Gaboon vipers await their prey from a hiding spot and quickly attack with 5 cm fangs, injecting toxic venom into the tissues of the prey. They eat primarily small mammals, such as rodents, ground-living or feeding birds (such as francolins or doves), and frogs and toads. Specimens of gaboon vipers have been found to have ingested giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus), brush-tailed porcupines (Atherurus africanus), and fully grown royal antelopes (Neotragus pygmaeus).
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
There are no known predators of gaboon vipers. They are cryptically colored, blending in well with leaf litter on the forest floor, perhaps to hide from potential prey.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Gaboon vipers are large snakes, the largest of the vipers, with an average adult length of about 1.2 meters. However, some have been recorded as large as 2.2 m long or greater. They can weigh up 10 kg with a head about 12.7 cm wide and fangs about 5 cm long. Gaboon vipers have triangular heads with prominent rostral horns. There is also a very dark line down the center of the head and two dark spots above each side of the jaw. The scales are ridged and keeled on the majority of the body, however there are a few rows of scales on the lowest part of both sides that are smooth. There are 28 to 40 rows of scales in the middle part of the body, an average of 125 to 140 rows on the ventral side. Males and females differ in the number of scales they have (females having less than 135 rows and males having less than 132 rows). Color patterns of gaboon vipers are truly stunning, forming a symmetrical design that makes a unique pattern on the scales. The base color is typically a brown or purple color. On top of that are yellow, quadrangular shapes, that are aligned neatly over the center of the back. These shapes have hourglass brown spaces, and along the sides of the body are triangular patterns, which are the brown or purple coloring and in between the series of triangles are yellow and purple stains. The ventral side is a light yellow color with dark spots sprinkled throughout. This camouflage pattern is adaptive in helping gaboon vipers blend into their surroundings. Their eyes are grayish with a hint of silver.
Range mass: 7 to 10 kg.
Range length: 2.2 (high) m.
Average length: 1.2 m.
Other Physical Features: venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
There is no information on the longevity of gaboon vipers.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 18 years.
Gaboon vipers are abundant in rainforests and other moist, tropical habitats. They tend to take shelter in the leaf litter of forest floors.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
Gaboon vipers are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
As a predator of small mammals, gaboon vipers help to control rodent populations.
Gaboon viper venom is not known to have any medical uses, but further research is necessary.
Gaboon vipers can directly harm humans if disturbed but they are not generally aggressive if left alone. When disturbed, gaboon vipers will either sound a loud hiss or deliver a venomous bite. Many humans have died from gaboon viper bites. Survivors have often had to have affected limbs amputated. Their deadly venom contains neurotoxin and hemotoxin, which destroys the blood cells and vessels.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
Gaboon vipers are viviparous, with a 7 month gestation period. They give birth to about 30 or more offspring at once.
Gaboon vipers are not currently considered threatened.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
Gaboon vipers, like other vipers, detect vibrations, chemical signals, and visual cues. Using all to detect and attack prey. There is nothing known about how gaboon vipers communicate, but they may use chemical cues to to locate receptive mates.
Communication Channels: chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; vibrations ; chemical
Observations of gaboon vipers kept in captivity have lead to some information about their mating systems. Gaboon vipers generally mate in the rainy season, so spraying water on the vipers in captivity helps to mimic the rainy season. The female will then get restless and lift her tail, showing the male that she is ready to mate. They may sway back and forth as well.
Gaboon vipers mate during the rainy season in Africa, which is between September and December. The gaboon viper is viviparous, with a 7 month gestation period, and gives birth to about 30 or 40 offspring at once.
Breeding season: September - December
Range number of offspring: 20 to 50.
Average gestation period: 7 months.
Key Reproductive Features: viviparous
When the offspring are born, they are already as big as 30 cm long and already have adult-looking patterns on their scales. There is no real parental care once the offspring are born.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
The Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica), also called the Gaboon adder, is a viper species found in the rainforests and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa.[1][3][2] Like all other vipers, it is venomous. It is the largest member of the genus Bitis,[4][5] and it has the longest fangs of any venomous snake – up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length – and the highest venom yield of any snake.[5][6] No subspecies are recognized.[3][7]
The Gaboon viper was described in 1854 as Echidna gabonica.[8]
Lenk et al. (1999) discovered genetic differences between the two conventionally recognized subspecies of B. g. gabonica and B. g. rhinoceros. According to their research, these two subspecies are as genetically different from each other as they are from B. nasicornis. Consequently, they regard the western form as a separate species, B. rhinoceros.[9]
The snake's common names include Gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest puff adder, whisper,[5] swampjack,[5] and Gaboon adder.[4][10]
Originally a name given by the Portuguese, Gabon (Gabão) refers to the estuary on which the town of Libreville was built, in Gabon, and to a narrow strip of territory on either bank of this arm of the sea. As of 1909, Gaboon referred to the northern portion of French Congo, south of the equator and lying between the Atlantic Ocean and 12°E longitude.[11]
Adults are typically 125–155 cm (4 to 5 ft) in total length (body and tail) with a maximum total length of 205 cm (81 in) for a specimen collected in Sierra Leone. The sexes may be distinguished by the length of the tail in relation to the total length of the body: around 12% for males and 6% for females. Adults, especially females, are very heavy and stout. One female measured at 174 cm (69 in) in total length, a head width of 12 cm (4.20 in), a width or circumference of 37 cm (14.65 in), and a weight of 8.5 kg (19 lb).[5]
In their description of B. gabonica, Spawls et al. (2004) give a total length of 80–130 cm (32.0 to 51.5 in), with a maximum total length of 175 cm (69.3 in), saying the species may possibly grow larger still. They acknowledge reports of specimens over 1.8 m (6 ft), or even over 2 m (6.5 ft) in total length, but claim no evidence supports this.[12] A large specimen of 1.8 m (5.9 ft) total length, caught in 1973, was found to have weighed 11.3 kg (25 lb) with an empty stomach.[13] It is the heaviest venomous snake in Africa [14] and one of the heaviest in the world along with king cobra and eastern diamondback rattlesnake.
The head is large and triangular, while the neck is greatly narrowed, only about one-third the width of the head.[5] A pair of "horns" is present between the raised nostrils—tiny in B. gabonica.[12] The eyes are large and moveable,[5] set well forward,[12] and surrounded by 15–21 circumorbital scales.[5] The species has 12–16 interocular scales across the top of the head. Four or five scale rows separate the suboculars and the supralabials, with 13–18 supralabials and 16–22 sublabials.[5] The fangs may reach a length of 55 mm (2.2 in),[4] the longest of any venomous snake.[5]
Midbody, the 28–46 dorsal scale rows are strongly keeled except for the outer rows on each side. The lateral scales are slightly oblique. The ventral scales number 124–140, rarely more than 132 in males, rarely less than 132 in females. With 17–33 paired subcaudal scales, males have no fewer than 25, and females no more than 23. The anal scale is single.[5]
The color pattern is striking in the open, but in nature, typically among dead leaves under trees, it provides a high degree of camouflage; in a well-kept cage with a suitable base of dried leaves, overlooking several fully exposed specimens completely is easy. The pattern consists of a series of pale, subrectangular blotches running down the center of the back, interspaced with dark, yellow-edged, hourglass markings. The flanks have a series of fawn or brown rhomboidal shapes, with light vertical central bars. The belly is pale with irregular brown or black blotches. The head is white or cream with a fine, dark central line, black spots on the rear corners, and a dark blue-black triangle behind and below each eye.[12] The iris colour is cream, yellow-white, orange,[12] or silvery.[15] A possible Batesian mimic of the Gaboon viper has been found, which is the Congolese giant toad (Sclerophrys channingi).[16]
This species can be found in Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the DR Congo, northern Angola, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, eastern Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and northeast KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Mallow et al. (2003) also list Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Liberia in West Africa.[5] The type locality is given as "Gabon" (Africa).[2]
The Gaboon viper is usually found in rainforests and nearby woodlands, mainly at low altitudes,[15] but sometimes as high as 1500 m above sea level.[5] Spawls et al. (2004) mention a maximum altitude of 2100 m.[12] According to Broadley and Cock (1975), it is generally found in environments that are parallel to those occupied by its close relative, B. arietans, which is normally found in more open country.[17]
In Tanzania, this species is found in secondary thickets, cashew plantations, and agricultural land under bushes and in thickets. In Uganda, they are found in forests and nearby grasslands. They also do well in reclaimed forest areas - cacao plantations in West Africa and coffee plantations in East Africa. They have been found in evergreen forests in Zambia. In Zimbabwe, they only occur in areas of high rainfall along the forested escarpment in the east of the country. In general, they may also be found in swamps, as well as in still and moving waters. They are commonly found in agricultural areas near forests and on roads at night.[5]
Primarily nocturnal, Gaboon vipers have a reputation for being slow-moving and placid. They usually hunt by ambush, often spending long periods motionless, waiting for suitable prey to pass by, though they have been known to hunt actively, mostly during the first six hours of the night. In Kumasi, Ghana, they were regularly killed by ranch hands around some stables in an open field with the forest some 500 meters away—a sign that they were hunting rats in the grassland. They are usually very tolerant snakes, even when handled, and rarely bite or hiss, unlike most vipers. However, bites by bad-tempered individuals do occur.[12]
Locomotion is mostly rectilinear, in a sluggish "walking" motion of the ventral scales. They may writhe from side to side when alarmed, but only for short distances.[5] Ditmars (1933) even described them as being capable of sidewinding.[18]
If threatened, Gaboon vipers may hiss loudly as a warning, doing so in a deep and steady rhythm, slightly flattening the head at the expiration of each breath.[5][12][18] Despite this, they are unlikely to strike unless severely provoked;[5] however, they are one of the fastest-striking snakes in the world, so care should be taken in handling them. It is best to avoid handling them in most circumstances.
Numerous descriptions have been given of their generally unaggressive nature. Sweeney (1961) wrote they are so docile that they "can be handled as freely as any nonvenomous species," although this is absolutely not recommended. In Lane (1963), Ionides explained he would capture specimens by first touching them lightly on the top of the head with a pair of tongs to test their reactions. Hissing and anger were rarely displayed, so the tongs were usually set aside and the snakes firmly grasped by the neck with one hand and the body supported with the other as he picked them up and carried them to a box for containment. He said the snakes hardly ever struggled.[5]
Parry (1975) described how this species has a wider range of eye movement than other snakes. Along a horizontal plane, eye movement can be maintained even if the head is rotated up or down to an angle of up to 45°. If the head is rotated 360°, one eye will tilt up and the other down, depending on the direction of rotation. Also, if one eye looks forward, the other looks back, as if both are connected to a fixed position on an axis between them. In general, the eyes often flick back and forth in a rapid and jerky manner. When asleep, no eye movement occurs and the pupils are strongly contracted. The pupils dilate suddenly and eye movement resumes when the animal awakens.[5]
Because of their large, heavy body size, the adults have no trouble eating prey as large as fully grown rabbits. When prey happens by, they strike from any angle. They can quickly reposition their fangs if they happen to miss or strike an unsuitable area of their prey.[19] Once they strike their prey, they hang on to it with their large fangs rather than letting it go and waiting for it to die. This behaviour is very different from that of other species of vipers. These snakes feed on a variety of amphibians, mammals, and birds such as doves, guineafowl, and francolins.[20] They also hunt many different species of rodents, including field mice and rats, as well as hares, rabbits, frogs, and toads.[20] More unlikely prey items, such as tree monkeys, the Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys), the brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus) and even the small royal antelope (Neotragus) have been reported.[5][20]
During peak sexual activity, males engage in combat. This starts with one male rubbing his chin along the back of the other. The second male then raises his head as high as possible. As they both do the same, their necks intertwine. When the heads are level, they turn towards each other and push. Their bodies intertwine as they switch positions. They become oblivious to everything else, continuing even after they fall off a surface or into water. Sometimes, they intertwine and squeeze so tightly that their scales stand out from the pressure. They have also been observed to strike at each other with mouths closed. Occasionally, the combatants tire and break off the fight by "mutual consent", resting for a while before resuming once more. The event is settled when one of the two succeeds in pushing the other's head to the ground and raising his own by 20–30 cm. In captivity, combat may occur four or five times a week until courtship and copulation end.[5] Females can have 50 to 60 babies at a time. The young are born live.[21]
Bites from this species are extremely rare because they are seldom aggressive and their range is mostly confined to rainforest areas.[4] Since they are sluggish and unwilling to move even when approached, the humans they bite are usually those accidentally stepping on them. However, not all of the cases of persons stepping on this species of snake results in the person getting bitten.[22] When a bite does occur, it should always be considered a serious medical emergency. Even an average bite from an average-sized specimen is potentially fatal.[4] Antivenom should be administered as soon as possible to save the affected limb or indeed the victim's life.[17]
The snake's venom is cytotoxic and cardiotoxic.[23] In mice, the LD50 is 0.8–5.0 mg/kg intravenously, 2.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 5.0–6.0 mg/kg subcutaneously.[24] Since their venom glands are enormous, each bite produces the second-largest quantity of venom of any venomous snake; this is partially because, unlike many African vipers, such as the puff adder, the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite, which enables it to inject larger amounts of venom. Yield is probably related to body weight, as opposed to milking interval.[5] Brown (1973) gives a venom yield range of 200–1000 mg (of dried venom).[24] A range of 200–600 mg for specimens 125–155 cm in length has also been reported.[5] Spawls and Branch (1995) state from 5 to 7 mL (450–600 mg) of venom may be injected in a single bite.[4]
A study by Marsh and Whaler (1984) reported a maximum yield of 9.7 mL of wet venom, which translated to 2400 mg of dried venom. They attached "alligator" clip electrodes to the angle of the open jaw of anesthetized specimens (length 133–136 cm, girth 23–25 cm, weight 1.3–3.4 kg), yielding 1.3–7.6 mL (mean 4.4 mL) of venom. Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands. The Gaboon vipers used for the study were milked between seven and 11 times over a 12-month period, during which they remained in good health and the potency of their venom remained the same.[5]
From how sensitive monkeys were to the venom, Whaler (1971) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being, equivalent to 0.06 mL of venom, or 1/50 to 1/1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking. Marsh and Whaler (1984) wrote that 35 mg (1/30 of the average venom yield) would be enough to kill a man of 70 kilograms (150 lb).[5] Branch (1992) suggested that 90–100 mg would be fatal in humans.
In humans, a bite from a Gaboon viper causes rapid and conspicuous swelling, intense pain, severe shock, and local blistering. Other symptoms may include uncoordinated movements, defecation, urination, swelling of the tongue and eyelids, convulsions, and unconsciousness.[5] Blistering, bruising, and necrosis may be extensive. Sudden hypotension, heart damage, and dyspnoea may occur.[12] The blood may become incoagulable, with internal bleeding that may lead to haematuria and haematemesis.[4][12] Local tissue damage may require surgical excision and possibly amputation to any affected limb.[4] Healing may be slow and fatalities during the recovery period are not uncommon.[12]
The Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica), also called the Gaboon adder, is a viper species found in the rainforests and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Like all other vipers, it is venomous. It is the largest member of the genus Bitis, and it has the longest fangs of any venomous snake – up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length – and the highest venom yield of any snake. No subspecies are recognized.
