deeply grooved; type species: Prunus dulcis (almond)
  • Subgenus Prunus, plums and apricots: axillary buds solitary; flowers in early spring stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side, stone rough; type species: Prunus domestica (plum)
  • Subgenus Cerasus, true cherries: axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus cerasus (sour cherry)
  • Subgenus Lithocerasus, bush cherries: axillary buds in threes; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus pumila (sand cherry)
  • Subgenus Padus, bird cherries: axillary buds single; flowers in late spring in racemes on leafy shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus padus (European bird cherry), now known to be polyphyletic[12]
  • Subgenus Laurocerasus, cherry laurels: mostly evergreen (all the other subgenera are deciduous); axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in racemes, not on leafed shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus laurocerasus (European cherry-laurel)

Phylogenetic classification

An extensive phylogenetic study based on different chloroplast and nuclear sequences divides Prunus into three subgenera:[13]

Species

The lists below are incomplete, but include most of the better-known species.

Eastern Hemisphere

Japanese cherry (Prunus serrulata) blossoms
Tibetan cherry (Prunus serrula) bark

Western Hemisphere

Black cherry (Prunus serotina) in bloom

Cultivation

The development sequence of a nectarine (P. persica) over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer

The genus Prunus includes the almond, the nectarine and peach, several species of apricots, cherries, and plums, all of which have cultivars developed for commercial fruit and nut production. The almond is not a true nut; the edible part is the seed. Other species are occasionally cultivated or used for their seed and fruit.

A number of species, hybrids, and cultivars are grown as ornamental plants, usually for their profusion of flowers, sometimes for ornamental foliage and shape, and occasionally for their bark.

Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many Prunus species have been introduced to parts of the world to which they are not native, some becoming naturalised.

The Tree of 40 Fruit has 40 varieties grafted on to one rootstock.[14][15]

Species such as blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), are grown for hedging, game cover, and other utilitarian purposes.

The wood of some species (notably black cherry) is prized as a furniture and cabinetry timber, especially in North America.

Many species produce an aromatic gum from wounds in the trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. Other minor uses include dye production.

Pygeum, a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of Prunus africana, is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Prunus species are food plants for the larvae of many Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths); see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus.

Prunus species are included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[16]

Ornamental Prunus

Ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called "flowering cherries" (including sakura, the Japanese flowering cherries).

Toxicity

Many species are cyanogenic; that is, they contain compounds called cyanogenic glucosides, notably amygdalin, which, on hydrolysis, yield hydrogen cyanide.[17] Although the fruits of some may be edible by humans and livestock (in addition to the ubiquitous fructivore of birds), seeds, leaves and other parts may be toxic, some highly so.[18] The plants contain no more than trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide, but on decomposition after crushing and exposure to air or on digestion, poisonous amounts may be generated. The trace amounts may give a characteristic taste ("bitter almond") with increasing bitterness in larger quantities, less tolerable to people than to birds, which habitually feed on specific fruits.

Benefits to human health

People are often encouraged to consume many fruits because they are rich in a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals that are supposedly beneficial to human health. The fruits of Prunus often contain many phytochemicals and antioxidants.[5][19][20] These compounds have properties that have been linked to preventing different diseases and disorders.[19][21][22] Research suggests that the consumption of these fruits reduces the risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and other age-related declines.[21][22] Many factors can affect the levels of bioactive compounds in the different fruits of the genus Prunus, including the environment, season, processing methods, orchard operations, and postharvest management.[5]

Cherries

Cherries contain many different phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, which are indicators of being rich in antioxidants.[23][21] Recent research has linked the phenolic compounds of the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) with antitumor properties.[24]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen; they are the byproducts of metabolism. High levels of ROS lead to oxidative stress, which causes damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The oxidative damage results in cell death, which ultimately leads to numerous diseases and disorders. Antioxidants act as a defense mechanism against the oxidative stress.[21][22] They are used to remove the free radicals in a living system that are generated as ROS.[25][21] Some of those antioxidants include gutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.[25] The antioxidants present in cherry extracts act as inhibitors of the free radicals.[19] However, the DNA and proteins can be damaged when an imbalance occurs in the level of free radicals and the antioxidants. When not enough antioxidants are available to remove the free radicals, many diseases can occur, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease, etc.[22] Recent studies have shown that using natural antioxidants as a supplement in chemotherapy can decrease the amount of oxidative damage. Some of these natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and epigallocatechin gallate; they can be found in certain cherry extracts.[25]

Almonds

Similar to cherries, strawberries, and raspberries, almonds are also rich in phenolics. Almonds have a high oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), which is another indicator of being rich in antioxidants.[5][26] As stated before, high levels of free radicals are harmful, thus having the capacity to absorb those radicals is greatly beneficial. The bioactive compounds, polyphenols and anthocyanins, found in berries and cherries are also present in almonds.[27][26] Almonds also contain nonflavonoid and flavonoid compounds, which contribute to the antioxidant properties of almonds.[5][28][26] Flavonoids are a group of structurally related compounds that are arranged in a specific manner and can be found in all vascular plants on land. They also contribute to the antioxidant properties of almonds.[28] Some of the nonflavonoid compounds present are protocatechuic, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. Flavonoid compounds that can be found in the skin of the almond are flavanols, dihydroflavonols, and flavanones.[28][26]

Plums

Of all of the different species of stone fruits, plums are the richest in antioxidants and phenolic compounds. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) varies within each fruit, but in plums, TAC is much higher in the skin than in the flesh of the fruit.[5][29][20]

Apricots

Apricots are high in carotenoids, which play a key role in light absorption during development. Carotenoids are the pigments that give the pulp and peel of apricots and other Prunus fruits their yellow and orange colors. Moreover, it is an essential precursor for vitamin A, which is especially important for vision and the immune system in humans.[5][30] Moreover, these fruits are quite rich in phenolic substances, including catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid.[30][31]

Peaches and nectarines

Similar to the plum, peaches and nectarines also have higher TAC in the skin than in the flesh.[5][29] They also contain moderate levels of carotenoids and ascorbic acid.[32][29][20] Peaches and nectarines are orange and yellow in color, which can be attributed to the carotenoids present.[5]

Pests and diseases

Cherries are prone to gummosis.

Various Prunus species are winter hosts of the Damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, which is destructive to hops Humulus lupulus just at the time of their maturity,[33] so plum trees should not be grown in the vicinity of hop fields.

Corking is the drying or withering of fruit tissue.[34] In stone fruit, it is often caused by a lack of boron and/or calcium.[35]

Gummosis is a nonspecific condition of stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, and cherry) in which gum is exuded and deposited on the bark of trees. Gum is produced in response to any type of wound – insect, mechanical injury, or disease.[36]

Apiosporina morbosa is a major fungal disease in the Northern Americas, with many urban centres running black knot fungus management programs.[37] This disease is best managed by physical removal of knot-bearing branches to prevent spore spread and immediate disposal of infected tissue.[37] Chemical treatment is not largely effective, as trees can easily be re-infected by neighbouring knots.

Palaeobotanical models

The earliest known fossil Prunus specimens are wood, drupe, seed, and a leaf from the middle Eocene of the Princeton Chert of British Columbia, Canada.[38] Using the known age as calibration data, a partial phylogeny of some of the Rosaceae from a number of nucleotide sequences was reconstructed.[39] Prunus and its sister clade Maloideae (apple subfamily) has been suggested to have diverged 44.3 million years ago which is within the Lutetian, or older middle Eocene.[c] Stockey and Wehr report: "The Eocene was a time of rapid evolution and diversification in Angiosperm families such as the Rosaceae ...."[38]

The Princeton finds are among a large number of angiosperm fossils from the Okanagan Highlands dating to the late early and middle Eocene. Crataegus is found at three locations: the McAbee Fossil Beds, British Columbia; the Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington, and the Allenby Formation around Princeton, British Columbia, while Prunus is found at those locations plus the Coldwater Beds of Quilchena, British Columbia and Chu Chua Formation around Chu Chua, British Columbia. A review of research on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands[40] reported that the Rosaceae were more diverse at higher altitudes. The Okanagan highlands formations date to as early as 52 mya, but the 44.3 mya date, which is approximate, depending on assumptions, might still apply. The authors state: "... the McAbee flora records a diverse early middle Eocene angiosperm-dominated forest."[40]: 165 

Etymology

The Online Etymology Dictionary presents the customary derivations of plum[41] and prune[42] from Latin prūnum,[43] the plum fruit. The tree is prūnus;[44] and Pliny uses prūnus silvestris to mean the blackthorn. The word is not native Latin, but is a loan from Greek προῦνον (prounon), which is a variant of προῦμνον (proumnon),[45] origin unknown. The tree is προύμνη (proumnē).[46] Most dictionaries follow Hoffman, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen, in making some form of the word a loan from a pre-Greek language of Asia Minor, related to Phrygian.

The first use of Prunus as a genus name was by Carl Linnaeus in Hortus Cliffortianus of 1737,[47] which went on to become Species Plantarum. In the latter, Linnaeus attributes the word to "Varr.", who it is assumed must be Marcus Terentius Varro.

Notes

  1. ^ Do a search in the ITIS database on the scientific name Prunus for its current list.
  2. ^ Other species appear, as well, which for whatever reasons are not yet in ITIS.
  3. ^ A date of 76 mya is given for Rosaceae, which is within the late Cretaceous.

References

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Prunus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes (among many others) the fruits plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds.

Native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and the paleotropics of Asia and Africa, 430 different species are classified under Prunus. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena ("stone" or "pit"). This shell encloses the seed (or "kernel") which is edible in many species (such as almonds) but poisonous in others (such as apricots). Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and seeds for roasting.

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