L'Acridotheres cristatellus ye un ave asiática propia d'Indochina y del sudeste de China. Tamién s'alcuentra n'Arxentina.
L'Acridotheres cristatellus ye un ave asiática propia d'Indochina y del sudeste de China. Tamién s'alcuentra n'Arxentina.
El minà crestat (Acridotheres cristatellus) és un ocell de la família dels estúrnids (Sturnidae) que habita praderies i terres de conreu de l'est i sud-est de la Xina, Taiwan, Hainan, nord de Birmània, Laos i Vietnam. Introduït a diferents indrets, com ara les Filipines i l'illa de Vancouver.
El minà crestat (Acridotheres cristatellus) és un ocell de la família dels estúrnids (Sturnidae) que habita praderies i terres de conreu de l'est i sud-est de la Xina, Taiwan, Hainan, nord de Birmània, Laos i Vietnam. Introduït a diferents indrets, com ara les Filipines i l'illa de Vancouver.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Maina Tsieina (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: mainaod Tsieina) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Acridotheres cristatellus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chinese jungle mynah. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Drudwy (Lladin: Sturnidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. cristatellus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r maina Tsieina yn perthyn i deulu'r Adar Drudwy (Lladin: Sturnidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Drudwen benllwyd Sturnia malabarica Drudwen benwen Sturnia erythropygia Drudwen dagellog Creatophora cinerea Drudwen Dawria Agropsar sturninus Drudwen fronwen Grafisia torquata Drudwen gefnbiws Agropsar philippensis Drudwen Sri Lanka Sturnornis albofrontatus Maina Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Maina eurben Ampeliceps coronatus Sturnia pagodarum Sturnia pagodarum Sturnia sinensis Sturnia sinensisAderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Maina Tsieina (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: mainaod Tsieina) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Acridotheres cristatellus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chinese jungle mynah. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Drudwy (Lladin: Sturnidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. cristatellus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Ka-lēng (ha̍k-miâ: Acridotheres cristatellus)
Roeggeuq dwg cungj duzroeg ndeu.
Vû-liau (烏鷯) he yit chúng tiâu.
The crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus), also known as the Chinese starling, is a species of starling in the genus Acridotheres native to southeastern China and Indochina.[2][3] It is named after the tuft of feathers on its forehead that resembles a crest.[3]
The crested myna is typically found in open spaces near urban and agricultural areas.[2][4] It is a popular cage bird and, as a result, has been accidentally released in a few places outside of its usual range.[2] For example, this species was introduced around 1890 into the Vancouver region of British Columbia.[2][3][4] It was initially successful, reaching a population in the thousands, however, it has since then gone locally extinct in the area.[2][5]
Like many starlings, the crested myna is omnivorous.[3] It will eat a variety of food including worms, grubs, grains, fruit, and even garbage.[3] It is a highly beneficial bird to farmers, as it feeds on insects and does not attack crops.[4]
In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the crested myna in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Chinese starling or Black Bird".[6] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the crested myna with the other mynas in the genus Gracula. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Gracula cristatella and cited Edwards' work.[7] The specific epithet cristatella is a Latin diminutive of cristatus meaning "crested" or "plumed".[8] The crested myna is now placed in the genus Acridotheres that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[9][10] It was previously placed in the genus Aethiospar, which included the mynas that had a fully feathered or tufted face.[2][4] Acridotheres was formerly the group of bare-skin faced mynas.[2][4] Now, the two genera form a new group that keeps the name Acridotheres.[2][4]
Three subspecies are recognised:[10]
The crested myna is named after the tuft of feathers that form a crest-like structure on its forehead that covers the bird's nostrils.[2][3][4][11] It is mostly black with a slight green sheen. It has a couple of white wing patches under its wings which are more visible during flight.[4][11] The tips and the base of the primaries are white.[2][4] The tail feathers also have white tips with the exception of the middle pair.[2][4] The under-tail coverts are black with a white tip.[2][4] The adult's eyes are orange, its bill is pale yellow, and its legs are a dull dark yellow.[2][3][4] Its bill is slender and very sharp.[4] The males are slightly larger than the females.[11] The female's crest is slightly less well-developed.[11] Otherwise, there is no sexual dimorphism.[3] The subspecies A. c. brevipennis, has proportionally smaller wings and a smaller bill. The feathers that form the crest are narrower than the ones from the nominate subspecies.[2] A. c. formosanus is slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and its bill is greenish-yellow. Its under-tail coverts are white and it has a more developed crest.[2]
The hatchlings are born naked except for of a short gray down found on certain parts of the bird.[11] In about 18 to 20 days, the juveniles become fully covered with brown feathers.[11] The crest is usually not well developed at this stage.[11] Immature crested mynas have blue-gray eyes.[11]
The crested myna can be found in a wide range of habitats from urban to rural areas. In cities, it can be seen in the eaves of buildings, along roads and alleys, near gardens and parks, in parking lots. It can be found under bridges, in trees, in chimneys, and on roofs. In rural areas, it can be spotted on agricultural fields, in orchards and farmyards, near manure piles. It can be seen near plowed fields to take advantage of the invertebrates found in the tilled soil. It is often seen near cattle as it eats the insects around them. It is also commonly distributed in grasslands, fields and at the edge of forests.
The range spans from southeastern and central China to northern Indochina.[2][3][4] It is found in the Yangtze valley and the southeastern Jiangxi Province in China.[2] The crested myna has also been recorded in Burma, Taiwan and Hainan.[2]
As a popular cage bird, it is often transported outside of its normal range and, on occasion, can be accidentally released and introduced in a new area.[3] For example, in the late 1800s, it was introduced to Vancouver, British Columbia.[2][3][4][5] It was able to proliferate and its population grew to around 20,000 to 30,000 individuals.[2] It could be found anywhere from the south of the province to Washington and Oregon.[2] By the mid-20th century, the numbers began declining, and the bird is now extirpated in North America.[2][5] Other examples of the crested myna's introduction can be seen in Portugal.[12] The bird was discovered breeding around Lisbon, Portugal in 1997.[12] They are now established on both sides of the Tagus estuary to the west of Lisbon and also on the Setúbal Peninsula.[12]
The crested myna has also been successfully introduced in Penang, Singapore, Manila, as well as parts of Japan and Argentina.[2] The Crested myna is called "Martinez" in the Philippines
The crested myna has a wide array of songs and calls, from whistles to warbles to chortles.[11] When alarmed, it emits a raspy jaaay.[11] Other calls include a series of chuffs or creeks.[11] Vocal mimicry of human voices and other yard birds in crested mynas has been reported.[11] However, birds held in captivity were not found to be good mimics.[11]
The crested myna is an omnivorous bird.[3] Although it eats mainly insects,[2] this bird can eat a wide variety of items including fruit, grains, meat, manure and garbage.[2][3]
Its diet varies seasonally.[3] On average, 40% of the adult bird's diet is meat and 60% is vegetation.[3] However, in September, the proportion of meat in its diet increases to around 50–60%, where almost half of it is flies.[3] In the winter months, as insects and fruit are less common, the crested myna eats a lot more garbage (representing about 15% of its diet).[3]
Its diet also varies with the life stages of the bird.[3] Juveniles eat proportionally more animal matter than adults[3] Approximately 75% of their diet is made of meat (50% of which is from insects).[3] Similarly to adult crested mynas, the proportion of insects and fruit that the juveniles eat increases with availability and abundance.[3]
The crested mynas build their nests in a variety of places. In a forest, it builds its nest in holes caused by woodpeckers or decay. In urban areas, the nests can be found in chimneys, drains, and crevices among other places. Most nests are built in April or May. Both the male and the female take part in the construction of the nest. To build the nest, the crested mynas have been known to use just about anything they can find from grass to branches to garbage.
The first clutch of the season appears during the end of April or during May. Most pairs are double-brooded, which means they will have a second clutch in the same season. The second clutch appears in June to mid-August. The eggs are of a light blue-green color and have a similar shape to that of robin eggs. Typically, the clutch size is around 4–6 eggs. Every day, one egg is hatched. The hatchlings are born altricially. The eggs are incubated for 14 days, after which the fledglings move out of the nest onto a nearby tree or shrub. The parents keep feeding them for about a week.
The immature crested mynas do not separate from their parents. They typically form small family groups and form a larger flock with others for feeding and traveling.
Since 1998, the crested myna has been rated as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. It has a range that is larger than 20,000 km2 and therefore, its range is too large for this bird to be considered vulnerable under the criterion of range size. Also, the population trends seem to be stable (over the last ten years or three generations) and so, this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population trends. Finally, it is believed that the population size exceeds 10,000 mature individuals and therefore its this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population size.[1]
The crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus), also known as the Chinese starling, is a species of starling in the genus Acridotheres native to southeastern China and Indochina. It is named after the tuft of feathers on its forehead that resembles a crest.
The crested myna is typically found in open spaces near urban and agricultural areas. It is a popular cage bird and, as a result, has been accidentally released in a few places outside of its usual range. For example, this species was introduced around 1890 into the Vancouver region of British Columbia. It was initially successful, reaching a population in the thousands, however, it has since then gone locally extinct in the area.
Like many starlings, the crested myna is omnivorous. It will eat a variety of food including worms, grubs, grains, fruit, and even garbage. It is a highly beneficial bird to farmers, as it feeds on insects and does not attack crops.
La Kresta akridotero aŭ Krestominao (Acridotheres cristatellus) estas specio de sturno de la familio de Sturnedoj kaj genro de Akridoteroj kiuj portas fruntajn krestojn.
Ĝi estas indiĝena de sudorienta Ĉinio kaj Hindoĉinio. Ĉirkaŭ 1890, la Krestominao estis enmetita en Vankuvero regiono de Brita Kolumbio. Ĝi estis dekomence sukcesa, kaj atingis populacion centan, sen disvastiĝo for el Vankuvera kontinentaĵo. Meze de la 1902-aj jaro malpliiĝis kaj nun la birdospecio formortis el Nordameriko, sed ekzistas en Sudameriko (Argentino).
Malkiel aliaj similaj minaoj, ties beko estas pli blankeca ol flavoranĝa kun iom da rozkoloreco ĉebaze de suba makzelo. Same kiel la Granda akridotero temas pri tre nigra birdo kun tre fortikaj beko kaj flavoranĝaj kruroj. Rimarkinda karaktero estas kresto de plumoj kiuj malkombiĝas el la frunto, sed ne tiom unuopaj kaj izolitaj kiom ĉe la Granda akridotero, sed pli mallongaj kaj densaj. Ankaŭ la plumoj de la kapovertico kaj gorĝareo iom malkombiĝas. Krome estas blankaj flugilmakuloj kaj vostobordoj. La irisoj estas pli helaj ol ĉe la Granda akridotero, pli flavoranĝaj ol brunaj.
La Kresta akridotero aŭ Krestominao (Acridotheres cristatellus) estas specio de sturno de la familio de Sturnedoj kaj genro de Akridoteroj kiuj portas fruntajn krestojn.
El miná crestado (Acridotheres cristatellus)[2] es una especie de ave passeriforme de la familia Sturnidae[3] propia de Indochina y del sudeste de China.[4] Esta especie de ave ha sido introducido en Argentina recientemente y puede ser encontrada de forma esporádica en varias provincias del país. En la provincia de Buenos Aires es posible encontrar esta ave en los alrededores de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y en las costas Atlánticas de Mar del Plata, hasta llegar a Mar de Ajó.
Se conocen las siguientes subespecies:[3][5][6]
El miná crestado (Acridotheres cristatellus) es una especie de ave passeriforme de la familia Sturnidae propia de Indochina y del sudeste de China. Esta especie de ave ha sido introducido en Argentina recientemente y puede ser encontrada de forma esporádica en varias provincias del país. En la provincia de Buenos Aires es posible encontrar esta ave en los alrededores de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y en las costas Atlánticas de Mar del Plata, hasta llegar a Mar de Ajó.
Hartxori gangarduna (Acridotheres cristatellus) Acridotheres generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Sturnidae familian sailkatua dago.
Hartxori gangarduna (Acridotheres cristatellus) Acridotheres generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Sturnidae familian sailkatua dago.
Riisimaina (Acridotheres cristatellus)[2] on kottaraisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Riisimainaa tavataan luonnonvaraisena Kiinassa, Laosissa, Myanmarissa, Taiwanissa ja Vietnamissa. Riisimainan on kuvattu olevan yleinen koko levinneisyysalueellaan, ja se on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.[1]
Riisimaina (Acridotheres cristatellus) on kottaraisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Acridotheres cristatellus
Le Martin huppé (Acridotheres cristatellus) est une espèce de passereau de la famille des Sturnidae originaire du sud-est de la Chine et de l'Indochine.
D'après Alan P. Peterson, il en existe 3 sous-espèces :
Acridotheres cristatellus
Le Martin huppé (Acridotheres cristatellus) est une espèce de passereau de la famille des Sturnidae originaire du sud-est de la Chine et de l'Indochine.
Kerak jambul adalah spesies burung yang mempunyai paruh, berdarah panas, dan membiak dengan cara bertelur.
Kerak jambul adalah spesies burung yang mempunyai paruh, berdarah panas, dan membiak dengan cara bertelur.
Burung Tiong Jambul Cina ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh di dapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Acridotheres cristatellus.
Burung Tiong Jambul Cina adalah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam : haiwan, filum : kordata, sub-filum : bertulang belakang (vertebrata), kelas : burung. Burung Tiong Jambul Cina adalah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan tubuh yang diselubungi bulu pelepah. Paruh Burung Tiong Jambul Cina tidak bergigi.
Burung Tiong Jambul Cina membiak dengan bertelur. Telur Burung Tiong Jambul Cina bercengkerang keras.
Burung Tiong Jambul Cina ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh di dapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Acridotheres cristatellus.
De kuifmaina (Acridotheres cristatellus) is een spreeuwachtige die van nature voorkomt in het Oriëntaals gebied. Tegenwoordig komt de soort ook voor in Japan, Argentinië, Canada en de Verenigde Staten. In Noord-Amerika is de soort echter zeldzaam geworden.
Deze spreeuwachtige is gemiddeld van grootte, grotendeels zwart met een zwarte kuif op het voorhoofd. Een deel van de buitenste vliegveren zijn wit, wat goed te zien is als ze vliegen. De mannetjes en vrouwtjes van de kuifmaina lijken sterk op elkaar. De staart is wit aan de uiteinden. De snavel is geel met uitzondering van het begin van de onderzijde. De ogen zijn bruin tot vaalgeel. De poten zijn geel tot oranjegeel.
De soort kwam oorspronkelijk alleen voor in de Zuidoost-Aziatische landen Laos, Myanmar en Vietnam en in China en Taiwan. Sinds die tijd is de soort ook geïntroduceerd in de Zuidoost-Aziatische landen Brunei, de Filipijnen (rond 1850), Maleisië en Singapore en in de Amerikaanse landen Argentinië, Canada en de Verenigde Staten. Zo nu en dan is vindt men de kuifmaina ook in Japan en Thailand.
Van de kuifmaina zijn voor zover bekend drie ondersoorten:
De kuifmaina legt per keer zo'n 3 tot 4 licht glimmende blauwe eieren in holtes van dode bomen of van gebouwen. Het nest is samengesteld van gras, stukjes kleren, papier en omringd door gras en veren. In de Filipijnen zijn in de maanden april en mei zich voortplantende exemplaren waargenomen.
De kuifmaina (Acridotheres cristatellus) is een spreeuwachtige die van nature voorkomt in het Oriëntaals gebied. Tegenwoordig komt de soort ook voor in Japan, Argentinië, Canada en de Verenigde Staten. In Noord-Amerika is de soort echter zeldzaam geworden.
O mainá-de-crista ou mainato-de-poupa[2] (Acridotheres cristatellus) é uma ave da família Sturnidae.[1] Um pouco maior que o estorninho-preto, distingue-se pelas grandes manchas brancas nas asas, visíveis em voo, e pelo pequeno tufo de penas junto à base do bico.
Esta espécie de origem asiática foi introduzida em Portugal Continental, tendo-se estabelecido como nidificante.
O mainá-de-crista ou mainato-de-poupa (Acridotheres cristatellus) é uma ave da família Sturnidae. Um pouco maior que o estorninho-preto, distingue-se pelas grandes manchas brancas nas asas, visíveis em voo, e pelo pequeno tufo de penas junto à base do bico.
Esta espécie de origem asiática foi introduzida em Portugal Continental, tendo-se estabelecido como nidificante.
Kinesisk majna[2] (Acridotheres cristatellus) är en från början asiatisk tätting i familjen starar som även etablerat populationer i olika delar av världen.[3]
Kinesisk majna är en relativt stor (25–27,5 cm), huvudsakligen svart stare med en framåtriktad tofs i pannan. Undre stjärttäckarna har smala vita spetsar. Ögonen är orange och näbben är elfenbensvit med en rosaröd fläck längst in på nedre näbbhalvan. I flykten syns mycket stora vita handbasfläckar på vingen samt smal, vit stjärtspets. Ungfågeln är mycket lik tofsmajnan (Acridotheres grandis), men näbb och ben är ljusare, undre stjärttäckarna mörkare och den vita vingfläcken större. Lätena ska likna brunmajnans.[4]
Kinesisk majna delas in i tre underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Förrymda burfåglar har även etablerat populationer i Argentina (Buenos Aires), Japan, Malaysia (Penang), Singapore, norra Filippinerna (kring Manilla) och Portugal.[5][6] Sedan 1890-talet fanns länge även en etablerad population i Vancouver, Kanada, men denna är numera utdöd.[7] Den har även påträffats tillfälligt i Thailand.[1]
Arten förekommer i öppna områden nära träd, ofta i små grupper. Den lever av frukt, insekter och andra ryggradslösa djur. Fågeln häckar mellan april och augusti, i Taiwan från mars och i Filippinerna i april-maj.[5]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling som inte tros vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats men den beskrivs som vanlig i hela utbredningsområdet.
Kinesisk majna (Acridotheres cristatellus) är en från början asiatisk tätting i familjen starar som även etablerat populationer i olika delar av världen.
Sáo mỏ ngà[2] hay Sáo đen (danh pháp khoa học: Acridotheres cristatellus) là một loài chim trong họ Sturnidae.[3]
Sáo mỏ ngà hay Sáo đen (danh pháp khoa học: Acridotheres cristatellus) là một loài chim trong họ Sturnidae.
Acridotheres cristatellus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Охранный статусХохлатая майна[1] (лат. Acridotheres cristatellus) — вид воробьинообразных птиц из семейства скворцовых (Sturnidae). Нативная для Китая, Лаоса, Тайваня, Мьянмы и Вьетнама; интродуцирована в Аргентину, Бруней, Малайзию, на Филиппинские острова и в Сингапур; залётная в Японии и Таиланде[2]. Длина взрослой птицы в среднем 26 см[3]. Оперение чёрное; есть чёткий хохолок на лбу; радужная оболочка глаз оранжевая, клюв бледно-жёлтый с красным основанием, ноги тускло-жёлтые[3].
Хохлатая майна (лат. Acridotheres cristatellus) — вид воробьинообразных птиц из семейства скворцовых (Sturnidae). Нативная для Китая, Лаоса, Тайваня, Мьянмы и Вьетнама; интродуцирована в Аргентину, Бруней, Малайзию, на Филиппинские острова и в Сингапур; залётная в Японии и Таиланде. Длина взрослой птицы в среднем 26 см. Оперение чёрное; есть чёткий хохолок на лбу; радужная оболочка глаз оранжевая, клюв бледно-жёлтый с красным основанием, ноги тускло-жёлтые.
八哥(学名:Acridotheres cristatellus),又名了哥、鹦鹆、寒皋、鸲鹆、鸜鵒、𪈻鵒、驾鴒、加令、中国凤头八哥、凤头八哥,古时称秦吉了。
八哥生活在草原和山區的樹林中,善於鳴叫,也會模仿其他鳥的叫聲,經過訓練,還能模仿人類說話。
八哥原本分布于中國大陸南部及印度支那半岛,是典型的东洋界鸟类。但非法鳥類贸易使八哥迅速擴散,现在在菲律賓及婆羅洲有引入种群,而在淮河以北的中国北方地区八哥也逐渐成为常见的留鸟。
本种鸟类通体黑色,粗看起来颇似乌鸦,但与乌鸦有着显著的区别,首先八哥体形较各类乌鸦均远远为小(大嘴乌鸦体长50厘米;八哥体长25厘米),其次八哥喙足均为鲜黄色。本物种在喙与头部的交接处有着明显的额羽,细看头颈部的体羽,黑色中有绿色的金属光泽闪动,初级覆羽和初级飞羽的基部均为白色,因此在飞行过程中两翅中央有明显的白斑,从下方仰视,两块白斑呈“八”字型,这也是八哥名称的来源,两块白斑与黑色的体羽形成鲜明的对比也是八哥的一个重要辨识特征;尾羽端部白色。本物种的亚成体额羽不发达,体羽颜色也不似成鸟那般黑得很成熟,略呈咖啡色。
八哥为杂食性,通过对八哥食物得研究发现植物性食物和动物性食物基本各占50%的比例,八哥经常取食的食物包括:各种植物的种子、蔬菜茎叶等、田螺、蝼蛄、鞘翅目昆虫、蝗虫、地老虎等。
本物种繁殖季节为4月-7月大多于5月产卵每巢4-6枚卵,卵的颜色为鲜艳的蓝色;在中国南方每年繁殖两次。营巢多选择中国传统建筑的屋檐下或树洞中,有时也利用喜鹊或黑领椋鸟的弃巢。
本物种未列入濒危名单,但受到非法鸟类贸易的威胁并被作为医药成分被捕猎,中医传统理论认为八哥除去羽毛及内臟的全体、取肉,有下气、止血的功能,因此被利用。
在臺灣受外來種白尾八哥、家八哥等,在野外到處繁殖競爭棲地和被補獵為寵物鳥影響,造成當地數量大減,2008年起被改列為珍貴稀有保護鳥類。 但2015年的碩士論文[2]推測環境中高草棲地減少可能是造成近年原生八哥數量下降的重要因素之一,與外來八哥之競爭可能較無直接關係。
八哥善于效鸣,甚至能学人言,因此自古以来就被人类作为宠物饲养,并且衍生出及其复杂的各种驯养名目。但八哥始终没有实现人工饲养条件下的繁殖,因此鸟类贸易中所有的八哥均直接从野外捕捉,这种非法鸟类贸易对野生鸟类种群造成极大的威胁,主要体现在以下几点:
八哥(学名:Acridotheres cristatellus),又名了哥、鹦鹆、寒皋、鸲鹆、鸜鵒、𪈻鵒、驾鴒、加令、中国凤头八哥、凤头八哥,古时称秦吉了。
八哥生活在草原和山區的樹林中,善於鳴叫,也會模仿其他鳥的叫聲,經過訓練,還能模仿人類說話。
本文を参照のこと
ハッカチョウ(八哥鳥、学名: Acridotheres cristatellus)は、ムクドリ科のうちハッカチョウ属 Acridotheres に分類される鳥類の1種。
原産地は、中国大陸南部、および、インドシナ半島。国別で言えば、中華人民共和国中部地域および南部地域、台湾、ベトナム、ラオス、ミャンマーに分布する。
日本では外来種である。 観察された地域は、東京,神奈川,大阪,兵庫,福島,栃木,愛知,大阪,京都,和歌山,香川,鹿児島,先島[1]。神奈川、兵庫などでは繁殖の記録もある。
なお、沖縄県与那国島・鹿児島県など南日本での観察記録は、台湾などから飛来した迷鳥(すなわち自然渡来)の可能性もある。
カナダでは、移入されたものが外来種として繁殖し、問題となっている。
全身の色は黒い。翼には大きな白い斑点があり、飛翔する際によく目立つ。下尾筒(かびとう)[2]の羽縁と尾羽の先端が白い。突き出した冠羽が頭部前方を飾っているのが特徴的である。嘴(くちばし)の色は橙色、肢は暗黄色。この翼の斑点と、頭部の飾り羽によって識別は容易。
食性は雑食で、植物の種子等のほか、タニシなど陸棲貝類、ケラなど地中棲の昆虫、甲虫類とその幼虫、イナゴ等のバッタ類である。ムクドリと同様の群れを作る例もある。
鳴き声は、澄んだ声でさまざまな音をだす。ものまねもする習性がある。
人によく懐き、飼い鳥とされる。人語などを真似るということでも親しまれている。
マレーシアやシンガポールなどの都市部ではハトやすずめ以上に街中でよく見かける鳥であり、ホーカーセンター(東南アジアの屋台街)での食事中でも人をまったく怖がる様子もなく、近づいてきては食べ残しを漁っている。
下位分類は 3亜種が知られている。和名などは未確認。
中国では、人によく懐き、人語を真似るということで親しまれている。花鳥図などの題材にもされる。また、羽毛と内臓を取り除いた八哥鳥は漢方薬として利用される。
日本では八哥鳥を飼うとする習慣は、江戸時代に広まった。 江戸初期において古九谷の陶工は八哥鳥の図柄を磁器に焼き付け、絵師・伊藤若冲はその手になる『鹿苑寺大書院障壁画』の1枚に八哥鳥を描いている(「芭蕉叭々鳥図」★外部リンクで画像閲覧可能:鹿苑寺大書院 芭蕉叭々鳥図襖絵 - 相国寺(公式ウェブサイト)。京都・鹿苑寺所蔵、承天閣美術館保管)。
標準和名は「ハッカチョウ」、その漢字表記は「八哥鳥」(cf. 八哥鳥)。異称に、「叭叭鳥(あるいは、叭々鳥)」および「哥哥鳥[3]」とそれらの読み「ハハチョウ」、「鸜鵒[鵒=鹆の正字体]」および「鴝鵒[鵒=前例に同じ]」とそれらの読み「クヨク」、「小九官鳥[4]」とその読み「ショウキュウカンチョウ」がある。
主要原産地の一つである中国(現・中華人民共和国等)では、八哥の仲間(八哥属)の代表的一種としてのその名「八哥」のほかにも、「瞭哥(簡体字[以下同様[5]]:了哥)」「鸜鵒[鵒=鹆の繁字体](鸜鹆)」「寒皋」「鴝鵒[鵒=前例に同じ](鸲鹆)」「駕鴒(驾鸰)」「鳳頭八哥(凤头八哥)」「中國鳳頭八哥(中国凤头八哥)」、および、台湾亜種[4]に固有の「加令」に、古称の「秦吉瞭(秦吉了)」といった、数多くの名で呼ばれている。
英語名 crested myna の語義は「crest (意:鶏冠などの頭飾り。ここでは、冠羽)」の myna (すなわち、ムクドリの仲間[ムクドリ科、en:Myna])」、「冠羽を具えた椋鳥」である。