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Dipsadinae ( German )

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Die Dipsadinae sind eine in Nord-, Mittel- und Südamerika vorkommende Unterfamilie kleiner Schlangen aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae).

Merkmale

Die zu den Dipsadinae gehörenden Arten sind klein bis mittelgroß und werden 40 bis 120 cm lang. Der Körper ist seitlich meist etwas abgeflacht, so dass die Tiere höher als breit sind. Der große, abgeflachte Kopf sitzt bei vielen Arten keulenartig auf einem sehr schlanken Hals. Die Augen sind groß, stehen hervor und haben elliptische Pupillen. Die beiden Flügelbeine sind extrem kurz und stehen parallel. Die Mentalgrube, eine Grube unterhalb des Kopfes, die zentral zwischen den Kinnschilden und den Gularia liegt, fehlt. Die direkt über der Wirbelsäule liegenden Rückenschuppen sind oft vergrößert, was mit einer geringeren Zahl von Schuppenreihen korreliert. Im Unterschied zu anderen Schlangen ist bei den Dipsadinae nicht die linke, sondern die rechte Lunge reduziert. Dazu kommt bei einigen Gattungen eine Tracheallunge.

Viele Arten der Dipsadinae (Tribus Dipsadini) ernähren sich, ähnlich wie die Schlangen der asiatischen Familie Pareatidae, die früher zu den Dipsadinae gezählt wurden, von Schnecken und werden im deutschen als Schneckennattern bezeichnet. Der Kiefer der Schneckennattern ist darauf spezialisiert die Weichtiere aus ihrem Gehäuse herauszuholen. Dazu führen sie ihren Unterkiefer in das Gehäuse ein und ergreifen mit ihren vorne verlängerten Zähnen mit einer Drehung die Weichteile der Beute und ziehen sie anschließend aus dem Gehäuse. Die Kieferzähne stehen auf den vier zahntragenden, paarigen Kieferknochen in parallelen Reihen und werden von vorne nach hinten immer kleiner. Im Vergleich zu anderen Schlangen hat der Kiefer der Schneckennattern eine geringere Beweglichkeit.

Systematik

Die Dipsadinae gehören als Unterfamilie zur großen Familie der Nattern (Colubridae). Ihre Schwestergruppe und nächste Verwandte sind die Pseudoxenodontinae. Beide zusammen bilden die Schwestergruppe der Wassernattern (Natricinae).[1] Die ursprünglich der Unterfamilie zugeordneten asiatischen Gattungen bilden heute die Familie Pareidae und stehen dadurch außerhalb der Nattern.[2] Nach Pyron et al. ergibt sich folgende äußere Systematik:[1]

Nattern (Colubridae)

Natricinae



Pseudoxenodontinae


Dipsadinae





Scaphiodontophiinae


Calamariinae



Grayiinae


Eigentliche Nattern (Colubrinae)



Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3

Gattungen

Tribus Pseudoboini:[3]

Tribus Dipsadini (Südamerikanische Schneckennattern):[3]

Insgesamt gehören über 700 Arten zu den Dipsadinae.[4]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b R. Alexander Pyron, Frank T. Burbrink, Guarino R. Colli, Adrian Nieto Montes de Oca, Laurie J. Vitt, Caitlin A. Kuczynski und John J. Wiens: The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2010, S. 329–342, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006.
  2. N. Vidal, A. S. Delmas, P. David, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, S. B. Hedges: The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. In: Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330, 2007, S. 182–187. (PDF)
  3. a b Nicolas Vidal, William R. Branch, Olivier S. G. Pauwels, S. Blair Hedges, Donald G. Broadley, Michael Wink, Corinne Cruaud, Ulrich Joger, Zoltán T. Nagy: Dissecting the major African snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae Fitzinger (Serpentes, Caenophidia). In: Zootaxa. Band 1945, 2008, ISSN 1175-5326, S. 51–66.
  4. Dipsadinae In: The Reptile Database
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Dipsadinae: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Dipsadinae sind eine in Nord-, Mittel- und Südamerika vorkommende Unterfamilie kleiner Schlangen aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae).

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Dipsadinae

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Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae).[3][4][5][6][7] They are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America.[8][9] There are more than 700 species.[7]

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes (typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length). Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous.[9] Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. Adelphicos, Atractus, Geophis, Dipsas, Ninia, Sibon, Sibynomorphus, Tropidodipsas) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.[10][11][12][13][14] Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. Borikenophis, Cubophis, Heterodon, Hydrodynastes, Philodryas) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[15]

Synonymy

Some authors refer to part or all of this group as Xenodontinae, but if the two names are used synonymously, Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older.[4] When Xenodontinae is used non-synonymously, it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American-Caribbean subclade containing the genus Xenodon and its relatives, whereas Dipsadinae sensu stricto is restricted to the smaller and more basal Central American subclade containing the genus Dipsas and its relatives.[8][16] Also, a third North American group (sometimes called "Carphophiinae") contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae (the "North American relicts" thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of North America; genera Heterodon, Farancia, Diadophis, Carphophis, and Contia).[17]

Genera

Within the Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto), the South American + Caribbean group ("Xenodontinae"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae").[a][17] In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera incertae sedis and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.

Central American clade ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto)

South American + Caribbean clade ("Xenodontinae")

North American clade ("Carphophiinae")

Genera incertae sedis

Notes

  1. ^ "Heterodontinae" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):[18] "The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ‘‘are homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid name’’. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained." See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).[19]

References

  1. ^ "Subfamily Dipsadinae Guenther 1858 (colubrid snake)". PBDB.
  2. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838). "Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica". Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali. 1: 391–397.
  3. ^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  4. ^ a b Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.
  5. ^ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  6. ^ Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  7. ^ a b Uetz, Peter. "Dipsadinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
  9. ^ a b Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 622–626.
  10. ^ Ray, J. M.; Montgomery, C. E.; Mahon, H. K.; Savitzky, A. H.; Lips, K. R. (2012). "Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama". Copeia. 2012 (2): 197–202. doi:10.1643/CH-10-100. S2CID 86226277.
  11. ^ de Oliveira, L.; Jared, C.; da Costa Prudente, A. L.; Zaher, H.; Antoniazzi, M. M. (2008). "Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii". Toxicon. 51 (5): 898–913. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021. PMID 18262581.
  12. ^ Zaher, H.; de Oliveira, L.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Campagner, M.; Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Prudente, A. L. (2014). "Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-58. PMC 4021269. PMID 24661572.
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ O'Shea, Mark (2018-10-22). The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World. ISBN 9780226459394.
  15. ^ Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (2011). Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier.
  16. ^ Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. W.; Moura-Leite, J. C.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (11): 115–153. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001.
  17. ^ a b Pinou, T.; Vicario, S.; Marschner, M.; Caccone, A. (2004). "Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (2): 563–574. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.542.4840. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.005. PMID 15223038.
  18. ^ Grazziotin, Felipe G; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): A reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
  19. ^ D. A. Rossman (1965). Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae.
  20. ^ He M; Feng JC; Liu SY; Guo P; Zhao EM (2009). "The phylogenetic position of Thermophis (Serpentes: Colubridae), an endemic snake from the Qinghai‐Xizang Plateau, China" (PDF). Journal of Natural History. 43 (7–8): 479–488. doi:10.1080/00222930802389825. S2CID 84653966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  21. ^ Huang S; Liu SY; Guo P; Zhang YP; Zhao EM (2009). "What are the closest relatives of the hot-spring snakes (Colubridae, Thermophis), the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau?" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (3): 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013. PMID 19249375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
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Dipsadinae: Brief Summary

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Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae). They are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America. There are more than 700 species.

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes (typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length). Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous. Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. Adelphicos, Atractus, Geophis, Dipsas, Ninia, Sibon, Sibynomorphus, Tropidodipsas) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs. Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. Borikenophis, Cubophis, Heterodon, Hydrodynastes, Philodryas) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.

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Dipsadinae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los dipsadinos (Dipsadinae) son una subfamilia de la familia de serpientes Colubridae. Comprende 95 géneros y 738 especies.[1]​ Algunos autores le reconocen rango de familia (Dipsadidae),[2][1]​ mientras que otros la siguen considerando una subfamilia de Colubridae.[3]

Géneros

Incluye los siguientes géneros:[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Dipsadidae». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.
  2. Grazziotin, F. G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics 1:1-23
  3. Pyron, R. A., Burbrink, F. T., & Wiens, J. J. (2013). A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC evolutionary biology, 13(1), 93.

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Dipsadinae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los dipsadinos (Dipsadinae) son una subfamilia de la familia de serpientes Colubridae. Comprende 95 géneros y 738 especies.​ Algunos autores le reconocen rango de familia (Dipsadidae),​​ mientras que otros la siguen considerando una subfamilia de Colubridae.​

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Jämepeamadulased ( Estonian )

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Jämepeamadulased on maoliste alamsugukond (Dipsadinae) sugukonnas Colubridae või sugukond (Dipsadidae)ülemsugukonnas Colubroidea.

Klassifikatsioon

Jämepeamadulaste süstemaatika pole päris selge. Jämepeamadulasi[2] on klassifitseeritud mitmeti, neid on klassifitseeritud kui nastiklasi, Xenodontidae alamsugukonnana ja osad autorid paigutavad nad, seisuga 2009, ka sugukonda Dispadidae.[3]

Triibused

Triibus Pseudoboini:

  • Boiruna Zaher, 1996
  • Clelia Fitzinger, 1826
  • Drepanoides Dunn, 1928
  • Mussurana Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830
  • Phimophis Cope, 1860
  • Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801
  • Rhachidelus Boulenger, 1908
  • Siphlophis Fitzinger, 1843

Triibus Dipsadini

  • Adelphicos Jan, 1862
  • Amastridium Cope, 1861
  • Atractus Wagler, 1828
  • Chersodromus Reinhardt, 1860
  • Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860
  • Cryophis Bogert & Duellman, 1963
  • Dipsas (jämepeamadu) Laurenti, 1768
  • Geophis Wagler, 1830
  • Hypsiglena Cope, 1860
  • Imantodes Dumeril, 1853
  • Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843
  • Ninia Girard, 1853
  • Plesiodipsas Harvey, Fuenmayor, Portilla & Rueda-Almonacid, 2008
  • Pseudoleptodeira Taylor, 1938
  • Rhadinaea Cope, 1863
  • Rhadinophanes Myers & Campbell, 1981
  • Sibon Fitzinger, 1826
  • Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843
  • Tantalophis Duellman, 1958
  • Tretanorhinus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854
  • Trimetopon Cope, 1885
  • Tropidodipsas Gunther, 1858
  • Urotheca Bibron, 1843

Maoperekonnad

Jämepeamadulaste alamsugukond liigitatakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmisteks perekondadeks[4][5]:

Levila

Need väikesed (mitte üle 1 m pikad) maod elavad Lõuna-Ameerikas ja Kesk-Ameerikas, Aasias ja Indias.[2]

Kopsud

Erinevalt teistest madudest on jämepeamadulastel mitte vasak vaid parem kops taandarenenud.

Toitumine ja hambad

Jämepeamadulased toituvad peamiselt väikestest selgrootutest. Nende madude alalõua parem ning vasak pool on kaotanud omavahelise liikuvuse ja on teineteisega jäigalt seostunud. Nendel väikestel madudel on soonilised hambad mis on suunatud kõri poole ja neid kasutavad nad toitumisel aga teadlaste arvates ka sisestamaks saakloomadesse mürgina toimivat süljenäärmete nõret. Nad toituvad peamiselt limustest ja kojaga tigudest.

Teatmeteoses Loomade elu, V köite, 295. lk kirjeldatakse seda järgnevalt[2]

“ Röövloom sisendab jäiga alalõua kojasuudmesse, edasise liigutuse abil surub pikad, kõverdunud hambad limuse keha eesmisse ossa ja järk-järgult, ületades teo vastupanu, kisub ta eriliste närimisliigutuste abil kojast välja. ”

Teadlased on need maod inimestele üldiselt ohutuks tunnistanud[3]. Osadel Dipsadidae sugukonda kuuluvatel madudel on laboratooriumides Duvernoy näärme eritiste manustamisel biotestidesse kaasatud katseloomadele teatav oht loomade elule kinnitust leidnud. [6]

Viited

  1. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Higher Taxa in Extant Reptiles, Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 17.04.2014) (inglise keeles)
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 "Loomade elu", 5. kd., lk. 294–295
  3. 3,0 3,1 Dipsadidae veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.09.2013) (inglise keeles)
  4. Dipsadidae Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.09.2013) (inglise keeles)
  5. Dipsadidae Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 1.05.2015) (inglise keeles)
  6. Scott A Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Julian White, Daniel E Keyler. Venomous? Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes: A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of "Colubrid" snake bites., lk 283 – 288, 2011, Elsevier, ISBN 978 0 12 387732 1 Google'i raamat veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.09.2013) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

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Jämepeamadulased: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Jämepeamadulased on maoliste alamsugukond (Dipsadinae) sugukonnas Colubridae või sugukond (Dipsadidae)ülemsugukonnas Colubroidea.

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Lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimta ( Latvian )

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Lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimta (Dipsadinae) ir viena no zalkšu dzimtas (Colubridae) apakšdzimtām, kas reizēm tiek izdalīta kā atsevišķa dzimta — Dipsadidae. Ir sistemātiķi, kas apakšdzimtu sistematizē ar zinātnisko nosaukumu — Xenodontinae, tomēr priekšroka būtu Dipsadinae vārda lietošanai.[1] Šajā apakšdzimtā ir apvienotas gandrīz 700 sugas, kas tiek iedalītas apmēram 100 ģintīs.[1][2] Gandrīz visas lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimtas sugas izplatītas Amerikas kontinentos, izņemot karstavotu ķīļmugurzalkšus (Thermophis), kas mājo Ķīnā.[1][3][4] Lielgalvas zalkšu sugas mājo tropu un mērenās joslas biotopos.[1]

Īpašības

Kā jau lielai dzīvnieku grupai raksturīgs, sugām ir liela dažādība ķermeņa formās, krāsās, barošanās ieradumos. Kā kopīgo īpašību visām sugām varētu minēt to, ka šiem zalkšiem salīdzinoši mutes ir lielākas un zobi aug īpaši dziļi.[1] Lielākā daļa sugu nav indīgas, bet dažas sugas ir ļoti indīgas un cilvēkam bīstamas, piemēram, Centrālamerikas ceļu zalktis (Conophis lineatus).[1] Šīs apakšdzimtas sugas galvenokārt vairojas, dējot olas, bet dažas sugas ir oldzīvdzemdētājas un dzemdē dzīvus mazuļus.[1]

Sistemātika

 src=
Līvardas skrējējzalktis (Alsophis antillensis)
 src=
Ziemeļamerikas sliekuzalktis (Carphophis amoenus)
 src=
Musurana (Clelia clelia)

Lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimta (Dipsadinae)[2][5]

Atsauces

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Lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimta: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimta (Dipsadinae) ir viena no zalkšu dzimtas (Colubridae) apakšdzimtām, kas reizēm tiek izdalīta kā atsevišķa dzimta — Dipsadidae. Ir sistemātiķi, kas apakšdzimtu sistematizē ar zinātnisko nosaukumu — Xenodontinae, tomēr priekšroka būtu Dipsadinae vārda lietošanai. Šajā apakšdzimtā ir apvienotas gandrīz 700 sugas, kas tiek iedalītas apmēram 100 ģintīs. Gandrīz visas lielgalvas zalkšu apakšdzimtas sugas izplatītas Amerikas kontinentos, izņemot karstavotu ķīļmugurzalkšus (Thermophis), kas mājo Ķīnā. Lielgalvas zalkšu sugas mājo tropu un mērenās joslas biotopos.

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Dipsadinae ( Polish )

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Dipsadinae (połozy właściwe) – grupa węży (podrodzina) z rodziny Colubridae (połozowate).

Do podrodziny zaliczanych jest 797 gatunków zgrupowanych w 97 rodzajach [1]:

Przypisy

  1. Dipsadinae (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 28 listopada 2018].
  2. Jonathan A. Campbell, Eric N. Smith i Alexander S. Hall. Caudals and calyces: the curious case of a consumed Chiapan colubroid. „Journal of Herpetology”. 52 (4), s. 459–472, 2018. DOI: 10.1670/18-042 (ang.).
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Dipsadinae: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Dipsadinae (połozy właściwe) – grupa węży (podrodzina) z rodziny Colubridae (połozowate).

Do podrodziny zaliczanych jest 797 gatunków zgrupowanych w 97 rodzajach :

rodzaj: Adelphicos rodzaj: Alsophis rodzaj: Amastridium rodzaj: Amnesteophis rodzaj: Apostolepis rodzaj: Arrhyton rodzaj: Atractus rodzaj: Boiruna rodzaj: Borikenophis rodzaj: Caaeteboia rodzaj: Calamodontophis rodzaj: Caraiba rodzaj: Carphophis rodzaj: Cenaspis rodzaj: Cercophis rodzaj: Chersodromus rodzaj: Clelia rodzaj: Coniophanes rodzaj: Conophis rodzaj: Contia rodzaj: Coronelaps rodzaj: Crisantophis rodzaj: Cryophis rodzaj: Cubophis rodzaj: Diadophis rodzaj: Diaphorolepis rodzaj: Dipsas rodzaj: Ditaxodon rodzaj: Drepanoides rodzaj: Echinanthera rodzaj: Elapomorphus rodzaj: Emmochliophis rodzaj: Enuliophis rodzaj: Enulius rodzaj: Erythrolamprus rodzaj: Eutrachelophis rodzaj: Farancia rodzaj: Geophis rodzaj: Gomesophis rodzaj: Haitiophis rodzaj: Helicops rodzaj: Heterodon rodzaj: Hydrodynastes rodzaj: Hydromorphus rodzaj: Hydrops rodzaj: Hypsiglena rodzaj: Hypsirhynchus rodzaj: Ialtris rodzaj: Imantodes rodzaj: Leptodeira rodzaj: Lioheterophis rodzaj: Lygophis rodzaj: Magliophis rodzaj: Manolepis rodzaj: Mussurana rodzaj: Ninia rodzaj: Nothopsis rodzaj: Omoadiphas rodzaj: Oxyrhopus rodzaj: Paraphimophis rodzaj: Phalotris rodzaj: Philodryas rodzaj: Phimophis rodzaj: Plesiodipsas rodzaj: Pliocercus rodzaj: Pseudalsophis rodzaj: Pseudoboa rodzaj: Pseudoeryx rodzaj: Pseudoleptodeira rodzaj: Pseudotomodon rodzaj: Psomophis rodzaj: Ptychophis rodzaj: Rhachidelus rodzaj: Rhadinaea rodzaj: Rhadinella rodzaj: Rhadinophanes rodzaj: Rodriguesophis rodzaj: Saphenophis rodzaj: Sibon rodzaj: Sibynomorphus rodzaj: Siphlophis rodzaj: Sordellina rodzaj: Synophis rodzaj: Tachymenis rodzaj: Taeniophallus rodzaj: Tantalophis rodzaj: Thamnodynastes rodzaj: Thermophis rodzaj: Tomodon rodzaj: Tretanorhinus rodzaj: Trimetopon rodzaj: Tropidodipsas rodzaj: Tropidodryas rodzaj: Uromacer rodzaj: Uromacerina rodzaj: Urotheca rodzaj: Xenodon rodzaj: Xenopholis
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