Biology
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This shy and nervous species, which will quickly fly off if approached, may be seen in large flocks outside of the breeding season, but usually occurs in pairs or small groups (2). The breeding season is thought to extend between March and November, with a peak in activity in July and August, although this may vary throughout the range (2). The Philippine duck constructs a nest obscured from view under a thick cover of aquatic vegetation, such as water bindweed. Clutches consist of 8 to 10, sometimes 15 to 16, eggs, which are dull white with a brownish tinge. These are incubated for 25 to 26 days (2).
Most active in the early morning, late afternoon, and during moonlit nights, the Philippine duck forages in shallow water for plants, molluscs and crustaceans (2). Fish and frogs may also be consumed, as well as insects, rice and the shoots of young plants; some farmers have complained of the damage this duck had done to newly sown fields and sprouting crops (4).
Conservation
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The Philippine duck receives legal protection at five locations, including Lake Naujan National Park on Mindoro and Maria Aurora Memorial Natural Park on Luzon (3). In addition, hunting of all bird species is illegal in the Philippines, with the government banning firearms in 1972, although unfortunately, this law lacks enforcement (3) (5). Education and awareness programmes are required to enable local people to understand the effects of hunting on birds and the relevant laws (5). Further protection of the Philippine's wetlands is also essential for this species' survival; for example, the protection and restoration of Candaba Marsh has been recommended (3).
Description
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With its rusty-cinnamon head and bluish-grey bill, the Philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. The cinnamon coloured head is boldly decorated with a black crown and a black stripe through the eye, while the rest of the plumage is brownish-grey. When in flight, a well-defined patch of glossy green on the wing can be clearly seen (2), which is bordered with black and has a narrow white edge (3), and the underside of the wing is also white (2). Immature Philippine ducks have slightly duller plumage than that of adults, while ducklings are olive-brown with a bright yellow face and neck (2). It calls with a typical duck-like quack (3).
Habitat
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The Philippine duck can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including small streams in forests, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, tidal creeks, and the open sea (2) (4). It prefers areas with marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres (2).
Range
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Endemic to the Philippines where it has been recorded from all of the major islands and a number of the smaller islands (3).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
Threats
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Hunting and habitat loss pose the greatest threat to the Philippine duck's survival, and evidence from the last 20 years suggest that numbers are declining (2). Since the 1960s, high levels of hunting and trapping of this species have been recorded, with thousands allegedly shot each week in certain months in the late 1980s (3), for both food and sport (5). Many wetland habitats of the Philippines have been drained, or converted for aquaculture and shrimp- or fish-ponds (3) (5). Most devastating to this species was the drainage of Candaba Marsh in the 1990s, which was once one of the most important sites for the Philippine duck, but is now too dry to support a large population (5). The recent extensive use of pesticides on rice-fields may also have had serious impacts on the Philippine duck (3).
Philippine duck
provided by wikipedia EN
The Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) is a large dabbling duck of the genus Anas. Its native name is papan. It is endemic to the Philippines.
It eats shrimp, fish, insects, and vegetation, and it frequents all types of wetlands.[2]
Taxonomy
The Philippine duck is a dabbling duck and a member of the genus Anas. It has no subspecies and so it is monotypic.[3] It belongs to the Pacific clade of Anas along with the koloa, the Laysan duck, the Pacific black duck, and the extinct Mariana mallard.[4]
The scientific name comes from the Latin Anas, 'duck' and the Philippine island Luzon.
It is known in the Philippines as papan.
Description
The Philippine duck is a large conspicuous duck. It has a black crown, nape and eye stripe, with a cinnamon head and neck. The rest of its body is greyish brown with a bright green speculum. Its legs are greyish brown, and its bill is bluish-grey. The female is somewhat smaller than the male, but is otherwise the same.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The Philippine duck is known to inhabit all of the major Philippine islands and 8 minor islands, but since the 1980s most sightings have been on Luzon and Mindanao.[3][5] Long-distance vagrants have been sighted in Okinawa and Taiwan.
It is found in all types of wetlands within its range, but its preferred habitat is shallow freshwater marshland.[3]
Conservation status
The Philippine duck is rated vulnerable on the IUCN Red List with the population estimated to be 3,300 - 6,700 mature individuals remaining. The species has experienced steep population decreases since the 1970s mainly due to hunting and habitat loss. The ducks have been heavily hunted since the 1960s with thousands being hunted a year through the late 1980s.[5]
Habitat loss is mainly due to wetland drainage, aquaculture, mangrove destruction and fishpond creation.[3]
The species occurs in multiple protected areas including Manleluag Spring Protected Landscape, Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park, Naujan Lake National Park, Bataan National Park, Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and Olango Island, a Ramsar wetland. However, as is with most of the Philippines enforcement from hunting is lax.
Footnotes
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^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anas luzonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680214A92849560. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680214A92849560.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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^ "Anas luzonica: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680214a92849560.en. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
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^ a b c d e Carboneras, Carles; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.phiduc1.01, S2CID 241807923, retrieved 2020-11-08
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^ GrrlScientist (2012-03-03). "Mystery bird: Philippine duck, Anas luzonica | GrrlScientist". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
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^ a b Society, National Geographic. "Philippine Duck". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
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Philippine duck: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) is a large dabbling duck of the genus Anas. Its native name is papan. It is endemic to the Philippines.
It eats shrimp, fish, insects, and vegetation, and it frequents all types of wetlands.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
