dcsimg

Behavior

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Males and females sing in booming duets (Kemp, 2001).

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: duets

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Brianne Krause, Michigan State University
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Associations

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Predators of this species include large carnivores, such as leopards. Human predation for food is common in some places, such as northern Cameroon and Burkina Faso. Eggs and nestlings may be preyed on by smaller, terrestrial predators.

Known Predators:

  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Morphology

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The two species of ground hornbills, Bucorvus abyssinicus and Bucorvus leadbeateri differ from other hornbills in having an extra neck vertebra (giving them a total of 15), longer legs, thick upper eyelid lashes, and a larger body size. The longer legs adapt them well to their primarily terrestrial foraging method, while other hornbills are mainly arboreal. Northern ground hornbills are black, large-bodied birds average 4000 g in mass and 100 cm in length (Kemp, 2001). They have high, rounded, grooved casques (a bony elaboration of the upper mandible covered with a thin sheath of keratin) that is abruptly truncated distally, and a long, deep, curved beak, which they use to catch and subdue prey (Perrins, 2003). The primaries are white and are highly visible in flight. Northern and southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) can be distinguished by differences in throat skin coloration and casque shape. Northern ground hornbill males have blue and red throat skin and a blue area around the eye, females have only bare blue skin both around the eye and throat. Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) have only bare red skin in both areas, and a smaller, shallower, non-truncated casque. Juveniles have brown feathers and less brilliantly colored throat patches. Northern ground hornbills have a yellowish patch at the base of the upper mandible.

Average mass: 4000 g.

Average length: 100 cm.

Range wingspan: 495 to 595 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; ornamentation

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Life Expectancy

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Lifespan in captivity is 40 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
40 (high) years.

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Brianne Krause, Michigan State University
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Habitat

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Bucorvus abyssinicus is found in savanna, sub-desert scrub, and rocky areas, preferring short vegetation which facilitates foraging. This species generally inhabits drier areas than southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Bucorvus abyssinicus tolerates disturbed areas but does require large trees for nesting sites.

Range elevation: 3257 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Distribution

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Northern ground hornbills (Bucorvus abyssinicus) are found in the Ethiopian region across a wide area of north-central Africa, from southern Mauritania and Guinea in the west to Ethiopia, northwest Somalia, northeast Kenya, and northern Uganda in the east.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Brianne Krause, Michigan State University
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Trophic Strategy

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Northern ground hornbills are primarily carnivorous. They eat reptiles, including puff adders (Bitis), cobras (Naja), tortoises (Testudinidae), and lizards, and mammals such as hares (Lepus) and mongooses (Herpestes). Arthropods, mainly insects and arachnids, make up most of their animal diet. They sometimes takes carrion to supplement live prey. Northern ground hornbills follow ungulate herds and forest fires to feed on prey items fleeing these disturbances. Individuals walk up to 11 km per day, overtaking and consuming edible animals in their path. They also dig for arthropods and honeycomb, and rarely consume plant matter. The strong beak is used to grab prey and disarm it.

Animal Foods: mammals; reptiles; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Scavenger )

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Brianne Krause, Michigan State University
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Associations

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Bucorvus abyssinicus is a host for the mallophagan parasites Bucorvellus docophorus, Bucerophagus productus, and Bucerophagus africanus. It also hosts the nematode species Histiocephalus bucorvi and the cestodes Chapmania unilateralis, Idiogenes bucorvi, Ophryocotyloides pinguis, and Paruterina daouensis. A captive, wild-caught individual perished from Aeromonas hydrophila, a common fish pathogen that was previously not known to affect wild populations. This species has also been known to perish in captivity in North America from West Nile Virus.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Bucorvellus docophorus
  • Aeromonas hydrophila
  • Histiocephalus bucorvi
  • Bucerophagus productus
  • Bucerophagus africanus
  • Chapmania unilateralis
  • Idiogenes bucorvi
  • Ophryocotyloides pinguis
  • Paruterina daouensis
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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Benefits

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Bucorvus abyssinicus is not often sold or hunted commercially, although they are commonly held in zoos. The species has cultural value in some areas, where hunters may tie the severed head and neck to their own to facilitate stalking of ungulates. The call is often imitated and some villages have entire songs about the male and female duets.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Benefits

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In some areas northern ground hornbills are killed for breaking windows (by attacking their reflection) and for being cultural symbols of bad luck.

Negative Impacts: household pest

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Conservation Status

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Bucorvus abyssinicus is not currently threatened, but destruction of suitable nesting trees could impact the species negatively in the future. Disturbed grassland areas are actually preferred for hunting, and therefore it is unlikely that mild to moderate disturbance would have a negative impact on the population. However, where they are hunted for food, such as in northern Cameroon and Burkina Faso, they can be severely depleted or locally extirpated.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Reproduction

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Northern ground hornbills are monogamous, with males tending to females and young during the incubation stage.

Mating System: monogamous

The breeding season depends on location, with West African populations breeding in June through August, Nigerian and Ugandan populations breeding in January, and Kenyan pairs breeding as late as November. The nest is constructed in a cavity of a large tree, with baobabs and palm stumps being preferred. However, they may also accept rock holes or man-made cavities such as bee-hive logs or baskets as nesting sites. Unlike other hornbills, in Bucorvus species females are not completely sealed into a nesting cavity. Instead, they are only partially sealed in by a mixture of mud and vegetation. They also does not undergo the typical synchronous flight feather molt typical of other incubating female hornbills. Males prepare the cavity by lining it with dry leaves, then the female enters and lays one or two eggs over approximately 5 days. Incubation begins with the first egg, so that one hatchling matures more quickly and grows faster than its nest mates. After 37 to 41 days of incubation, during which nest sanitation is not practiced and the male provides food items to the incubating female, the first egg will hatch, with the second hatching later. Newly hatched chicks weigh approximately 70 g. First-hatched chicks grow rapidly at the expense of the later-hatched sibling, which usually dies of starvation within 4 days, when the older sibling may weigh as much as 350 g. After 21 to 33 days the female will leave the nest to help the male in food acquisition and after 80 to 90 days the surviving hatchling fledges.

Breeding interval: Northern ground hornbills breed about once every 3 years, with on average one chick surviving to adulthood every 9 years.

Breeding season: The breeding season varies by region, from January to November overall.

Range eggs per season: 2 (high) .

Average eggs per season: 2.

Range time to hatching: 37 to 41 days.

Average fledging age: 85 days.

Average time to independence: 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Northern ground hornbill males and females both invest heavily in their offspring. Males provide food for females who are walled into nest cavities with eggs during incubation. Both males and females protect and provide food for hatchlings. Fledged juveniles remain with their parents for up to 3 years, although sex can be determined visually at approximately one year of age. An average of one offspring is raised to independence every 9 years and investment per offspring is exceptionally high.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bucorvus_abyssinicus.html
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Noordelike bromvoël ( Afrikaans )

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Die Noordelike bromvoël (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is 'n voël wat in die genus van bromvoëls (Bucorvus) en die familie Bucorvidae behoort. Hulle is groot swart voëls wat hoofsaaklik op die grond lewe. Die spesie kom in verskeie Afrika-lande suid van die Sahara-woestyn, maar noord van die ewenaar voor.

Fotogalery

Sien ook

Verwysings

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Bucorvus abyssinicus". IUCN Rooilys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2013.2. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur. Besoek op 26 November 2013.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Noordelike bromvoël: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Noordelike bromvoël (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is 'n voël wat in die genus van bromvoëls (Bucorvus) en die familie Bucorvidae behoort. Hulle is groot swart voëls wat hoofsaaklik op die grond lewe. Die spesie kom in verskeie Afrika-lande suid van die Sahara-woestyn, maar noord van die ewenaar voor.

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Bucorvus abyssinicus ( Asturian )

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Artículu revisáu

Bucorvus abyssinicus ye una especie d'ave coraciiforme de la familia Bucorvidae. Ocupa una faza estensa del continente africanu que s'estiende d'oeste a este dende Senegal hasta Kenia y Etiopía. Nun se reconocen subespecies.[1]

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Bucorvus abyssinicus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Artículu revisáu

Bucorvus abyssinicus ye una especie d'ave coraciiforme de la familia Bucorvidae. Ocupa una faza estensa del continente africanu que s'estiende d'oeste a este dende Senegal hasta Kenia y Etiopía. Nun se reconocen subespecies.

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Bucorvus abyssinicus ( Breton )

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>

Bucorvus abyssinicus[1] a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Bucorvidae hag int-i kar d'ar c'halaoed.

Anvet e voe Buceros abyssinicus (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1783)[2] gant an evnoniour izelvroat Pieter Boddaert (1733-1795).

Doareoù pennañ

kemmañ ar vammenn
Bucorvus abyssinicus.

Bevañ a ra diwar vellkeineged ha divellkeineged bihan dreist-holl ha kemer frouezh, gagn, greun ha had ivez.

Kavout a reer ar spesad en Afrika, en un takad hag a ya eus Gambia/Senegal da Etiopia, hanternoz Ouganda ha biz Kenya[3].

Liammoù diavaez

kemmañ ar vammenn

Notennoù ha daveennoù

kemmañ ar vammenn
  1. N'en deus ar spesad anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
  2. (en) AnimalBase.
  3. (en) Bucorvus abyssinicus war al lec'hienn Avibase.
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Bucorvus abyssinicus: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Bucorvus abyssinicus a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Bucorvidae hag int-i kar d'ar c'halaoed.

Anvet e voe Buceros abyssinicus (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1783) gant an evnoniour izelvroat Pieter Boddaert (1733-1795).

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Calau terrestre septentrional ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src=
Bucorvus abyssinicus

El calau terrestre septentrional[1] (Bucorvus abyssinicus) és un ocell de la família dels bucòrvids (Bucorvidae) que habita boscos poc densos, sabanes i estepes de l'Àfrica subsahariana, al sud de Mauritània, sud de Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gàmbia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Costa d'Ivori, Ghana, Togo, Benín, sud de Níger, Nigèria, nord de Camerun, sud de Txad, República Centreafricana, Sudan del Sud, nord-est de la República Democràtica del Congo, Etiòpia, Eritrea, sud de Somàlia, nord d'Uganda i nord-oest de Kenya.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Calau terrestre septentrional Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Calau terrestre septentrional». Cercaterm. TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia. Rev. 08/03/2013 (català)


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Calau terrestre septentrional: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Bucorvus abyssinicus

El calau terrestre septentrional (Bucorvus abyssinicus) és un ocell de la família dels bucòrvids (Bucorvidae) que habita boscos poc densos, sabanes i estepes de l'Àfrica subsahariana, al sud de Mauritània, sud de Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gàmbia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Costa d'Ivori, Ghana, Togo, Benín, sud de Níger, Nigèria, nord de Camerun, sud de Txad, República Centreafricana, Sudan del Sud, nord-est de la República Democràtica del Congo, Etiòpia, Eritrea, sud de Somàlia, nord d'Uganda i nord-oest de Kenya.

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Cornbig daear y Gogledd ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cornbig daear y Gogledd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cornbigau daear y Gogledd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Bucorvus abyssinicus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Abyssinian ground hornbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cornbigau (Lladin: Bucerotidae) sydd yn urdd y Coraciiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn B. abyssinicus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Affrica.

Teulu

Mae'r cornbig daear y Gogledd yn perthyn i deulu'r Cornbigau (Lladin: Bucerotidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cornbig arianfochog Bycanistes brevis Cornbig Blyth Rhyticeros plicatus
Rhyticeros plicatus -Lincoln Park Zoo-8a-3c.jpg
Cornbig bochblaen Rhyticeros subruficollis
A monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the hornbills (Plate XXXVI) BHL38534653.jpg
Cornbig bochfrown Bycanistes cylindricus
Bycanistes cylindricus 1838.jpg
Cornbig coch Buceros hydrocorax
Buceros hydrocorax eating.jpg
Cornbig codrychog Rhyticeros undulatus
Bird Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus DSCN9018 13.jpg
Cornbig cribog Berenicornis comatus
Bucerotidae - Berenicornis comatus.jpg
Cornbig helmfrith Bycanistes subcylindricus
Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill - Bronx Zoo.jpg
Cornbig helmog Rhinoplax vigil
Helmeted Hornbill.tif
Cornbig Narcondam Rhyticeros narcondami
Narcondam hornbill.jpg
Cornbig Swmba Rhyticeros everetti
Stavenn Sumba Hornbill Wiki.jpg
Cornbig utganol Bycanistes bucinator
Stavenn Ceratogymna bucinator 00.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Cornbig daear y Gogledd: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cornbig daear y Gogledd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cornbigau daear y Gogledd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Bucorvus abyssinicus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Abyssinian ground hornbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cornbigau (Lladin: Bucerotidae) sydd yn urdd y Coraciiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn B. abyssinicus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Affrica.

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Nördlicher Hornrabe ( German )

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Der Nördliche Hornrabe (Bucorvus abyssinicus), manchmal auch als Nördlicher Hornvogel oder Sudanhornrabe bezeichnet, ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Hornraben (Bucorvidae) und ein Charaktervogel der afrikanischen Savannen südlich der Sahara, vom Westen Afrikas bis in den Osten. Er und seine Schwesterart, der Südliche Hornrabe (Bucorvus leadbeateri), sind die einzigen Vertreter der Familie Hornraben. Mit seinem großen Schnabel mit „Helm“, dem schwarzen Gefieder und der hauptsächlich bläulichen, dazu bei den männlichen Exemplaren leicht rötlichen Färbung der ungefiederten Gesichts- und Halspartien ist dieser Vogel gut zu bestimmen und von seiner Schwesterart mit den auffällig roten Hautpartien am Hals zu unterscheiden.

Erscheinungsbild

Körpermaße und Gewichte

Der Nördliche Hornrabe erreicht eine Körperlänge bis 100 Zentimeter, eine Flügelspannweite bis 185 Zentimeter sowie ein Gewicht bis ca. 4 Kilogramm. Männchen und Weibchen unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig, letztere sind etwas kleiner. Er ist etwas kleiner als der Südliche Hornrabe.

Gefieder

Das Gefieder weist bis auf die weißen Handschwingen, die nur an fliegenden oder sich putzenden Vögeln zu beobachten sind, eine tiefschwarze Färbung auf. Um die Augen und am Oberhals ist der Vogel ungefiedert, bei den Weibchen ausschließlich von blauer bis blauschwarzer Färbung, bei den Männchen auch mit rötlichen Hautstellen. Kehle und Oberhals sind durch einen aufblasbaren Kehlsack gekennzeichnet. Der lange, leicht gekrümmte Schnabel ist anthrazitgrau bis schwarz gefärbt und zeigt am Ansatz des Oberschnabels rötliche Flecken. Er schließt nicht völlig und lässt mittig einen klar sichtbaren Spalt erkennen. Der hornartige Fortsatz oder Helm an der Basis, der den Vögeln den Namen verleiht, ist beim Männchen etwas stärker ausgeprägt und zeigt vorne eine raue Stirnfläche. Wie sein südlicher Vetter besitzt der Nördliche Hornrabe auffallend lange Oberlidwimpern, die Iris ist dunkelbraun. Die Beine sind bis zum Intertarsalgelenk befiedert, der unbefiederte Teil des Tarsometatarsus und die Füße sind dunkelbraun.

Verwechslung mit anderen Vogelarten

Der Nördliche Hornrabe kann allenfalls mit dem Südlichen Hornraben verwechselt werden, dessen Verbreitungsgebiet südlich des Äquators in offenen Savannenlandschaften zu finden ist. Beide Spezies ähneln einander sehr und unterscheiden sich nur, allerdings auffallend, in der Gesichtsfärbung. Die ungefiederten Partien im Gesicht und am Hals sind beim Südlichen Hornraben von einer weithin sichtbaren, leuchtend roten Färbung.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Nördliche Hornrabe lebt in Afrika südlich der Sahara. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom Senegal über Nigeria und Kamerun im Westen bis in den Sudan im Osten Afrikas. Die südlichste Ausbreitung verläuft bis in den Südosten Ugandas und den Nordwesten Kenias. Sein Lebensraum sind ausgesprochen trockene Savannen, lichte Trockenwälder und Grasland bis in Höhenlagen von 2.500 Metern über NN, wie das Hochland von Äthiopien. Er meidet dichte Wald- und Feuchtgebiete.

Lebensweise und Ernährung

 src=
Weiblicher Nördlicher Hornrabe auf Nahrungssuche

Nördliche Hornraben leben als Einzelgänger, paarweise in einer lebenslangen Monogamie oder in kleinen Familienformationen, bestehend aus einem Paar und dessen Nachwuchs. Die Vögel sind ständig auf Nahrungssuche, wobei sich kleinere Gruppen von kurzer Dauer bilden können. Dabei schreiten sie langsam, mit auffällig watschelndem, wankenden Gang, über den Boden, ihren Hauptlebensraum, den sie mit ihrem Schnabel untersuchen, bevorzugt nach großen Insekten, Spinnen, Skorpionen, kleinen Schildkröten und Echsen sowie kleinen Nagern und Schlangen. In geringen Mengen vertilgen sie Früchte und Samen und verschmähen auch kein Aas. Die hauptsächlich bodenlebenden Vögel fliegen nur bei Gefahr auf, wobei sie meist höhere Bäume aufsuchen. Sie sind in der Lage, selbst Großkatzen und Greifvögel erfolgreich zu vertreiben. Hornraben gelten in vielen Gegenden des östlichen und südlichen Afrika als heilige Vögel und nützliche Tiere, da sie unter anderem Schlangen und Heuschrecken verzehren, weswegen sie wenig gejagt werden.

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

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Ei des Nördlichen Hornraben

Der Nördliche Hornrabe wird erst spät mit rund drei bis vier Jahren geschlechtsreif. Mit der einsetzenden, nahrungsreichen Regenzeit beginnt auch die Paarungszeit. Als Höhlenbrüter bevorzugen sie Nisthöhlen in hohlen Baumstämmen (Affenbrotbaum) oder an ähnlich geschützten Stellen, die sie mit trockenem Gras und Blättern auskleiden. Das Weibchen legt meist zwei Eier, die es über einen Zeitraum von 38 bis 40 Tagen allein ausbrütet, wobei es vom Männchen gefüttert wird. Die Brut versorgen dann beide Elternvögel gemeinsam. Wegen der Nahrungskonkurrenz zwischen den im Abstand von ca. vier Tagen schlüpfenden Küken setzt sich nur das erste und inzwischen stärkere durch – nur in Zeiten reichlich vorkommender Nahrung überleben beide Jungvögel. Nach einer ca. vierteljährigen Nistzeit verlassen sie erstmals die Bruthöhle, werden aber weiterhin bis zu neun Monaten von den Eltern versorgt und geführt und verbleiben bis zur Geschlechtsreife im elterlichen Familienverband. Die Lebenserwartung liegt in Freiheit bei bis zu 30 Jahren, in Gefangenschaft auch bis zu 40 Jahren.

Systematik

Der Nördliche Hornrabe zählt zu den Hornraben. Einziger weiterer Vertreter der Familie ist der Südliche Hornrabe (Bucorvus leadbeateri).

Literatur

Weblinks

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Nördlicher Hornrabe: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Nördliche Hornrabe (Bucorvus abyssinicus), manchmal auch als Nördlicher Hornvogel oder Sudanhornrabe bezeichnet, ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Hornraben (Bucorvidae) und ein Charaktervogel der afrikanischen Savannen südlich der Sahara, vom Westen Afrikas bis in den Osten. Er und seine Schwesterart, der Südliche Hornrabe (Bucorvus leadbeateri), sind die einzigen Vertreter der Familie Hornraben. Mit seinem großen Schnabel mit „Helm“, dem schwarzen Gefieder und der hauptsächlich bläulichen, dazu bei den männlichen Exemplaren leicht rötlichen Färbung der ungefiederten Gesichts- und Halspartien ist dieser Vogel gut zu bestimmen und von seiner Schwesterart mit den auffällig roten Hautpartien am Hals zu unterscheiden.

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Εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας ή βόρειος εδαφοβούκερος (Bucorvus abyssinicus) είναι ένα από τα δύο είδη εδαφοβούκερου. Το άλλο είδος είναι ο Νότιος εδαφοβούκερος.

Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας είναι ένα αφρικανικό ημερόβιο πουλί, που βρίσκεται βόρεια του Ισημερινού. Ομάδες εδαφοβούκερων έχουν εδάφη έως και 2 – 100 τετραγωνικά μίλια.

Μορφολογία

Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας είναι ένα από τα δύο μεγαλύτερα είδη βούκερων (το άλλο είναι ο νότιος εδαφοβούκερος). Έχει ύψος 90 – 100 εκατοστά, 110 εκατοστά μήκος και 4 κιλά βάρος. Σύμφωνα με τον Στέβενσον και τον Φανσουά, αυτό το είδος είναι μεγαλύτερο είδος κατά μέσο όρο από τον νότιο εδαφοβούκερο στα 102 εκατοστά, αλλά τα δημοσιευμένα βάρη και οι τυποποιημένες μετρήσεις αντιστρόφως δείχνουν πως το νότιο είδος είναι πράγματι ελαφρώς μεγαλύτερο.[2][3] Όπως και ο ξάδελφός του, ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας έχει μακριά γυμνά πόδια για βάδισμα. Το αρσενικό έχει κόκκινο σάκο λαιμού, ενώ το θηλυκό μπλε. Τροποποιημένα φτερά σχηματίζουν μεγάλες βλεφαρίδες που προστατεύουν τα μάτια του από τη σκόνη.[4]

Τροφή

Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας τρέφεται με ποικιλία σπονδυλωτών και ασπόνδυλων, περιλαμβάνοντας χελώνες, σαύρες, αράχνες, σκαθάρια και κάμπιες: επίσης τρέφεται με ψοφίμια, φρούτα, σπόρους και φιστίκια.

Πινακοθήκη

Παραπομπές

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Bucorvus abyssinicus». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Ανακτήθηκε στις 26 Νοεμβρίου 2013.
  2. Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi by Stevenson & Fanshawe. Elsevier Science (2001), ISBN 978-0856610790
  3. «Birds: Hornbill». San Diego Zoo. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουλίου 2013.
  4. «Abyssinian Ground Hornbill». The Sacramento Zoological Society.
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Εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας ή βόρειος εδαφοβούκερος (Bucorvus abyssinicus) είναι ένα από τα δύο είδη εδαφοβούκερου. Το άλλο είδος είναι ο Νότιος εδαφοβούκερος.

Ο εδαφοβούκερος της Αβυσσηνίας είναι ένα αφρικανικό ημερόβιο πουλί, που βρίσκεται βόρεια του Ισημερινού. Ομάδες εδαφοβούκερων έχουν εδάφη έως και 2 – 100 τετραγωνικά μίλια.

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Abyssinian ground hornbill

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The Abyssinian ground hornbill or northern ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is an African bird, found north of the equator, and is one of two species of ground hornbill. It is the second largest species of African hornbill, only surpassed by the slightly larger southern ground hornbill.

Taxonomy

The Abyssinian ground hornbill was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[2] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[3] Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Buceros abyssinicus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[4] The type locality is Ethiopia.[5] The Abyssinian ground hornbill is now placed in the genus Bucorvus that was introduced, originally as a subgenus, by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830.[6][7] The species is monotypic.[7] The generic name is derived from the name of the genus Buceros introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the Asian hornbills where corvus is the Latin word for a "raven".[8]

Description

Close-up sketch of Bucorvus abyssinicus.

Abyssinian ground hornbill is a large, terrestrial hornbill with black body feathers and white primary feathers which are visible in flight. The adult male has a patch of bare blue skin around the eye and an inflatable patch of bare skin on the neck and throat which is red, apart from the upper throat which is blue. The bill is long and black except for a reddish patch at the base of the mandible. On top of the bill there is a short open-ended black casque. The female is similar but smaller with any bare skin being wholly dark blue. Juvenile birds are dark sooty-brown with a smaller bill, with an incipient casque. As the juvenile matures, which usually takes 3 years, it gradually develops the plumage, bare skin colour and casque of the adults. The total length is 90 to 110 cm (35 to 43 in).[9]

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has long feathers that look like eyelashes that surround its eyes. These protect the eyes from injury.[10]

It reportedly averages around 90 to 100 cm (35 to 39 in) tall, around 110 cm (43 in) and weighs approximately 4 kg (8.8 lb). Per Stevenson and Fanshawe, the Abyssinian is a larger species on average than the southern ground hornbill, at 102 cm (40 in), but published weights and standard measurements contrarily indicate the southern species is indeed slightly larger.[11][12]

Voice

A deep booming uh-uh, uh-uh-uh which is far carrying and is normally made at dawn from either a perch or from the ground.[9] The male and female sing in duets.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Abyssinian ground hornbills at the Omo river valley in Ethiopia.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is found in Northern sub-Saharan Africa from southern Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea east to Eritrea, Ethiopia, north western Somalia, north western Kenya and Uganda.[14]

It is found in open habitats such as savanna, sub-desert scrub, and rocky areas, preferring short vegetation which enables its visual foraging technique. The areas inhabited by this species are usually drier areas than the preferred habitat of the Southern ground hornbill. It will tolerate disturbed areas but does require large trees to be used as nest sites.[13]

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has escaped or been deliberately released in to Florida, USA, but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes.[15]

Behaviour

The Abyssinian ground hornbill lives in open grassland, in pairs or small family parties. They patrol their territory by walking and are reluctant fliers, usually only taking to the air when alarmed.[9] In captivity, they can live 35–40 years. Diet in the wild consists of a wide variety of small vertebrates and invertebrates, including tortoises, lizards, snakes, birds, spiders, beetles, and caterpillars; they also take carrion, some fruits, seeds, and groundnuts. Groups of ground hornbills have territories of 2–100 square miles (5.2–259.0 km2). They are diurnal.

Breeding

The breeding season of the Abyssinian ground hornbill varies across its range: the West African populations breed in June through to August, Nigerian and Ugandan populations breed in January, and Kenyan birds breed as late as November. They prefer to nest in large trees, with baobabs and palm stumps being preferred; the nest is constructed in a cavity. They have also been recorded nesting in other types of cavities including holes in rocks and man-made cavities such as bee-hive logs or baskets. In the ground hornbills the females are partially sealed in using a mixture of mud and vegetation. In other hornbills the nesting female moult their all flight feathers at once but this is not the case in the ground hornbills. The male prepares the nest by lining the cavity with dry leaves before the female enters and lays a clutch of one or two eggs over around five days. She starts to incubate as soon as the first egg is laid so that the chick which hatches first has a head start in development over its sibling. Incubation of each egg takes between 37 and 41 days, during which time there is no effort to keep the cavity clean and the male is responsible for providing food to the incubating female. The weight of the newly hatched chick is around 70 g (2.5 oz) and the first-hatched grows rapidly at the expense of the second, which will normally die of starvation before it is four days old by which time its sibling can weigh as much as 350 g (12 oz). When the surviving chick is 21 to 33 days old the mother leaves the nest and starts to help in food provision, then after 80 to 90 days the chick leaves the nest.[13]

Abyssinian ground hornbills invest a lot in their offspring and the fledged juveniles will remain with their parents for up to three years. They have a slow breeding rate and an average of one chick is raised to adulthood every 9 years so the adults' investment in each young bird raised is exceptionally high.[13]

Feeding

Abyssinian ground hornbills are opportunist feeders, following ungulate herds and forest fires so that they can prey on small animals disturbed by the larger animals or flames. An individual hornbill can walk up to 11 km (6.8 mi) in a day, pouncing on and eating animals they come across. They have also been recorded digging for arthropods in the soil and attacking bee hives for honeycomb; they very rarely consume any plant matter. The strong bill is used to capture and overcome the prey before it is eaten.[13]

Predators, parasites and diseases

Abyssinian ground hornbills are preyed on by large carnivores, such as leopards. Human predation for food occurs in some countries, including northern Cameroon and Burkina Faso. The nests may be preyed upon by smaller terrestrial predators.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is a known host for the bird lice Bucorvellus docophorus, Bucerophagus productus and Bucerophagus africanus; it is also a host for the nematode Histiocephalus bucorvi and the tapeworms Chapmania unilateralis, Idiogenes bucorvi, Ophryocotyloides pinguis, and Paruterina daouensis. An individual held in captivity but which had been caught in the wild died from an infection of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, a common pathogen in fish but not previously recorded in wild Abyssinian ground hornbills. In North America captive Abyssinian ground hornbills have also been known to die because of West Nile virus.[13]

Cultural importance

Abyssinian ground hornbills are not a normal quarry for commercial hunters, although they are not uncommon in captivity in zoos. In some areas the species has cultural significance and hunters may tie the severed head and neck of these birds around their necks in the belief that it helps them stalk their wild ungulate quarry. In some villages the call is often imitated and there are even entire songs based on the male and female duets of Abyssinian ground hornbills.[13]

Status and conservation

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is subject to the loss and degradation of its habitat and it is a quarry of hunters, in a similar way to its congener, the Southern ground hornbill, and, as a result, it is thought that the population may have started a rapid decline. As a result of this perceived decline the IUCN give its status as Vulnerable.[1]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bucorvus abyssinicus.
Wikispecies has information related to Bucorvus abyssinicus.
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Bucorvus abyssinicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22682632A132204438. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682632A132204438.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le cacao d'Abyssinie". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 230.
  3. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Grand calao, d'Abyssinie". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 779.
  4. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 48, Number 779.
  5. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 272.
  6. ^ Lesson, René (1830). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 256 (livre 4).
  7. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. ^ a b c Borrow, Nik; Demey, Ron (2001). Birds of Western Africa. A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-3959-8.
  10. ^ "Abyssinian ground hornbill". Smithsonian's National Zoo. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  11. ^ Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi by Stevenson & Fanshawe. Elsevier Science (2001), ISBN 978-0856610790
  12. ^ "Birds: Hornbill". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Krause, B. 2009. "Bucorvus abyssinicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web". Animal Diversity Web. Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  14. ^ "Northern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)". Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  15. ^ "Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
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Abyssinian ground hornbill: Brief Summary

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The Abyssinian ground hornbill or northern ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is an African bird, found north of the equator, and is one of two species of ground hornbill. It is the second largest species of African hornbill, only surpassed by the slightly larger southern ground hornbill.

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Bucorvus abyssinicus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Huevo de B. abyssinicus.

El cálao terrestre norteño[1]​ o cálao abisinio (Bucorvus abyssinicus) es una especie de ave coraciiforme de la familia Bucorvidae. Ocupa una franja extensa del continente africano que se extiende de oeste a este desde Senegal hasta Kenia y Etiopía. No se reconocen subespecies.[2]

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Macho.
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Hembra.

Referencias

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Bucorvus abyssinicus ( Basque )

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Bucorvus abyssinicus

Bucorvus abyssinicus Bucorvus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Bucorvidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Bucorvus abyssinicus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Bucorvus abyssinicus Bucorvus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Bucorvidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Bucorve d'Abyssinie ( French )

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Bucorvus abyssinicus

Le bucorve d'Abyssinie (Bucorvus abyssinicus) est une espèce d'oiseaux, proche des calaos, appartenant à la famille des Bucorvidae.

Description

Le bucorve d'Abyssinie est un grand calao terrestre avec des plumes corporelles noires et des plumes primaires blanches qui sont visibles en vol. Le mâle adulte possède une tache de peau bleue nue autour de l'œil et une tache gonflable de peau nue sur le cou et la gorge qui est rouge, à l'exception du haut de la gorge qui est bleu. Le bec est long et noir, à l'exception d'une tache rougeâtre à la base de la mandibule. Au sommet du bec se trouve un court casque noir à extrémité ouverte.

La femelle est semblable, mais plus petite, et sa peau nue est entièrement bleu foncé. Les oiseaux juvéniles sont d'un brun fuligineux foncé, avec un bec plus petit et un casque naissant. Au fur et à mesure que le juvénile grandit, ce qui prend généralement trois ans, il développe progressivement le plumage, la couleur de la peau nue et le casque des adultes.

Mâles et femelles possèdent de longues plumes ressemblant à des cils qui entourent ses yeux. Elles protègent les yeux des blessures.

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Mâle
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Femelle

Comportement

Le bucorve d'Abyssinie est un oiseau diurne, qui vit dans les prairies ouvertes, en couples ou en petits groupes familiaux patrouillant sur leur territoire en marchant. Ils sont peu enclins à voler, bien qu'ils en aient la capacité[1]. En captivité, ils peuvent vivre 35-40 ans.

Reproduction

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Œuf de Bucorve d'Abyssinie Muséum de Toulouse

La saison de reproduction du bucorve d'Abyssinie varie selon son aire de répartition : les populations d'Afrique de l'Ouest se reproduisent de juin à août, les populations nigérianes et ougandaises en janvier, et les kényanes jusqu'en novembre. Ils préfèrent nicher dans de grands arbres, tels que les baobabs et les souches de palmiers, leur nid étant construit dans une cavité. Ils peuvent également nicher dans des trous dans des rochers et des cavités artificielles telles que des troncs de ruches ou des paniers.

La gestation du bucorve d'Abyssinie dure 30 jours et donne naissance à une portée de deux petits. Les femelles sont partiellement scellées à l'aide d'un mélange de boue et de végétation. Le mâle prépare le nid en tapissant la cavité de feuilles sèches avant que la femelle n'y entre et y dépose une ponte d'un ou deux œufs en cinq jours environ. Elle commence à couver dès que le premier œuf est pondu afin que le poussin qui éclot en premier ait une longueur d'avance sur son cadet. L'incubation de chaque œuf dure entre 37 et 41 jours, pendant lesquels le mâle est chargé de fournir de la nourriture à la femelle qui couve. Le poids du poussin nouvellement éclos est d'environ 70 grammes et le premier poussin grandit rapidement au détriment du second, qui meurt normalement de faim avant d'avoir atteint l'âge de quatre jours. A cet âge, un bucorve en bonne santé peut peser jusqu'à 350 grammes. Lorsqu'il est âgé de 21 à 33 jours, la mère quitte le nid et commence à l'aider à se nourrir, puis après 80 à 90 jours, l'oisillon quitte le nid[2]. Les jeunes restent avec leurs parents jusqu'à trois ans.

En moyenne, un oisillon est élevé jusqu'à l'âge adulte tous les 9 ans ; l'investissement des adultes dans chaque jeune oiseau élevé est donc exceptionnellement élevé, et le rythme de reproduction particulièrement lent.

À l'âge adulte, le bucorve d'Abyssinie pèse environ 3,5 kg.

Alimentation

Dans la nature, leur régime alimentaire se compose d'une grande variété de petits vertébrés et d'invertébrés, notamment des tortues, des lézards, des serpents, des oiseaux, des araignées, des coléoptères et des chenilles ; ils consomment également des charognes, certains fruits, des graines et des arachides. Les territoires des bucorves peuvent faire jusqu'à plus de 250 km2. Ce sont des mangeurs opportunistes, suivant les troupeaux d'ongulés et les feux de forêt afin de pouvoir s'attaquer aux petits animaux dérangés par le déplacement des grands mammifères ou les flammes. Un calao peut parcourir jusqu'à 11 km en une journée. Il creuse également le sol à la recherche d'arthropodes et peut attaquer les ruches d'abeilles à la recherche de rayons de miel ; ils ne consomment que très rarement de la matière végétale. Le bec puissant est utilisé pour capturer et maîtriser la proie avant qu'elle ne soit mangée.

Prédateurs et menaces

Les bucorves d'Abyssinie sont la proie de grands carnivores, tels que les léopards. La prédation humaine pour la nourriture se produit dans certains pays, notamment au nord du Cameroun et au Burkina Faso. Les nids peuvent être la proie de prédateurs terrestres plus petits.

Il s'agit d'un hôte connu des poux d'oiseaux Bucorvellus docophorus, Bucerophagus productus et Bucerophagus africanus ; il est également un hôte du nématode Histiocephalus bucorvi et de divers ténias.

Les bucorves d'Abyssinie ne sont pas rares en captivité dans les zoos. Dans certaines régions, l'espèce a une importance culturelle et les chasseurs peuvent attacher la tête et le cou coupés de ces oiseaux autour de leur cou, selon la croyance que cela leur est bénéfique pour chasser. Dans certains villages, le cri est souvent imité et il existe même des chansons entières basées sur les duos mâle et femelle des bucorves d'Abyssinie. Ses plumes sont utilisées par certaines ethnies pour la confection de masques et colliers. L'oiseau ayant quasiment disparu de certaines régions, ses plumes se vendent très cher, favorisant le braconnage.

Répartition et habitat

On trouve cet oiseau dans le nord de l'Afrique subsaharienne, du sud de la Mauritanie, du Sénégal et de la Guinée vers l'est, jusqu'à l'Érythrée, l'Éthiopie, le nord-ouest de la Somalie, le nord-ouest du Kenya et l'Ouganda. Il évolue dans la savane, les broussailles subdésertiques et les zones rocheuses, préférant la végétation courte qui permet sa technique de recherche visuelle de nourriture. Les zones habitées par cette espèce sont généralement des zones plus sèches que privilégiées par le bucorve du Sud. Il a besoin de grands arbres comme sites de nidification.

Par ailleurs, le bucorve d'Abyssinie s'est échappé ou a été délibérément relâché en Floride, mais il n'y a aucune preuve que la population se reproduise et il se peut qu'elle ne subsiste qu'en raison de libérations ou d'évasions continues[3].

Systématique

L'espèce Bucorvus abyssinicus a été décrite par le médecin et naturaliste hollandais, Pieter Boddaert en 1783, sous le nom initial de Buceros abyssinicus.

Synonyme

  • Buceros abyssinicus Pieter Boddaert, 1783 (protonyme)

Philatélie

Le Bucorve d'Abyssinie est représenté sur un timbre du Burundi de 1965 (valeur faciale 50 F, Y&T PA 14).

Notes et références

  1. Nik Borrow, Birds of western Africa, Christopher Helm, 2001 (ISBN 0-7136-3959-8 et 978-0-7136-3959-9, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  2. « Classification of reptiles (ref: Animal Diversity Web) », dans Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals, Elsevier, 2009 (ISBN 978-0-7020-2968-4, lire en ligne), p. 308–310
  3. « Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation », dans Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation, American Fisheries Society, 2015 (ISBN 978-1-934874-40-0, lire en ligne)
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Bucorve d'Abyssinie: Brief Summary ( French )

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Bucorvus abyssinicus

Le bucorve d'Abyssinie (Bucorvus abyssinicus) est une espèce d'oiseaux, proche des calaos, appartenant à la famille des Bucorvidae.

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Bucorvus abyssinicus ( Italian )

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Il bucorvo abissino o bucorvo settentrionale (Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert, 1783)) è un uccello della famiglia Bucorvidae, diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana settentrionale.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il bucorvo abissino vive nella fascia di Africa subsahariana, subito a sud del Sahara, che va dagli altopiani etiopi alle coste atlantiche del Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau e Guinea. Tale fascia copre anche il Mali meridionale, il nord della Sierra Leone, della Costa d'Avorio e del Ghana; il centro-sud del Burkina Faso, il Togo nord-orientale, il Benin e il Camerun settentrionali e l'estremo sud del Niger. Più a est l'areale copre il Ciad meridionale, la Repubblica Centrafricana centrale, il Sudan del Sud centro-meridionale, l'estremo nord del Congo e gran parte dell'Uganda centro-settentrionale. Il limite orientale dell'areale comprende il Kenya nord-occidentale, gran parte degli altopiani dell'Etiopia e dell'Eritrea e in piccola parte il nord della Somalia.[4]

Questa specie abita area aperte come le savane, zone cespugliose semidesertiche e zone rocciose; preferendo aree con vegetazione bassa che gli permettano di vedere le proprie prede. Il bucorvo abissino normalmente si ritrova in zone più secche rispetto a quello dove vive il bucorvo cafro[5].

Tassonomia

Bucorvus abyssinicus è una delle due specie apparenti al genere Bucorvus, insieme a Bucorvus leadbeateri; precedentemente era classificato nel genere Buceros come Buceros abyssinicus[2]. Questa specie non è divisa in sottospecie[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Bucorvus abyssinicus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 15 maggio 2016.
  2. ^ a b Bucorvus abyssinicus, in Avibase - il database degli uccelli nel mondo, Bird Studies Canada.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Bucorvidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 2 giugno 2019.
  4. ^ Northern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus - Distribution Map, su datazone.birdlife.org. URL consultato il 2 giugno 2019.
  5. ^ "Bucorvus abyssinicus", su animaldiversity.org. URL consultato il 14 Ottobre 2016.

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Bucorvus abyssinicus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il bucorvo abissino o bucorvo settentrionale (Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert, 1783)) è un uccello della famiglia Bucorvidae, diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana settentrionale.

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Šiaurinis ragavarnis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Bucorvus abyssinicus

Šiaurinis ragavarnis (lot. Bucorvus abyssinicus, angl. Abyssinian Ground-hornbill) – ragasnapinių (Bucerotidae) šeimos paukštis.

Paplitęs Afrikos šiaurinėje dalyje. Paukščių dydis apie 1 m, svoris apie 4 kg. Aptinkamas savanose ir pusdykumėse. Minta įvairiais vabzdžiais, vorais, įvairias ropliais, smulkiais žinduoliais.


Vikiteka

Nebaigta Šis su ornitologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Noordelijke hoornraaf ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De noordelijke hoornraaf (Bucorvus abyssinicus) of Abessijnse hoornraaf is een vogel die behoort tot het geslacht van de hoornraven (Bucorvus) en de familie van de Bucorvidae. Het zijn grote zwarte vogels die voornamelijk op de grond leven in verschillende landen in Afrika onder de Sahara en noordelijk van de evenaar.

Beschrijving

De noordelijke hoornraaf heeft een lichaamslengte van 100 cm en in vlucht een spanwijdte van 185 cm. De vogel heeft een zware, lichtgebogen zwarte snavel met een scherpe punt en een hoornachtige kam op de bovensnavel. De vogel is diepzwart van kleur. De handpennen van de vleugels zijn echter wit. Als de vogel niet vliegt is dit nauwelijks te zien omdat de vleugeldekveren zwart zijn. Alleen in vlucht worden de witte slagpennen plotseling zichtbaar. Er is weinig verschil tussen de seksen. Net als bij neushoornvogels hebben de vogels een naakte huid rond het oog en een onbevederde keelzak. Bij mannetjes is deze keelzak overwegend rood, bij vrouwtjes is die blauw en zwartblauw.

Gedrag

Hij voedt zich met allerlei soorten kleine en grotere dieren, zoals grote sprinkhanen, slangen en kleine knaagdieren. Het nest is een holte in een grote boom. Het vrouwtje legt meestal 2 eieren, die ze in 38-40 dagen uitbroedt terwijl ze door het mannetje wordt gevoerd. Het jong (vaak blijft er maar één jong in leven) blijft doorgaans nog 3 maanden in het nest en wordt dan door beide ouders gevoerd. Dan verlaat het jong het nest en wordt nog eens negen maanden door de ouders bewaakt en gevoederd. Het jong is pas na drie tot vier jaar geslachtsrijp en voor die tijd verblijft het vaak nog in familiegroepen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De noordelijke hoornraaf leeft in Afrika onder de Sahara. Het verspreidingsgebied strekt zich uit van Senegal tot Nigeria en Kameroen in het westen tot de Soedan in het oosten. De zuidgrens ligt in het zuidoosten van Oeganda en het noordwesten van Kenia. Zijn leefgebied is droge savanne, droge, open bosgebieden en droge graslanden tot een hoogte van 2.500 m boven de zeespiegel in bijvoorbeeld de hooglanden van Ethiopië.

Status

Er wordt nauwelijks op de vogel gejaagd, in veel Afrikaanse culturen geldt de vogel als heilig of op zijn minst als nuttig als verdelger van slangen, muizen en sprinkhanen. De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd, maar er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort bedreigd wordt in zijn voortbestaan daarom staat de noordelijke hoornraaf als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Noordelijke hoornraaf: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De noordelijke hoornraaf (Bucorvus abyssinicus) of Abessijnse hoornraaf is een vogel die behoort tot het geslacht van de hoornraven (Bucorvus) en de familie van de Bucorvidae. Het zijn grote zwarte vogels die voornamelijk op de grond leven in verschillende landen in Afrika onder de Sahara en noordelijk van de evenaar.

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Blåmaskehornravn ( Norwegian )

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Blåmaskehornravn (Bucorvus abyssinicus) er en monotypisk art i slekten Bucorvus, som inkluderer to arter og er eneste slekt i underfamilien hornravner (Bucorvinae). Maskehornravnene inngår i hornfuglfamilien (Bucerotidae). Den andre arten i slekten er rødmaskehornravn (B. leadbeateri). Arten listes som livskraftigIUCNs rødliste.

Maskehornravnene er nærmere knyttet til det terrestriske miljøet enn sin nære slektninger, neshornfuglene, som i større grad er trelevende.

Biologi

 src=
Blåmaskehornravn (hann)

Blåmaskehornravn er en stor standfugl på cirka 90–100 cm. Hannene veier omkring 4 000 g og er noe større enn hunnene. Fjærdrakten er sort med hvite primærfjær. Vingene er brede og håndsvingfjæra fri. Hannene har blå bar hud rundt øynene, rød halshud og rød strupepose med en prominent blå flekk. Strupeposen kan blåses opp. Det enorme nebbet er langt og har prominent hjelm på overnebbet, hvis innerste del er gult. Resten av nebbet er tilnærmet sort Hunnene har helt blå halshud og strupepose, og hjelmen på overnebbet er litt mindre prominent.[1]

Blåmaskehornravn søker til tørrere habitat enn rødmaskehornravnen og er utbredt i Sahelbeltet i Afrika, der den trives på savanne og i semitørr halvørken, i høyder opp til 3 257 moh i Etiopia. Fuglene er hovedsakelig standfugler. Arten eter et bredt utvalg av virveldyr og virvelløse dyr, som øgler, biller og larver. Arten eter også åtsler og noe frukt. Som regel leter fuglene etter mat parvis eller som ei familiegruppe på tre, men ikke-hekkende voksne fugler og ungfugler kan samle seg i grupper på opp mot 14 individer når de eter.[1]

Lite er kjent om hekkebiologien. Hunnene legger i juniaugust i Vest-Afrika, så tidlig som januar i Nigeria og Uganda, og så sent som november i Kenya. Par er territoriale, og det er kjent at fuglene kan ha territoriale kamper med hjelmstanging. Redet bygges i et naturlig hulrom i et høyt tre, spesielt i baobab (Adansonia), eller mer sjelden i hulrom i steinformasjoner. Hannen bringer byggematerialene, som regel tørt løv og lignende. Inngangen forsegles ikke. Hunnen legger 1–2 egg, men bare ett avkom når flygedyktig alder. Inkubasjonstiden tar cirka 37–41 dager og avkommet blir flygedyktig etter cirka 80–90 dager. Hannen mater hunnen mens hun ruger. Fra ungen er omkring 21–33 dager gammel bidrar begge foreldrene med matingen.[1]

Referanser

  1. ^ a b c Kemp, A.C. & Boesman, P. (2017). Northern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Eksterne lenker

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Blåmaskehornravn: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Blåmaskehornravn (Bucorvus abyssinicus) er en monotypisk art i slekten Bucorvus, som inkluderer to arter og er eneste slekt i underfamilien hornravner (Bucorvinae). Maskehornravnene inngår i hornfuglfamilien (Bucerotidae). Den andre arten i slekten er rødmaskehornravn (B. leadbeateri). Arten listes som livskraftigIUCNs rødliste.

Maskehornravnene er nærmere knyttet til det terrestriske miljøet enn sin nære slektninger, neshornfuglene, som i større grad er trelevende.

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Dzioboróg abisyński ( Polish )

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Dzioboróg abisyński, dzioborożec abisyński (Bucorvus abyssinicus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny dzioborożców (Bucerotidae) występującego w środkowej Afryce w okolicach na południe od Sahelu. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Morfologia

Długość ciała wynosi 90–100 cm, masa ciała u samca około 4 kg[2]. Większość upierzenia ma kolor czarny. Na głowie występuje kostny „kask” pokryty keratyną, a mający swój początek w górnej szczęce. Lotki I rzędu wyróżniają się białym kolorem. U samców wokół oka występuje połać niebieskiej skóry, zaś na gardle skóra niebiesko–czerwona. Samice mają jedynie niebieskie płaty nagiej skóry[4].

Zasięg występowania

Dzioboróg abisyński występuje w południowej Mauretanii, Senegalu i Gwinei i dalej na wschód po Erytreę, Etiopię, północno-zachodnią Somalię, północno-zachodnią Kenię (według innego źródła północno-wschodnią[4]) i Ugandę[2].

Ekologia

Środowiskiem życia gatunku są sawanna, półpustynne zakrzewienia i obszary kamieniste. Preferuje krótką roślinność, która ułatwia żerowanie. Zamieszkuje suchsze obszary, niż drugi z dzioborogów – kafryjski (B. leadbeateri)[4]. Żeruje na bezkręgowcach i małych kręgowcach, pokarm jest urozmaicony. Zjada m.in. żółwie, jaszczurki, pająki, chrząszcze i gąsienice[2]. W niewoli może żyć 40 lat[4].

Lęgi

Okres lęgowy różni się w zależności od miejsca. W zachodniej Afryce trwa od czerwca do sierpnia, w Nigerii i Ugandzie – w styczniu, a ptaki z Kenii wyprowadzają swe lęgi w listopadzie. Gniazduje w dziuplach, jednak toleruje również zagłębienia między skałami lub w strukturach pochodzenia antropogenicznego. Wyściółkę stanowią suche liście. Samica składa jedno lub dwa jaja. Po 37–41 dniach klują się pisklęta; ważą wtedy około 70 g. Młode klują się niesynchronicznie. Młodsze pisklę zwykle ginie po około 4 dniach w wyniku wygłodzenia, kiedy drugie pisklę waży już blisko 350 g. Po 21–23 dniach samica opuszcza gniazdo i pomaga samcowi w karmieniu pisklęcia. Po blisko 80–90 dniach życia młode jest już w pełni opierzone[4].

Przypisy

  1. Bucorvus abyssinicus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c d Kemp, A.C. & Boesman, P.: Northern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus). W: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive [on-line]. 2016. [dostęp 1 stycznia 2015].
  3. Bucorvus abyssinicus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. a b c d e Brianne Krause: ADW: Bucorvus abyssinicus: Information. W: Animal Diversity Web [on-line]. University of Michigan, 2009. [dostęp 1 stycznia 2016].
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Dzioboróg abisyński: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Dzioboróg abisyński, dzioborożec abisyński (Bucorvus abyssinicus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny dzioborożców (Bucerotidae) występującego w środkowej Afryce w okolicach na południe od Sahelu. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

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Calau-grande ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Bucorvus abyssinicus MHNT

O calau-grande (Bucorvus abyssinicus) é um calau africano, que se encontra da Gâmbia ao Quénia.[1]

Esta ave de grande porte, que pode atingir pode atingir mais de um metro de comprimento e cerca de 180 centímetros de envergadura, pertence à família dos Buconídeos, destacando-se pela sua plumagem negra, com rebordos brancos nas extremidades das asas, e pelo seu bico de grandes dimensões, exornado com uma protuberância óssea junto aos olhos.[2]

Nomes comuns

Também dá pelos seguintes nomes comuns: abago, abagum, alma-de-biafada[3], calau-do-chão e calau-terrestre-da-abissínia[4].

Distribuição e habitat

A alma-de-biafada medra em zonas rochosas (como falésias e cumes de montanhas), em zonas de planície (como prados e savanas), em zonas nemorais (como matagais e florestas) da África subsaariana, desde o Senegal, passando pela Gâmbia e Sul da Mauritânia até à África Ocidental e, ainda, pelo Norte do Quénia, Uganda, Eritreia, Etiópia e Noroeste da Somália.[2]

Pode tolerar regiões com alteração humana e embora viva essencialmente no solo, necessita de árvores grandes para poder nidificar.[5]

Comportamento

Esta espécie vive essencialmente no solo, embora possa voar para caçar presas ou para defender o território.[2]

A alma-de-biafada trata-se duma espécie monogâmica que tanto pode ser avistada aos pares, como em grupos maiores.[2] Os espécimes juvenis, apesar da sua tendência para formar novos grupos, costumam permanecer dentro dos mesmos territórios ocupados pelos respectivos progenitores, mesmo depois de atingirem a maturidade.[2]

Dieta

Trata-se de uma espécie carnívora, que se nutre-se mormente de pequenos mamíferos, répteis e artrópodes.[2] Excepcionalmente também se pode alimentar de matéria vegetal.[2]

Nidificação

No que toca à construção do ninho, costumam privilegiar ocos de árvores grandes, sendo certo que também podem nidificar em caboucos e brechas entre rochedos.[2]

O ninho é construído pelo macho, que cobre o interior da cavidade com folhas secas. Por seu turno, as fêmeas costumam pôr entre 1 e 2 ovos, que são depois chocados durante 37 a 41 dias.[2] Findos os primeiros 21 a 33 dias a fêmea sai do ninho e junta-se ao macho na busca de alimento.[2]

Referências

  1. «Plano de Gestão - Guiné-Bissau» (PDF)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j «Calau-terrestre da Abissínia». Badoca. 26 de fevereiro de 2019. Consultado em 31 de agosto de 2021
  3. Infopédia. «alma-de-biafada | Definição ou significado de alma-de-biafada no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 31 de agosto de 2021
  4. Infopédia. «calau-terrestre-da-abissínia | Definição ou significado de calau-terrestre-da-abissínia no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 31 de agosto de 2021
  5. Krause, Brianne. «Bucorvus abyssinicus (northern ground hornbill)». Animal Diversity Web (em inglês). Regentes da Universidade do Michigan. Consultado em 6 de janeiro de 2020
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Calau-grande: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Bucorvus abyssinicus MHNT

O calau-grande (Bucorvus abyssinicus) é um calau africano, que se encontra da Gâmbia ao Quénia.

Esta ave de grande porte, que pode atingir pode atingir mais de um metro de comprimento e cerca de 180 centímetros de envergadura, pertence à família dos Buconídeos, destacando-se pela sua plumagem negra, com rebordos brancos nas extremidades das asas, e pelo seu bico de grandes dimensões, exornado com uma protuberância óssea junto aos olhos.

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Nordlig hornkorp ( Swedish )

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Nordlig hornkorp[2] (Bucorvus abyssinicus) är en av två fågelarter i den afrikanska familjen hornkorpar inom ordningen härfåglar och näshornsfåglar.[3]

Utseende och läten

Hornkorpar är mycket stora (90-100 cm) fåglar med huvudsakligen svart fjäderdräkt förutom vita handpennor och handpennetäckare. Denna art har en gulorange fläck längst in på den långa och nedåtböjda näbben, iögonfallande blått ansikte och en hög kask på huvudet. Hanen har en bar röd strupfläck. Liknande sydlig hornkorp har kraftigare näbb, mycket mindre kask på huvudet, rött ansikte och helmörk näbb. Läten är djupt och dånande, snabbare och något ljusare än den sydliga hornkorpens.[4]

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Hane och hona.

Utbredning och systematik

Nordlig hornkorp förekommer från Senegal och Gambia till Etiopien, norra Uganda och nordöstra Kenya.[3] Fågeln har även setts i Spanien, men det har bedömts högst osannolikt att den nått dit på naturlig väg.[5] Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

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Vild nordlig hornkorp i djurreservatet Aledeghi i Etiopien.

Familjetillhörighet

Hornkorparna placeras vanligen i den egna familjen Bucorvidae, men vissa inkluderar denna i näshornsfåglarna (Bucerotidae).[1]

Levnadssätt

Hornkorpar är marklevande fåglar som ses i par eller små grupper. Olikt näshornsfåglarna är inte honan bunden vid boet under häckningen. Nordliga hornkorpens levnadssätt är inte särskilt välstuderad. Den hittas huvudsakligen i savann och i busklandskap i halvökenområden, men troligen även i klippiga områden, i flodnära miljöer och i skogslandskap. Den lever av ryggradslösa djur och små ryggradsdjur.[1]

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Nordliga hornkorpens ägg.

Status och hot

Liksom sin nära släkting sydlig hornkorp tros arten minska relativt kraftigt i antal till följd av habitatförstörelse och jakt. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar den därför som sårbar (VU).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats, men den beskrivs som vida spridd och vanlig, men sparsamt förekommande.[6]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2018 Bucorvus abyssinicus . Från: IUCN 2018. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2. Läst 2018-12-01.
  2. ^ BirdLife Sverige (2019) Officiella listan över svenska namn på alla världens fågelarter
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Sinclair, Ian; Ryan, Peter (2010). Birds of Africa south of the Sahara (2nd). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 9781770076235
  5. ^ Lista över införda fåglar i Europa, sammanställt av spanska SEO/BirdLife, läst 2019-02-25.
  6. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. 2001. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Externa länkar

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Nordlig hornkorp: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Nordlig hornkorp (Bucorvus abyssinicus) är en av två fågelarter i den afrikanska familjen hornkorpar inom ordningen härfåglar och näshornsfåglar.

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Mỏ sừng đất Abyssinia ( Vietnamese )

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 src=
Bucorvus abyssinicus

Mỏ sừng đất Abyssinia (danh pháp hai phần: Bucorvus abyssinicus) là một loài chim trong họ Bucorvidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Bucorvus abyssinicus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.
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Mỏ sừng đất Abyssinia: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI
 src= Bucorvus abyssinicus

Mỏ sừng đất Abyssinia (danh pháp hai phần: Bucorvus abyssinicus) là một loài chim trong họ Bucorvidae.

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