Als Aplysiidae bezeichnet man eine Familie der Hinterkiemerschnecken (Opisthobranchia). In den Neurowissenschaften ist die Art Aplysia californica aufgrund der großen Neuronen ein oft genutztes Forschungsobjekt. Derzeit werden etwa 80 Arten zu dieser Familie gestellt.[1]
Alle Arten sind marin, man spricht von Meeresschnecken. Die Gattungen sind mit vier Tentakeln ausgestattet und tragen meist eine eher dünne Schale, welche auch teilweise zurückgebildet sein kann. Algen stellen meist die Hauptnahrung dieser Schnecken dar.
Die Aplysiidae gehören der Unterordnung Breitfußschnecken (Anaspidea) an, deren Name daher rührt, dass das kleine Gehäuse von den beiden Fußlappen bedeckt ist. Zu den Breitfußschnecken werden nur zwei Überfamilien zugeordnet, und zwar außer den Aplysioidea noch die Akeridae. Die Systematik dieser Schnecken wurde erstmals im 18. Jahrhundert an ihren Vorkommen im Atlantik erforscht, und zwar von Linné 1767 und Lamarck um 1800.
Bekannte Gattungen der Aplysiidae:
Als Aplysiidae bezeichnet man eine Familie der Hinterkiemerschnecken (Opisthobranchia). In den Neurowissenschaften ist die Art Aplysia californica aufgrund der großen Neuronen ein oft genutztes Forschungsobjekt. Derzeit werden etwa 80 Arten zu dieser Familie gestellt.
Aplysiidae is the only family in the superfamily Aplysioidea, within the clade Anaspidea.[1] These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body shape and the long rhinophores on their heads mean that their overall shape resembles that of a sitting rabbit or hare. Sea hares are however sea snails with shells reduced to a small plate hidden between the parapodia, and some species are extremely large. The Californian black sea hare, Aplysia vaccaria is arguably the largest living gastropod species, and is certainly the largest living heterobranch gastropod.
Members of the Aplysiidae have an atrophied inner shell (in contrast with the nudibranchs, which have no shell at all). In Aplysia and Syphonota, this shell is a soft flattened plate over the visceral rear end, where it is fully or partially enclosed in the mantle skin. In Dolabella auricularia, the shell is ear-shaped. The shell is only present in the larval stage of the two genera Bursatella and Stylocheilus, and on this basis they have been grouped into the subfamily Dolabriferinae.[2]
They are rather large animals. Their length can reach up to 75 cm (Aplysia vaccaria), and they can weigh well over 2 kg. They are cosmopolitan and found in temperate and tropical seas, inhabiting shallow coastal areas and sheltered bays, thick with vegetation.
The Aplysiidae are herbivorous, eating a variety of red, green or brown algae and eelgrass. Their color is diet-derived from the pigments of the algae. They concentrate the toxins found on algae.
Some species spout ink when disturbed or attacked, and they may also swim (rather than crawl) away, using their broad wing-like flaps or parapodia. The ink is extracted from their algal food, rather than being synthesized.[3]
Sea hares have two main secretory glands in their mantle cavity.
The genus Aplysia has proved useful as a model in neurobiology for the study of electrical synapses, which mediate the release of the clouds of ink.[4]
Sea hares are hermaphrodites, with fully functional male and female reproductive organs. The penis is on the right side of the head while the vagina is situated in the mantle cavity, beneath the shell, deep down between the parapodia. It is therefore physically impossible for mating partners to act as both male and female at the same time.[5]
They have unusual mating habits: they can mate in pairs with one acting as a male, the other as a female, but they commonly occur in quite crowded numbers during the mating season, and this often leads to chains of three or more sea hares mating together. The one at the front acts as a female and the one at the back as a male. The animal(s) in between are acting as both males and females, in other words, the animal receiving sperm passes its own sperm to a third sea hare.
Predators include pycnogonid sea spiders, wrasses and sea turtles.
Following the lead of Ladislav Tauc and his pupil Eric R. Kandel,[6][7] Aplysia has been studied as a model organism by neurobiologists, because its gill and siphon withdrawal reflex, as studied in Aplysia californica, is mediated by electrical synapses, which allow several neurons to fire synchronously. This quick neural response is necessary for a speedy reaction to danger by the animal. Aplysia has only about 20,000 neurons, making it a favorite subject for investigation by neuroscientists.[8] Also, the 'tongue' on the underside is controlled by only two neurons, which allowed complete mapping of the innervation network to be carried out.[9]
A 2004 study[10] has shown that Aplysiidae is a monophyletic taxon with two distinct clades: Aplysiinae and Dolabellinae + Dolabriferinae + Notarchinae.
The authority of this family is still somewhat in dispute. The family was incorrectly originally spelled as Laplysiana. This was a Latinized form of the original common name "les Laplysiens" as described in Philosophie zoologique, 1:320 by Lamarck in 1809.[11] Rafinesque introduced the new name Laplysinia in 1815. In 2001 Bouchet & Rocroi advocated the attribution of the name Aplysiidae to Lamarck.[12]
Classification after N. B. Eales (1984):[13]
Aplysiidae is the only family in the superfamily Aplysioidea, within the clade Anaspidea. These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body shape and the long rhinophores on their heads mean that their overall shape resembles that of a sitting rabbit or hare. Sea hares are however sea snails with shells reduced to a small plate hidden between the parapodia, and some species are extremely large. The Californian black sea hare, Aplysia vaccaria is arguably the largest living gastropod species, and is certainly the largest living heterobranch gastropod.
Les Aplysiidae sont une famille de gastéropodes opisthobranches qui ont une coquille réduite à une lamelle dorsale internalisée. Ils se nourrissent d'algues et sont hermaphrodites.
Les aplysies, de l’ordre des Anaspidea, portent le nom vernaculaire de « lièvres de mer » en raison de leurs rhinophores érigés qui font penser à des oreilles de lapin. Elles peuvent parfois nager au moyen des expansions latérales du manteau[1].
L'animal respire via une respiration branchiale qui se manifeste par des branchies visibles dorsalement où elles forment une structure ressemblant à un buisson. Ces branchies sont operculées[2].
Silhouette générale d'une aplysie.
Gros individu d'Aplysia californica
« visage » d'Aplysia juliana
Gros plan sur les rhinophores, organes olfactifs
Aplysia fasciata en train de nager en pleine eau (vue du dessus)
Les aplysies sont hermaphrodites ; lors des accouplements croisés de 2 individus, chacun d'eux emploie successivement l'un ou l'autre de ses sexes. Quand d'autres aplysies voient un accouplement, elles s'y joignent, ce qui conduit à des accouplements collectifs pouvant rassembler un grand nombre d'individus. Dans ce cas, les animaux peuvent mobiliser en même temps leurs organes mâles et femelles.
Copulation en groupe d'Aplysia californica
Ponte d'Aplysia californica
En France métropolitaine, les espèces les plus courantes sont le Lièvre de mer commun (Aplysia depilans), l'Aplysie fasciée (Aplysia fasciata), le Lièvre de mer effiloché (Bursatella leachii), l'Aplysie naine (Aplysia parvula), le Lièvre de mer moucheté (Aplysia punctata) et l'Aplysie à pointes (Notarchus punctatus).
Selon World Register of Marine Species (21 décembre 2020)[3] :
Les Aplysiidae sont une famille de gastéropodes opisthobranches qui ont une coquille réduite à une lamelle dorsale internalisée. Ils se nourrissent d'algues et sont hermaphrodites.
Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 è una famiglia di molluschi gasteropodi, unica famiglia della superfamiglia Aplysioidea.[1]
La famiglia comprende i seguenti generi:[1]
Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 è una famiglia di molluschi gasteropodi, unica famiglia della superfamiglia Aplysioidea.
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