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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Since the inception of the USSR hake fishery in 1966 (133,667 t 1966), this species has been an important constituent of distant-water fisheries. Most of the US catch was used for fish meal and pet food while the Soviet catch was frozen for human consumption, as soon as they were caught (this hake tends to become soft and less palatable from 2 to 4 hours after being caught). The catch reported to FAO in 1995 totalled 177,117 t (all taken by USA and almost exclusively from area 67, Northeast Pacific). In the history of the catches since 1966, there have been substantial decreases in 1980 (57,086 t) and in 1991-92 (31,413 and 56,231 t). The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 217 000 t. The countries with the largest catches were USA (216 889 t) and Mexico (111 t). Caught with bottom trawl and midwater trawl from the surface to 800 m. Most common fishing techniques are "demersal bottom trawling", "midwater otter trawling" and "Hake trawling". Marketed fresh and frozen fillets. Used also for fishmeal.
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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Brief Summary

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Occurs from shallow shelf (or surface and estuarine) waters to depths of 900 to 1 000 m, but is mainly concentrated on the continental shelf. Commercial concentrations are found between 45 and 500 m depth.Although often classified as a demersal species, its distribution and behaviour suggest a largely pelagic existence. Lives in both, oceanic and coastal areas.Adults live in large schools in waters overlying the continental shelf and slope except during the spawning season when they are found several hundred miles seaward. Growth is relatively fast, especially during the first 4 years; lives up to 15 years. Begins to mature at 3 years of age and most individuals are mature at 4 years and about 35 to 42 cm length.Growth is relatively fast, especially during the first 4 years; lives up to 15 years. Begins to mature at 3 years of age and most individuals are mature at 4 years and about 35 to 42 cm length. A pelagic spawner, females laying, depending on their size, 80.000 to 500.000 eggs. Spawning occurs mainly in deep waters off southern California and Baja California in winter and spring (from January to April or June). This hake migrates northward to southern Oregon in summer and autumn (from July to September), and begins to return by December. The northward migration is accompanied by movement toward shore and into shallower water, while the southward migration is accompanied by movement into deeper water and seaward.Feeds on a large variety of fishes and invertebrates,and in turn is preyed upon by larger fishes.
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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Maximum recorded length 91 cm; common to 60 cm.
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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Distribution

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West coast of North America from the northern part of Vancouver Island to the northern part of the Gulf of California, mainly ranging between 23°N and 48°N. A record from the Gulf of Alaska is doubtful.
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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
Head rather short, 24.7 to 28.9% of standard length. Measurements in relation to head length: upper jaw 45.8 to 50.9%, snout 31.1 to 35.4%; eye diameter 12.7 to 20.0%; gill rakers long and slender with pointed tips, total number on first arch 18 to 23. First dorsal fin with 1 spine and 9 to 12 rays; second dorsal with 39 to 44 rays; anal fin with 39 to 44 rays; tips of pectoral fins usually reaching to or extending beyond origin of anal fin; caudal fin margin always concave. Scales along lateral line 125 to 144. Total number of vertebrae 53 to 54. Colour: silvery on back, whitish on belly.

References

  • Frey, (1971)
  • Nelson & Larkins, (1970)

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FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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Morphology

provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 1; Dorsal soft rays (total): 48 - 56; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 40 - 43
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Diagnostic Description

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Head rather short. Pectoral fin tips usually reaching to or beyond the origin of anal fin. Caudal fin always concave. Color silvery on back grading to whitish ventrally.
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Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Biology

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Inhabit oceanic and coastal areas, but mainly on the continental shelf (Ref. 1371). Although often classified as demersal, the distribution and behavior suggest a largely pelagic existence (Ref. 1371). Adults live in large schools in waters overlying the continental shelf and slope except during the spawning season when they are found several hundred miles seaward (Ref. 1371). A nocturnal feeder (Ref. 6885) that feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates (Ref. 1371). Important prey for sea lions and small cetaceans (Ref. 2850); also prey of dogfish (Ref. 11384).
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Susan M. Luna
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Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Merluccius productus ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Merluccius productus és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels merlúccids.[5]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 91 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 60) i 1.190 g de pes.[6]
  • És de color argentat al dors i esdevé gradualment blanquinós en arribar al ventre.
  • Cap més aviat curt.
  • 1 espina i 48-56 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 40-43 radis tous a l'anal.
  • Els extrems de l'aleta pectoral normalment arriben tot just o una mica més enllà de l'origen de l'aleta anal.
  • Aleta caudal sempre còncava.[7][8]

Alimentació

Menja una àmplia varietat de peixos i d'invertebrats[9] durant la nit.[10][11][12]

Depredadors

És depredat per esquàlids; a Mèxic per Tetrapturus audax,[13] el peix espasa (Xiphias gladius)[14] i Makaira mazara;[15] als Estats Units per Sarda chiliensis chiliensis, la bacora (Thunnus alalunga), la tonyina blava (Thunnus thynnus thynnus), Sebastes entomelas,[16] el lleó marí de Califòrnia (Zalophus californianus)[17] i la tintorera (Prionace glauca); i al Canadà per la foca comuna (Phoca vitulina).[18][19][20][21][22][23]

Hàbitat

És un peix d'aigua marina i salabrosa, pelàgic-oceànic i de clima temperat (51°N-15°N, 130°W-77°W) que viu entre 0-1.000 m de fondària a la plataforma continental principalment.[7][24][25][26][9]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al Pacífic oriental: des del nord de l'illa de Vancouver (el Canadà)[27] fins al nord del golf de Califòrnia.[7][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans i la seua esperança de vida és de 16 anys.[7][35]

Referències

  1. Rafinesque C. S., 1810. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. (Part 1 involves fishes, pp. (i-iv) 3-69 (70 blank), Part 2 with slightly different title, pp. ia-iva + 71-105 -106 blank-). Caratteri.
  2. uBio (anglès)
  3. Ayres, W. O., 1855. (Descriptions of new species of Californian fishes). A number of short notices read before the Society at several meetings in 1855. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 1 (pt 1): 23-77.
  4. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  5. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  6. Bykov, V.P., 1983. Marine fishes: chemical composition and processing properties. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Nova Delhi. 333 p.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 anglès FishBase (anglès)
  8. Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto i N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 10 (125). 442 p.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto i N. Scialabba, 1990.
  10. Hart, J.L., 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p.
  11. Livingston, P.A. i M.S. Alton, 1982. Stomach contents of Pacific whiting, Merluccius productus, off Washington and Oregon, abril-juliol de 1967. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC 32:29 p.
  12. Rexstad, E.A. i E.K. Pikitch, 1986. Stomach contents and food consumption estimates of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Fish. Bull. 84(4):947-956.
  13. Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., F. Galvan-Magaña i J. Rodriguez-Romero, 1997. Food habits and energy values of prey of striped marlin, Tetrapterus audax, off the east coast of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 95:360-368.
  14. Markaida, U. i O. Sosa-Nishizaki, 1998. Food and feeding habits of swordfish, Xiphias gladius L., off western Baja California. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 142:245-259.
  15. Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., F. Galvan-Magaña, F.J. Gutierrez-Sánchez, J. Rodriguez-Romero, B. Aguilar-Palomino i A. Moehl-Hitz, 1999. Diet of blue marlin (Makaira mazara) off the coast of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Fish. Res. 44:95-100.
  16. Adams, P.B., 1987. The diet of widow rockfish (Sebastes entomelas) in Northern California. P. 37-41. A: W.H. Lenarz i D.R. Gunderson (eds.). Widow rockfish: proceedings of a workshop, Tiburon, California, Dec. 11-12, 1980. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS #48.
  17. Lowry, M.S., C.W. Oliver, C. Macky i J.B. Wexler, 1990. Food habits of California sea lions Zalophus californianus at San Clemente Island, California, 1981-1986. Fish. Bull. 88:509-521.
  18. Olesiuk, P.F., 1993. Annual prey consumption by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Fish. Bull. 91:491-515.
  19. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 336 p.
  20. FishBase (anglès)
  21. Iverson, K.L., 1962. Albacore food habits. P.11-46. A: L. Pinkas, M. S. Oliphant i I. L. K. Iverson (eds.). Food habits of albacore, bluefin tuna, and bonito in California waters. Fish. Bull.152.
  22. Oliphant, M.S., 1962. Pacific bonito food habits. P. 64-82. A: L. Pinkas, M. S. Oliphant i I. L. K. Iverson (eds.). Food habits of Albacore, Bluefin tuna, and Bonito in California waters. Fish. Bull. 152.
  23. Pinkas, L., 1962. Bluefin tuna food habits. P.47-63. A: L. Pinkas, M. S. Oliphant, i I. L. K. Iverson (eds.). Food habits of Albacore, Bluefin tuna, and Bonito in California waters. Fish. Bull. 152.
  24. Inada, T., 1995. Merlucciidae. Merluzas. P. 1272-1274. A: W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (eds.). Guia FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma.
  25. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983.
  26. Lloris, D., J. Matallanas i P. Oliver, 2005. Hakes of the world (Family Merlucciidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Núm. 2. Roma, FAO, 2005. 57 p.
  27. Clemens, W.A. i G.V. Wilby, 1961. Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2a edició. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. (68): 443 p.
  28. Allen, M.J. i G.B. Smith, 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p.
  29. Amezcua-Linares, F., 1996. Peces demersales de la plataforma continental del Pacífico central de México. Inst. Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. UNAM, Comisión Nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad. Ciutat de Mèxic, 184 p.
  30. Ehrich, S., F. Mombeck i G. Speiser, 1980. Investigations on the Pacific hake stock (Merluccius productus) in the Northeast Pacific. Arch. Fischereiwiss. 30:17-38.
  31. Endo, H. i D. Kitagawa, 2006. Occurrence of Merluccius productus from the western North Pacific (Gadiformes: Merlucciidae). Japan J. Ichthyol. 53(1):95-99.
  32. Ermakov, Y.K., 1982. Populations of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Merluccidae), and the boundaries of distribution. J. Ichthyol. 22(5):153-156.
  33. Escobar-Fernández, R. i M. Siri, 1997. Nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del Pacífico mexicano. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Sociedad Ictiológica Mexicana, A.C. Mexico.
  34. Evermann, B.W. i E.L. Goldsborough, 1907. The fishes of Alaska. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 26: 219-360.
  35. 35,0 35,1 Fadeev, N.S., 2005. Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok, TINRO-Center. 366 p.
  36. Goodson, G., 1988. Fishes of the Pacific coast. Alaska to Peru including the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Califòrnia, els Estats Units. 267 p.
  37. Grant, D., M. Gjernes i N. Venables, 1996. A practical guide to the identification of commercial groundfish species of British Columbia. Archipelago Marine Research Ltd., Victoria, la Colúmbia Britànica, el Canadà. 34 p.
  38. Holmgren-Urba, D. i T.R. Baumgartner, 1993. A 250-year history of pelagic fish abundances from the anaerobic sediments of the Central Gulf of California. CalCOFI Rep. 34:60-68.
  39. Lamb, A. i P. Edgell, 1986. Coastal fishes of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., la Colúmbia Britànica, el Canadà. 224 p.
  40. Matarese, A.C., A.W. Kendall, D.M. Blood i M.V. Vinter, 1989. Laboratory guide to early life history stages of Northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 80:1-652.
  41. McFarlane, G.A. i R.J. Beamish, 1986. Biology and fishery of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) in the Strait of Georgia. Mar. Fish. Rev. 47:23-34.
  42. Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  43. Quast, J.C. i E.L. Hall, 1972. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-658, 47 p.
  44. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  45. Shanks, A.L. i G.L. Eckert, 2005. Population persistence of California Current fishes and benthic crustaceans: a marine drift paradox. Ecol. Monogr. 75:505-524.
  46. Soutar, A. i J.D. Issacs, 1974. Abundance of pelagic fish during the 19th and 20th centuries as recorded in anaerobic sediment off the Californias. Fish. Bull. 72:257-273.
  47. Watkinson, S., 1999. An annotated list of Tsimshian (Sm'algyax) words pertaining to the marine ecosystem. P. 28-38. A: N. Haggan i A. Beattie (eds.). Back to the Future: Reconstructing the Hecate Strait Ecosystem. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 7(3):65 p.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Bailey, K.M., 1982. The early life history of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Fish. Bull. 80:589-598.
  • Browne, P., J.L. Laake i R.L. DeLong, 2002. Improving pinniped diet analyses through identification of multiple skeletal structures in fecal samples. Fish. Bull. 100:423-433.
  • Bykov, V.P., 1983. Marine fishes: chemical composition and processing properties. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Nova Delhi. 333 p.
  • Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba i K.E. Carpenter, 1994. SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). Núm. 9. Roma, FAO. 103 p.
  • Crespo, J., J. Gajate i R. Ponce, 2001. Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Madrid).
  • Danko, J.P., 1998. Building a reliable database from a native oral tradition using fish-related terms from the Saanich language. P. 29-33. A: D. Pauly, T. Pitcher i D. Preikshot (eds.). Back to the future: reconstructing the Strait of Georgia Ecosystem. 99 p. The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, la Colúmbia Britànica, el Canadà.
  • Dark, T., 1975. Age and growth of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Fish. Bull. 73(2):336-355.
  • Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.), 1998. Catalog of fishes. Publicació especial de la California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p.
  • Hinegardner, R. i D.E. Rosen, 1972. Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. Am. Nat. 106(951): 621-644.
  • Houde, E.D. i C.E. Zastrow, 1993. Ecosystem- and taxon-specific dynamic and energetics properties of fish larvae assemblages. Bull. Mar. Sci. 53(2):290-335.
  • IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estats Units.
  • Inada, T., 1981. Studies on the merlucciid fishes. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (18):1-172.
  • Kotlyar, A.N., 1984. Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscou. 288 p.
  • MacGregor, J.S., 1966. Fecundity of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres). Calif. Fish Game 52(2):111-116.
  • Museu Suec d'Història Natural. Base de dades de la col·lecció d'ictiologia. Secció d'Ictiologia, Departament de Zoologia de Vertebrats. Estocolm, Suècia, 1999.
  • Myers, R.A., J. Bridson i N.J. Barrowman, 1995. Summary of worldwide spawner and recruitment data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024. 274 p.
  • Pauly, D., 1980. On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 39(2):175-192.
  • Pauly, D., 1989. Food consumption by tropical and temperate fish populations: some generalizations. J. Fish Biol. 35 (Suppl. A):11-20.
  • Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
  • Sanches, J.G., 1989. Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. Núm. 14. 322 p.
  • Smith, P.E., 1978. Biological effects of ocean variability: time and space scales of biological response. Rapp. P.V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 173:117-127.
  • Smith, P.E., 1995. Development of the population biology of the Pacific hake. CalCOFI Rep. 36:144-152.
  • Wheeler, A., 1977. Das grosse Buch der Fische. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 356 p.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Merluccius productus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Merluccius productus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Merluccius productus és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels merlúccids.

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Štikozubec tichooceánský ( Czech )

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ikona
Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Štikozubec tichooceánský (Merluccius productus), jinak též štikozubec pacifický je ryba z řádu hrdloploutví (Gadiformes) a čeledi štikozubcovití (Merlucciidae) blízce příbuzná s treskou obecnou. Má poměrně dlouhé tělo, velkou hlavu a dopředu vyčnívající dolní čelist. Hřbet má modrošedé zbarvení, boky jsou stříbřité. Žije ve velkých hejnech. Tření probíhá na jaře, kdy samice kladou miliony jiker. Jikry volně plavou na hladině oceánu a jsou unášeny do velkých vzdáleností oceánskými proudy. Mezi přirozené nepřátele patří kytovci, tuleni a mečouni, také se v poslední době stali předmětem komerčního lovu.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Štikozubec tichooceánský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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ikona Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Štikozubec tichooceánský (Merluccius productus), jinak též štikozubec pacifický je ryba z řádu hrdloploutví (Gadiformes) a čeledi štikozubcovití (Merlucciidae) blízce příbuzná s treskou obecnou. Má poměrně dlouhé tělo, velkou hlavu a dopředu vyčnívající dolní čelist. Hřbet má modrošedé zbarvení, boky jsou stříbřité. Žije ve velkých hejnech. Tření probíhá na jaře, kdy samice kladou miliony jiker. Jikry volně plavou na hladině oceánu a jsou unášeny do velkých vzdáleností oceánskými proudy. Mezi přirozené nepřátele patří kytovci, tuleni a mečouni, také se v poslední době stali předmětem komerčního lovu.

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Pazifischer Seehecht ( German )

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Der Pazifische Seehecht (Merluccius productus), auch als Nordpazifischer Seehecht bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Seehechte (Merlucciidae), die im nordöstlichen Pazifik heimisch ist.[1]

Merkmale

Der Fisch wird bis zu 90 Zentimeter lang und erreicht ein Gewicht von ca. 1,2 bis 1,3 Kilogramm. Die auf dem Rücken silbrigen und zum Bauch hin zunehmend weißlicher werdenden Fische besitzen einen relativ kurzen Kopf. Die Brustflossen reichen normalerweise bis zum Ansatz der Afterflosse oder etwas darüber hinaus. Die Schwanzflosse ist konkav. Die zweiteilige Rückenflosse besitzt 49 bis 57 Flossenstrahlen. Die Afterflosse besteht aus 40 bis 43 Flossenstrahlen.[1]

Verbreitung

Diese Art findet sich im nordöstlichen Pazifik, von Vancouver Island bis zum Norden von Baja California. Zweifelhaft sind Berichte über Beobachtungen im Golf von Alaska.

Lebensweise

Sie leben sowohl küstennahe als auch im offenen Meer. Erwachsene Exemplare gruppieren sich zu größeren Schwärmen, wobei sie sich bevorzugt über dem Kontinentalschelf und den Kontinentalhängen aufhalten. Nachts machen sie Jagd auf andere Fische. Sie selbst stellen auch eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle für Robben, Haie und kleinere Wale dar. Um zu laichen entfernen sich die Fische hunderte Kilometer von der Küste.

Systematik

Merluccius productus ist eine von 15 Arten[1] der Gattung Merluccius innerhalb der Seehechte (Merlucciidae).

Belege

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Merluccius productus auf Fishbase.org (englisch)

Weblinks

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Pazifischer Seehecht: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Pazifische Seehecht (Merluccius productus), auch als Nordpazifischer Seehecht bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Seehechte (Merlucciidae), die im nordöstlichen Pazifik heimisch ist.

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North Pacific hake

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The North Pacific hake, Pacific hake, Pacific whiting, or jack salmon (Merluccius productus) is a ray-finned fish in the genus Merluccius, found in the northeast Pacific Ocean from northern Vancouver Island to the northern part of the Gulf of California. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of 90 cm (3 ft). It is a migratory offshore fish and undergoes a daily vertical migration from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing.

Description

M. productus California, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary

Its length is about 3 ft (90 cm) and it can live up to 20 years. Its coloration is metallic silver-gray with black speckling and pure silvery white on the belly. The North Pacific hake has two dorsal fins and a truncated caudal fin. Its pectoral fin tips usually reach to or beyond the origin of its anal fin. The caudal fin is always concave.

Reproduction

North Pacific hake spawn from January to June. They may spawn more than once per season, so absolute fecundity is difficult to determine. Historically, inshore female Pacific hake matured at 15 in (37 cm) and 4–5 years of age. Currently, length at 50% maturity for females in the Port Susan North Pacific hake population is about 8.5 in (21.5 cm), compared to 11.7 in (29.8 cm) in the 1980s. Females mature at 3–4 years of age and 13.4 to 15.7 in (34–40 cm), and nearly all males are mature by age three and as small as 11 in (28 cm).

Ecology

They occur from the surface to depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). North Pacific hake are nocturnal feeders that undergo daily vertical migrations off the bottom to feed on a variety of fishes and invertebrates. Their diet includes shrimp, plankton, and smaller fish such as lanternfish. They are an important prey item for sea lions, small cetaceans, and dogfish sharks.

The three recognized stocks of Pacific hake are a highly migratory offshore (or coastal) stock that ranges from southern California to Queen Charlotte Sound, a central-south Puget Sound stock, and a Strait of Georgia stock. The offshore North Pacific hake stock spawned off south-central California to Baja California in January and February during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[2][3] In spring and summer, adults migrated northward to feed to as far as central Vancouver Island (and as far as Queen Charlotte Sound in some years). In the fall, adults migrated southward toward spawning grounds. Since the early 1990s, a percentage of the offshore stock has remained off the west coast of Canada year round and some Pacific hake have been observed spawning off the west coast of Vancouver Island.[3] Resident Pacific hake in Puget Sound spawn in Port Susan and Dabob Bay from February through April. The Strait of Georgia resident stock aggregates to spawn in the deep basins of the south-central strait, where peak spawning occurs from March to May.

Fisheries and conservation

A collection of young North Pacific hake caught off the coast of central California during a bottom-trawl survey

Pacific hake support one of the most important commercial fisheries off the West Coast of the United States. Of the three recognized stocks mentioned, the latter two stocks are managed by state and local management agencies, but the offshore, or coastal, fishery in U.S. waters is managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council through its Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Originally approved in 1982, the plan now manages over 90 different species through a number of measures, including harvest guidelines, quotas, trip and landing limits, area restrictions, seasonal closures, and gear restrictions (such as minimum mesh size for nets). Annual quotas are the primary management tool used to limit the catch of hake. Pacific hake were declared overfished by the US government in 2002. The stock was declared rebuilt and no longer depleted in 2004. The coast-wide (U.S. and Canada) Pacific hake stock is assessed annually by a joint technical team of scientists from both countries.

In 2003, the U.S. and Canada signed an agreement that allocates a set percentage of the Pacific hake catch to American and Canadian fishermen over the next decade, and established a process for the review of science and the development of management recommendations. Beginning in late 2007, management of Pacific hake and related science activities was coordinated under the provisions of this international treaty with Canada.

A recent stock assessment of the coastal stock estimated that the offshore stock of Pacific hake is at a healthy level (above the management reference points) with overfishing not occurring.[4] Supported by annual stock assessments such as this, the Marine Stewardship Council certified the midwater Pacific hake (whiting) fishery on the coastal stock in the U.S. and Canada as sustainable in 2009 and renewed the certification in 2014.[5]

The local and state-managed Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks are "species of concern" - species that NOAA Fisheries Service has concerns about regarding population status and threats, but has insufficient information to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). No directed commercial fishery for this stock has occurred since 1991.

The National Marine Fisheries Service received a petition to list the North Pacific hake under the ESA. The petition was denied on 24 November 2000 (65 FR 70514), but concerns and uncertainties remained. During the review for ESA listing, the Georgia Basin distinct population segment (DPS) was identified to include both the Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia stocks. The Georgia Basin DPS of the North Pacific hake (called Pacific hake by NMFS) was made a US National Marine Fisheries Service species of concern. Species of concern are those species about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the ESA.

Potential range expansion by Humboldt squid has been a cause for concern, because they are predators of hake.[6]

References

  1. ^ Iwamoto, T.; Eschmeyer, W.; Alvarado, J.; Bussing, W. (2010). "Merluccius productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T183411A8108892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183411A8108892.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Methot and Dorn 1995.
  3. ^ a b McFarlane et al. 2000.
  4. ^ Berger AM, Grandin, CJ, Taylor, IG, Edwards, AM, Cox, S (8 September 2021), Status of the Pacific Hake (whiting) stock in U.S. and Canadian waters in 2017 (PDF), Prepared by the Joint Technical Committee of the U.S. and Canada Pacific Hake/Whiting Agreement, National Marine Fisheries Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
  5. ^ "Pacific hake mid-water trawl fishery earns MSC re-certification". 25 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  6. ^ Zeidberg, Louis D.; Robison, Bruce H. (2007), "Invasive range expansion by the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific", PNAS, 104 (31): 12948–12950, doi:10.1073/pnas.0702043104, PMC 1937572, PMID 17646649
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North Pacific hake: Brief Summary

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The North Pacific hake, Pacific hake, Pacific whiting, or jack salmon (Merluccius productus) is a ray-finned fish in the genus Merluccius, found in the northeast Pacific Ocean from northern Vancouver Island to the northern part of the Gulf of California. It is a silver-gray fish with black speckling, growing to a length of 90 cm (3 ft). It is a migratory offshore fish and undergoes a daily vertical migration from the surface to the seabed at depths down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is the object of an important commercial fishery off the West Coast of the United States, and annual quotas are used to prevent overfishing.

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Merluccius productus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La merluza del Pacífico norte (o merluza norteña) es la especie Merluccius productus, un pez de la familia de los merlúcidos, distribuido por la costa este del océano Pacífico, desde la isla de Vancouver en Canadá hasta la península de Baja California, en México.[2]

Anatomía

La longitud máxima normal es de unos 60 cm, aunque se han descrito un ejemplar de 91 cm.[2]​ En la aleta dorsal tiene una espina y unos 50 radios blandos, mientras que en la aleta anal todos los radios son blandos, siendo las aletas pectorales muy largas; la aleta caudal siempre es cóncava; el color del cuerpo es plateado en el dorso, graduando hasta blanquecino en el vientre.[2]

Hábitat y biología

Es una especie pelágica, con rango de profundidad entre 0 y 1000 metros.[3]

Habita tanto aguas oceánicas como costeras, pero principalmente sobre la plataforma continental; aunque aparente vivir sobre el fondo marino, su distribución y conducta sugieren una existencia prolongadamente pelágica, viviendo los adultos en grandes bancos que recorren la plataforma continental, excepto en las épocas de desove, que se desplazan hacia mar abierto.[2]

Tienen una alimentación nocturna, comiendo una gran variedad de peces e invertebrados.[4]​ Representan una importante presa para leones marinos y pequeños cetáceos.[5]

Pesca

Es pescada en abundancia siendo uno de los peces con alto valor comercial y pesquero, aunque debido a su abundancia en el mercado tienen un valor relativamente bajo.[6]

Referencias

  1. Iwamoto, T., Eschmeyer, W., Alvarado, J., Bussing, W. (2010). «Merluccius productus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2011.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2012.
  2. a b c d Cohen, D.M.; T. Inada, T. Iwamoto y N. Scialabba (1990). «FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date». FAO Fish. Synop 10 (125): 442. La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda)
  3. Inada, T., 1995. "Merlucciidae. Merluzas". p. 1272-1274. En W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter y V. Niem (eds.) Guía FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma.
  4. Hart, J.L., 1973. "Pacific fishes of Canada". Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p.
  5. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald y H. Hammann, 1983. "A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America". Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 336 p.
  6. Sumaila, U.R., A.D. Marsden, R. Watson y D. Pauly, 2007. "A global ex-vessel fish price database: construction and applications" J. Bioeconomics 9: 39-51.

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Merluccius productus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La merluza del Pacífico norte (o merluza norteña) es la especie Merluccius productus, un pez de la familia de los merlúcidos, distribuido por la costa este del océano Pacífico, desde la isla de Vancouver en Canadá hasta la península de Baja California, en México.​

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Merluccius productus ( Basque )

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Merluccius productus Merluccius generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Merlucciidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Merluccius productus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Merluccius productus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Merluccius productus Merluccius generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Merlucciidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Merlu du Pacifique nord ( French )

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Merluccius productus

Le merlu du Pacifique nord (Merluccius productus) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des merlucciidés.

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Références

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Merlu du Pacifique nord: Brief Summary ( French )

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Merluccius productus

Le merlu du Pacifique nord (Merluccius productus) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des merlucciidés.

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Kyrrahafslýsingur ( Icelandic )

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Kyrrahafslýsingur (fræðiheiti: Merluccius productus) er fiskur af ættinni merlucciidae af ættbálki þorskfiska. Hann hefur tiltölulega stutt höfuð (24,7 – 28,9% af stærð sinni) og brjóstvöðva nær aftur að gotrauf. Augun og munnurinn eru stór, tennur eru sterkar og áberandi og raðast óreglulega í efri og neðri góm, neðri kjálki hans er örlítið fremri en efri kjálkinn. Kyrrahafslýsingurinn hefur silfurgráan lit sem leiðir út í hvítan, hans helsta fæða eru krabbadýr og beinfiskar.

Þroskaferli

Á fyrstu æviárum sínum vex hann tiltölulega hratt, þá sérstaklega fyrstu fjögur árin og getur hann orðið allt að 35 – 42 cm að lengd, og 1,2 kg að þyngd. Kyrrahafslýsingurinn getur lifað í allt að 15 ár.

Hrygning

Fullþroska fiskar lifa í stórum torfum á grunnslóð, nema þegar kemur að hrygningu færa hrygnurnar sig og finnast nokkur hundruð kílómetra frá meginlandinu. Hrygning fer fram á 1200 – 1400 m dýpi úti fyrir Suður-Kaliforníu og Baja-Kaliforníu yfir 3-6 mánaða tímabil, eða frá janúar til apríl eða júní og þær geta verið að hrygna 80.000 – 500.000 hrognum. Hængurinn flytur sig hinsvegar norður til Suður-Oregon og dvelur þar yfir sumartímann og alveg fram yfir haustmánuði, frá júlí til september.

Veiðar

Allt frá upphafi Sovétríkjanna hefur kyrrahafslýsingurinn verið mikilvægur þáttur í sjávarútvegi, hann er sérstaklega mikilvæg viðskiptategund í Kyrrahafi, við strönd Washingtonfylkis, Oregon, Kaliforníu og Bresku Kólumbíu. Í Bandaríkjunum var hann að mestu leyti notaður í fiskimjöl og gæludýrafóður, en í Sovétríkjunum var hann frystur til manneldis, um leið og hann var veiddur. Kyrrahafslýsingurinn er því dýrmæt fiskitegund.

Heimildaskrá

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Kyrrahafslýsingur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Kyrrahafslýsingur (fræðiheiti: Merluccius productus) er fiskur af ættinni merlucciidae af ættbálki þorskfiska. Hann hefur tiltölulega stutt höfuð (24,7 – 28,9% af stærð sinni) og brjóstvöðva nær aftur að gotrauf. Augun og munnurinn eru stór, tennur eru sterkar og áberandi og raðast óreglulega í efri og neðri góm, neðri kjálki hans er örlítið fremri en efri kjálkinn. Kyrrahafslýsingurinn hefur silfurgráan lit sem leiðir út í hvítan, hans helsta fæða eru krabbadýr og beinfiskar.

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Merluccius productus ( Italian )

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Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855), comunemente noto come nasello del Pacifico[2] o merluzzo del Pacifico[2], è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Merlucciidae. Non va confuso con il Merluccius gayi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa lungo la parte centrosettentrionale della costa occidentale dell'Oceano Pacifico, tra l'isola di Vancouver ed il nord del golfo di California. È assente dalle acque dell'Alaska[3]. Questo pesce vive sulla piattaforma continentale di solito a profondità non superiori a 229 metri (eccezionalmente fino a 1000 metri). Al contrario di gran parte degli altri Merluccius, che sono pesci tipicamente demersali o bentonici, questa specie sembra condurre un'esistenza prevalentemente. pelagica. Vivono in banchi molto numerosi a mezz'acqua ed effettuano migrazioni stagionali portandosi in estate più a nord e in acque più costiere e in inverno (stagione riproduttiva) in acque più meridionali e profonde[3][4].

Descrizione

Parente stretto del nasello (Merluccius merluccius) a cui somiglia molto, ha corpo allungato con testa grande, muso a punta e mandibola prominente. Ha però la testa più corta rispetto al nasello mediterraneo e le pinne pettorali raggiungono l'inizio della pinna anale. Inoltre la pinna caudale ha bordo concavo e non dritto. Di colore grigio-azzurro fino a nerastro sul dorso che digrada al bianco sui fianchi e sul ventre[3][4].

Può raggiungere i 90 cm di lunghezza (taglia media circa 60 cm) e pesare sino a 1,2 kg[3][4].

Biologia

Vive fino a 16 anni. Gregario[3].

Alimentazione

Caccia di notte. Cattura invertebrati e pesciolini[3].

Riproduzione

I banchi effettuano migrazioni verso il mare aperto durante l'epoca riproduttiva. Queste migrazioni possono portare i banchi a centinaia di miglia dalla costa più vicina. La crescita è rapida e la maturità sessuale viene raggiunta tra 3 e 4 anni di età. Ogni femmina può deporre da 80.000 a 500.000 uova. I territori di riproduzione si trovano soprattutto nel sud dell'areale (California e golfo di California). Le uova vengono deposte in acque aperte e profonde, in inverno e primavera[3][4].

Predatori

Viene predato da piccoli cetacei, tonni, foche, marlin e pesci spada[3].

Pesca

Questa specie ha un'elevatissima importanza per la pesca commerciale[3]. Viene catturata prevalentemente da Stati Uniti e Messico e, in passato, ha avuto una grande importanza per la pesca dell'Unione Sovietica. Viene catturata con reti a strascico. Viene spesso commerciata in Europa sotto forma di filetti congelati ed è impiegata anche per la farina di pesce. La carne è buona ma molto deperibile, inizia a rovinarsi dopo 2-4 ore dalla cattura se non prontamente congelata[4].

Conservazione

La specie è molto comune nell'areale e, anche se sfruttati intensamente dalla pesca, gli stock non mostrano segni di sovrapesca[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Merluccius productus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Denominazione obbligatoria in Italia ai sensi del DM 31 gennaio 2008
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i (EN) Merluccius productus, su FishBase. URL consultato il 09.09.2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e (EN) [1]

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Merluccius productus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855), comunemente noto come nasello del Pacifico o merluzzo del Pacifico, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Merlucciidae. Non va confuso con il Merluccius gayi.

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Pacifische heek ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

De Pacifische heek (Merluccius productus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van heken (Merlucciidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van Kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes).

Kenmerken

Het slanke lichaam is blauwgrijs met zilverkleurige flanken. De grote kop heeft een vooruitstekende onderkaak. De vis kan maximaal 91 cm lang en 1190 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 15 jaar.

Leefwijze

Deze nachtactieve vissen maken jacht op vissen en ongewervelde dieren, terwijl ze zelf een belangrijke voedingsbron voor robben, kleine walvissen en haaien vormen. Ook worden ze bejaagd door mensen.

Voortplanting

Een legsel kan bestaan uit miljoenen, aan de oppervlakte drijvende eieren, die door de zeestromen worden verspreid.

Leefomgeving

Merluccius productus komt algemeen in zeewater en brak water voor. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Grote Oceaan, van Vancouver Island in het noorden van de Baja California. De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 1000 m onder het wateroppervlak.

Relatie tot de mens

Merluccius productus is voor de visserij van groot commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).

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Pacifische heek: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Pacifische heek (Merluccius productus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van heken (Merlucciidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van Kabeljauwachtigen (Gadiformes).

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Merluccius productus ( Portuguese )

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O Merluccius productus é uma espécie de pescada que mede cerca de 90 cm de comprimento.[1]

Referências

  1. a b Iwamoto, T., Eschmeyer, W., Alvarado, J. & Bussing, W. (2010). Merluccius productus (em inglês). IUCN 2010. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2010 Versão e.T183411A8108892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183411A8108892.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.

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Merluccius productus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Merluccius productus é uma espécie de pescada que mede cerca de 90 cm de comprimento.

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Stillahavskummel ( Swedish )

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Stillahavskummel (Merluccius productus), en havslevande rovfisk av familjen kummelfiskar som finns i norra Stilla havet.

Utseende

En avlång fisk med kort huvud och två ryggfenor, den främsta med en taggstråle och 9 till 12 mjukstrålar, den bakre, liksom analfenan, med endast mjukstrålar (39 till 44). Bröstfenorna är långa, och stjärtfenan alltid ingröpt. Ryggen har en silveraktig färg som övergår till vitaktig mot buken.[3] Längden kan uppgå till över 91 cm, och vikten till 1,19 kg, men den är oftast mindre.[4]

Vanor

Arten är en pelagisk havsfisk som kan gå upp i brackvatten. Den lever i stim både i kustnära vatten och längre ut till havs, men företrädesvis över kontinentalhyllan. Arten företar årstidsvandringar; norrut under swommar till höst, söderut under vintern.[3] Som mest kan den återfinnas på ett djup av 1 200 – 1 400 m[1], men går sällan djupare än omkring 230 m.[4] Födan består av ett stort antal fiskar och ryggradslösa djur, som fångas nattetid.[1] Själv utgör den byte för sjölejon, mindre valar och hundhajar. Högsta konstaterade ålder är 16 år.[4]

Fortplantning

Stillahavskummeln blir könsmogen mellan 3 och 4 års ålder. Leken sker mellan januari till april eller juni ute på öppet vatten utanför södra Kalifornien och Baja California, där honan kan lägga mellan 80 000 till 500 000 ägg.[3]

Utbredning

Utbredningsområdet omfattar östra Stilla havet från norra Vancouver Island i Kanada till Californiaviken[4] och troligtvis även till södra Mexiko[1]

Status

Stillahavskummeln är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") av IUCN, som inte anger några specifika hot för arten. I Kalifornien har edmellertid vissa skyddsåtgärder vidtagits, och IUCN rekommenderar fortsatt bevakning av arten.[1]

Kommersiell användning

Ett omfattande fiske äger rum, framför allt i USA. 1999 landades 217 000 ton, varav 216 889 ton i USA och 111 ton i Mexiko. Den kommer framför allt till användning som industrifisk (fiskmjöl),[1] men den saluförs även som människoföda, färsk och i form av djupfrrysta filéer[3].

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] Iwamoto, T., Eschmeyer, W., Alvarado, J., Bussing, W. 2008 Merluccius productus Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2011-07-30.
  2. ^ Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164792. Läst 30 juli 2011.
  3. ^ [a b c d] Daniel M. Cohen, Tadashi lnada, Tomio lwamoto & Nadia Scialabba (1990). ”FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE VOL.10 GADIFORM FISHES OF THE WORLD” (på engelska) (FTP, 762 kB). FAO. sid. s. 7-8 (10). ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/t0243e/T0243E40.pdf. Läst 30 juli 2011.
  4. ^ [a b c d] Luna, Susan M. (6 oktober 2010). Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855) North Pacific hake” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Merluccius-productus.html. Läst 30 juli 2011.
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Stillahavskummel: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Stillahavskummel (Merluccius productus), en havslevande rovfisk av familjen kummelfiskar som finns i norra Stilla havet.

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Хек тихоокеанський ( Ukrainian )

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Merluccius productus з Каліфорнії

Джерела

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Хек тихоокеанський: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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北太平洋无须鳕 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Merluccius productus
(Ayres, 1855)[1]

北太平洋梭鳕学名Merluccius productus)为梭鳕科梭鳕属鱼类。分布于主要分布于北太平洋东侧加利福尼亚湾北部到温哥华岛等。该物种的模式产地在旧金山[1]

此鱼细长,可达91公分,1.2公斤重。已发现最长寿命为16年。成年鱼成群出没,主要在夜晚捕食小鱼虾。[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 北太平洋梭鳕. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). Merluccius productus in FishBase. 2009年6月版本
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北太平洋无须鳕: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

北太平洋梭鳕(学名:Merluccius productus)为梭鳕科梭鳕属鱼类。分布于主要分布于北太平洋东侧加利福尼亚湾北部到温哥华岛等。该物种的模式产地在旧金山

此鱼细长,可达91公分,1.2公斤重。已发现最长寿命为16年。成年鱼成群出没,主要在夜晚捕食小鱼虾。

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シロガネダラ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
シロガネダラ Merluccius productus.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii : タラ目 Gadiformes : メルルーサ科 Merlucciidae : メルルーサ属 Merluccius : シロガネダラ M. productus 学名 Merluccius productus
(Ayres, 1855) 和名 シロガネダラ
パシフィックヘイク
パシフィックホワイティング 英名 North Pacific hake
Pacific hake
Pacific whiting

シロガネダラ (Merluccius productus) は、タラ目に属する魚類。メルルーサの一種である。太平洋北東のバンクーバー島からカリフォルニア湾北部まで分布する。英名はNorth Pacific hake・Pacific hake・Pacific whitingなど。

かつては日本でもパシフィックヘイクと呼ばれていた。2004年5月、八戸沖で迷入個体が漁獲され、メルルーサ属の特徴である銀色の体色からシロガネダラという標準和名が与えられた[1]

形態[編集]

 src=
カリフォルニア、Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuaryの本種

全長は90 cmに達し、寿命は15年ほど。体は銀色で、黒い斑点が散らばる。腹面は銀白色。背鰭は2基。胸鰭の先端は臀鰭基部に達する。尾鰭は湾入する[2]

北太平洋産の他のメルルーサとは、臀鰭が39-44軟条・第1鰓弓の鰓耙数が18-25(通常19-23)・腹椎骨数が23-24・脊椎骨数が53-54・肋骨数が3である点で区別できる[1]

生態[編集]

表層から深度1000 mの間で日周鉛直移動を行い、夜間に表層で小魚・エビ・プランクトンなどを捕食する。本種はアシカ・イルカ・ツノザメなどの重要な食物となっている。

3つの個体群が確認されている。

  1. カリフォルニア南部からクィーンシャーロット海峡英語版の間を移動する回遊性個体群。春-夏には餌を追って北方に移動し、秋に南下して繁殖する。1960-80年代には、1-2月にカリフォルニアにまで南下して繁殖することが確認されていたが[3][4]、90年代にはバンクーバー島沖に留まって繁殖するようになっている[4]
  2. ピュージェット湾南部に生息する個体群。2-4月にポートスーザン・ダボブ湾で産卵する。
  3. ジョージア海峡(SOG)に生息する個体群。3-5月に海峡南部の深みで繁殖する。

シーズン中に複数回産卵するため、絶対的な繁殖力を計ることは難しい。雌は3-4歳・34-40 cm、雄は3歳・28 cmで性成熟する。かつて沿岸域の雌は37 cm、4-5歳で性成熟していた。現在のポートスーザンでは、50%の雌が21.5 cmで性成熟するが、1980年代は29.8 cmであった。

利用[編集]

2010年の漁獲量はおよそ20万トン[5]。米西岸で商業的に最も重要な魚種の一つである。ピュージェット湾・ジョージア海峡の個体群は州・地域の機関により管理されているが、回遊性個体群はPacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (FMP)を通してPacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC)により管理されている。

乱獲が最大の脅威である。アメリカ海洋漁業局は本種をESAに載せる請願書を受け取っている。これは2000年に拒否されたが(65 FR 70514)、懸念と不確実性は残されている。

主な管理法は年次割当てによる漁獲量制限である。沿岸域の個体群は、アメリカ・カナダ両国の科学者の共同チームによって毎年評価される。2002年には乱獲の危機にあるとされたが、2004年には個体群の再生が宣言された。

2003年、米国-カナダ間で、今後10年間の各国の漁業者への漁獲量割り当てと、資源管理プロセスを確立する条約が締結された。2007年から、本種に関連する活動は、この国際条約の規定に基づいて管理されている。

2009年、海洋管理協議会は、本種の漁業が持続可能であると認定した[6]

ピュージェット湾・ジョージア海峡の個体群は"species of concern"とされている。これは、ESAに載せるには十分な情報がないが、危機に瀕している懸念があると判断された種である[1]。1991年以降、この個体群を対象とした漁業は行われていない。

アメリカオオアカイカの生息域拡大も懸念すべき点である。このイカはタラを捕食するため、本種の個体数に影響を与える可能性がある[7]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b 遠藤 広光, 北川 大二 (2006). “北西太平洋に出現したタラ目メルルーサ科のシロガネダラ(新称)Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855)”. 魚類學雜誌 (日本魚類学会) 53 (1): 95-99. ISSN 00215090. NAID 10017483734. http://www.wdc-jp.biz/pdf_store/isj/publication/pdf/53/5301_10.pdf.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Merluccius productus" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
  3. ^ Methot and Dorn 1995.
  4. ^ a b McFarlane et al. 2000.
  5. ^ FAO Species Fact Sheets Merluccius productus”. ^ パシフィックヘイク中層トロール漁業がMSC認証を取得”. ^ Zeidberg, Louis D.; Robison, Bruce H. (2007), “Invasive range expansion by the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the eastern North Pacific”, PNAS 104 (31): 12948–12950, doi:10.1073/pnas.0702043104, PMC 1937572, PMID 17646649, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1937572

参考文献[編集]

  • McFarlane, G. A.; King, J. R. & Beamish, R. J. (2000), “Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish”, Progr. Oceanogr. 47 (2–4): 147–169, doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00034-3 .
  • Methot, R. D. & Dorn, M. W. (1995), “Biology and fisheries of North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus)”, in Alheit, J. & Pitcher, T. J., Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets, London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 389–414 .
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シロガネダラ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

シロガネダラ (Merluccius productus) は、タラ目に属する魚類。メルルーサの一種である。太平洋北東のバンクーバー島からカリフォルニア湾北部まで分布する。英名はNorth Pacific hake・Pacific hake・Pacific whitingなど。

かつては日本でもパシフィックヘイクと呼ばれていた。2004年5月、八戸沖で迷入個体が漁獲され、メルルーサ属の特徴である銀色の体色からシロガネダラという標準和名が与えられた。

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