Die Fechterschnecken (Strombus) sind eine Gattung der Flügelschnecken (Strombidae).
Die Mehrzahl der etwa fünfzig Arten lebt im Indopazifik, während fünf Arten (S. gigas, S. gallus, S. costatus, S. pugilis, S. raninus) ihre Heimat im Karibischen Meer haben.
Ihr größter Vertreter ist die in der Karibik lebende Große Fechterschnecke (Strombus gigas), die bis zu 21 cm lang und 2,5 kg schwer wird. Die Männchen sind meist etwas kleiner als die Weibchen.
Die aus Veliger-Larven hervorgehenden Fechterschnecken verändern auch im weiteren Lebensverlauf stark ihre Gestalt, weshalb sie früher von den Karibikbewohnern und selbst von Zoologen für verschiedene Arten gehalten wurden.
Junge Fechterschnecken besitzen eine rundliche Schale ohne "Flügel" und werden deshalb "Roller" oder "Rundschnecken" genannt. Erst das ausgewachsene Tier bildet den charakteristischen Gehäuserand ("Flügel") aus, bei der Großen Fechterschnecke im Alter von drei Jahren. Diese ausgewachsenen Tiere werden "Starke Schnecken" oder "Blattschnecken" genannt. Kleine Fechterschnecken, bei denen bereits ausgeprägte Flügel erscheinen, heißen "Sambaschnecken" oder "Sangaschnecken".
Der Gehäuserand der Fechterschnecke sowie die anfangs sehr spitzen Stacheln auf dem Gehäuse nutzen sich mit der Zeit ab. Die Tiere sind durch Bewuchs mit Pflanzen und sessilen Tieren getarnt.
Die Fechterschnecken verwenden ihr fingernagelartiges Operculum (Schalenverschlussdeckel) zur Fortbewegung: Hierzu steckt die Schnecke das Operculum in den Grund und bewegt ihren Körper durch ruckartiges Zusammenziehen des Fußes nach vorn, mit einem "Schritt" etwa eine halbe Körperlänge. Die Bewegung ähnelt dabei dem Ausfallschritt beim Fechten. Hierbei hinterlässt die Schnecke keine Schleim- bzw. Geruchsspur und ist so besser vor Feinden geschützt.
Fechterschnecken leben vom Algenbewuchs auf Seegras und dem Sand- bzw. Schlammuntergrund.
Die Gehäuse der Fechterschnecken dienen in verschiedenen Kulturen der Herstellung von Schneckentrompeten, so früher auch bei den Chimú und Inka in Südamerika (Quechua-Bezeichnung: Pututu). Fechterschnecken sind im rohen und gegarten Zustand als Delikatesse begehrt. Die Gehäuse werden als Souvenirs an Touristen verkauft.
Derzeit läuft des Weiteren eine Patentanmeldung zur Züchtung von Meeresperlen mit der Fechterschnecke. Dabei wird ihnen ein Fremdkörper eingepflanzt, welcher, ähnlich wie bei Austern, mit Perlmutt überzogen wird und so nach 6 Monaten bis 2 Jahren eine Perle bildet[1].
Die Große Fechterschnecke (Riesen-Flügelschnecke, Strombus gigas) ist durch übermäßiges Sammeln stark gefährdet.
Die Fechterschnecken (Strombus) sind eine Gattung der Flügelschnecken (Strombidae).
Strombus is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, which comprises the true conchs and their immediate relatives. The genus Strombus was named by Swedish Naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Around 50 living species were recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the queen conch, Strombus gigas (now usually known as Eustrombus gigas or Lobatus gigas), and the West Indian fighting conch, Strombus pugilis. However, since 2006, many species have been assigned to discrete genera.[3] These new genera are, however, not yet found in most textbooks and collector's guides.
Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch, which very rarely also produces a pink, gem-quality pearl.
In the geological past, a much larger number of species of Strombus existed.[4] Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world in sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: 140.2 million years ago to recent).[5]
Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.
Like almost all shelled gastropods, conches have spirally constructed shells. Again, as is normally the case in many gastropods, this spiral shell growth is usually right-handed, but on very rare occasions it can be left-handed.
True conches have long eye stalks, with colorful ring-marked eyes at the tips. The shell has a long and narrow aperture, and a short siphonal canal, with another indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. This notch is where one of the two eye stalks protrudes from the shell.
The true conch has a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, operculum, which can be dug into the substrate as part of an unusual "leaping" locomotion.
True conches grow a flared lip on their shells only upon reaching sexual maturity. This is called an alated outer lip or alation.
Conches lay eggs in long strands; the eggs are contained in twisted, gelatinous tubes.[6] Strombus moves with a leaping motion.[7]
Strombus shells have a flaring outer lip with a notch near the anterior end called the stromboid notch through which the animal can protrude one of its stalked eyes.[8]
Strombus
A simplified version of the phylogeny and relationships of the Strombidae according to Simone (2005)[9]The phylogenetic relationships among the Strombidae have been mainly accessed in two different occasions, using two distinct methods. In a 2005 monograph, Simone proposed a cladogram (a tree of descent) based on an extensive morphoanatomical analysis of representatives of the Aporrhaidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae, and Struthiolariidae.[9] However, according to Simone, only Strombus gracilior, Strombus alatus, and Strombus pugilis, the type species, remained within Strombus. In Simone's cladogram, these three species constituted a distinct group based on at least five synapomorphies (traits that are shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor). The remaining taxa were previously considered as subgenera, and were elevated to genus level by Simone in the end of his analysis.[9]
In a different approach, Latiolais and colleagues (2006) proposed another cladogram that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus Strombus and three species in the allied genus Lambis. The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) protein-coding gene regions. In this proposed phylogeny, Strombus pugilis, Strombus alatus, Strombus granulatus and Strombus gracilior are closely related and appear to share a common ancestor.[3]
This genus of sea snails used to comprise about 50 species,[10] 38 of them occurring in the Indo-Pacific region.[11] Species within the genus Strombus include:
Extinct species within this genus include:[5]
Strombus is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, which comprises the true conchs and their immediate relatives. The genus Strombus was named by Swedish Naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Around 50 living species were recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the queen conch, Strombus gigas (now usually known as Eustrombus gigas or Lobatus gigas), and the West Indian fighting conch, Strombus pugilis. However, since 2006, many species have been assigned to discrete genera. These new genera are, however, not yet found in most textbooks and collector's guides.
Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch, which very rarely also produces a pink, gem-quality pearl.
In the geological past, a much larger number of species of Strombus existed. Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world in sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: 140.2 million years ago to recent).
Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.
El género Strombus engloba moluscos gasterópodos marinos de la familia Strombidae, que reciben el nombre común de caracolas.
Aunque la mayoría de las especies de este género se ha extinguido, o reclasificado en otros géneros, sobreviven tres especies.
Se distribuyen en aguas tropicales de los océanos Índico y Pacífico.[1]
El Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas acepta las siguientes especies:[2]
El género Strombus engloba moluscos gasterópodos marinos de la familia Strombidae, que reciben el nombre común de caracolas.
Aunque la mayoría de las especies de este género se ha extinguido, o reclasificado en otros géneros, sobreviven tres especies.
Se distribuyen en aguas tropicales de los océanos Índico y Pacífico.
Strombus est un genre de mollusques marins de la classe des gastéropodes.
Le nom de genre vient du grec στρομβος / strombos, « tourbillon, toupie, fuseau ; objets en spirale », utilisé par Linné pour désigner la « conque marine », en référence à la forme de la coquille.
Ce genre très emblématique (les fameuses « conques ») a longtemps compté de très nombreuses espèces, mais les classifications modernes comme World Register of Marine Species (22 février 2014)[1] ont récemment redistribué une grande partie de celles-ci dans d'autres genres de la même famille, comme Conomurex ou Lentigo.
Selon NCBI (22 février 2014)[2] :
Selon World Register of Marine Species (22 février 2014)[1] :
Selon ITIS (22 février 2014)[3] :
Strombus bubonius (fossile du Pléistocène).
Strombus luhuanus Strombe bouche-rouge
Strombus est un genre de mollusques marins de la classe des gastéropodes.
Strombus Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di molluschi della famiglia degli Strombidi[1][2][3], i cui membri sono generalmente chiamati strombi[4].
Il nome deriva dal greco antico στρόμβος (strómbos), che vuol dire "conchiglia"[4].
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie viventi[1]:
Diverse altre specie sono state sinonimizzate e classificate sotto altri generi. Di questo genere fanno parte inoltre diverse specie fossili:[1]
Strombus Linnaeus, 1758 è un genere di molluschi della famiglia degli Strombidi, i cui membri sono generalmente chiamati strombi.
Strombus is een geslacht van zeeslakken, die hoort bij de familie Strombidae.
Het geslacht werd voor het eerst beschreven door Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Het geslacht telt 50 erkende soorten, variërend in omvang. De grotere soorten worden in meerdere delen van de wereld gegeten.
De meeste soorten uit het geslacht leven in tropische wateren op de zanderige zeebodem tussen zeegras.
Ze voeden zich met algen.
Synoniemen:
Strombus is een geslacht van zeeslakken, die hoort bij de familie Strombidae.
Het geslacht werd voor het eerst beschreven door Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Het geslacht telt 50 erkende soorten, variërend in omvang. De grotere soorten worden in meerdere delen van de wereld gegeten.
Strombus (nomeados, em inglês, Fighting conchs -pl.)[3] é um gênero de moluscos gastrópodes, marinhos e herbívoros[4], pertencente à família Strombidae, na subclasse Caenogastropoda e ordem Littorinimorpha; classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, em 1758, na sua obra Systema Naturae, ao descrever sua espécie-tipoː Strombus pugilis[1] (com sua localidade-tipo na Costa dos Mosquitos, Nicarágua; embora Moscatelli cite a Jamaica como localidade-tipo).[5][6] Os indivíduos juvenis não apresentam o lábio externo expandido, assemelhando-se a moluscos do gênero Conus.[4] Sua distribuição geográfica é quase toda na costa atlântica e pacífica da região neotropical, incluindo o golfo da Califórnia, no México, até o Peru; a Carolina do Norte, nos Estados Unidos, até o golfo do México, mar do Caribe[3] e costa da América do Sul até a região sul do Brasil.[5] No passado e até o século XX, antes do desenvolvimento de técnicas para medir suas relações de filogenética molecular, este gênero incluía dezenas de espécies ao redor do mundo e principalmente no Indo-Pacífico, agora reduzidas a apenas três espécies.[1][7]
A distribuição geográfica do gênero Strombus quase totalmente coincide com a faixa tropical da América Latina, da Carolina do Norte, nos Estados Unidos, até a região sul do Brasil, no oceano Atlântico[3][5]; e no leste do oceano Pacífico, do golfo da Califórnia (ou mar de Cortés), no oeste do México, até o Peru.[3]
O nome Fighting conch (na tradução para o portuguêsː "concha lutadora") é derivado dos movimentos energéticos do animal. Seu opérculo é freqüentemente usado para cavar na areia, quando ele está se movimentando.[8] Esta é uma característica comum a outros gêneros de Strombidae.[4] O zoólogo Eurico Santos comenta que, quando lançados às praias, dão "verdadeiros pulos para mergulhar por fim na água", e que "é comum um colecionador perder um exemplar raro porque deu este um pulo do barco dentro d'água".[9]
Vista inferior da concha de Strombus gracilior G. B. Sowerby I, 1825[1]; a única espécie do gênero Strombus no oceano Pacífico.
Strombus (nomeados, em inglês, Fighting conchs -pl.) é um gênero de moluscos gastrópodes, marinhos e herbívoros, pertencente à família Strombidae, na subclasse Caenogastropoda e ordem Littorinimorpha; classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, em 1758, na sua obra Systema Naturae, ao descrever sua espécie-tipoː Strombus pugilis (com sua localidade-tipo na Costa dos Mosquitos, Nicarágua; embora Moscatelli cite a Jamaica como localidade-tipo). Os indivíduos juvenis não apresentam o lábio externo expandido, assemelhando-se a moluscos do gênero Conus. Sua distribuição geográfica é quase toda na costa atlântica e pacífica da região neotropical, incluindo o golfo da Califórnia, no México, até o Peru; a Carolina do Norte, nos Estados Unidos, até o golfo do México, mar do Caribe e costa da América do Sul até a região sul do Brasil. No passado e até o século XX, antes do desenvolvimento de técnicas para medir suas relações de filogenética molecular, este gênero incluía dezenas de espécies ao redor do mundo e principalmente no Indo-Pacífico, agora reduzidas a apenas três espécies.
A distribuição geográfica do gênero Strombus quase totalmente coincide com a faixa tropical da América Latina, da Carolina do Norte, nos Estados Unidos, até a região sul do Brasil, no oceano Atlântico; e no leste do oceano Pacífico, do golfo da Califórnia (ou mar de Cortés), no oeste do México, até o Peru.
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