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Biology

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A sluggish, bottom dwelling species, very little is known about the life history of the bramble shark, but it is thought likely to be slow growing and late maturing (1) (2) (4). With bony fish, small sharks and crustaceans being common prey, it is probably capable of short bursts of speed whilst hunting (1). Employing an ovoviviparous reproductive mode, the 15 to 20 pups that comprise a litter, develop within eggs inside the mother's body and emerge alive after hatching (1) (2). Nothing is known about the length of time the pups take to develop or the amount of time between successive breeding (1).
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Conservation

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In the absence of adequate information to determine the conservation status of the bramble shark, it is currently classified as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List (1). Consequently, further research into this species' biology and population is vital before any necessary conservation measures can be implemented.
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Description

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The most unusual feature of this sluggish shark is the sharp tooth-like denticles scattered over its body and fins (2) (3). A stout-bodied animal with soft, flabby skin, the dorsal side of the bramble shark ranges in colour from dark grey through to olive, brown or black, while below it is a paler brown, grey or white. Metallic reflections are visible along its back and the denticles can appear luminescent, despite lacking any specialised luminous organs (2) (4). It notably lacks an anal fin and both dorsal fins are set well back on the body towards the tail, beginning just behind the start of the pelvic fin (2) (4) (5).
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Habitat

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A deepwater, bottom-dwelling shark, found mainly at depths of 400 to 900 metres, on the upper and middle continental shelf (1) (2).
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Range

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The bramble shark is known patchily from the North Sea, the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean (1) (2).
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Status

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Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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Frustratingly little is known about the conservation status of this seemingly rare deepwater species. Although the bramble shark is probably not a frequent component of fisheries bycatch, there is some evidence that it is declining in the Northeast Atlantic. The concern is that if the bramble shark does exhibit a slow rate of reproduction, as is suspected, it is that much more susceptible to a rapid decline in population size (1).
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Apparently relatively common only in the eastern Atlantic, especially from the North Sea to Portugal, where it is caught in bottom trawls and on line gear. Utilized in the eastern Atlantic for fishmeal; liver oil has high value for medicinal purposes in South Africa.Relatively unimportant as a fisheries species.
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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
A large, sluggish bottom shark sometimes occurring in shallow water but primarily a deepwater species, occurring on the continental and insular shelves and upper slopesat depths from 18 to 900 m. Ovoviviparous, number of young per litter from 15 to 24; may breed in April in Indian waters. Eats smaller sharks (spiny dogfish), bony fishes (including ling, catfish, and lizardfish), and crabs.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Size

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Maximum total length about 3.1 m. Young born between 29 and 90 cm, adult females reported at 213 to 230 cm, adult males reported at 150 to 174 cm.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Distribution

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Western Atlantic: Virginia, Massachusetts, USA; Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Scottish and Irish Atlantic Slopes and North Sea to Mediterranean, Morocco, Canary Islands, Senegal, Ivory Coast; Namibia to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Western Indian Ocean: South Africa, southern Mozambique, ?Oman, India. Western Pacific: Japan (southeastern Honshu), Australia (South Australia), New Zealand, ?Kiribati.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
fieldmarks: No anal fin, dorsals spineless and far back, first behind pelvic origins, large scattered thornlike denticles on body and fins. Dermal denticles on body and fins varying from small to very large, with many large, widely spaced, thorn or buckler-like denticles with bases not stellate and over a centimetre wide; some of these large denticles are fused in groups of 2 to 10 and may form large plates over 25 mm across.

References

  • Cadenat & Blache, l981
  • Hureau & Monod, 1973
  • Musick & McEachran, 1969
  • Silas & Severaj, 1972
  • Tortonese, 1958

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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Trophic Strategy

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Found on the continental shelf and slope (Ref. 75154).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Ovoviviparous. 15 to 26 young in a litter (Ref. 26346). Size at birth between 29 and 90 cm. Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at maturity unknown but adult males of 150 cm and adult females of 213 cm have been reported (Ref. 6871).
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Diagnostic Description

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The bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus has thorn-like denticles on body which are very large (single denticles up to about 15mm in basal diameter in adults), sparse irregularly distributed and thorn-like with smooth basal margins, some bases fused into compound plates. Dorsal surface dark purplish-grey to brown with white denticles, ventral surface paler; sides and back may have dark spots. Tooth count 20-26/21-26.As with the other member of the family Echinorhinidae, it has a relatively short snout and stout body; two small spineless dorsal fins, close together, towards posterior part of body and originating behind pelvic fin origin. No anal fin and subterminal notch on caudal fin. Small spiracles, very short labial furrows and teeth on both jaws alike, with a central oblique bladelike cusps with up to 3 cusplets on each side (absent in juveniles) (Ref. 247, 6871, 5578).
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Biology

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A rare (Ref. 26346), large, sluggish, deepwater shark found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes (Ref. 247). Sometimes found in shallow water (Ref. 247). Feeds on smaller sharks, bony fishes, and crabs (Ref. 247). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205), with 15-26 young in a litter (26346). Never recorded as attacking people. Sometimes hooked by shore anglers (Ref. 5578). Processed into fishmeal. May be used in traditional medicine in southern Africa (Ref. 5578).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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Bramble shark

provided by wikipedia EN

The bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) is one of the two species of sharks in the family Echinorhinidae. Aside from the eastern Pacific Ocean, it is found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide. This rarely encountered shark swims close to the bottom of the seafloor, typically at depths of 400–900 m (1,300–3,000 ft), though it may enter much shallower water. The bramble shark has a stout body with two small dorsal fins positioned far back and no anal fin. It can be readily identified by the large, thorn-like dermal denticles scattered over its body, some of which may be fused together. It is purplish brown or black in color and grows up to 3.1 m (10 ft) long.

The diet of the bramble shark includes smaller sharks, bony fishes, and crabs, which this slow-moving species may capture via suction. It is aplacental viviparous, with females producing litters of 15–52 pups. Harmless to humans, it is an occasional bycatch of commercial and recreational fishers, and may be used for fishmeal and liver oil. Its population has declined substantially in the northeastern Atlantic since the 18th and 19th centuries, likely because of overfishing.

Taxonomy

The original description of the bramble shark was authored by French naturalist Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre in the 1788 Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature. He named it Squalus brucus, from the Greek brux or bruchios meaning "from the depths of the sea".[3][4] The type specimen has since been lost.[5] In 1816, Henri de Blainville created the genus Echinorhinus for this species.[6] Until the 1960s, specimens of the prickly shark (E. cookei) caught in the Pacific Ocean were misidentified as bramble sharks.[4] Other common names for this species are spinous shark and spiny shark.[7]

Description

Distinctive traits of the bramble shark include its posteriorly placed dorsal fins, lack of an anal fin, and large thorn-like dermal denticles (detail below).
Jaws, lower and upper teeth

The bramble shark has a thick, cylindrical body and a somewhat flattened head. The snout is blunt and shorter than the width of the mouth, with widely spaced nostrils that are preceded by small flaps of skin. The eyes lack nictitating membranes; the tiny spiracles are located well behind them. The wide, curved mouth bears very short furrows at the corners. There are 20–26 upper and 22–26 lower tooth rows; each tooth is knife-like, with a single main cusp and up to three cusplets on either side. There are five pairs of gill slits, with the fifth pair the longest.[5][8]

The pectoral fins are short and angular, while the pelvic fins are long and relatively large. The dorsal fins are small, with the first dorsal fin origin lying behind the pelvic fin origins. There is no anal fin. The caudal peduncle is robust and lacks notches at the caudal fin origins. The asymmetrical caudal fin has an indistinct lower lobe and an upper lobe without a notch in the trailing margin.[9]

The skin is covered by a layer of foul-smelling mucus several millimeters thick.[10][11] The dermal denticles are scattered irregularly over the body and vary greatly in size, measuring up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) across. Each denticle is thorn-like in shape, with ridges radiating out from the central point over the base. As many as ten denticles may be fused together to form multi-pointed plates. The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth is densely covered by small denticles in sharks under 90 cm (35 in) long; these denticles become larger and sparser in larger sharks. This species is brown to black above, with a metallic purplish hue, and paler below; some individuals have red or black blotches. There is a report of one specimen that had a greenish glow when freshly caught. The bramble shark may reach 3.1 m (10 ft) in length. The maximum weight on record is 200 kg (440 lb) for a 2.8 m (9.2 ft) long female.[2][4][5]

Distribution and habitat

Records of the bramble shark are fairly rare and originate from widely scattered locations in tropical and temperate waters worldwide, save for the eastern Pacific Ocean. Most have come from the eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans, where its range extends from the North Sea and the British Isles to southern Mozambique, including the Mediterranean Sea. In the western Atlantic, this species is represented by a handful of specimens from Massachusetts, North Carolina, Louisiana, Tobago, Brazil, and Argentina.[4] In the Indo-Pacific, it is known from Oman,[12] India, southern Japan, southern Australia, New Zealand, and possibly Kiribati.[5]

Found close to the sea floor, the bramble shark most commonly inhabits continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 400–900 m (1,300–3,000 ft).[13] However, it has been reported from as shallow as 18 m (59 ft), in areas with upwellings of cold water, and from as deep as 1,214 m (3,983 ft).[2][5][9] At least in European waters, this species may migrate into shallower depths of 20–200 m (66–656 ft) during the summer.[4]

Biology and ecology

The spiny dogfish (pictured) is a known prey item of the bramble shark.
Bramble shark embryo with external yolk sac.

Sluggish in nature, the bramble shark feeds on smaller sharks (including the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias), bony fishes (including ling, catfishes, and lizardfishes), and crabs. The large size of its pharynx, relative to its mouth, suggests that it may capture prey by suction.[5] This species is aplacental viviparous; females have two functional ovaries and two uteruses. Recorded litter sizes have ranged from 15 to 52, and newly born pups have been estimated to measure 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long.[4][14] The dermal denticles in near-term embryos are underdeveloped, appearing as minute spines located within open pits in the skin.[15] The size at sexual maturity is uncertain; the smallest known mature males and females are 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long respectively.[5]

Human interactions

The bramble shark is not known to pose a danger to humans. It is caught incidentally by commercial fisheries in bottom trawls and on fishing line, as well as by sport anglers. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is processed into fishmeal but has little commercial significance.[5][7] Its liver oil is highly valued in South Africa as medicine, whereas in India the oil is considered poor and is used to coat canoes to discourage woodboring beetles.[14] Historical accounts suggest that bramble shark numbers in the northeastern Atlantic have fallen markedly since the 18th and 19th centuries, such as that it is now extremely rare off northern Europe and in the Mediterranean. This decline has been attributed to fishing pressure, to which this species may be highly vulnerable as large, deep-sea sharks generally have slow growth rates and long lifespans.[4][9] Regarding the species as a whole, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assesses it as Endangered.[1] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the bramble shark as "At Risk – Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Echinorhinus brucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41801A2956075. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41801A2956075.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Compagno, L.J.V.; Dando, M.; Fowler, S. (2005). Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-691-12072-0.
  3. ^ Bonnaterre, J.P. (1788). Tableau encyclopédique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie. Panckoucke. p. 11.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Castro, J.I. (2011). The Sharks of North America. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-19-539294-4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 25–26. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  6. ^ Blainville, H. de (1816). "Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal". Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris. 8: 105–112.
  7. ^ a b Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (eds). "Echinorhinus brucus". FishBase. March 2012 Version. Downloaded on March 24, 2012.
  8. ^ McEachran, J.D.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico Volume 1: Myxinformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-292-75206-1.
  9. ^ a b c Kabasakal, H.; Oz, M.I.; Karhan, S.U.; Caylarbasi, Z.; Tural, U. (2005). "Photographic evidence of the occurrence of bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Squaliformes: Echinorhinidae) from the Sea of Marmara" (PDF). Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 15 (1): 51–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  10. ^ Martin, R.A. "Echinorhiniformes: Bramble Sharks". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Downloaded on March 24, 2012.
  11. ^ Kemp, N.E. (1999). "Integumentary System and Teeth". In Hamlett, W.C. (ed.). Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. JHU Press. pp. 43–68. ISBN 978-0-8018-6048-5.
  12. ^ Javadzadeh, N.; Vosoughi, G.; Fatemi, M.R.; Abdoli, A.; Valinassab, T. (2011). "The first record of mesopelagic shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788; Squaliformes; Echinorhinidae), from the Oman Sea, Iran". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 27 (4): 1119. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01615.x.
  13. ^ Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia (second ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-674-03411-2.
  14. ^ a b Joel, J.J.; Ebenzer, I.P. (1991). "On a bramble shark with 52 embryos" (PDF). Indian Council of Agricultural Research Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical and Extension Series (Suppl. 108): 15, 31.
  15. ^ Silas, E.G.; Selvaraj, G.S.D. (1972). "Descriptions of the adult and embryo of the bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre) obtained from the continental slope of India" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 14 (1): 395–401.
  16. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.

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Bramble shark: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) is one of the two species of sharks in the family Echinorhinidae. Aside from the eastern Pacific Ocean, it is found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide. This rarely encountered shark swims close to the bottom of the seafloor, typically at depths of 400–900 m (1,300–3,000 ft), though it may enter much shallower water. The bramble shark has a stout body with two small dorsal fins positioned far back and no anal fin. It can be readily identified by the large, thorn-like dermal denticles scattered over its body, some of which may be fused together. It is purplish brown or black in color and grows up to 3.1 m (10 ft) long.

The diet of the bramble shark includes smaller sharks, bony fishes, and crabs, which this slow-moving species may capture via suction. It is aplacental viviparous, with females producing litters of 15–52 pups. Harmless to humans, it is an occasional bycatch of commercial and recreational fishers, and may be used for fishmeal and liver oil. Its population has declined substantially in the northeastern Atlantic since the 18th and 19th centuries, likely because of overfishing.

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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
A large, sluggish bottom shark sometimes occurring in shallow water but primarily a deepwater species. Found on the continental and insular shelves and upper slopes. Feeds on smaller spiny dogfish, bony fishes (ling, catfish, and lizardfish), and crabs. Ovoviviparous with 15 to 24 young in a litter. May breed in April in Indian waters. Never recorded as attacking people. Utilized for fishmeal and liver oil.

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Distribution

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from Princetown, off Virginia and the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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benthic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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