Ximenia americana és un petit arbre natiu dels boscos d'Amèrica i Àsia. A Cuba rep el nom vulgar de ababuy.[1]
Són arbustos o arbres petits, que aconsegueixen una grandària de fins a 10 metres d'alçada, les branquetes glabras, amb espines axil·lars i generalment acabades en espines. Les fulles són de forma ovalada, verd brillant i tenen una forta olor d'ametlles. Les flors són de color pàl·lid i els fruits són de color groc o vermell-ataronjat.[2]
Els fruits tenen un agradable sabor de pruna. A Àsia, les fulles joves es cuinen com a verdura. No obstant això, les fulles també contenen cianur i és necessari que siguin ben cuites i no ha de ser consumides en grans quantitats.
Ximenia americana va ser descrita per Carlos Linneo i publicat en Species Plantarum 2: 1193–1194. 1753.[3]
Ximenia americana és un petit arbre natiu dels boscos d'Amèrica i Àsia. A Cuba rep el nom vulgar de ababuy.
እንኮይ (Ximenia americana L.) በኢትዮጵያ የሚበቅል እጅግ ጣፋጭ የሆነ ቢጫ ፍሬ የሚያፈራ ዛፍ ነው።
ፍራፍሬውን በብዛት መብላት ትልን ይገድላል።
የእንኮይ ዘር ግን መርዛም ነው።[1]
በአንድ ናይጄሪያ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ምርመራ፣ የተለያዩ ተውሳኮችን እንደሚገድል ተረጋገጠ።[2] የፍሎሪዳ ክፍላገር አሜሪካ ጥንታዊ ኗሪዎች ልጡ በጡንቻ ወይም ድድ ሕመም ላይ ማከሙን ያውቁ ነበር።[3]
ቅጠሉ ትንሽ መርዝ አለውና ሳይበላ በደንብ መበሰል ያስፈልጋል። ቅጠሉ ጉሮሮ ሲደርቅ፣ ለአሜባ፣ ለውሻ በሽታ ያገለግላል።
ከ2000 ሜትር በታች እስከ 7 m. ይደርሳል። በቆላና በገሞጂ አገራት ይገኛል።
ቅጠለ ረገፍ ዛፍ ወይም ቊጥቋጥ ነው። ቅጠሉ እንደ ለውዝ (አልመንድ) ይሸታል።
Ximenia americana, commonly known as tallow wood,[3] hog plum, yellow plum, sea lemon, or pi'ut (Chamorro),[4] is bush-forming shrub/small tree; a species from the Ximenia genus in the Olacaceae family.[2] It is mainly found in the tropics, ranging from Africa, India and southeast Asia, to Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, West Indies, Central, North and South America.[5][6] It is especially common in Africa and South America.[7] It is not domesticated so it is only found occurring in the wild.
They grow in areas with more than 500 mm of mean annual rainfall and up to heights of 2000 m. It is commonly found in a variety of diverse habitats ranging from dry woodlands, hilly areas to coastal bushlands, along riverbanks, and mangroves[8] They are commonly found in poor and dry soil types. The plant has not been domesticated, so it only occurs in the wild.[5]
Ximenia americana is a semiscandent plant that grows as a bush-forming shrub or small tree to between a height of 2–7 metres (6.6–23.0 ft),[9][8] although plants being less than 4m (13 feet) are more commonly observed.[7] The trunk has a diameter of less than 10 cm (4 in); the bark has a colour of dark brown to pale gray.[9] The branches form an arch downwards[7] and the branchlets have straight, thin spines that are 1 cm long, protruding out of it, and are coloured purple-red with a waxy bloom.[9][10]
Leaves are simple, alternate or clustered on spur shoots, having a lanceolate (spear-like) to elliptic (oval) shape, are either obtuse, emarginate or retuse at the apex, and have a texture similar to leather. The leaves grow up to 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) long and 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 1.6 in) wide, have a thickness ranging from thin to semisucculent and have 3 to 7 pairs of lateral veins that are difficult to observe on both sides of the leaf. They curve upwards along the midrib.[9][7][10]
Leaves are hairy as they first start growing, but become smooth and shiny as they mature.[5] The petioles are short and thin, growing up to 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) long. They are canaliculated, smooth and have a grey-green or bright green colour and flesh that is either leathery or thin.[11][9][7][10][5] They release a strong smell like almonds when crushed.[8]
Flowering is commonly observed during dry seasons.[7] The flowers are fragrant, small, coloured white, yellow-green or pink and are about 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. They grow on branched inflorescences, which are either pedunculate racemose or umbelliform cymes, that are on pedicles 3-7mm long. Fruits are shaped globose, subglobose, drupaceous or ellipisoid, grow up to 3 cm long, have a diameter of 2.5 cm and are smooth.[9][7][10]
The trees produce fruit after about 3 years of growing.[7] Young fruits are green but turn golden-yellow or yellow (and rarely orangish-red) as they ripen,[11][9][10][12] climatic conditions do not affect their maturation.[9][7] When ripe, the fruit has a green, juicy pulp, and one large endospermic seed, that has a small embryo and thin testa. The seed is woody and coloured light-yellow and grows up to 1.5 cm long with a diameter of 1.2 cm, and has about 60% oil content.[9][7][10][12] The fruit is "refreshing" when eaten and is said to have "an almond-acid taste".[7][10] The seeds are then dispersed by animals that eat the fruit.[12]
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Ximenia americana is similar to the plant Ximenia caffra, another species in the Ximenia family. However, X. americana's leaves and fruits are smaller than X. caffra's making it easy to distinguish between the two. X. americana also bears several flowers on inflorescences that are branched whereas the flowers in X. caffra are borne in tufts or singularly, marking another difference between both of these species.[13]
Fatty acids and glycerides are abundantly available in X.americana.[7][14] Further classes of chemical compounds found in X. americana includes alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, phlobatannins, quinones, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids.[7][14] Leaves collected from X. americana in southern Niger were found to be rich in calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese content but were also noted to be lacking protein.[7][15][16] Linolenate was also detected in the leaves, along with high levels of palmitate.[7][15][16]
Hydrocyanic acid was identified in the fruit[7] along with high levels of vitamin C content, of which the green ones had 74% more vitamin C than the matured, yellow ones.[7][17] The seed of the fruit contains cyanide derivatives[14] and high levels of riproximin were noted in the fruit kernels.[18] The seed oil was observed to contain the compounds ximenic, linolenic, linoleic, and stearic acids along with smaller amounts of lumequic, ximenynic acid, arachidonic, erucic, and nervonic acids and a variety of other compounds.[7] The volatile oil of the leaves were observed to be consisted of benzaldehyde (63.5%), hydroxybenzyl cyanide (13%) and isophorone (3.5%),[15] the cyanide content contributes to the aforementioned almond-like smell of leaves.[8]
Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet published occurrences of Heymassoli inermis and Heymassoli spinosa in Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise in 1775, which were then later identified as X. americana.[19][20] The latter, Heymassoli spinosa, became the basionym for Ximenia spinosa which was published in A Botanical nomenclator : containing a systematical arrangement of the classes, orders, genera, and species of plants as described in the new edition of Linnæsus's Systema naturæ, by Dr. Gmelin by William Jr. Forsyth in 1794.[21]
Ximenia americana belongs to the Ximenia genus, along with 7 other species, that all belong to the Olacaceae family.[7] The term Ximenia comes from the Spanish priest, Francisco Ximenez, who detailed a collection of plants found in Mexico in the 17th century. The species name, Americana, meaning "of America", is an indication of where the plant had been 'first' collected.[13]
Common names of the plant include "seaside plum", "small sourplum", "wild plum", "blue sour plum", "hog plum", "sour plum", "false sandalwood", "tallow nut", "tallow wood", "wild olivein", and "wild lime" in English. "chabbuli" and "ysada" in west Africa, "ghène", "n'ghani" and "léaman" in Ivory Coast and "kleinsuurpruim", "inkoy", "mutente", "kol", "mulebe", "mungomba", "musongwasongwa", "mulutulwa", "museka", "ntogé", "nogbé", "séno", "séné", "madarud", and "madarau", in other regions in Africa. "ameixa-da-terra", "ameixa", "ameixeira-do-Brasil", ameixa-brava", "ameixa-da-Baía", "ameixa-de-espinho", "ameixa-do-Pará", "ameixeira-do-Pará", and "muirapuama" in Brazil, "hicaco", "espino de brujo", "ciruelillo", "caimito de monte", "cagalero", "albaricoque", "albaria", "tigrito", and "almendro de costa" in Spanish and "citron de mer", "cerise de mer", "croc", "macaby", and "prunier de mer" in French.[7]
It is found in many habitats, predominantly in semi-arid bushlands and in dry and moist woodlands, sandy open woodlands, dry hilly areas, coastal bushlands, countrysides, shrub savannahs, forest lands and along watercourses such as riverbanks and stony slopes.[9][10][5][6] X. americana occurs in altitudes up to 2000 m (6562 ft) and where mean annual rainfall is more than 500 mm.[5][6] It grows on many soil types such as clay soils, clay muddy, silt sandy; however, it is mostly observed growing on poor and dry soil.[9][5] It can also absorb nutrients and water from other plant species through its roots, however, it does not use this method as its mode of survival.[7]
Ximenia americana is a long-lived perennial[22] and is found present in savannahs, one of their natural habitats, and are vital food sources for animals living in the same habitats, namely mammals like giraffes, who depend on the leaves of X. americana for its food.[13] The leaves are also eaten by insects, such as butterflies, and their larvae,[13] documented species being Axiocerses amanga (the bush scarlet), Stugeta bowkeri (the Bowker's sapphire) and Hypolycaena philippus (the purple-brown hairstreak).[23][24] The vibrant colours of the fruit, which is oftentimes produced in large amounts during the early summer, attracts birds, such as bulbuls, starlings, and barbets, and other wildlife to feed on the fruit.[13][22]
The flowers are known attract many insect pollinators, namely bees.[22] Documented bees include Agapostemon splendens (the brown-winged striped-sweat bee), Apis mellifera (the western honey bee), Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Coelioxys germana, Dialictus placidensis, Megachile mendica (the Flat-tailed Leaf-cutter Bee[25]) and Melissodes communis (the common long-horned bee).[26]
Ximenia americana can be classified as a facultative hemiparasite, due to its tendency to live off the roots of other nearby host species, but not as a way of survival as it can perfectly grow without a host. Due to this it can grow better in soil where it can come into contact with the roots of other plants. It can also attach to objects such as plastic or rocks.[13][22]
The IUCN red-list declared Ximenia americana as a "Least Concern" plant. This is mainly due to the wide distribution and large population of X. americana all over the world. No major threats have been identified to the species currently and in the future. This assessment was carried out by the IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group and the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) in 2018.[1]
However, researchers in Ethiopia have noticed the plant becoming rare in their respective study areas, mainly due to the overuse of the plant and its components. They have suggested the rehabilitation of the plants, mainly by domestication, in hopes of conserving the species in those specific areas.[9][5]
There have been no recorded cases of the domestication of X. americana.[5] However, it is noted that Ximenia americana can easily propagated by planting fresh seeds in a mixture of 5 parts soil and 1 part compost.[13] Germination is usually observed 14 to 30 days after the seed has been planted.[13] The plant grows about 0.5 m (1.6 ft) every year, a moderate growth rate.[13] It can grow on loamy, clay soil, and other types of poor and dry soil[12] and is adaptable to changes in soil pH.[27][28] It is drought-resistant,[28] making it a good source of food during dry periods.[9] It is also tolerant of mild flooding, that occur during storms or floods, for short periods of time.[28] It is also mildly tolerant of salty soil types and salt sprays and winds.[28] Due to the semiparasitic roots, it grows well around other plants and is best grown next a host like oak.[13][28]
Leaves at 100 ppm were noted to be fatal for the freshwater snail, Bulinus globus, the species responsible for causing the disease schistosomiasis.[12] Researchers noted that X. americana extract had no deaths when the toxic effects of the extract of the plant for 14 days, however, after an oral administration of 2000 mg.kg−1, forced breathing and analgesia in the animals were noted.[7] Another study was conducted on the effects of the liquid extracts of the root, stem and leaves of X. americana on the blood and the liver, and damage to the cells of the liver were noted.[7]
Ximenia americana can be utilized as a food source, mainly its fruit, which can be eaten raw or pickled, and can be used to replace lemon in fish recipes, make juice, jams or intoxicating drinks; In South Africa, a kind of beer is made from the fruits. The kernel of the fruit can be made into oil, which is used in cooking as a substitute for butter or ghee.[12] The nuts have a strong purgative effect, and should not be eaten in large amounts.[8] In Asia, the young leaves are cooked as a vegetable. However, the leaves also contain cyanide and need to be thoroughly cooked, and should not be eaten in large amounts.
The seed of X. americana's fruit can be crushed to produce oil. This oil (ximenyinc acid) is then for a variety of cosmetic purposes such as emollients, conditioners, skin softeners, body and hair oils, as well as ingredients in soaps, lipsticks and lubricants.[7][12]
Essential oils can also be obtained from the heartwood and flowers from X. americana, which are then used for fumigations and as a substitute for orange blossom respectively.[12]
The wood is used as firewood and charcoal.[12] X. americana's seed oil can be used as a potential biofuel when blended with kerosene.[29]
Ximenia americana has been reported to be used to treat a large number of diseases, including measles, malaria, skin infections, sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhea, muscle cramps and lung abscesses.[7] The leaves and twigs are used as a treatment for colds and fevers, as laxatives and an eye lotion, and as a mouthwash to prevent toothaches and throat infections. However, traditional healers reported excess salivation as a sign of the toxicity when used to treat oral diseases.[7][12] The leaves are used to treat headaches, angina and as are used as an antidote to poisons.[12] The roots of X. americana are used as a treatment multitude of diseases such as skin problems, headaches, leprosy, hemorrhoids, sexually transmitted diseases, sleeping sicknesses and guinea worms.[12] The bark, usually used in powdered or decocted form, is used to treat skin ulcers, placed on the head for headaches, and placed in bath water for sick babies.[12] The fruit is eaten in excess to treat any cases of vermifuge and constipation.[12] =X. americana's extracts from bark, roots and leaves have been reported to be used to treat urinary tract infections, inflammation, burning, gastritis and cancer.[7] The main ways these parts of X. americana are prepared are either by infusion, decoction, syrup, cataplasm, and/or tincture.[7]
Xymelys 45 is a drug containing X. americana bark extract that is marketed as a cosmetic to provide protection for ultrasensitive skin, oxidative stress and free radicals. X. americana tea has been marketed in Brazil to externally heal wounds and ulcers and internally heal heart and kidney problems; the X. americana tea is just the bark vegetal powder. The seed oil is marketed as a treatment for dry skin conditions, in moisturisers, emollients, and anti-ageing and anti-acne products, and as a treatment for fragile and damaged hair.[7]
The species is also used as a border and boundary, if it is cultivated as a hedge plant properly. The plant can also be used for decoration purposes as it has attractive flowers and foliage.[12]
Ximenia americana, commonly known as tallow wood, hog plum, yellow plum, sea lemon, or pi'ut (Chamorro), is bush-forming shrub/small tree; a species from the Ximenia genus in the Olacaceae family. It is mainly found in the tropics, ranging from Africa, India and southeast Asia, to Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, West Indies, Central, North and South America. It is especially common in Africa and South America. It is not domesticated so it is only found occurring in the wild.
They grow in areas with more than 500 mm of mean annual rainfall and up to heights of 2000 m. It is commonly found in a variety of diverse habitats ranging from dry woodlands, hilly areas to coastal bushlands, along riverbanks, and mangroves They are commonly found in poor and dry soil types. The plant has not been domesticated, so it only occurs in the wild.
Ximenia americana es un pequeño árbol nativo de los bosques de América, África, Asia. En Cuba recibe el nombre vulgar de ababuy.[1]
Una especie relacionada con la cual se suele confundir es Ximenia caffra, la cual se encuentra en África.
Son arbustos o árboles pequeños, que alcanzan un tamaño de hasta 10 m de alto, las ramitas glabras, con espinas axilares y generalmente terminadas en espinas. Las hojas son de forma ovaladas, verde brillante y tienen un fuerte olor de almendras. Las flores son de color pálido. Los frutos son de color amarillo o rojo-anaranjado.[2] Recibe otros nombres en las diversas regiones donde prospera, entre ellos los ce albarillo del campo, ciruelillo, ciruelo cimarrón, chocomico, Jia manzanilla, limoncillo, pepenance y yana.
Los frutos tienen un agradable sabor del albaricoque. En Asia, las hojas jóvenes se cocinan como verdura. Sin embargo, las hojas también contienen cianuro y es necesario que sean bien cocidas y no debe ser consumidas en grandes cantidades. Es medicinal y se emplean sus frutos contra malestares del estómago
Ximenia americana fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1193–1194. 1753.[3]
Ximenia americana es un pequeño árbol nativo de los bosques de América, África, Asia. En Cuba recibe el nombre vulgar de ababuy.
Una especie relacionada con la cual se suele confundir es Ximenia caffra, la cual se encuentra en África.
Ximenia americana est un arbre pantropical appartement à la famille des Ximeniaceae selon la classification APG IV (anciennement inclus dans la famille des Olacaceae), très répandu en Afrique de l'Ouest.
Il porte de nombreux noms :
On rencontre Ximenia americana dans presque toutes les régions tropicales du globe.
En Amérique, il pousse dans les zones côtières broussailleuses et zones de transition avant la forêt du Honduras au Brésil et à l'Argentine[2].
En Afrique, son aire de répartition s'étend à toute l'Afrique tropicale, du Sénégal à l'Angola et à l'Ouganda, dans les savanes, les galeries forestières, les sables et les taillis littoraux [3].
Ximenia americana est une espèce végétale présentant un grand intérêt socio-économique. Toutes les parties de la plante sont utilisées par l'Homme : les racines, les feuilles, les fruits ainsi que le bois. L'amande de Ximenia americana est réputée toxique. Elle contient en effet de l'acide cyanhydrique.
La macération de racines est employée dans la prévention et le traitement des problèmes cardiaques. Les racines bouillies utilisées en décoction servent à lutter contre l'anémie ou les problèmes gastriques.
On le multiplie par graines. Elles nécessitent 50 à 70 jours pour lever[2].
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante pour Heymassoli inermis (synonyme de Ximenia americana)[6] :
« HEYMASSOLI (inermis).In eo tantùm diſſert quod aculcis careat. Flores expanſi odoram caryophyllorum aromaticorum exhalant.
Florebat & fructum ferebat Maio.
Habitat in littoribus arenoſis maritimis Courou & Sinémari.
Nomen Caribæum HEYMASSOLI. »
« LE HEYMASSOLI épineux.
Cet arbre eſt de moyenne grandeur. Son tronc s'élève & cinq à ſix pieds, ſur cinq à ſix pouces & diamètre. Son écorce eſt brune, ridée & gerſée: ſon bois eſt blanchâtre. Il pouſſe à ſon ſommet des branches tortueuſes & rameuſes, qui s'étendent en tous ſens.
Les rameaux ſont garnis de feuilles alternes, entières, vertes, molles, liſſes & ovales ; leur pédicule eſt court : les plus grandes ont deux pouces & demi de longueur, ſur un & demi de largeur. A l'aiſſelle de chaque feuille il a une épine courte, ligneuſe & aiguë.
Les fleurs naiſſent auſſi a l'aiſſelle des feuilles ſur un pédoncule qui porte huit à dix petites fleurs.
Le calice eſt d'une ſeule pièce, partagé en quatre petites parties.
La corolle eſt à quatre pétales oblongs, verts en dehors, chargés en deſſus d'un duvet blanc & ſoyeux, attachés par un onglet entre les divisions du calice.
Les étamines ſont au nombre de huit, rangées au deſſous de l'inſertion des pétales. Leur filet eſt très court. Les anthères ſont longues, à deux bourſes ſéparées par un ſillon. Ces fleurs n'ont quelquefois que trois pétales, & pour lors il y a ſix étamines.
Le piſtil eſt un ovaire arrondi, oblong, ſurmonté d'un style court, terminé par un stigmate aigu.
Cet ovaire en muriſſant devient une baie jaune, dont l'écorce eſt charnue, ſous laquelle eſt une amande renfermée dans une coque mince. L'écorce eſt aſtringente ; la coque eſt amère ; l'amande eſt douce & bonne a manger. Cette baie eſt de la figure & de la groſſeur d'une olive.
Les fleurs de cet arbre, lorſqu'elles ſont bien épanouies, répandent une odeur de gérofle.
II y a une autre eſpèce de cet arbre qui diffère ſeulement parcequ'il n'a point d'épines ; du reſte il a le même port. Ce n'eſt peut-être qu'une variété.
J'ai trouvé ces deux arbres ſur le bord ſablonneux de la mer, depuis Courou juſqu'à Sinémari.
lis étoient en fleur & en fruit dans le mois de Mai.
lis ſont appellés HEYMASSOLl par les Galibis.
L'on a groſſi toutes les parties de la fleur. »
Ximenia americana est un arbre pantropical appartement à la famille des Ximeniaceae selon la classification APG IV (anciennement inclus dans la famille des Olacaceae), très répandu en Afrique de l'Ouest.
Il porte de nombreux noms :
en français, on l'appelle citron de mer, Heymassoli épineux, macaby (Guyane), prune-épine, prunier de mer (Nouvelle-Calédonie), prunier canaque (Nouvelle-Calédonie). en anglais, on le connaît comme Buol, False santalwood, Hog plum, Mountain plum, Seaside plum, Spanish plum, Tallowwood plum, Wild olive (Jamaïque), Yellow sanders. en espagnol : Albaria (Argentine), Albaricoque (Argentine), Albarillo (Argentine), Cagalero (Honduras), Caimito de monte (Colombie), Chocomico (Guatemala, Honduras), Espino de brujo (Colombie), Guayabo del diablo (Venezuela), Jocomico (Nicaragua), Limoncillo (Colombie, Pérou, Venezuela), Manzana guayaba (Venezuela), Manzanillo (Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador), Membrillo de monte (Guatemala), Pata (Argentine), Pepenance (Amérique centrale), Tigrito (Venezuela), Tocote de monte (Guatemala), Yana (Cuba). au Brésil, Ameixa, Ameixeira do campo, Espinha de maicha (portugais). il porte aussi le nom de tchabboullé au Nord du Cameroun.A Ameixa-do-mato, ababone, ababoni, ababuí, ameixeira-do-brasil, ameixa-do-brasil, ambuí (ou ambuy), ameixa-da-baía, ameixeira-da-baía, ameixa-da-terra, ameixa-de-espinho, ameixa-do-pará, ameixeira-do-pará, espinheiro-de-ameixa, limão-bravo-do-brejo, sândalo-do-brasil, umbu-bravo ou ximénia (Ximenia americana - podendo também ser referida por alguns botânicos como Amyris arborescens, Heymassoli inermis, Heymassoli spinosa, Pimecaria odorata, Ximenia aculeata, Ximenia arborescens, Ximenia fluminensis, Ximenia inermis, Ximenia montana, Ximenia multiflora, Ximenia oblonga, Ximenia spinosa ou Ximenia verrucosa) é um arbusto ou árvore da família das olacáceas, nativo de regiões tropicais, como o Brasil (aparecendo de forma espontânea do Pará à Bahia, em Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso. Em Angola é ainda conhecida pelos nomes de ganzi, lumeque (ou lumeke), mepeque (ou mepeke), muinje, munjaque, omupeque (ou omupeke) e umpeque (ou umpeke).
Chega a atingir 4 metros de altura. As folhas estão armadas de espinhos axilares. As flores são amareladas, com um cheiro distinto, o que as torna úteis em perfumaria. Os frutos (drupas) são ameixas amarelo-alaranjadas e comestíveis. A semente pode ser utilizada em cosmética, já que se pode extrair óleo dela.
Por volta do final dos anos 1990 o espécime existia no horto da Fazenda Cresciumal de Ruy de Souza Queiroz.
Folhas de Ximenia americana
Galhos e folhas da planta
Galhos espinhosos presentes na planta
Frutos comestíveis, que podem ser aproveitados no preparo de doces
A Ameixa-do-mato, ababone, ababoni, ababuí, ameixeira-do-brasil, ameixa-do-brasil, ambuí (ou ambuy), ameixa-da-baía, ameixeira-da-baía, ameixa-da-terra, ameixa-de-espinho, ameixa-do-pará, ameixeira-do-pará, espinheiro-de-ameixa, limão-bravo-do-brejo, sândalo-do-brasil, umbu-bravo ou ximénia (Ximenia americana - podendo também ser referida por alguns botânicos como Amyris arborescens, Heymassoli inermis, Heymassoli spinosa, Pimecaria odorata, Ximenia aculeata, Ximenia arborescens, Ximenia fluminensis, Ximenia inermis, Ximenia montana, Ximenia multiflora, Ximenia oblonga, Ximenia spinosa ou Ximenia verrucosa) é um arbusto ou árvore da família das olacáceas, nativo de regiões tropicais, como o Brasil (aparecendo de forma espontânea do Pará à Bahia, em Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso. Em Angola é ainda conhecida pelos nomes de ganzi, lumeque (ou lumeke), mepeque (ou mepeke), muinje, munjaque, omupeque (ou omupeke) e umpeque (ou umpeke).
Chega a atingir 4 metros de altura. As folhas estão armadas de espinhos axilares. As flores são amareladas, com um cheiro distinto, o que as torna úteis em perfumaria. Os frutos (drupas) são ameixas amarelo-alaranjadas e comestíveis. A semente pode ser utilizada em cosmética, já que se pode extrair óleo dela.
Por volta do final dos anos 1990 o espécime existia no horto da Fazenda Cresciumal de Ruy de Souza Queiroz.
Ximenia americana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Olacaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
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Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Đàn hương (Santalales) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Ximenia americana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Olacaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
Ximenia americana L.
Ксимения американская (лат. Ximenia americana) — растение семейства Олаксовые, вид рода Ксимения, произрастающее в тропической Азии, Австралии, Африке, Центральной и Южной Америке.
Это — вечнозелёное дерево высотой до 5 м. Ствол прямостоячий с раскидистыми ветвями. Цвет коры варьирует от тёмно-коричневого до чёрного.
Листья бледно-зелёные, блестящие, овальной или продолговатой формы, до 5 см длиной. Они имеют характерный миндальный запах.
Цветки мелкие, жёлтые, ароматные собраны в пучки по 3, 5 или 7 штук.
Плоды по форме и размеру напоминают сливу. Их цвет варьирует от тёмно-красного или коричневого до ярко-оранжевого. Внутри плод содержит одно семя.
Плоды ксимении американской съедобны и имеют вкус кислых яблок и сливовый аромат. Они употребляются в свежем и маринованном виде.
В странах Азии листья растения употребляются в пищу, как овощ. Однако они содержат синильную кислоту, поэтому перед употреблением должны быть хорошо сварены. Их также нельзя есть в больших количествах.
Семена содержат около 65% жирного невысыхающего масла, используемого в пищевых и технических целях.
Душистая кора применяется для отпугивания насекомых. В ней содержится также до 17% танидов. Древесина легко поддаётся обработке.
Ксимения американская (лат. Ximenia americana) — растение семейства Олаксовые, вид рода Ксимения, произрастающее в тропической Азии, Австралии, Африке, Центральной и Южной Америке.
海檀木（学名：Ximenia americana）为铁青树科海檀木属下的一个种。
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