Background
Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is an invasive herb that has spread throughout much of the United States over the past 150 years, becoming one of the worst invaders of forests in the American Northeast and Midwest. While it is usually found in the undergrowth of disturbed woodlots and forest edges, recent findings have shown that garlic mustard has the ability to establish and spread even in pristine areas. This spread has allowed it to become the dominant plant in the undergrowth of some forests, greatly reducing the diversity of all species. Garlic mustard is one of very few non-native plants to be able to successfully invade forest understories.
Biology
Garlic mustard has a biennial life cycle, that is, it takes two years to fully mature and produce seeds. Seeds germinate in February to early March of the first year and grow into a short rosette by the middle of the summer. In the plant's second year, a stalk develops, flowers form, and the plant dies by June. Siliques, four-sided seedpods, develop in May, containing small black seeds lined up in a row. On average, a garlic mustard plant will produce 22 siliques, each of which can contain as many as 28 seeds. A particularly vigorous plant may produce as many as 7,900 seeds (Nuzzo, 1993) although the average is more likely to be in the 600 seed range. The seeds generally germinate within one to two years, but may remain viable for up to five years in the seed bank. Seed dispersal is mainly by humans or wildlife carrying the seeds.
Characteristics and Identification
Identification of first year plants can be difficult; the task is made easier by smelling the garlic odor produced when the leaves of the plant are crushed. The basal leaves of an immature plant are dark-green and kidney shaped with round teeth (scalloped) along the edges; average size of the leaves is 6 to 10 cm in diameter. The petiole, or leaf stalk, of first year plants are 1 to 5 cm long. In its second year, the alternating stem leaves become more triangular shaped, 1 to 5 cm long, and have sharper teeth, with leaves becoming gradually smaller towards the top of the stalk. Leaf stalks of mature plants are hairy. As with the younger plants, second year plants have a garlic odor when crushed but the odor is less obvious with increasing age.
Garlic mustard flowers arrive in early April and die by June. Flowers develop on an unbranched (occasionally weakly branched) stalk and have 4 small white petals arranged symmetrically. Flowers are approximately 6 to 7 mm in diameter with 3 to 6 mm petals. Individual flowers contains six stamens, two shorter and four longer. Mature flowering plants reach 3.5 feet tall, although shorter flowering specimens may be found.
Impacts
Garlic mustard is a non-native species originating from Europe and parts of Asia. It is believed that garlic mustard was introduced into North America for medicinal purposes and food. The earliest known report of it growing in the United States dates back to 1868 on Long Island, NY. It has since spread throughout the eastern United States and Canada as far west as Washington, Utah, and British Columbia.
Garlic mustard has the potential to form dense stands that choke out native plants in the understory by controlling light, water, and nutrient resources. Plants most affected by these dense stands are herbaceous species that occur in similar moist soil forest habitats and grow during the spring and early summer season. Although unsupported by the lack of long-term research into garlic mustard impacts, the plant has been circumstantially tied to decreased native herbaceous species richness in invaded forests. Researchers have found that garlic mustard is allelopathic (it releases chemicals that hinder the growth of other plant species) and has inhibited growth of both grasses and herbs in laboratory settings (Michigan State University, 2008). Some researchers also believe that these compounds may hinder the beneficial relationships some plant species have with soil fungi (Roberts and Anderson, 2001). Experimental trials have shown that removal of garlic mustard leads to increased diversity of other species, including annuals and tree seedlings (MSU, 2008).
Other aspects of the forest ecosystem may be altered due to the change in the vegetative community tied to garlic mustard invasion. While the impacts to wildlife are not completely understood, altering the plant diversity can cause a change in leaf litter availability, potentially impacting salamanders and mollusks (MSU, 2008). Insects, including some butterflies, may be affected through the lost diversity in plants and loss of suitable egg-laying substrate (MSU, 2008). Garlic mustard may also affect the tree composition by creating a selective barrier that some seedlings, such as the chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), may not be able to overcome (MSU, 2008). These changes in tree composition could have significant long-term effects.
Prevention, Control and Management
There are few effective natural enemies of garlic mustard in North America. Herbivores, or animals that eat plant material, such as deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) only remove up to 2% of the leaf area in a stand of garlic mustard (Evans et al. 2005). This level of herbivory is ineffective in controlling reproduction or survival of garlic mustard. Although 69 herbivorous insects have been found to be associated with garlic mustard in Europe, less than a dozen have been found on North American infestations of the species (Hinz and Gerber, 1998).
Manual removal of plant has been shown to prevent the spread of garlic mustard. Pulling by hand must remove at least the upper half of the root to prevent a new stalk from forming; this is most easily accomplished in the spring when the soil is soft. Hand-pulling should be performed before seeds are formed and needs to be continued for up to five years in order to deplete any established seed bank. This method works best in smaller pockets of invasion or in areas recently invaded to help prevent the development of a seed bank.
Chemical applications can also be effective for controlling garlic mustard, particularly in areas too large for removal by hand. In dense stands where other plant species are not present, a glyphosate-based herbicide such as Roundup® can be an effective method for removal. Glyphosate herbicides are non-selective, so caution must be used when non-target species are in the area. Chemical applications are most affective during the spring (March-April) when garlic mustard is one of the few plants actively growing. Fall applications may be used; however other plant species still in their growing season may be harmed. Readers are advised to check with local regulatory agencies to determine the regulations involved with chemical treatments.
The best method for controlling garlic mustard, or any other invasive plant, is to prevent its establishment. Disturbances in the forest understory that would allow for rapid invasion should be minimized. This would include limiting foot traffic, grazing, and erosion-causing activities. Monitoring the forest understory and removing any garlic mustard plants as soon as they are introduced will help to prevent the establishment and spread of this invader.
There is some indication that garlic mustard is capable of sprouting following
fire, but several questions remain. To what extent is postfire sprouting in
garlic mustard influenced by fire severity? What, if any, physiological
conditions promote or constrain postfire root crown sprouting? To what extent are
resprouting plants successful at producing seed?
Nuzzo and others [54] reported that a fall burn in a central Illinois black oak forest
removed 79% of the litter layer, and very few adult garlic mustard plants were encountered in
these plots the following spring. Conversely, many garlic mustard plants resprouted following
a mid-spring burn at the same site that resulted in removal of only 32% of the litter layer.
Spring burn plots retained a damp 0.4- to 0.8-inch (1-2 cm) layer of litter which
seems to have protected the root crowns of top-killed plants, fostering survival via sprouting
of multiple secondary shoots from adventitious buds located just below the soil surface [54].
Hintz [30] conducted a late-March prescribed burn in a mesic upland oak-hickory
forest in northern Illinois. Garlic mustard established following the fire,
although it is unclear whether these were sprouting burned plants or new spring
seedlings. The burn was conducted near the time when seedling emergence might be expected,
leaving some question as to which life-cycle stage was observed to be "sprouting".
There is reference to "very little" garlic mustard producing seed that summer,
intimating that at least some adult plants were present both prior to and after the fire.
Luken and Shea [41] conducted a prescribed fire experiment in a northern
Kentucky mesic deciduous forest in which they showed that garlic mustard plants
could be removed by a fall burn. Yet it was also apparent from this experiment that populations
can persist following even repeated burns. Garlic mustard remained the dominant species in the
herb layer of both burned and unburned plots through 3 seasons of fall burning,
and beyond. The authors proposed 3 possible explanations. First, persistence of individual garlic
mustard plants immediately following fire may result from the patchy nature of many understory
or mixed-severity burns. Under such conditions some extant plants may escape damage, and because
of its ability to self-pollinate [3,15,17], the survival of a single plant may be sufficient to
perpetuate a population. Second, the data of Luken and Shea [41] showed that burning resulted in
higher densities of flowering stems compared with control plots. They speculated this as being
due to either resprouting or release from competition. No observations of sprouting were reported.
Third, even if all plants are killed, the existing seed bank may remain viable for several years
[7,14], requiring subsequent annual burns to completely eradicate the population.
The Research Paper by Bowles and others 2007 provides information on postfire responses of several plant species, including garlic mustard, that was not available when this species review was originally written.
Garlic mustard is an established, cool-season, monocarpic, taprooted, herbaceous biennial [6,15,26,31,49,61] or occasional winter annual [15,31,61]. The common name is derived from the scent of garlic, which is noticeably exuded by its aboveground plant parts, especially foliage [15,31,73,82,86].
Seedlings develop into rosettes 0.8-4 inches (2-10 cm) in diameter during the 1st growing season. Mature plants produce erect flowering stems up to 4.13 feet (1.25 m) high [15]. Each rosette usually produces a single flowering stem, although multiple stems from a single rosette occur occasionally [41]. Flowers are borne in racemes, with fully expanded corollas 0.12-0.48 inches (3-12 mm) across [6,15,17,26,27,61,68,73,74,82,86]. Average plant biomass is quite variable within a habitat, between habitats, or between generations within the same habitat, and is strongly influenced by light. Plants grown under higher irradiance levels typically produce greater biomass per plant [3].
Seeds are produced in pods (siliques) up to 6 inches (15 cm) in length [15,27,31,74,82]. Fully developed siliques typically contain 12-19 seeds, and the number of siliques per plant can vary greatly from 1 to more than 200 [74]. Seeds are oblong to nearly cylindrical [15,61] and about 0.12 inch (3 mm) long [27,31,61].
Fire Adaptations: Although garlic mustard plants are readily top-killed when exposed to fire, they may ultimately survive by sprouting from the root crown [54]. Ecological conditions that permit sprouting are not well understood and it is unclear to what extent resprouted plants are capable of producing viable seed (see Fire Effects section of this summary).
At the population level, garlic mustard may be adapted to perpetuate itself in mixed-severity or low-severity surface FIRE REGIMES, although this has not been quantified. Even though individual plants may be killed by fire, postfire conditions may be favorable for rapid population expansion because of increases in the area of disturbed habitat and, depending on the extant community, temporary reductions in interspecific competition. Additionally, garlic mustard seed banks may facilitate rapid recolonization of disturbed areas [14]. For example, 3 consecutive years of prescribed burning in a central Illinois black oak forest, which were described as "hot and fast" with flame lengths to 4 feet (1.2 m), failed to eradicate garlic mustard populations. This was attributable, in part, to the protection afforded a small number of plants by refugia such as the lee of a downed log or an area of damp litter [54]. The ability of individual plants to escape mortality will depend upon fire severity and the heterogeneity of the fire landscape.
Fuels: Although it has been demonstrated that fire can top-kill garlic mustard (see IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT), it is also apparent that garlic mustard plants can be difficult to ignite. Nuzzo [49] noted that low fuel loads, coupled with abundant green garlic mustard plants, "which on occasion literally extinguished fires", made it difficult to achieve prescribed fire objectives.
FIRE REGIMES: Garlic mustard may be found within understory surface, stand-replacement, mixed-severity fire, and nonFIRE REGIMES [13]. Because garlic mustard has become established only relatively recently in most areas in North America, and because natural FIRE REGIMES have been substantially altered in many of these areas, predicting the response of garlic mustard to any particular fire regime is speculative. In some areas colonized by garlic mustard, estimated mean fire return intervals may be longer than the time in which garlic mustard has been present. As natural areas and preserve managers reintroduce fire into locations where natural and anthropogenic fire has been suppressed in recent times, the response of this and many other species may become better understood. Those who intend to reintroduce fire where it has been absent for a substantial period are encouraged to plan and implement research and monitoring programs and share their findings.
Fire return intervals of some of the plant communities in which garlic mustard occurs are summarized below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) maple-beech-birch Acer-Fagus-Betula > 1000 silver maple-American elm A. saccharinum-Ulmus americana sugar maple A. saccharinum > 1000 sugar maple-basswood A. saccharinum-Tilia americana > 1000 [83] bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 37,58] sugarberry-America elm-green ash Celtis laevigata-U. americana- Fraxinus pennsylvanica beech-sugar maple Fagus spp.-A. saccharum > 1000 black ash Fraxinus nigra 83] tamarack Larix laricina 35-200 [58] yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera eastern white pine-northern red oak-red maple Pinus strobus-Quercus rubra-A. rubrum 35-200 Virginia pine-oak P. virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to sycamore-sweetgum-American elm Platanus occidentalis-Liquidambar styraciflua-U. americana 83] eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 58] aspen-birch P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera 35-200 [21,83] black cherry-sugar maple Prunus serotina-A. saccharum > 1000 oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. northeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. 10 to southeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. white oak-black oak-northern red oak Q. alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra northern pin oak Q. ellipsoidalis bur oak Q. macrocarpa 83] oak savanna Q. macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [58,83] chestnut oak Q. prinus 3-8 northern red oak Q. rubra 10 to post oak-blackjack oak Q. stellata-Q. marilandica black oak Q. velutina 83] elm-ash-cottonwood Ulmus-Fraxinus-Populus spp. 21,83]Garlic mustard has a wide tolerance of environmental conditions for growth and reproduction, including moisture regimes ranging from periodically flooded areas to dry sand forest [15,42], light environments ranging from open fields to shaded forest interior [12,14], and a range of various soil characteristics including texture [14,15,57], nutrient level [14], organic matter content [14,15], and pH [4,14]. It is apparently not found on acid soils in Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, or the Canadian Shield region [15], and is absent from undrained peat and muck soils [49].
Garlic mustard may be less competitive in areas with low soil pH, as evidenced by an experiment demonstrating a significant positive correlation (r = 0.98; p < 0.001) between plant dry weight and soil pH. This has been hypothesized as a contributing factor in the limited colonization of garlic mustard in the southern third of Illinois, where soils are more acidic than in the more heavily colonized central and northern sections of the state [4]. Inhibition of garlic mustard by acidic soils may explain its apparent absence from conifer-dominated communities [66].
Garlic mustard appears to favor shaded sites [50], and is often found in dense groups of nearly pure stands, sometimes covering large areas, particularly under moist shaded conditions such as mature eastern deciduous woodlands. In drier or more open areas plants increase allocation to fruit production, perhaps in response to observed declines in seed weight, seed germination, and seedling survivorship [14,46]. While biomass production may be greatest under full sun [15], and garlic mustard plants can also be found under dense shade, they are most commonly found in woodland understories with partial shade and are probably less invasive under extreme conditions of light or shade [49]. Nuzzo [50] describes typical habitat in Illinois as mesic upland or floodplain forest, usually shaded, and often associated with some type of disturbance. Despite its apparent affinity for moist shaded environments, garlic mustard is not tolerant of growing season inundation, which may limit its ability to invade wetland communities [49].
Most populations of garlic mustard appear to be connected to some form of disturbance [14,49]. Garlic mustard is often associated with anthropogenic disturbance such as trails, roads, or railroads [49,50], and less commonly, in farm fields and gardens [50]. Garlic mustard is sometimes linked to naturally disturbed habitats such as floodplains and riverbanks, where the combination of flooding as a dispersal agent and moist, shaded conditions may promote invasion [46]. Garlic mustard was invasive in relatively undisturbed woodlands in central Illinois. Establishment was thought to occur where small-scale anthropogenic and natural disturbance removed competing vegetation, such as areas browsed by white-tailed deer [3].
Experiments examining mechanisms that link disturbance and garlic mustard occurrence and spread are scarce. One study showed that disturbance of soil in a young hardwood forest in northern Kentucky resulted in lowered garlic mustard densities compared to undisturbed plots [39]. An experiment in a southwestern Ohio deciduous forest examined the effects of small-scale litter disturbance on garlic mustard invasiveness. There were no differences (p = 0.7184) in garlic mustard germination, rosette survival, growth, or reproduction among total litter removal, partial litter removal, and control treatments, indicating forest floor disturbance alone may not be a prerequisite for invasion [46].
More research is needed to help understand factors that influence garlic mustard invasiveness and habitat invasibility, particularly for the role of disturbance. In particular, questions involving which life history traits are affected by disturbance seem most appropriate. Experiments that separate disturbance-mediated dispersal from other interactions between disturbance and garlic mustard invasiveness might provide important insights leading to more effective management prescriptions.
Impacts: The control of garlic mustard may be desirable to undisturbed deciduous forests of the eastern and midwestern United States and southern Ontario [3,15,17,49,55]. In forested natural areas, garlic mustard has the potential to dominate the herb layer [41,52,56,91]. Invasion of mature eastern deciduous forests by garlic mustard is notable because these habitats were thought to be relatively resistant to nonindigenous plant invasion, particularly by herbaceous species [43,45,55,56]. From the results of a greenhouse study examining the competitive potential of garlic mustard, Meekins and McCarthy [45] postulated that competition for light within dense garlic mustard stands might inhibit oak regeneration in the understory of eastern deciduous woodlands. However, this same study failed to show greater levels of interspecific competition among garlic mustard, jewelweed, and box elder, 2 potential understory associates.
McCarthy [43] demonstrated removal of garlic mustard from a deciduous forest understory resulted in increased richness and abundance of understory species, especially annuals and woody perennials. Garlic mustard may be particularly detrimental to native spring ephemerals in eastern deciduous forest understories [15]. McCarthy [43] failed to demonstrate a link between the magnitude of garlic mustard infestation and native species diversity. Removal experiments, while providing some insight into possible effects of nonindigenous plant invaders, may be inherently limited in their ability to reflect impacts of invasives on preinvasion communities [84]. Limited and conflicting evidence surrounding the assumption that garlic mustard infestation necessarily results in reduced richness and cover of native herbaceous species points out the critical need for more research in this area.
The allelopathic potential of garlic mustard has received some study, with mixed results. McCarthy and Hanson [44] found little evidence of allelopathic effects of garlic mustard on several plant species studied. They attributed the success of garlic mustard invasiveness strictly to its competitive abilities. Other evidence indicates at least the possibility for allelopathic interference between garlic mustard and neighboring herbaceous plants, as well as the possibility for toxicity against mycorrhizal fungi [35,80]. Roberts and Anderson [64] found a significant negative correlation (r2 = 0.29; P< 0.05) between garlic mustard density in the field and the mycorrhizal inoculum potential of the soil. McCarthy [43] found garlic mustard inhibited establishment of seedlings of other species, yet no quantitative relationship could be discerned between garlic mustard biomass and native species diversity. This finding suggests that the mere presence of garlic mustard depresses native diversity, perhaps an allelopathic effect. Further research is needed to a) determine what mechanisms, if any, are responsible for garlic mustard allelopathy, and b) sort out the relative effects of allelopathy vs. resource competition in interactions between garlic mustard and native plants.
Control: The biology of garlic mustard presents significant challenges to its control because it simultaneously possesses characteristics of native forest herbs such as shade tolerance and relatively large seeds, as well as characteristics often ascribed to weeds such as xenogamy and autogamy, and high seed production and germination under a range of environmental conditions. It is also not impacted by its native herbivores and parasites [3,5,17,44]. While garlic mustard invades relatively undisturbed woodlands, invasion may be expedited by natural and anthropogenic disturbance that removes competing native vegetation. Once garlic mustard becomes established, further dispersal and perpetuation within a particular habitat may require little to no further disturbance [46,55].
Deciduous forest fragments that are isolated in an otherwise predominantly agricultural landscape may be more resistant to garlic mustard invasion, due to limited seed sources and inhibitive dispersal distances [12]. However, in areas with large populations of white-tailed deer, even these insular forest remnants may become colonized by garlic mustard.
As with most invasive plants, deterrence is the most effective strategy against garlic mustard. This includes annual monitoring and removal of all invading plants prior to seed production. Garlic mustard is prolific partly because of its ability to self-pollinate. A single individual can produce large numbers of genetically similar but interfertile progeny, which in turn may colonize even small, local microsite disturbances, leading to a potential garlic mustard outbreak. Allaying invasion may require reducing habitat perturbation in susceptible areas and promoting the health of native plant communities [3].
Garlic mustard population densities may oscillate widely from year to year [56]. Its biennial nature and its seed banking propensity can lead to occasions in which dense stands of garlic mustard appear where none were apparent the year before, and then seemingly disappear the following year only to reappear yet again in subsequent seasons. Further, in years where rosettes are apparently sparse and may evade detection, those monitoring such sites may easily but falsely conclude that garlic mustard is absent. In previously infested areas or areas of suspected susceptibility, careful annual monitoring may be the only way to ensure that garlic mustard is indeed absent from the site.
Once garlic mustard appears within an area, management activities should focus on preventing seed production. While most seeds of garlic mustard tend to germinate during the 1st or 2nd spring following their production, a small number of seeds remain within the seed bank and may germinate over the next several years. Because garlic mustard seed banks may remain viable for up to 6 years, long-term control for a particular stand requires vigilant attention for several consecutive seasons [3,7,14,49]. Even after successful management leads to the apparent absence of garlic mustard, continued periodic monitoring is prudent. A method for destroying seeds of garlic mustard in the soil that would not harm seeds of other species has not been determined [7].
Because of the biennial life-history strategy of garlic mustard, eradication treatments conducted during spring, after seedlings have germinated and before adults can produce viable seed, have the advantage of affecting 2 generations simultaneously [49]. Ideally, this maximizes the kill of new germinants and seedlings, as well as prevents seed production in adults. Since natural mortality is greatest at the seedling stage garlic mustard may be most vulnerable to control efforts during this time [20]. One potential downside to this strategy is that delaying treatment too late into spring risks unwanted effects on native spring emergents.
An alternative approach is to delay management activities until after the 1st growing season to take advantage of significant natural mortality of rosettes. First year garlic mustard mortality at a site in northern Illinois was estimated at greater than 95% between April and November [51]. This strategy may be especially prudent when the control method requires intensive labor, such as cutting or hand-pulling plants, if minimizing quantities of applied chemicals is desired, or simply if costs of more intensive management activities are prohibitive.
Control of garlic mustard has been tested using several different methods. Since a single control method is rarely 100% effective, a combination of more than 1 may often be a useful strategy. Regardless of methodology, treatments for eradication of garlic mustard must be applied over the entire area of infestation to prevent seed production.
Manual or Mechanical Removal: Pulling entire plants may be an effective method for control of garlic mustard. Care should be taken to remove as much of the root system as possible, to reduce resprouting potential. Pulling can cause soil disturbance and redistribute seeds stored within the upper soil horizons. This problem may be mitigated by thoroughly tamping disturbed soil after pulling. Generally speaking, cutting results in fewer disturbances than pulling. However, pulling may be done at any time during the plant lifecycle, while cutting must be performed during the 2nd growing season while the flowering stem is elongating. Due to the labor-intensive nature of cutting and pulling plants, these practices may only be practical in small or lightly infested areas, especially where burning or herbicide application is inadvisable [49,56]. Hand removal may be most useful for preventing establishment of new garlic mustard colonies in previously uninfested areas [43].
Control may be accomplished by cutting flowering stems, i.e. using sickles, clippers, or string trimmers, prior to seed production and dissemination. Cutting as close to ground level as possible appears to be most effective. Nuzzo [49] found that cutting at ground level killed 99% of plants and resulted in virtually no seed production, while cutting at 4 inches (10 cm) resulted in 71% mortality and 98% lower total seed production. Mortality was 6% in control plants during the 3-month study period. Cutting plants prior to full flowering or the onset of seed development may result in production of additional flowering stems from buds located on the root crown [56]. However, waiting until after plants have finished flowering risks dissemination of viable seed. Cut or pulled plant material should consequently be removed from the site and destroyed whenever possible to minimize the risk of inadvertently distributing viable seed [56,70].
Mowing may be similar in effect to cutting, but with more possible negative consequences. Mowing of flowering plants may result in regrowth of new flowering shoots, although this response reportedly diminishes as the season progresses [15]. While mowing may be convenient in large, relatively open areas of infestation such as roadsides, this practice may be more problematic than cutting, as described above. Mowing may promote seed dispersal and is more likely to be indiscriminate regarding which plant species are destroyed. Mowing equipment may also create more disturbed habitat that is likely to be recolonized by garlic mustard [56].
Prescribed Fire: In areas with a fire-tolerant native flora, frequent prescribed burning may deter garlic mustard invasion by both directly killing invading plants, and perhaps in some areas by enhancing growth of native herbaceous competitors and thereby reducing habitat for garlic mustard colonization [49,88]. For more information about using prescribed fire as a management tool to control garlic mustard, see the Fire Management Considerations section of this summary.
Chemical Control: Chemical control of invasive plants such as garlic mustard can be effective, particularly against large areas of infestation or dense monotypic colonies, and especially when considered within the context of an integrated management plan [47,49]. This report briefly examines the effectiveness of selected chemicals for controlling garlic mustard, some issues involved in the timing of application, and potential effects on native plant communities. Use of herbicides in natural areas should be cautiously considered, and appropriate education and training should be sought before proceeding. Particular caution should be exercised with the use of Bentazon or Acifluorfen. Bentazon is very soluble in water and does not bind to soil well, leading to potential groundwater contamination problems. Acifluorfen is toxic to fish, is moderately persistent in soil and kills native grasses and herbs, and can cause serious eye injury [79]. For further information regarding the use of herbicides in natural areas for control of this and other invasive plant species, see the Weed Control Methods Handbook [76].
The effectiveness of 2,4-D against garlic mustard is questionable [56]. Use of 2,4-D in mixtures with other chemicals may improve its effectiveness, but scant evidence is available [15,56].
Application of 1% and 2% glyphosate during the dormant season significantly (p < 0.05) reduced adult garlic mustard cover and density in mesic and dry-mesic upland forest and mesic floodplain forest in northern Illinois, but also damaged other species that were green at the time, especially sedges and white avens [53]. Treatment with foliar-applied glyphosate also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced adult densities of garlic mustard, regardless of spring or fall application, in a northern Illinois oak woodland. Seedling frequency in these same plots was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by spring application [49].
Dormant-season application of bentazon was less effective at controlling garlic mustard in northern Illinois mesic deciduous forest, but showed none of the nontarget kill associated with glyphosate. At these same sites, application of acifluorfen during dormant season was highly effective againstgarlic mustard, but also killed most native herbaceous vegetation, which was mainly dormant at the time of application[53].
Use of systemic, nonselective herbicides during the growing season may not be practical in some areas due to deleterious effects on native ground-layer competitors. In these cases, dormant season application may be preferable in order to maintain viable populations of native competitors [49]. Nuzzo [49] found no difference in effect between single herbicide application and twice applied treatment to the same generation of plants (spring and fall of the same year, fall and the following spring, or 2 consecutive springs). It was suggested that management efforts focus on single applications to successive generations of plants. Fall herbicide application may be a prudent option when risk of negatively affecting native spring-emergent herbs exists. Higher garlic mustard rosette densities in fall may require higher volumes of applied herbicide to be effective [51].
Mid-summer application of bentazon reduced garlic mustard cover by 94-96% in previously dense stands of garlic mustard rosettes in northern Illinois. Similar applications of acifluoren were less effective, but still significantly reduced garlic mustard cover by 30-46%. Mortality in control plots over the same period was 15%, and not statistically significant. Chemical control activities conducted during the growing season, as above, might be justified when target species densities overwhelm the native flora [52].
Biological Control: Biological control methods for garlic mustard are not yet developed, but investigations are under way. Several insects that are associated with garlic mustard in its native European habitats are being tested to examine their potential effectiveness as control agents [56]. Fungal pathogens may also have some potential use against garlic mustard. For instance, garlic mustard has shown susceptibility to a fusarium root rot (Fusarium solani) [16].
Use of garlic mustard as a forage species by white-tailed deer is unclear [15,56]. White-tailed deer may avoid grazing garlic mustard in favor of native herbaceous plants, although this has not been empirically tested [3,49,56]. It is likely that white-tailed deer graze a variety of understory herb species in areas typically susceptible to garlic mustard invasion, and can have a dramatic negative impact on some native herb populations [1]. Deer grazing of native herbaceous plants may enhance garlic mustard at the expense of native species by providing small-scale soil disturbance and by reducing interspecific competition. White-tailed deer may provide small-scale disturbances suitable for garlic mustard colonization within forested areas by trampling and exposing soil. In addition, selective herbivory may enhance garlic mustard at the expense of the preferred native species [3,49,56].
Garlic mustard may be deleterious to some species of butterfly. Adults of several butterfly species lay eggs on garlic mustard instead of their native plant hosts. Because larval development on garlic mustard is often fatally inhibited, this can result in garlic mustard acting as a population sink for these butterfly species, a particularly perilous problem for rare species such as the West Virginia white butterfly (Pieris virginiensis) [10,56,59].
Pollination: Garlic mustard is capable of self-pollinization, as well as cross-fertilization [3,15,17]: both seem equivalent in effectiveness. Self-pollination often takes place before flowers open [3], although variation in this ability may exist between populations [3,17]. Cross-pollination has been observed to occur via generalist insect pollinators, providing a high likelihood of pollination wherever garlic mustard occurs [3,15,17].
Seed production: Because a large percentage of flowers typically set fruit, and most ovules develop seeds, garlic mustard is a prodigious seed producer [17]. Seed production varies between and within sites and between years, but under shaded, moist (apparently favorable) conditions, dense stands may produce > 100,000 seeds/m2 [14,15]. Seed production in Ohio ranged from 165 to 868 seeds/plant, depending on habitat and population density [74]. The number of seeds per silique in a southern Ontario study varied from 6 to 22 with an average of 16. The number of siliques varied greatly, from 1 or 2 on small plants to up to 150 per plant [15]. Seed production in several states was:
Estimated Seed Production (seeds/m2) Location 15,000 Central Illinois [3] 19,060 - 38,025 Ohio [74] 19,800 - 107,580 Southern Ontario [15] 30,689 - 45,018 New Jersey [14] 10,000 Northern Illinois [49]
Seed dispersal: In forested areas, garlic mustard is typically 1st seen along trails and streams, and can quickly spread via seeds throughout the forest within a few generations [7]. Seeds generally fall within a few meters of the plant [50,74], and may be ballistically dispelled from siliques [49]. Wind dispersal is doubtful. Seeds stick together when damp and adhere readily to small soil clusters [15]. Seed dispersal rates may accelerate along river corridors [46,50], although there are conflicting reports regarding the ability of seeds to float [15,74]. Humans may also spread seeds. Garlic mustard often invades natural areas along roads and trails, purportedly via seed transport on muddy boots or pant cuffs. Seed dispersal may also be facilitated by roadside mowing, as well as on mud-encrusted automobile tires [50]. Animals, especially white-tailed deer, may promote seed dispersal and spread of garlic mustard. Deer are thought to provide an important seed dispersal vector over short distances by transporting seeds in their fur, although this has not been tested as of this writing [3,15]. Foraging deer may create microsite disturbances favorable to garlic mustard dispersal by mixing mineral soil and garlic mustard seeds [49].
Germination: Seeds of garlic mustard require cold stratification before they can germinate, with 1 season's overwintering usually sufficient to break dormancy at most North American locations [7]. An additional year of dormancy was reportedly required prior to germination in southern Ontario [15], and this lengthier dormancy period may be required in other northern locations [55,70]. Germination often occurs in early spring and can occur at temperatures approaching 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 °C) [7,63]. Low-temperature germination is ecologically important because garlic mustard seedlings incur a competitive advantage by being the 1st germinants of the season [7,45].
Seed banking: Garlic mustard produces small but potentially important seed banks. Seed viability has been shown to drop off substantially after the 1st growing season following stratification, indicating seed banks of garlic mustard are relatively short lived [7,63]. In a study of garlic mustard seed biology, roughly 88% of seeds that germinated did so during the 1st spring following production [7]. In a study comparing garlic mustard populations from contrasting habitats in New Jersey, 3 out of 4 populations were found to maintain a seed bank. The 4th population was located in a seasonal floodplain where flooding actions were thought to either remove the seedbank or produce a patchy distribution that was difficult to sample [14].
A small percentage of seeds may remain viable for 4-6 years [7,15,63]. Because garlic mustard is a prodigious seed producer, elimination of a single season's crop may not suffice to eradicate the species from an area because germination and survival of only a few individuals in subsequent years may quickly lead to repopulation at or near previous levels [7].
Seedling establishment/growth: Garlic mustard seedlings emerge in early spring, just before or simultaneous with germination of native spring ephemerals [49]. They establish during periods of relatively high light availability in the forest understory prior to canopy leaf-out, typically with reduced interspecific competition and drought potential [7,15,45]. Greatest mortality rates occur in spring during the seedling stage [15]. Seedling mortality can vary substantially, often depending on moisture availability [14]. Initial seedling density may be very high (20,000 seedlings/m 2) [49,74]. In reports where natural spring seedling densities were approximately 3,100 to 5,600/m2, only about 1% to 16% survived to produce flowers the following year [14,15]. Two consecutive cohorts retained similar numbers of mature flowering plants during their 2nd spring, despite having initial seedling densities differing by more than 100% [3].
Asexual regeneration: Garlic mustard spreads exclusively by seeds, with no reports of vegetative reproduction [15,74].
Garlic mustard occurs in communities that represent a wide range of successional stages, from prairie openings to understories of mature, shade-tolerant eastern hardwood forests. While garlic mustard colonizes a variety of sites, it is often mentioned with particular concern to invasiveness in the herb layer of mature eastern deciduous forests, since these communities were thought to be somewhat resistant to invasion by nonindigenous plants (see Impacts and Control). In some areas of eastern deciduous forest, dense garlic mustard stands may inhibit recruitment of woody seedlings, perhaps altering successional trajectories [45].
The ability of garlic mustard to invade and compete in habitats with light environments ranging from partial to deep shade may be due to its ability to acclimate to variation in irradiance [2,15]. Despite substantial plasticity in photosynthetic response to variation in irradiance, photosynthetic rates of garlic mustard at high light levels lag behind those of species typically found in unshaded environments, inhibiting the competitiveness of garlic mustard under these conditions [20]. Nevertheless, the ability of the species to acclimate to a wide range of light environments almost certainly contributes to its ubiquitous and invasive nature [2].
Garlic mustard is often mentioned in association with oak savannah communities which, when viewed from the context of fire as the determinant of successional trajectory, represent a transitional state between grassland and forest. For example, garlic mustard was present mainly in areas of lower ambient light levels in a northern Illinois oak savanna remnant, invading where reduced fire frequency resulted in increased tree canopy cover [11]. Because the presence of garlic mustard may inhibit the ability of a forest understory to carry surface fire [49], invasion of garlic mustard could potentially accelerate succession in these oak savannas by further suppressing fire.
La aliaria, Alliaria petiolata, ye una especie de planta fanerógames perteneciente a la familia Brassicaceae. Ye natural de toa Europa y Asia occidental hasta la India onde crez en terrenes frescos y avesíos.
Planta d'ente 30 a 90 cm d'altor, forma carbaes y sebes en llugares frescos y visiegos. El nome génerico alliaria, que s'asemeya a allium, referir al potente golor a ayu qu'esprenden les fueyes al estregales.
Les fueyes son irguíes, triangulares o acorazonaes d'unos 10 a 15 cm de llargu (de los cualos alredor de la metá del tamañu ta formáu pol peciolu) y de 2 a 6 cm d'anchu, con márxenes toscamente dentaos. Nos especímenes biañales, les plantes del primer añu formen una roseta de fueyes verdes cerca del suelu; estes rosetes caltiénense verdes mientres tol iviernu floriando la primavera siguiente. Les añales florien y completen el so ciclu vital mientres el primer añu. Les flores apaecen en primavera y seronda formando recímanos con apariencia de botón. Cada flor ye blanca y pequeña con cuatro pétalos d'unos 4 a 8 mm de llargu y 2-3 d'anchu en forma de cruz. El frutu ye una vaina verde, erecta y delgada de cuatro láu de 2 a 7 cm de llongura llamada silicua, al maurecer torna al gris amarronáu maciu. Contién dos fileres de pequeñes y brilloses granes negres que son lliberaes al rompese la vaina. Una sola planta puede producir cientos de granes que se tremen a dellos metro de llantar madre. Dependiendo de les condiciones, la yerba d'ayu se autopoliniza o ye polinizada por distintes clases d'inseutos. Les granes autofertilizaes son genéticamente idéntiques a llantar madre, lo qu'amonta la posibilidá de que puedan colonizar una zona.La dispersión a llargues distancies ye más probable debida a la intervención humana o la fauna selvaxe del llugar, yá qu'anque pudieren ser tresportaes pel agua nun llexen bien y la dispersión anemófila (pol vientu) ye bona.
Estender por Europa, dende la Península Ibérica a les Islles Britániques y el norte d'Escandinavia, Asia occidental y central, África noroccidental, la zona norte y nordés de la India y la China occidental (Xinjiang).
Aliaria debe'l so nome al fuerte golor a ayu qu'esprende, cuantimás cuando s'esgaña. Na antigüedá preparar en mueyos al igual que l'ayu.
Ye estimulante, diuréticu, sudoríparu, antiescorbútico, anticatarral, vermífugo, antiasmático, antisépticu, vulnerario, detersivo, expectorante. Usóse pa la cura del asma, el fervinchu de fueyes escaldiaes o'l cocimientu de fueyes maceraes n'aceite. Internamente, en fervinchu y cocimientu pa para fories ya inflamaciones intestinales, tamién pa esaniciar parásitos intestinales. Como llavativa pa enfermedaes vaxinales infeicioses. El polvu de granes esmagayaes, aspiráu pela ñariz o inxeríu, usar en desvanecimientos, crisis d'epilepsia y tiemblos. El zusmiu de les fueyes fresques o les compreses de granes esmagayaes dan bien bones resultaos n'afecciones de la piel.[2][1]
Otros usos: les fueyes tienres utilizar en ensalada, dan el gustu del ayu. D'antiguo usóse pa llograr un tinte mariellu.[1]
Alliaria petiolata describióse por (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande y espublizóse en Bulletino dell' Orto Botanico della Regia Università de Napoli 3: 418. 1913.[3]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. La aliaria, Alliaria petiolata, ye una especie de planta fanerógames perteneciente a la familia Brassicaceae. Ye natural de toa Europa y Asia occidental hasta la India onde crez en terrenes frescos y avesíos.
L'al·liària (Alliaria petiolata) és una planta herbàcia biennal amb flor. Forma part de la família Brassicaceae. El primer any no té flor, i el segon any floreix a la primavera. És nadiua d'Europa, Àsia occidental i central, i nord d'Àfrica, des del Marroc, península Ibèrica, Illes Britàniques i Escandinàvia, fins al nord de l'Índia i l’oest de la Xina.
És una planta herbàcia biennal. Algunes fonts indiquen que pot també ser perenne,[1] o també anual. El primer any fa una mata de fulles baixes, i no floreix. El segon any fa unes flors blanques, i unes tiges que fan 30-100 cm.
Arrel napiforme de color blanc i més aviat prima.
Fulles cordades i dentades.
Les flors individuals tenen quatre pètals de 4-8 mm de llarg i 2-3 mm d’ample, formant una creu. S’agrupen en inflorescències com les del raïm.
El fruit n'és una càpsula síliqua de 4-5,5 cm de llarg, i conté dues files de petites llavors negres lluents, que es desprenen quan la càpsula s’obre. Cada planta produeix centenars de llavors.
Espècie de mitja ombra, habita en sòls frescals rics en bases i nitrogen, amb pH proper a la neutralitat; humus de tipus mull eutròfic. Es troba en marges frescos, zones ruderals perimetrals de boscos, boscos tallats i boscos de robínies.[1]
Les fulles poden ser utilitzades per a donar gust d’all a les ensalades o salses. A vegades també se n’inclouen les llavors. A Europa se n'han detectats restes en els fitòlits dels recipients de terrissa on es cuinaven aliments ja des de fa 7.000 anys (neolític), cosa que evidencia que el seu ús com a espècia és molt antic.[2] La grana pot ser-ne un substitut per preparar mostassa negra.
Té propietats diürètiques, antiescorbútiques i desinfectants, que es manifesten quasi exclusivament en la planta fresca. El suc s’obté per picat o premsat i colat. Sobre les nafres poden també aplicar-se'n fulles picades.[3]
L'al·liària (Alliaria petiolata) és una planta herbàcia biennal amb flor. Forma part de la família Brassicaceae. El primer any no té flor, i el segon any floreix a la primavera. És nadiua d'Europa, Àsia occidental i central, i nord d'Àfrica, des del Marroc, península Ibèrica, Illes Britàniques i Escandinàvia, fins al nord de l'Índia i l’oest de la Xina.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Garlleg y berth sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Brassicaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Alliaria petiolata a'r enw Saesneg yw Garlic mustard.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Arfog Arllegog, Garlleg Ferwy, Garlleg Ferwr, Garllegog, Pernel, Troed yr Asyn,Troed yr Asen.
Mae'r dail ar ffurf 'roset' a chaiff y planhigyn ei flodeuo gan wenyn.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Garlleg y berth sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Brassicaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Alliaria petiolata a'r enw Saesneg yw Garlic mustard. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Arfog Arllegog, Garlleg Ferwy, Garlleg Ferwr, Garllegog, Pernel, Troed yr Asyn,Troed yr Asen.
Mae'r dail ar ffurf 'roset' a chaiff y planhigyn ei flodeuo gan wenyn.
Česnáček lékařský (Alliaria petiolata) je vyšší, volně rostoucí plevelná bylina charakteristické vůně po česneku, je jedním ze dvou druhů rodu česnáček.
Česnáček lékařský se vyskytuje v téměř celé Evropě, nevyrůstá pouze v severní části Skandinávie. Směrem na východ je domovem v západní a střední Asii až k himalájskému podhůří. Rozšířil se také do středomořských oblastí Afriky a novodobě i do Severní Ameriky. Nejčastěji je k nalezení na půdách vlhkých a zároveň dobře zásobených živinami. Roste ve světlých lesích a na jejich okrajích, v křovinách a neobdělávaných úhorech, stěhuje se také do blízkosti lidských sídel, do parků, zahrad, na rumiště i komposty. Je to nitrofilní druh, vyhovuje mu vyšší vzdušná vlhkost.
Česnáček lékařský je rostlina poněkud teplomilná, v České republice se proto vyskytuje nejčastěji v nížinných oblastech, do vyšších poloh vystupuje zřídka. V termofytiku a v teplejším mezofytiku je na celém území poměrně hojným, v chladnějším mezofytiku jen roztroušeně a převážně poblíž lidských sídel. Do oreofytika proniká pouze zřídka, nejvýše do 900 m n. m.[2][3][4]
Lodyha této dvouleté nebo krátce vytrvalé rostliny dorůstá do výše 20 až 80 cm, v dobrých přírodních podmínkách je vysoká až 1 m. Bývá nevětvená nebo větvená až v květenství, je slabě hranatě rýhovaná, v dolní části mívá tenké dlouhé chlupy. Po rozemnutí lodyhy, listů nebo po poranění tlustého vřetenovitého kořene s jemnými postranními kořínky vydává česnekové aroma. Má dva druhy listů, ty v přízemní růžici s chlupatými řapíky 5 až 8 cm dlouhými mají lysou listovou čepel ledvinovitého až okrouhlého tvaru dosahující délky až 17 cm, po obvodě jsou zubaté. Sytě zelené lodyžní listy jsou o poznání menší, 3 až 6 cm dlouhé a 3 až 5 cm široké, jejich řapíky mají jen 1 až 2 cm, tvaru jsou trojúhelníkovitě vejčitého s uťatou srdčitou bázi, vrchol mají tupě špičatý, po obvodě jsou vroubkované až hrubě zubaté.
Oboupohlavné květy na krátkých tenkých stopkách (do 4 mm délky) jsou seskupeny do nedlouhých, jednoduchých nebo větvených hroznů. Čtyři kališní lístky úzce vejčitého tvaru a délky 2 až 3,5 mm mají barvu bledě zelenou se světlým lemem. Korunní lístky, také čtyři, jsou podlouhle vejčité, 5 až 6 mm dlouhé, čistě bílé. Šest tyčinek s nitkami o dvou délkách je zakončeno podlouhlými prašníky. Semeník s 5 až 25 vajíčky nese čnělku 2 mm dlouhou s úzkou bliznou. Květy se objevují od dubna do června, opylovány jsou létajícím hmyzem.
Po opylení se stopky květů (plodní stopky) postupně rozšiřují až dosahují tloušťky téměř jako plody, což jsou podlouhlé šešule o délce 3 až 5 cm a tloušťce do 2,5 mm. Ty vyrůstají šikmo až vzpřímeně, na vrcholu jsou zúžené, zakončení jsou vytrvalou čnělkou. Uvnitř šešulí, otvírajících se chlopněmi, jsou v jedné řadě tmavě hnědá semínka až 3,5 mm dlouhá a 1 mm široká s podélně jemně rýhovaným osemením. Semena jsou obvykle rozsévána jen do blízkého okolí.
Česnáček lékařský obsahuje mj. glykosidy sinigrin, allylsulfid, rhodanalyl, alliarin, etérický olej, pektin, beta karoten a kyselinu askorbovou. Po porušení pletiv se uvolňují štiplavé a čpavé isothiokyanáty o kterých se soudí, že mají antikarcinogenní účinky. Chromozómové číslo: 2n = 42.[2][3][5][6][7]
Česnáček lékařský je tradiční léčivou bylinou, dosud se sporadicky užívá v lidovém léčitelství, má antiseptické a hojivé účinky. Zevně se používaly čerstvé listy na nehojící se rány a pro vnitřní užití se z usušené drogy vařily čaje nebo z čerstvé se připravovaly tinktury, sloužily na desinfekci močových cest i proti zánětům plic. Žvýkáním listů se také léčil zánět ústní dutiny a paradentóza. Mladé listy se konzumovaly především čerstvé v zeleninových salátech pro svou pikantnost a vysoký obsah vitamínu C.[3][8]
Listy
Květy
Postupné zrání plodů
Semena
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu česnáček lékařský ve Wikimedia Commons
Česnáček lékařský (Alliaria petiolata) je vyšší, volně rostoucí plevelná bylina charakteristické vůně po česneku, je jedním ze dvou druhů rodu česnáček.
Løgkarse (Alliaria petiolata) er en 20-100 cm høj, to-årig urt med en opret vækst, der gror i muldjord i skove og hegn i hele Danmark. Plantens navn henviser til, at bladene har en kraftig lugt af løg.
I det første år består planten af en lav roset af grønne blade tæt på jorden. Bladrosetten er vintergrøn og udvikler sig først til voksen plante følgende forår.
Andet år vokser planten til en højde af 30-100 cm (sjældent til 130 cm).
Stænglerne er stivhårede forneden, men ellers glatte. Bladene forneden ved roden danner en krans af nyreformede blade med lange stilke. Bladene længere oppe er spredtstillede, trekantet til hjerteformede og med grovtakket rand. Bladene er 10-15 cm lange og 5-9 cm brede. Over- og underside er ensartet græsgrøn. Blomstringen sker i maj-juni. Blomsterne er hvide, 4-tallige blomster, der er samlet i endestillede toppe. De fire kronblade i de enkelte blomster sidder to og to over for hinanden så de danner et lille kors. Kronbladene er 4-8 mm lange og 2-3 mm brede. Frugterne er først grønne, senere lysebrune/-grå skulper med mange, olieholdige små skinnende sorte frø, der sidder i to række og frigives, når skulpen åbnes. En enkelt plante kan producere hundredvis af frø, som kan spredes flere meter fra moderplanten.
Roden er en tynd hvid pælerod, der gror dybt. Roden lugter ligesom peberrod. Højde x bredde: 100 x 25 cm.
Løgkarse er hjemmehørende i Danmark, hvor den egentlig er knyttet til skovbunden, men den trives også fint i hegn og krat, ja sågar på mure og vejkanter, i haver og på opgivne pladser (ruderater). Den findes ofte i selskab med Stor Nælde og andre indikatorarter for kvælstof.
Planten vokser naturligt i Europa, Vest- og Centralasien, Nordvestafrika, fra Marokko over Spanien og det nordlige Skandinavien til Nordindien og det vestlige Kina (Xinjiang). Planten blev i 1860'erne indført til USA som krydderurt og er nu en invasiv art over store dele af USA[1].
Hele planten lugter og smager af hvidløg, hvis man skader den.
Planten har været brugt som lægeplante siden Middelalderen. Tidligere i medicin ved
Planten anvendes næppe længere som lægeplante.
Løgkarse indeholder følgende stoffer:
Løgkarse er den første krydderiplante i historien, som man har kendskab til, idet den brugtes af befolkningen i Danmark for 5.900 til 6.200 år siden (Stenø og Åkonge på Vestsjælland). De ældste spor af krydderiet er fundet på indersiden af lerpotter og lerkar anvendt i stenalderkøkkenet. Spor af krydderiet er også fundet på en stenalderboplads ved Neustadt i Slesvig-Holsten. Alle spor hidrører fra Ertebølle-kulturen i Danmarks jægerstenalder. [2][3]
Planten bruges stadig som krydderurt som alternativ til løg, purløg eller karse[4].
Planten er en vigtig foderplante for larverne af flere forskellige sommerfugle af hvidvingefamilien, fx aurora og grønåret kålsommerfugl.
Løgkarse (Alliaria petiolata) er en 20-100 cm høj, to-årig urt med en opret vækst, der gror i muldjord i skove og hegn i hele Danmark. Plantens navn henviser til, at bladene har en kraftig lugt af løg.
Die Knoblauchsrauke (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande; Syn.: Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb.), auch Knoblauchskraut, Lauchkraut, Knoblauchhederich genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart, die zur Familie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae) gehört. Sie ist in Europa weit verbreitet. Die Trivialnamen beziehen sich auf den Knoblauchduft, der beim Zerreiben der Blätter entsteht.
Die Knoblauchsrauke ist eine zwei- bis mehrjährige krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 100 Zentimetern erreicht. Sie besitzt eine lange Pfahlwurzel. Der Stängel ist schwach vierkantig, im basalen Bereich entwickelt er eine schwache Behaarung. Die lang gestielten, nierenförmigen Grundblätter sind am Rand buchtig gekerbt. Die Stängelblätter sind wechselständig angeordnet. Sie weisen eine herzförmige Blattspreite mit gebuchtetem Rand auf.[1]
Die Knoblauchsrauke blüht von April bis Juli. In einem endständigen, traubigen Blütenstand sitzen viele Blüten.
Die zwittrigen Blüten sind, wie für Kreuzblütler typisch, vierzählig sowie 5 bis 8 Millimeter groß. Die vier Kronblätter und vier weißen Kelchblätter sind frei. Die Blüten besitzen sechs Staubblätter, von denen die zwei seitlichen deutlich kürzer sind. Am Blütenboden, am Grund der Staubblätter, sind ringförmig die Nektardrüsen angeordnet. Der Fruchtknoten ist grün und schlank und durch eine Scheidewand in zwei Fächer geteilt.
Der befruchtete Fruchtknoten entwickelt sich zu einer Schote von drei bis sieben Zentimetern Länge. Die Schote ist dünn, im unreifen Zustand grün und mit nur zwei Millimetern Durchmesser nicht wesentlich dicker als der vormalige Blütenstiel. Sie enthält in jedem der zwei Fächer sechs bis acht Samen, die jeweils nur etwa drei Millimeter lang und ausgereift von schwarzbrauner Farbe sind.
Mit zunehmender Reife verändert sich aufgrund des dann stattfindenden Austrocknungsprozesses die Farbe der Schote von grün zu hellbraun. Ist die Schote voll ausgereift, reißen die beiden Fruchtklappen von unten nach oben allmählich auf und fallen schließlich ab. Die Samen werden dabei noch nicht verstreut. Sie sind mit kurzen Stielen an der Scheidewand der Schote befestigt.
Die Art hat die Chromosomenzahl 2n = 36 oder 42.[2]
Die Knoblauchsrauke ist ein zweijähriger (bis ausdauernder) Hemikryptophyt und eine Schaftpflanze. Sie ist bis 1 m hoch, an mageren Standorten wurden aber fruchtende Pflanzen von nur 5 cm Höhe gefunden, was ein gutes Beispiel für die Modifikationsbreite dieser Art gibt.
Zur optimalen Lichtausnutzung sind die unteren Blätter relativ groß und lang gestielt und werden nach oben hin deutlich kleiner und kurzstieliger. Die Pflanze wirkt durch chemische Stoffe allelopathisch auf das Wachstum von Mykorrhizapilzen ein und hemmt bzw. unterbindet dieses. Da wiederum viele Keimlinge von Bäumen von diesen Pilzen abhängen, unterbindet die Knoblauchsrauke so indirekt das Aufkommen von Gehölz in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung.
Die Knoblauchsrauke bietet den Nektar, der sich an der Basis der Blüte sammelt, frei zugänglich an. So finden sich neben Bienen, Fliegen und Schwebfliegen auch Käfer als bestäubende Insekten ein. Zusätzlich zur Fremdbestäubung ist der Knoblauchsrauke Selbstbestäubung möglich.
Die Knoblauchsrauke verbreitet ihre Samen überwiegend durch Semachorie. Werden die Stängel, an denen die Schoten schräg ausgerichtet hängen, vom Wind oder von vorbeistreifenden Tieren oder Menschen in Bewegung versetzt, lösen sich die ausgereiften Samen von der Schote ab und werden ausgestreut. Wie viele andere Pflanzen auch verfügt die Knoblauchsrauke über mehrere Ausbreitungsstrategien. Bei Regen verschleimen die Samen und bleiben im Fell vorbeistreifender Tiere haften. Sie werden durch diese Strategie, die sogenannte Epichorie, über eine größere Distanz verschleppt als durch die Semachorie. Die vegetative Vermehrung wird über unterirdische Ausläufer und Wurzelsprosse sichergestellt.
Der Tagfalter Waldbrettspiel (Pararge aegeria) saugt gern am Nektar der Knoblauchsrauke. Sie dient auch dem Aurorafalter (Anthocharis cardamines) als Nektarpflanze und zugleich neben dem Wiesenschaumkraut dessen Raupen als Futterpflanze. Als Futterpflanze nutzt sie außerdem der stark gefährdete Mehlfarbene Raukenspanner (Lithostege farinata). Polyphag ernähren sich die Raupen der Achateule (Phlogophora meticulosa) und des Grünader-Weißlings (Pieris napi) von der Knoblauchsrauke. Oligophag sind die Raupen des Kreuzblütler-Blattspanners (Xanthorhoe designata) und Gemeinen Blattspanners (Xanthorhoe fluctuata) auf die Art angewiesen.[3]
Die Knoblauchsrauke wächst wild in den meisten Teilen Europas, Vorderasiens und Zentralasiens bis China und Indien und kommt stellenweise auch in Nordafrika vor.[4]
Sie ist eigentlich eine Pflanzenart der Laubwälder, gedeiht aber besonders gut in Gebüschen und Hecken sowie an Mauern und Wegrainen, in Gärten und auf Schuttplätzen (Ruderalstellen). Sie befindet sich dort häufig in der Gesellschaft von Brennnesseln. Wie diese schätzt sie frische, stickstoffreiche Lehmböden. Heute ist sie häufig auch in schattigen Parkanlagen und in Gehölzen im städtischen Raum zu finden. Die Knoblauchsrauke ist ein Stickstoffzeiger und eine Halbschattenpflanze. Auch in Astgabeln von Bäumen kann sie epiphytisch wachsen. Sie ist eine Charakterart der Ordnung Glechometalia hederaceae.[2] In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt sie in Bayern nahe der Scheuen-Alpe südöstlich Balderschwang bis zu 1080 Meter über Meereshöhe auf.[5]
Die Knoblauchsrauke ist in Nordamerika und Südamerika ein Neophyt, der als invasive Pflanze gilt. Sie ist vermutlich durch europäische Siedler bewusst als Küchenkraut und Heilpflanze nach Nordamerika verschleppt worden (so genannte Ethelochorie).
Die Knoblauchsrauke hat im Mittelalter und der frühen Neuzeit eine gewisse Rolle als Gewürzpflanze gespielt und geriet, als Gewürze preisgünstiger und damit für alle Bevölkerungsschichten erschwinglich wurden, als solche zunehmend in Vergessenheit. Ähnlich wie beim Bärlauch entdeckt die moderne Kräuterküche allmählich die Knoblauchsrauke in zunehmendem Maße wieder. Allerdings lässt sich die Knoblauchsrauke nicht so vielfältig verwenden wie der Bärlauch, da ihre Geschmacksstoffe flüchtiger sind.
Die Knoblauchsrauke wurde früher zu Heilzwecken verwendet. Sie wirkt antiseptisch, leicht harntreibend und schleimlösend. Man sagt ihr darüber hinaus auch antiasthmatische Eigenschaften nach. In der Volksmedizin wurden aus den Blättern Breiumschläge zur Behandlung von Insektenstichen und Wurmerkrankungen hergestellt.
Knoblauchsrauke (Alliaria petiolata) wurde schon vor 4000 v. Chr. im Mesolithikum als Gewürz benutzt, wie Phytolithen an Scherben von Tontöpfen aus Neustadt in Holstein an der Ostsee und Stenø in Dänemark zeigen.[7][8] Damit ist die Knoblauchsrauke das älteste bekannte einheimische Gewürz.
Im Mittelalter wurde die Knoblauchsrauke mit ihrem pfeffrig-knoblauchartigen Geschmack vor allem von der ärmeren Bevölkerung genutzt, die sich die teuren Gewürze nicht leisten konnte. Sie wurde im Mittelalter aus diesem Grund sogar in Gärten angebaut. Zum Essen werden die Blätter von April bis Juni gesammelt. Der Engländer John Evelyn, der 1699 ein Kochbuch Acetaria, a Discourse on Sallets schrieb, nannte die Pflanze unter anderem Jack-by-the hedge – was als Hinweis auf ihre Häufigkeit zu verstehen ist – sowie Alliaria und sauce alone. Des Weiteren wies er darauf hin, dass die Pflanze viele wertvolle medizinische Eigenschaften habe und „besonders von Leuten auf dem Lande als Salat gegessen werde, wo sie wild unter Bänken und Hecken wachse“. Auch heute werden die jungen Blätter der Knoblauchsrauke in England noch häufig für Sandwichfüllungen verwendet.
Der scharfe Geschmack der Knoblauchsrauke ist auf ätherische Öle und das Glukosid Sinigrin[6] zurückzuführen, das den Glukosiden ähnelt, die in anderen Mitgliedern der Kohlfamilie zu finden sind. Beim Kochen verflüchtigt sich allerdings der pfeffrig-knoblauchartige Geschmack. Knoblauchsrauke muss daher Speisen in rohem Zustand beigegeben werden. Die moderne Kräuterküche hat die Knoblauchsrauke wiederentdeckt und mischt die feingehackten Blätter in Salatsoßen und Quark- oder Frischkäsemischungen. Darüber hinaus werden die geschmacksintensiven Blüten verwendet, um salzige Sorbets und Salate zu dekorieren. Die schwarzen Samen der Knoblauchsrauke lassen sich ähnlich wie Pfefferkörner verwenden und haben einen sehr scharfen Geschmack.
Die Knoblauchsrauke (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande; Syn.: Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb.), auch Knoblauchskraut, Lauchkraut, Knoblauchhederich genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart, die zur Familie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae) gehört. Sie ist in Europa weit verbreitet. Die Trivialnamen beziehen sich auf den Knoblauchduft, der beim Zerreiben der Blätter entsteht.
L' a des håyes, c' est ene plante ki crexhe voltî dins les håyes ki les foyes, cafougneyes, nodèt come des as.
No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Alliaria petiolata (davance : Sisymbrium alliaria, Alliaria officinalis).
I florixh avou des blankès fleurs e moes d' may el Walonreye.
L' a des håyes, c' est ene plante ki crexhe voltî dins les håyes ki les foyes, cafougneyes, nodèt come des as.
No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Alliaria petiolata (davance : Sisymbrium alliaria, Alliaria officinalis).
L'Alliaria oficinala (Alliaria petiolata) es 'na planta erbacea bisannuala de la familha de las Brassicaceas, localament venguda envaissanta aus Estats Units (ente 'la deut pas estre confonduda emb de las especias indigenas qui li semblen (Dentaria), Osmorhiza claytonii, Saxifraga virginica).
Dau latin allium : 'lissa/alh, e petiolata perque las fuelhas inferioras an un long petiòle.
Las fuelhas son cordiformas, dentadas, an l'odor de 'lissa quante 'las son frolhadas, las flors son blanchas e en fòrma de crotz. La frucha son de las silicas erigidas.
Qu'es 'na planta ruderala (plais, brossas, bruas, terrens vagues) e forestiera daus sòus calcaris o saturats. 'L'es comuna en Euròpa.
La grana poden servir de substitut a la mostarda negra dins l'elaboracion dau condiment dau mesma nom (mostarda). Las jòunas fueilhas boiradas dins 'na salada balhen un leugier gost de 'lissa. Podem totparier l'emplejar dins dau burre, n-en far dau pisto o dau pestò.
L'Alliaria oficinala (Alliaria petiolata) es 'na planta erbacea bisannuala de la familha de las Brassicaceas, localament venguda envaissanta aus Estats Units (ente 'la deut pas estre confonduda emb de las especias indigenas qui li semblen (Dentaria), Osmorhiza claytonii, Saxifraga virginica).
Alliaria petiolata (runch) is a biennial flouerin plant in the Mustard faimily, Brassicaceae.
D'Bloderkraut oder Wëlle Knuewelek[1], lat. Alliaria petiolata, ass e Kraut aus der Gattung Alliaria an der Famill vun de Brassicaceae.
Et ass eng an Europa wäit verbreeten eejäreg Planz. Zerriwwe Blieder richen no Knuewelek, doduerch de Gattungsnumm Alliaria, dee vun Allium ofgeleet ass. D'Planz fënnt een am Fréijoer ënner Hecken oder laanscht Bëschweeër.
D'Blieder si bis virun der Bléi iessbar. Reng gehaakte Blieder sinn eng Delikatess op enger Bottesch.
D'Bloderkraut oder Wëlle Knuewelek, lat. Alliaria petiolata, ass e Kraut aus der Gattung Alliaria an der Famill vun de Brassicaceae.
Et ass eng an Europa wäit verbreeten eejäreg Planz. Zerriwwe Blieder richen no Knuewelek, doduerch de Gattungsnumm Alliaria, dee vun Allium ofgeleet ass. D'Planz fënnt een am Fréijoer ënner Hecken oder laanscht Bëschweeër.
D'Blieder si bis virun der Bléi iessbar. Reng gehaakte Blieder sinn eng Delikatess op enger Bottesch.
Iérpazo[1] (Alliaria petiolata o Alliaria officinalis)
Iérpazo (Alliaria petiolata o Alliaria officinalis)
Look-zónder-look, Alliaria petiolata, ies 'n plant in 't wild, oet de Kruusblome-familie. In Nederland en Belsj kump ze algemein veur in bösj, haol waeg, in hègke en langs beke.
Ze huèrt néét bie de looksoorte van 't gesjlach look of Allium, want ze haet gein un (look) in de grónd. Waal ruuk ze bie vrieving enigszins nao knoflook. Ouch 't zaod en de wortel geve deze reuk.
De plant ies ein- of twièjaorig. Aan de inkele sjtengel ziette aan de voot gesjteelde blaar en miè nao bove hartvormige, onreigelmaotig getande blaedsjes. Ze weurt 20 - 70 cm hoag. De klein wiette bleumkes höbbe 4 kroanblaar, die twiè kièr zoa lank zin es de kelkblaar. De vröchte (hauwe) zint lank. Look zonder look bleujt van april tot juni.
Es keukekroed weurt de plant sóms waal toegepas, meh ze zou ouch helpe es mieddel tege astma en bronchitis. Me moet dan twiè theelepele gedruègde blaar 5 oer laote weike en daonao 10 minute laote trèkke in kokend water.
Look-zónder-look, Alliaria petiolata, ies 'n plant in 't wild, oet de Kruusblome-familie. In Nederland en Belsj kump ze algemein veur in bösj, haol waeg, in hègke en langs beke.
Ze huèrt néét bie de looksoorte van 't gesjlach look of Allium, want ze haet gein un (look) in de grónd. Waal ruuk ze bie vrieving enigszins nao knoflook. Ouch 't zaod en de wortel geve deze reuk.
Alliaria petiolata, or garlic mustard, is a biennial flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to Europe, western and central Asia, north-western Africa, Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, north to northern Scandinavia,[2] and east to northern Pakistan and Xinjiang in western China.[1]
In the first year of growth, plants form clumps of round, slightly wrinkled leaves, that when crushed smell like garlic. The plants flower in spring of the next year, producing cross-shaped white flowers in dense clusters. As the flowering stems bloom they elongate into a spike-like shape. When flowering is complete, plants produce upright fruits that release seeds in mid-summer. Plants are often found growing along the margins of hedges, giving rise to the old British folk name of jack-by-the-hedge. Other common names include: garlic mustard,[3] garlic root, hedge garlic, sauce-alone, jack-in-the-bush, penny hedge and poor man's mustard. The genus name Alliaria, "resembling Allium", refers to the garlic-like odour of the crushed foliage. All parts of the plant, including the roots, have this smell.
It is an herbaceous biennial plant growing from a deeply growing, thin, whitish taproot scented like horseradish. In their first years, plants are rosettes of green leaves close to the ground; these rosettes remain green through the winter and develop into mature flowering plants the following spring. Second-year plants often grow from 30–100 cm (12–39 in) tall, rarely to 130 cm (51 in) tall. The leaves are stalked, triangular through heart shaped, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long (of which about half being the petiole) and 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) broad, with coarsely toothed margins. The flowers are produced in spring and summer in small clusters. Each small flower has four white petals 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) broad, arranged in a cross shape. The fruit is an erect, slender, four-sided capsule 4–5.5 cm (1.6–2.2 in) long,[4] called a silique, green maturing to pale grey brown, containing two rows of small shiny black seeds which are released when a silique splits open. A single plant can produce hundreds of seeds, which often scatter several meters from the parent plant.
Depending upon conditions, garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated by a variety of insects.
Sixty-nine insect herbivores and seven fungi are associated with garlic mustard in Europe. The most important groups of natural enemies associated with garlic mustard were weevils (particularly the genus Ceutorhynchus), leaf beetles, butterflies, and moths, including the larvae of some moth species such as the garden carpet moth.[5] The small white flowers have a rather unpleasant aroma which attracts midges and hoverflies, although the flowers usually pollinate themselves. In June the pale green caterpillar of the orange tip butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines) can be found feeding on the long green seed-pods from which it can hardly be distinguished.[6]
Garlic mustard is one of the oldest spices used in Europe. Phytoliths in pottery of the Ertebølle and Funnelneck-Beaker culture in north-eastern Germany and Denmark, dating to 4100–3750 BCE,[7] indicate its use in that era.
In the 17th-century Britain, it was recommended as a flavouring for salt fish. It can also be made into a sauce for eating with roast lamb or salad.[6] Early European settlers brought the herb to the New World to use as a garlic-type flavouring. Its traditional medicinal purposes include use as a diuretic.[8] The herb was also planted as a form of erosion control.[9]
Today, the chopped leaves are used for flavouring in salads and sauces such as pesto, and sometimes the flowers and fruit are included as well. The leaves, best when young, taste of both garlic and mustard. The seeds are sometimes used in France to season food.[8] Garlic mustard was once used medicinally[10] as a disinfectant or diuretic, and was sometimes used to treat wounds.[8]
Young first-year garlic mustard plants contain up to 100ppm cyanide, a level which is toxic to many vertebrates.[11] Once the plant is chopped up the cyanide gas is eliminated.[12]
Garlic mustard was introduced to North America by European settlers in the 1800s for culinary and medicinal purposes.[13] The species was recorded as being in Long Island in 1868.[14] It has since spread all over North America, apart from the far south of the US and some prairie states and Canadian provinces.[15] It is toxic or unpalatable to many native herbivores, as well as to some native Lepidoptera.[16][17][18][19]
The plant is classified as an invasive species in North America. Since being brought to the United States by settlers, it has naturalized and expanded its range to include most of the Northeast and Midwest, as well as south-eastern Canada.[20] It is one of the few invasive herbaceous species able to dominate the understory of North American forests and has thus reduced the biodiversity of many areas.[5]
Of the many natural enemies it has in its native range, several have been tested for use as biological control agents. Five weevil species from the genus Ceutorhynchus and one flea beetle were selected as candidates for preliminary testing in the 1990s. Since that time, those studying the candidates have narrowed the list to two or three weevils. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of C. scrobicollis and C. constrictus in field testing, the importation and release of biological control agents such as those has been repeatedly blocked by the USDA's TAG (Technical Advisory Group). In particular, C. scrobicollis, which is monophagous and has been specifically studied since 2002, continues to be blocked, despite researchers' many petitions for approval.[21][22] It is currently estimated that adequate control of garlic mustard can be achieved by the introduction of just two weevils, with C. scrobicollis being the most important of the two.[23] None of the roughly 76 species that control this plant in its native range has been approved for introduction as of 2018 and federal agencies continue to use more traditional forms of control, such as chemical herbicides.[24]
In North America, the plant offers no known wildlife benefits and is toxic to larvae of certain rarer butterfly species (e.g. Pieris oleracea and Pieris virginiensis) that lay eggs on the plants, as it is related to native mustards but creates chemicals that they are not adapted to.[25][26] Native species, including two stem-mining weevils, a stem-mining fly, a leaf-mining fly, a scale insect, two fungi, and aphids (taxonomic identification for all species is pending) were found attacking garlic mustard in North America. However, their attacks were of little consequence to plant performance or reproduction of garlic mustard.[5]
Alliaria petiolata, or garlic mustard, is a biennial flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to Europe, western and central Asia, north-western Africa, Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, north to northern Scandinavia, and east to northern Pakistan and Xinjiang in western China.
In the first year of growth, plants form clumps of round, slightly wrinkled leaves, that when crushed smell like garlic. The plants flower in spring of the next year, producing cross-shaped white flowers in dense clusters. As the flowering stems bloom they elongate into a spike-like shape. When flowering is complete, plants produce upright fruits that release seeds in mid-summer. Plants are often found growing along the margins of hedges, giving rise to the old British folk name of jack-by-the-hedge. Other common names include: garlic mustard, garlic root, hedge garlic, sauce-alone, jack-in-the-bush, penny hedge and poor man's mustard. The genus name Alliaria, "resembling Allium", refers to the garlic-like odour of the crushed foliage. All parts of the plant, including the roots, have this smell.
La oficina aliario [1] (Alliaria petiolata), estas angiospemo el la familio de la brasikacoj. Ĝi estas indiĝena en Eŭropo, okcidenta kaj centra Azio, kaj nordokcidenta Afriko, ekde Maroko, Iberujo kaj Britaj Insuloj, norde ĝis norda Skandinavujo [2], kaj oriente al norda Hindujo kaj okcidenta Ĉinujo (Ŝinĝjango) [3].
La plantoj ofte troviĝas en la randoj de heĝoj, donante en Britujo la malnovan popolan nomon de Jack-by-the-hedge (ulo ĉe la heĝo). La genronomo Alliaria, "simila al Allium" aŭ "kun aero de Allium", rilatas al la ajlo-simila odoro de la dispremita foliaro. Alliaria officinalis estas sinonima scienca nomo [4].
Ĝi estas herbeca dujara planto kreskanta ekde profunda, maldika, blanka pivotradiko kiu odoras kiel kreno. En la unua kreskojaro, la planto prezentas sin kiel rozeton de verdaj folioj proksimaj al la grundo; tiuj rozetoj travintre restas verdaj kaj evoluas en maturajn florantajn plantojn la sekvantan printempon. Dum la dua jaro la plantoj kreskas ĝis alto de 30–100 cm (malofte ĝis 130 cm). La folioj havas petiolon, kaj estas triangulaj ĝis korformaj, 10–15 cm longaj kaj 5–9 cm larĝaj, kun krude dentita rando; la folioj estas iomete sulkiĝintaj, kaj ajle odoras kiam dispremite. La floroj aperas printempe kaj somere, kaj estas produktitaj en densaj aretoj. Kiam la florado estas kompleta, la flortigoj grapolece plilongigas sin. Ĉiu malgranda floro havas kvar blankajn petalojn 4–8 mm longajn kaj 2–3 mm larĝajn, aranĝata en krucformo. La frukto estas rektstara, gracila, kvarflanka silikvo 4 ĝis 5,5 cm longa [5]. Ĝi komence estas verda, sed maturiĝante iĝas pale grizbruna, enhavante du vicojn da malgrandaj brilaj nigraj semoj kiuj somermeze estas liberigataj kiam la silikvo malfermiĝas. Unuopa planto povas produkti milojn da semoj, kiuj disĵetiĝas tiom fore kiom plurajn metrojn de la gepatroplanto. Depende de la cirkonstancoj, la oficinaliariaj floroj aŭ memfertiligas sin aŭ estas polenataj de najbara floro pere de diversaj insektoj. Memfertiligitaj semoj estas genetike identaj al la gepatroplanto, pliigante ties kapablon koloniigi areon kie tiu genotipo estas apta prosperi [6].
La oficina aliario estas unu el la plej malnovaj malkovritaj spicoj estantaj uzitaj en kuirado en Eŭropo. Signoj de ĝia uzado estis trovataj en arkeologiaj postrestaĵoj trovitaj en Balta Maro, datantaj de antaŭ 6100-5750 da jaroj [7].
La hakitaj folioj estas uzataj por aromigi salatojn kaj saŭcojn kiajn ekzemple pesto, kaj foje la floroj kaj fruktoj estas inkludataj ankaŭ. Tiuj estas plej bonaj kiam june, kaj disponigas mildan guston kaj de ajlo kaj de mustardo. La semoj foje servas por rekte spici manĝaĵon en Francujo [8].
Iam la oficina aliario medicine estis uzata kiel seninfektigo aŭ diurezigilo, kaj foje por resanigi vundojn.
En Eŭropo tiom multe kiom 69 da insektospecioj kaj sep fungoj uzas la oficinan aliarion kiel nutraĵplanton, inkluzive de iuj lepidopterospecioj kiaj Xanthorhoe fluctuata.
Tiu palearktisa planto estis enmetata en Nordameriko kiel kuirarta herbo en la 1860-aj jaroj kaj estas invada specio en granda parto de Nordameriko. Nuntempe (en 2006) , ĝi estas listigita kiel trudherbo aŭ limigita planto en la usonaj subŝtatoj Alabamo, Konektikuto, Masaĉuseco, Minesoto, Nova Hampŝiro, Oregono, Vermonto, Okcidenta Virginio kaj Vaŝintonio. Kiel la plej multaj invadaj plantoj, post kiam ĝi estis enmetita en novan lokon, ĝi daŭras kaj disvastiĝas en neinfluitajn plantokomunumojn. En multaj lokoj de ĝia perhoma enmeto en orienta Nordameriko, ĝi fariĝis la domina subarbaraĵa specio en duonarbaro kaj riverebenaĵaj medioj, kie ekstermado estas malfacila [9].
La insektoj kaj fungoj kiuj nutrigas sin je ĝi en ĝia indiĝena vivejo ne ĉeestas en Nordameriko. Tio plialtigas la semoproduktaĵon kaj permesas superi la konkurencon de la indiĝenaj plantoj.
La oficina aliario produktas alelokemiaĵojn, precipe en la formo de la cianidokombinaĵo alil-isotiocianato (AITC) kaj benzil- isotiocianato [10], kiu subpremas mikorizajn fungojn kiujn la plej multaj plantoj, inkluzive de indiĝenaj arboj, bezonas por optimum kreskado [11]. Tamen, alelokemiaĵoj produktitaj per la oficina aliario ne influas mikorizajn fungojn de la oficinaliaria natura arealo, indikante ke tiu "romano-armilo" en la invadita areo klarigas la sukceson de la planto en Nordameriko [12].
Plie, ĉar blankavostaj cervoj malofte manĝas la oficinan aliarion, grandaj cervpopulacioj povas helpi pliigi ĝiajn loĝdensojn konsumante konkurantajn indiĝenajn plantojn. Piedbatado de foliumantaj cervoj apogas kroman semkreskon perturbante la grundon. Semoj enhavitaj en la grundo povas ĝermi ĝis kvin jarojn post esti produktitaj (kaj eventuale pli) [13]. La persisto de la sembanko kaj la subpremado de mikorizaj fungoj ambaŭ malfaciligas restarigon de invaditaj areoj ĉar longperspektiva forigo estas postulata por malplenigi la sembankon kaj permesi normaligon de la mikorizoj [14].
La oficina aliario produktas gamon da sekundaraj kunmetaĵoj inkluzive de flavonoidoj, defendoproteinoj, glikozidoj, kaj glukosinolatoj kiuj reduktas la manĝodeziron ĉe plantomanĝantoj [15][16][17]. Esplorado publikigita en 2007 montris ke, en la usonaj nordorientaj arbaroj, la oficinaliariaj rozetoj pliigis la proporcion de indiĝena folia rubputriĝo, pliigante nutran haveblecon kaj eventuale kreante kondiĉojn favoraj al la propra disvastiĝo de la oficina aliario [18].
La oficina aliario (Alliaria petiolata), estas angiospemo el la familio de la brasikacoj. Ĝi estas indiĝena en Eŭropo, okcidenta kaj centra Azio, kaj nordokcidenta Afriko, ekde Maroko, Iberujo kaj Britaj Insuloj, norde ĝis norda Skandinavujo , kaj oriente al norda Hindujo kaj okcidenta Ĉinujo (Ŝinĝjango) .
La plantoj ofte troviĝas en la randoj de heĝoj, donante en Britujo la malnovan popolan nomon de Jack-by-the-hedge (ulo ĉe la heĝo). La genronomo Alliaria, "simila al Allium" aŭ "kun aero de Allium", rilatas al la ajlo-simila odoro de la dispremita foliaro. Alliaria officinalis estas sinonima scienca nomo .
La aliaria, hierba del ajo o ajera (Alliaria petiolata) es una especie de planta fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia Brassicaceae. Es natural de toda Europa y Asia occidental hasta la India donde crece en terrenos frescos y umbríos.
Planta bienal, alcanza hasta 100 cm de altura en su segundo año. El nombre genérico Alliaria, que se asemeja a Allium, se refiere al potente olor a ajo que desprenden las hojas al frotarlas.
Las hojas son erguidas, triangulares o acorazonadas de unos 10 a 15 cm de largo (de los cuales alrededor de la mitad del tamaño está formado por el pecíolo) y de 2 a 6 cm de ancho, con márgenes toscamente dentados. En los especímenes bianuales, las plantas del primer año forman una roseta de hojas verdes cerca del suelo; estas rosetas se conservan verdes durante todo el invierno floreciendo la primavera siguiente. Las flores aparecen en primavera y otoño formando racimos con apariencia de botón. Cada flor es blanca y pequeña con cuatro pétalos de unos 4 a 8 mm de largo y 2-3 de ancho en forma de cruz.
El fruto es una vaina verde, erecta y delgada de cuatro lados de 2 a 7 cm de largo llamada silicua, al madurar torna al gris amarronado pálido. Contiene dos filas de pequeñas y brillantes semillas negras que son liberadas al romperse la vaina. Una sola planta puede producir cientos de semillas que se diseminan a varios metros de la planta madre. Dependiendo de las condiciones, la hierba de ajo se autopoliniza o es polinizada por diferentes clases de insectos. Las semillas autofertilizadas son genéticamente idénticas a la planta madre, lo que incrementa la posibilidad de que puedan colonizar una zona si el genotipo las favorece. La dispersión a largas distancias es más probable debida a la intervención humana o la fauna salvaje del lugar, ya que aunque pudieran ser transportadas por el agua no flotan bien y la dispersión anemófila (por el viento) es buena.
Se extiende por Europa, desde la península ibérica a las Islas Británicas y el norte de Escandinavia, Asia occidental y central, África noroccidental, la zona norte y noreste de la India y la China occidental (Xinjiang). Fue introducida a Estados Unidos con fines culinarios, pero se ha convertido en una planta invasora, considerada una plaga.[1]
Aliaria debe su nombre al fuerte olor a ajo que desprende, en especial cuando se desgarra. En la antigüedad se preparaba en salsas al igual que el ajo.
Alliaria petiolata fue descrita por (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande y publicado en Bulletino dell' Orto Botanico della Regia Università de Napoli 3: 418. 1913.[2]
Es estimulante, diurético, sudorífico, antiescorbútico, anticatarral, vermífugo, antiasmático, antiséptico, vulnerario, detersivo, expectorante. Se ha usado para la cura del asma, la infusión de hojas escaldadas o el cocimiento de hojas maceradas en aceite. Internamente, en infusión y cocimiento para diarreas e inflamaciones intestinales, también para eliminar parásitos intestinales. Como lavativa para enfermedades vaginales infecciosas. El polvo de semillas trituradas, aspirado por la nariz o ingerido, se usaba en desvanecimientos, crisis de epilepsia y espasmos. El jugo de las hojas frescas o las compresas de semillas trituradas dan muy buenos resultados en afecciones de la piel.[6][5]
Aviso médico
Las hojas tiernas se utilizan en ensalada, dan el gusto del ajo. Antiguamente se usó para obtener un tinte amarillo.[5]
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|url= (ayuda) La aliaria, hierba del ajo o ajera (Alliaria petiolata) es una especie de planta fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia Brassicaceae. Es natural de toda Europa y Asia occidental hasta la India donde crece en terrenos frescos y umbríos.
Litulaukka (Alliaria petiolata) on valkokukkainen ristikukkaiskasvi, jonka murskattujen lehtien tuoksu muistuttaa valkosipulia eli kynsilaukkaa; tästä kasvi on saanut nimensäkin.
Litulaukka kasvaa 20–100 cm korkeaksi. Sen kolmion- tai sydämenmuotoiset lehdet ovat 10 cm pitkät ja 2–6 cm leveät. Se voi talvehtia ruusukkeena. Keväällä puhkeavat valkeat kukat ovat halkaisijaltaan 8–15 mm ja tiiviinä kukintona. Terälehtiä on ristikukkaiskasvien tapaan neljä.[1]
Litulaukkaa tavataan Länsi- ja Keski-Euroopassa Espanjaa ja Portugalia lukuun ottamatta. Pohjoismaissa sitä kasvaa paikoin rannikoilla ja yleisemmin Ruotsin eteläosassa.[1] Suomessa se on melko yleinen Ahvenanmaalla sekä Turun ja Helsingin seuduilla. Yksittäisiä havaintoja on muualta Etelä- ja Keski-Suomesta Ouluun saakka.[2]
Litulaukka on kasvanut luonnonvaraisena eteläisimmässä Suomessa, mutta sitä on käytetty rohdoskasvina, ja niin se on levinnyt paikoin kiusaksi asti.[3] Valkosipulimaisen maun vuoksi kasvia on käytetty mausteena ainakin Venäjän eteläisissä osissa, ja Euroopan kasvissyöjät ovat tutkineet sen viljelyäkin. Myös eroosion estämiseen on kasvia kokeiltu. Yhdysvalloissa litulaukasta on vieraslajina ongelmia, koska sillä ei juuri ole luontaisia vihollisia ja se on jopa myrkyllinen eräiden perhosten nuoruusasteille.[4][5]
Litulaukka (Alliaria petiolata) on valkokukkainen ristikukkaiskasvi, jonka murskattujen lehtien tuoksu muistuttaa valkosipulia eli kynsilaukkaa; tästä kasvi on saanut nimensäkin.
Alliaria petiolata
L'Alliaire officinale ou Herbe à ail (Alliaria petiolata) est une plante herbacée bisannuelle de la famille des Brassicacées, envahissante au Canada[1],[2] et aux États-Unis (où elle ne doit pas être confondue avec plusieurs espèces indigènes qui lui ressemblent (Dentaria), Osmorhiza claytonii, Saxifraga virginica).
Du latin allium : ail et petiolata car les feuilles inférieures ont un long pétiole.
Les feuilles sont cordiformes, dentées, à odeur d'ail lorsqu'elles sont froissées, les fleurs sont blanches et en forme de croix. Les fruits sont des siliques érigées.
C'est une plante rudérale (haies, broussailles, talus, terrains vagues) et forestière des sols calcaires ou saturés, commune en Europe.
Les effets néfastes de l'alliaire officinale sur les piérides de Virginie maintenant rares se manifestent de deux principales façons : la réduction des plantes hôtes indigènes dans les sous-bois, et l'impact direct des toxines produites par la plante en question. Ces effets sont particulièrement nuisibles du fait de la ressemblance entre l'alliaire officinale et la rare plante hôte de la piéride de Virginie, la dentaire indigène (cardamine).
Les piérides de Virginie se nourrissent principalement des dentaires indigènes, tant au stade larvaire (chenille) qu'au stade adulte de leur vie. C'est également sur la dentaire que la piéride de Virginie femelle pondra ses œufs. À l'éclosion des œufs, les chenilles se nourrissent des feuilles de la dentaire. L'alliaire officinale ressemble tant à la dentaire que les piérides de Virginie peuvent parfois les confondre et pondre leurs œufs sur l'alliaire.
À mesure que se raréfie la dentaire dans un sous-bois dominé par l'alliaire officinale, de plus en plus de piérides de Virginie pondront leurs œufs sur l'alliaire. Mais l'alliaire officinale ne soutient pas les larves de la piéride de Virginie. L'éclosion des œufs est beaucoup moins importante sur les alliaires officinales que sur les dentaires, et les quelques chenilles qui finiront par survivre seront empoisonnées par les toxines contenues dans les feuilles de la plante dont elles se nourriront[4].
Ses racines possèdent un goût proche du radis et sont également consommables. Les jeunes feuilles mélangées dans une salade apportent un léger goût d'ail. Les tiges cueillies au printemps ont un goût sucré de chou. On peut également l'employer dans du beurre ou en faire du pistou[5]. L'alliaire est employée comme condiment pour les céréales et les légumes, grâce à ses graines qui peuvent servir de substitut à la moutarde noire dans l'élaboration du condiment du même nom (moutarde)[6].
Des graines de cette plante sous forme de phytolithes ont été identifiées dans des dépôts de nourriture sur des poteries préhistoriques. C'est la première preuve directe de l’utilisation d'une épice dans la cuisine en Europe entre 6 100 et 5 750 ans avant le présent (cal BP)[7].
Elle est traditionnellement utilisée pour ses vertus diurétiques, contre les rhumatismes, l'asthme et la goutte. On prête aussi des vertus antiseptiques à la plante fraîche, alors utilisée en cataplasme[8]. En médecine de guerre au vingtième siècle, elle est utilisée sous forme d'alcoolature en lavage puis en compresse pour désinfecter et favoriser la cicatrisation d'ulcérations suppurées[9].
Alliaria petiolata
L'Alliaire officinale ou Herbe à ail (Alliaria petiolata) est une plante herbacée bisannuelle de la famille des Brassicacées, envahissante au Canada, et aux États-Unis (où elle ne doit pas être confondue avec plusieurs espèces indigènes qui lui ressemblent (Dentaria), Osmorhiza claytonii, Saxifraga virginica).
Débhliantóg a fhásann 20-120 cm ar airde is ea an bhóchoinneal nó an ghairleog fáil. Alliaria petiolata a hainm eolaíochta. Dúchasach don Eoraip is an Áise. A duilleoga bánghlas croíchruthach, ceann bláthanna beaga bána i gcruth croise. Boladh na gairleoige as an bplanda, nuair a bhrúitear é go háirithe. Faightear i bhfáil sceach í.
Ljekovita češnjača (češnjevka, lat. Alliaria petiolata; sin. Alliaria officinalis) je biljka iz porodice Brassicaceae. Udomaćena je u Europi, zapadnoj i središnjoj Aziji, te sjeverozapadnoj Africi, od Maroka, Pirenejskog poluotoka, Britanije, na sjever do sjeverne Skandinavije, i na istok do sjeverne Indije i zapadne Kine. Naraste do 100 cm visine. Cvate bijelim cvjetovima, od travnja do lipnja. Plod je do 6 cm duga mahuna. Ako biljku protrljamo ili zgnječimo razvija se miris na češnjak, po čemu je i dobila ime. Mlada je biljka jestiva, a jestivo je i zrelo sjeme, od kojeg se može prirediti senf. Nekada je korištena i u narodnoj medicini.
Grlić, Lj., Samoniklo jestivo bilje, Zagreb 1980.
Ljekovita češnjača (češnjevka, lat. Alliaria petiolata; sin. Alliaria officinalis) je biljka iz porodice Brassicaceae. Udomaćena je u Europi, zapadnoj i središnjoj Aziji, te sjeverozapadnoj Africi, od Maroka, Pirenejskog poluotoka, Britanije, na sjever do sjeverne Skandinavije, i na istok do sjeverne Indije i zapadne Kine. Naraste do 100 cm visine. Cvate bijelim cvjetovima, od travnja do lipnja. Plod je do 6 cm duga mahuna. Ako biljku protrljamo ili zgnječimo razvija se miris na češnjak, po čemu je i dobila ime. Mlada je biljka jestiva, a jestivo je i zrelo sjeme, od kojeg se može prirediti senf. Nekada je korištena i u narodnoj medicini.
Prawy česnak (Alliaria officinalis) je rostlina ze swójby křižnokwětnych rostlinow (Brasicaceae). Dalše serbske mjeno je kobołkowe zelo.
Prawy česnak je jednolětna rostlina, kotraž docpěwa wysokosć wot 20 hač 100cm.
Stołpik steji zrunanje a je hranity.
Delnje łopjena su dołho stołpikate.
Kćěje wot apryla hač junija. Kćenja steja w nakónčnych kićach a docpěwaja wulkosć wot 0,6 hač 1cm.
Trukowe płody docpěwaja dołhosć wot 20 hač 70 mm.
Rosće na chłódkojtych lěsnych kromach, žiwych płotach, zahrodach a parkach. Preferuje wutkate, humozne, čumpate hlinowe pódy, předewšěm na powětrowłóžnych stejnišćach.
Prawy česnak (Alliaria officinalis) je rostlina ze swójby křižnokwětnych rostlinow (Brasicaceae). Dalše serbske mjeno je kobołkowe zelo.
L'alliaria (Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande) è una pianta perenne (biennale), ermafrodita, della famiglia delle Brassicaceae,[1] alta oltre un metro, quasi glabra con odore di aglio molto persistente. Si dice che tale odore permanga anche nel latte delle mucche che se ne cibano.
L'epiteto specifico deriva dall'odore di aglio che si sprigiona strofinando le foglie.
La forma biologica è emicriptofita bienne (H bienn) : ossia è una piante a ciclo biennale (bienne) con gemme poste a livello del terreno (emicriptofita).
Tipica radice a fittone con più ramificazioni.
Il fusto (solo epigeo; quello ipogeo è praticamente assente), è pubescente, eretto alto fino a 100–120 cm, poco ramificato oppure ramificato solo in alto. È presente una minima peluria localizzata alla base del fusto.
Il colore delle foglie è grigio-verde e sono lievemente lucide; sono inoltre assenti alla fioritura.
L'infiorescenza è peduncolata (da 5 a 30 cm) a racemo corimboso terminale semplice o poco ramificato. I fiori sono disposti a grappolo e sono al massimo una decina.
Il fiore è un tetramero (4 sepali-petali) dialipetalo attinomorfo. Le corolle sono larghe 5–8 mm.
Il frutto è una stretta capsula slanciata e patente (siliqua eretta, tetragonale), bivalve-trivalve, lunga 5 cm circa e spessa 2 mm.
I semi sono piccoli, neri e allungati.
La zona d'origine è paleotemperata, per cui è diffusa in Europa, Asia (in Cina e India settentrionale.fino all'Himalaya); ma anche nell'Africa del Nord.
In Italia è comune e la si trova nella boscaglia in mezz'ombra e nei boschi umidi di latifoglie, o comunque ricchi di azoto e sostanze organiche (pianta sinantropa), a quote comprese fra 0 e 1700 m s.l.m.. È presente sia nella zona marina (rara) che montana (comune). È assente in Sardegna.
Il Sistema Cronquist assegna la famiglia delle Brassicaceae all'ordine Capparales mentre la moderna classificazione APG la colloca nell'ordine delle Brassicales. Sempre in base alla classificazione APG sono cambiati anche i livelli superiori (vedi tabella a destra).
Nelle classificazioni più vecchie la famiglia del genere Alliaria era chiamata anche Crociferae e a volte Cruciferae.
Il genere Alliaria comprende una o due specie a seconda che gli autori considerino o no Alliaria officinalis sinonimo di Alliaria petiolata.
L'Alliaria contiene principi attivi utili in fitoterapia (olii essenziali, glucosidi ed enzimi) per le sue proprietà vulnerarie, espettoranti, diuretiche.
I semi, dal vago sapore e profumo di senape, possono essere usati per stimolare l'appetito, ma anche come vermifughi e revulsivi. Mentre i fiori si impiegano contro l'asma, le foglie come depurative diaforetiche.
Si può preparare come infuso, succo, cataplasma e lozione. L'olio essenziale (simile a quello dell'aglio) si ricava dalle radici.
È utilizzata per produrre diversi coloranti.
Le foglie della pianta possono essere usate in cucina nelle insalate. In Inghilterra è abbastanza comune utilizzarla per insaporire i sandwich. Sembra che siano più digeribili di quelle dell'aglio.
I giovani getti primaverili, assieme ad altre verdure, possono essere usati per preparare minestre. Arrostiti vengono usati anche in torte salate o nelle piadine.
Altre parti usate: fiori, frutti e semi (simili alla senape).
Nel Medioevo si usava nella carne salmistrata (per coprire l'odore sgradevole dopo qualche settimana di conservazione senza frigorifero!).
Alliaria petiolata (dettaglio dell'infiorescenza)
Alliaria petiolata (dettaglio dell'infiorescenza)
L'alliaria (Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande) è una pianta perenne (biennale), ermafrodita, della famiglia delle Brassicaceae, alta oltre un metro, quasi glabra con odore di aglio molto persistente. Si dice che tale odore permanga anche nel latte delle mucche che se ne cibano.
Vaistinė česnakūnė – (lot. Alliaria petiolata, angl. Garlic Mustard, vok. Knoblauchsrauke) – bastutinių (Brassicaceae) šeimos česnakūnių (Alliaria) genties augalas.
Dvimetis arba daugiametis, 20-100 cm aukščio žolinis augalas, kvepiantis česnaku, ypač patrintas. Stiebas stačias, briaunotas, apatinė dalis apaugusi baltais, ilgais, žemyn palinkusiais plaukeliais, lapuotas. Lapai ploni, pliki, pamatiniai ilgakočiai, inkstiški, karbuoti, stiebiniai gerokai trumpesniais lapkočiais, nelygiai dantyti, trikampiai. Žiedkočiai gana ilgi, laibi. Žiedai stiebo viršūnėje. Taurėlapiai 4, statūs, 2-3 mm ilgio. Vainiklapiai 4, balti, dvigubai ilgesni už taurėlapius, su trumpais nageliais. Vaisius – cilindriška, briaunota, 3-6 cm ilgio ir 2 mm pločio, atsilošusi ankštara. Sąvaros išgaubtos, su gana ryškia vidurine gysla. Pertvara plona, permatoma. Sėklos nedidelės, pailgos, juosvai rusvos, išsidėsčiusios lizde viena eile.
Žydi nuo balandžio iki birželio mėn. Dažna visoje Lietuvoje. Auga lapuočių miškuose, miškų pakelėse ir aikštelėse, krūmuose, upių ir paežerių šlaituose, patvoriuose, šiukšlynuose, žvyrynuose. Lietuvoje beveik nevartojamas, bet Kaukazo gyventojų gana mėgstamas prieskoninis augalas. Vaistinis. Medingas.
Vaistinei žaliavai ruošiami lapai augalams žydint, taip pat visiškai prinokusios sėklos. Lapuose ir sėklose yra eterinio aliejaus, askorbino rūgšties, mineralinių ir kitų medžiagų, sėklose – džiūstančio aliejaus.
Pavasarį žydintys augalai, Živilė Lazdauskaitė, Vilnius, Mokslas, 1985, 70 psl.
Vaistinė česnakūnė – (lot. Alliaria petiolata, angl. Garlic Mustard, vok. Knoblauchsrauke) – bastutinių (Brassicaceae) šeimos česnakūnių (Alliaria) genties augalas.
Dvimetis arba daugiametis, 20-100 cm aukščio žolinis augalas, kvepiantis česnaku, ypač patrintas. Stiebas stačias, briaunotas, apatinė dalis apaugusi baltais, ilgais, žemyn palinkusiais plaukeliais, lapuotas. Lapai ploni, pliki, pamatiniai ilgakočiai, inkstiški, karbuoti, stiebiniai gerokai trumpesniais lapkočiais, nelygiai dantyti, trikampiai. Žiedkočiai gana ilgi, laibi. Žiedai stiebo viršūnėje. Taurėlapiai 4, statūs, 2-3 mm ilgio. Vainiklapiai 4, balti, dvigubai ilgesni už taurėlapius, su trumpais nageliais. Vaisius – cilindriška, briaunota, 3-6 cm ilgio ir 2 mm pločio, atsilošusi ankštara. Sąvaros išgaubtos, su gana ryškia vidurine gysla. Pertvara plona, permatoma. Sėklos nedidelės, pailgos, juosvai rusvos, išsidėsčiusios lizde viena eile.
Žydi nuo balandžio iki birželio mėn. Dažna visoje Lietuvoje. Auga lapuočių miškuose, miškų pakelėse ir aikštelėse, krūmuose, upių ir paežerių šlaituose, patvoriuose, šiukšlynuose, žvyrynuose. Lietuvoje beveik nevartojamas, bet Kaukazo gyventojų gana mėgstamas prieskoninis augalas. Vaistinis. Medingas.
Vaistinei žaliavai ruošiami lapai augalams žydint, taip pat visiškai prinokusios sėklos. Lapuose ir sėklose yra eterinio aliejaus, askorbino rūgšties, mineralinių ir kitų medžiagų, sėklose – džiūstančio aliejaus.
Look-zonder-look (Alliaria petiolata, synoniem: Alliaria officinalis of Sisymbrium alliaria) is een algemeen voorkomende plant die behoort tot de kruisbloemenfamilie (Brassicaceae). Binnen de kruisbloemenfamilie is de soort gemakkelijk te herkennen aan de witte bloemen, het blad en de geur. Na het wrijven van een blad komt er een geur vrij die volgens sommigen op uien lijkt, maar door de meeste mensen als knoflook wordt aangeduid. De plant dankt hieraan ook zijn naam; het ruikt naar look maar is botanisch niet verwant aan look.[1]
De botanische naam Alliaria is afgeleid van het woord voor knoflook. De plant werd reeds in de 16e eeuw genoemd door Bock en Fuchs. Overigens verspreiden niet alleen de bladeren, maar ook de zaden en wortels deze geur.
De plant is volgens sommige bronnen een- of tweejarig en volgens andere bronnen twee- of meerjarig. De meest waarschijnlijke oorzaak van deze verschillen is dat de plant tweejarig is, maar dat een enkele plant er een jaar extra over doet om bloemen te krijgen, terwijl een ander exemplaar uitgezaaid in een tuin, in vruchtbare grond en zonder concurrenten in één jaar uitgroeit tot een volwassen plant.
Zoals bij alle soorten uit de kruisbloemenfamilie hebben de bloemen vier kroonbladeren. Bij look-zonder-look zijn de kroonbladeren tweemaal zo lang als de kelkbladeren. De plant kan 0,2–1 m hoog worden. De hauwen zijn lang, de bladeren aan de voet van de plant zijn lang gesteeld. De bovenste bladeren zijn hartvormig en onregelmatig getand. De stelen zijn niet vertakt, en gaan meestal recht omhoog. De bloeitijd is van april tot juni.
De favoriete standplaats is op vochtige, voedselrijke grond in loofbossen, langs bospaden en beken, liefst enigszins in de schaduw, dus vaak aan de zoom van parken en bossen en in heggen.
De plant is over bijna geheel Europa en West-Azië verspreid en is in Noord-Amerika geïntroduceerd.
De bloemen worden door bijen intensief bezocht, desondanks is er meestal sprake van zelfbestuiving.
De plant is een waardplant van de rups van het oranjetipje en het klein geaderd witje.
Zoals veel soorten uit de kruisbloemenfamilie is look-zonder-look goed in de keuken bruikbaar.
Een aftreksel van de bladeren (drogen, twee theelepels per kopje water, vijf uur weken, even aan de kook brengen en vijf tot tien minuten laten trekken) kan inwendig tegen astma en bronchitis worden gebruikt. Het kan als kruidenkompres bij wonden worden gebruikt.
Zaden
Bloem
Plant
Look-zonder-look blad
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Alliaria petiolata op Wikimedia Commons. Look-zonder-look (Alliaria petiolata, synoniem: Alliaria officinalis of Sisymbrium alliaria) is een algemeen voorkomende plant die behoort tot de kruisbloemenfamilie (Brassicaceae). Binnen de kruisbloemenfamilie is de soort gemakkelijk te herkennen aan de witte bloemen, het blad en de geur. Na het wrijven van een blad komt er een geur vrij die volgens sommigen op uien lijkt, maar door de meeste mensen als knoflook wordt aangeduid. De plant dankt hieraan ook zijn naam; het ruikt naar look maar is botanisch niet verwant aan look.
De botanische naam Alliaria is afgeleid van het woord voor knoflook. De plant werd reeds in de 16e eeuw genoemd door Bock en Fuchs. Overigens verspreiden niet alleen de bladeren, maar ook de zaden en wortels deze geur.
De plant is volgens sommige bronnen een- of tweejarig en volgens andere bronnen twee- of meerjarig. De meest waarschijnlijke oorzaak van deze verschillen is dat de plant tweejarig is, maar dat een enkele plant er een jaar extra over doet om bloemen te krijgen, terwijl een ander exemplaar uitgezaaid in een tuin, in vruchtbare grond en zonder concurrenten in één jaar uitgroeit tot een volwassen plant.
Zoals bij alle soorten uit de kruisbloemenfamilie hebben de bloemen vier kroonbladeren. Bij look-zonder-look zijn de kroonbladeren tweemaal zo lang als de kelkbladeren. De plant kan 0,2–1 m hoog worden. De hauwen zijn lang, de bladeren aan de voet van de plant zijn lang gesteeld. De bovenste bladeren zijn hartvormig en onregelmatig getand. De stelen zijn niet vertakt, en gaan meestal recht omhoog. De bloeitijd is van april tot juni.
De favoriete standplaats is op vochtige, voedselrijke grond in loofbossen, langs bospaden en beken, liefst enigszins in de schaduw, dus vaak aan de zoom van parken en bossen en in heggen.
Laukurt er ein toårig plante i krossblomfamilien. Han kan bli 20–100 cm høg og har opprett stengel og tynne, glatte og hjerteforma blad. Blomane er små og kvite med lange skulper. Heile planten har ei sterk lauklukt. Han kan etast, og har smak av lauk og sennep.
Laukurt kan veksa på steinete stader, i småkratt, skogskant og andre skuggefulle stader. Planten føretrekk næringsrik, kalkhaldig jord.[1] Ein kan finna han i skogar, hagar og parkar.[2]
Laukurt er ein av dei eldste plantane ein har kjennskap til blei brukt til matlaging i Europa. Prov for dette er i arkeologisk funn frå Baltikum, datert til 6100-5750 før notida.[3] Blada kan brukast hakka til å smaksetja salatar eller sausar som pesto. Blomar og frukt kan også brukast, og i fransk tradisjon finst det døme på bruk av frø til smaksetjing.[4] Urten har også vore brukt i plantemedisin[1] til desinfeksjon, vassdrivande middel og i nokre høve for å lega sår.[4]
Laukurt blei innført som nytteplante til Nord-Amerika, og blei først skildra her på 1800-talet. I mange område er planten no rekna som ein invasiv art som har fortrengd fleire lokale plantar og er giftig for fleire sommarfuglar.[5]
Laukurt finst naturleg i store delar av Europa og i Nord-Afrika og vestlege Asia til Himalaya. I Noreg finst laukurt i kyststrøk frå Oslo til Nordland.[2]
Blomar og blad
Frøkapslar
Frø
Blomsterfluge på laukurt.
Sommarfugl (Anthocharis cardamines) på laukurtblom.
Laukurt er ein toårig plante i krossblomfamilien. Han kan bli 20–100 cm høg og har opprett stengel og tynne, glatte og hjerteforma blad. Blomane er små og kvite med lange skulper. Heile planten har ei sterk lauklukt. Han kan etast, og har smak av lauk og sennep.
Laukurt kan veksa på steinete stader, i småkratt, skogskant og andre skuggefulle stader. Planten føretrekk næringsrik, kalkhaldig jord. Ein kan finna han i skogar, hagar og parkar.
Løkurt er en plante i korsblomstfamilien.
Den er en toårig urt som kan bli opptil en meter høy. Stilken er rett, som regel ugrenet, og har mange blad. Bladene er nyre- til hjerteformet med tagger. Planten blomstrer i mai-juni med hvite blomster. Hele planten dufter av løk.
Løkurt er vanlig i Sør- og Mellom-Europa og vokser også noen steder i Nord-Afrika og Vest-Asia. I Norge er den ikke særlig vanlig, men den finnes spredt til Dyrøy i Troms. Den vokser i skogkanter, kratt, vegkanter og brakkmark, og foretrekker kalkholdig eller basisk jord.
Planten ble innført til Nord-Amerika som en krydderurt i 1860-årene og er nå blitt en plagsom invaderende art. I Europa blir bestanden av løkurt holdt i sjakk av soppsykdommer og insekter, men disse artene mangler i Nord-Amerika. Løkurt er dermed i stand til å utkonkurrere innfødte arter i korsblomstfamilien.
Løkurt er en plante i korsblomstfamilien.
Den er en toårig urt som kan bli opptil en meter høy. Stilken er rett, som regel ugrenet, og har mange blad. Bladene er nyre- til hjerteformet med tagger. Planten blomstrer i mai-juni med hvite blomster. Hele planten dufter av løk.
Løkurt er vanlig i Sør- og Mellom-Europa og vokser også noen steder i Nord-Afrika og Vest-Asia. I Norge er den ikke særlig vanlig, men den finnes spredt til Dyrøy i Troms. Den vokser i skogkanter, kratt, vegkanter og brakkmark, og foretrekker kalkholdig eller basisk jord.
Planten ble innført til Nord-Amerika som en krydderurt i 1860-årene og er nå blitt en plagsom invaderende art. I Europa blir bestanden av løkurt holdt i sjakk av soppsykdommer og insekter, men disse artene mangler i Nord-Amerika. Løkurt er dermed i stand til å utkonkurrere innfødte arter i korsblomstfamilien.
Alliaria officinalis
Erba anual, àuta fin a 100-120 cm, con odor d'aj. A fioriss a magg-luj.
A chërs ant le sev e ij bòsch, dal mar a la montagna.
A l'é dovrà për la toss.
Tuta la pinta a sà d'aj e a peul esse dovrà, tajà fin-a, al pòst ëd l'aj. A l'é agradìa ëdcò da chi a sopòrta pa l'aj.
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) cavara & Grande
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Czosnaczek pospolity (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny kapustowatych. Jedyny przedstawiciel monotypowego rodzaju czosnaczek Alliaria. Występuje na obszarze Europy, w Afryce Północnej oraz Azji zachodniej i południowej. W Polsce gatunek pospolity. Roślina inwazyjna na innych kontynentach.
Naturalny zasięg gatunku obejmuje całą Europę, północne krańce Afryki (Maroko, Tunezja) oraz południowo-zachodnią i środkową Azję sięgając po Kazachstan, Sinciang, Tybet, Nepal i północno-zachodnie Indie[2]. Jako gatunek zawleczony i inwazyjny występuje w USA, Kanadzie i Argentynie[2][3].
W Polsce gatunek pospolity na całym obszarze.
Roślina dwuletnia, hemikryptofit. Kwitnie od kwietnia do maja[3]. Siedlisko: gatunek leśny, występuje głównie w lasach liściastych i zbiorowiskach skrajów lasów, także w załomach skalnych i obrzeżach dróg. Preferuje gleby gliniasto-piaszczyste i żwirowe, o dużej zawartości próchnicy i składników pokarmowych. W Polsce występuje na niżu, czasem na niższych partiach Karpat[4]. Roślina azotolubna. W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla O. Glechometalia[6]. Liczba chromosomów 2n = 36, 42[7].
Na liściach żerują larwy wielu gatunków motyli (zorzynek rzeżuchowiec, bielinek bytomkowiec, bielinek rzepnik, paśnik chrzaniak).
Czosnaczek pospolity (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny kapustowatych. Jedyny przedstawiciel monotypowego rodzaju czosnaczek Alliaria. Występuje na obszarze Europy, w Afryce Północnej oraz Azji zachodniej i południowej. W Polsce gatunek pospolity. Roślina inwazyjna na innych kontynentach.
A erva-alheira (Alliaria petiolata) é uma planta herbácea bienal, glabra, da família das Brassicaceae, nativa da Europa, Ásia ocidental e central e noroeste África, do Marrocos, Iberia e Ilhas Britânicas , norte a norte Escandinávia.[1]
Tem folhas pecioladas, com forma triangular, grosseiramente dentadas e que libertam um cheiro forte a alho quando são esmagadas. No primeiro ano do seu ciclo de vida, aparece apenas como uma roseta de folhas prostradas, em forma de coração e com pecíolos longos. A roseta mantém-se verde durante o inverno e, no ano seguinte (na Primavera), desenvolvem-se em plantas maduras, com caules erectos e folhosos, capazes de florescer. As flores, brancas e dispostas em corimbos que se vão alongando à medida que as mais antigas murcham, têm quatro pétalas dispostas em cruz na extremidade dos caules. Os frutos são síliquas alongadas (quadrangulares em secção transversal) e com pedúnculos curtos e oblíquos em relação ao caule. Cresce frequentemente nas beiras dos caminhos e em locais sombrios.
É semelhante à erva-fome (Cardaria draba).
A erva-alheira (Alliaria petiolata) é uma planta herbácea bienal, glabra, da família das Brassicaceae, nativa da Europa, Ásia ocidental e central e noroeste África, do Marrocos, Iberia e Ilhas Britânicas , norte a norte Escandinávia.
Tem folhas pecioladas, com forma triangular, grosseiramente dentadas e que libertam um cheiro forte a alho quando são esmagadas. No primeiro ano do seu ciclo de vida, aparece apenas como uma roseta de folhas prostradas, em forma de coração e com pecíolos longos. A roseta mantém-se verde durante o inverno e, no ano seguinte (na Primavera), desenvolvem-se em plantas maduras, com caules erectos e folhosos, capazes de florescer. As flores, brancas e dispostas em corimbos que se vão alongando à medida que as mais antigas murcham, têm quatro pétalas dispostas em cruz na extremidade dos caules. Os frutos são síliquas alongadas (quadrangulares em secção transversal) e com pedúnculos curtos e oblíquos em relação ao caule. Cresce frequentemente nas beiras dos caminhos e em locais sombrios.
É semelhante à erva-fome (Cardaria draba).
Löktrav (Alliaria petiolata) är en växtart i familjen korsblommiga växter.
Blommorna har fyra vita kronblad och hela växten blir upp till 80 cm hög. I Sverige förekommer löktrav upp till Bergslagen. Växten har en utpräglad löklukt och avvändes förr i folkmedicinen.[1] Sedan stenåldern har den även använts som krydda.[2]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Löktrav.
Löktrav (Alliaria petiolata) är en växtart i familjen korsblommiga växter.
Blommorna har fyra vita kronblad och hela växten blir upp till 80 cm hög. I Sverige förekommer löktrav upp till Bergslagen. Växten har en utpräglad löklukt och avvändes förr i folkmedicinen. Sedan stenåldern har den även använts som krydda.
Міжнародна латинська назва роду походить від кельтського слова, що означає пекучий (розтерті листки рослини пекучі на смак). Видова назва в перекладі з латинської мови — черешковий.
Українська (Кінський часник черешковий), російська (Чесночница черешчатая), англійська (Garlic mustard) назви пов'язані зі смаковими властивостями рослини.
Українські місцеві назви — гулявник часниковий, підгачник, кропива дурна тощо.
Стебла прямостоячі, угорі розгалужені, голі, з сизим нальотом, внизу волохато-волосисте, вкриті листками.
Листки чергові, цілісні, прикореневі листки більш-менш яйцеподібні, верхні — яйцеподібно-трикутні з короткими черешками, гострозубчасті, з майже клиноподібною основою.
Квітки білі, дрібні, 4—7 мм завдовжки, в китицеподібному верхівковому суцвітті, правильні, чотиричленні, оцвітина подвійна, роздільнопелюсткова. Чашолистки зелені, пелюстки білі (до 5 мм завдовжки), в півтора рази довші за чашечку. Тичинок шість, дві з них короткі, маточка одна з одним стовпчиком, зав'язь верхня. Цвіте у квітні — червні.
Плід — голий довгий чотиригранний стручок (до 40 мм завдовжки), на короткій товстій плодоніжці.
Тіньовитривала рослина.
Кінський часник черешковий є рідний для Європи, Західної та Центральної Азії та північно-західної Африки, Марокко, Ібіреї та Великої Британії — він поширений на півночі до північної Скандинавії, на сході від північної Індії до Західного Китаю (Сіньцзян-Уйгурський автономний район).
Він росте в місцях, де завжди достатньо вологи. Росте як бур'ян на пухких ґрунтах у листяних, рідше мішаних лісах, чагарниках, садах, на затінених місцях по всій Україні, у Криму — тільки в горах.
Заготівля можлива майже в усіх областях. Запаси сировини значні.
Вживається в їжу як приправа замість часнику і як салат. Листки містять глюкозид синигрін, з якого утворюється гостра алілова олія, що має запах часнику. Насіння містить жирну й ефірну олії (до 30%) з гострим присмаком, які інколи застосовують замість гірчиці. В листках містяться вітамін С (100–120 мг%), провітамін А (10-12 мг%). Ось чому їх вживають як салатну зелень. З цією метою у Франції рослину вирощують у культурі. Особливо гострий смак має насіння, в якому міститься близко ЗО % гірчичної олії. У деяких країнах на Кавказі є замінником гірчиці.
Рослина отруйна для тварин, особливо плоди і насіння (молоко кіз і корів при споживанні кінського часнику набуває часникового запаху і їдкого присмаку).
В Європі більше, ніж 69 видів комах і 7 видів грибів використовують кінський часник черешковий як харчову рослину, у тому числі личинки деяких видів метеликів і молей (лускокрилих).
У народній медицині стебла з листками використовують при астмі, цинзі, проносах, а також зовнішньо для лікування наривів та опіків. Намочене й розтерте насіння замінює гірчичники.
Надземну частину збирають під час цвітіння, зрізуючи ножем або серпами на рівні нижніх листків. Сушать у затінку і зберігають у коробках.
Alliaria petiolata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cải. Loài này được (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1913.[1]
Alliaria petiolata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cải. Loài này được (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1913.
Чесно́чница чере́шчатая[1][2], или Чесночница черешко́вая[3] (лат. Alliária petioláta) — травянистое двулетнее растение, вид рода Чесночница, или Чесночник (Alliaria) семейства Капустные (Brassicaceae). В ботанической литературе растение нередко встречается под названием Alliaria officinalis (Чесночник лекарственный[4][5], Чесночница лекарственная), входящим в настоящее время в синонимику вида.
Травянистое двулетнее растение высотой 12—100 см. Стебель цилиндрический, опушён только в нижней части. Прикорневые листья треугольно-почковидной формы с крупновыемчато-городчатым краем и длинными черешками, верхние — сердцевидно-овальные с острозубчатым краем. Растение имеет характерный чесночный запах.
Цветки собраны в кистевидные соцветия. Чашелистики узкояйцевидные, бледно-зелёные, лепестки белые, обратнояйцевидные, с короткими ноготками. Время цветения — май-июнь[3].
Плоды — голые четырёхгранные косо вверх торчащие стручки длиной 2—8 см, диаметром около 2 мм, с расположенными в один ряд семенами. семена продолговатые, длиной 3—4 мм, продольно-полосатые.
Вид распространён почти по всей Европе, в Азии (Средняя и Западная Азия, Кавказ (особенно широко распространен в лесном поясе Главного Кавказского хребта, где местами господствует в травяном покрове[5]), Китай, Индия, Непал, Пакистан), в Северной Африке.
Натурализован в Северной и Южной Америке[6].
В России встречается во многих районах европейской части.
Лесное растение, встречается преимущественно во влажных местообитаниях: по днищам ущелий, берегам ручьёв и мелких речек, под пологом леса[5].
Содержит эфирное масло, обладающее чесночным запахом. Молодые листья чесночника можно использовать в салаты и как пряность (заменитель чеснока). Согласно исследованию 2013 года, в этом качестве растение использовалось в Европе ещё в эпоху неолита, а затем было вытеснено другими пряностями[7][8].
В семенах 30% жирного масла, но его не используют[5]. Истолчённые семена использовались в народной медицине как местное раздражающее средство (вместо горчичников), растение применялось также для лечения фурункулов и ожогов, при бронхиальной астме, цинге, диарее, как противоглистное средство[9][10].
Чесно́чница чере́шчатая, или Чесночница черешко́вая (лат. Alliária petioláta) — травянистое двулетнее растение, вид рода Чесночница, или Чесночник (Alliaria) семейства Капустные (Brassicaceae). В ботанической литературе растение нередко встречается под названием Alliaria officinalis (Чесночник лекарственный, Чесночница лекарственная), входящим в настоящее время в синонимику вида.
葱芥（学名：Alliaria petiolata）为十字花科葱芥属下的一个种。兩年生或多年生。葉、花、種莢及主根有大蒜味。
綠色莢果可煎炸食用，種子壓碎後可做調味料。葉可加入酸辣菜中，泡茶可清血。花期的植株可祛痰、止喘、殺菌、驅蟲和促進傷口癒合。製成糊藥可治皮膚潰瘍和創傷，汁液能促進血液循環。[1]
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
마늘냉이(학명: Alliaria petiolata 알리아리아 페티올라타[*])는 배추과의 두해살이 식물이다.[3] 원산지는 남아시아, 중앙아시아에서 유럽, 북아프리카에 이르는 지역이다.[2][4]
마늘냉이 군락
_Alliaria_petiolata_-_flowers.jpg)
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