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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 20 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Life Cycle

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Like other species in the family Lamnidae, only the right ovary of salmon sharks is functional. Fertilization is internal, and development proceeds within the uterus. Salmon sharks are ovoviviparous, but developing embryos maintain no direct connection to the mother to obtain nutrition. Oophagy has been observed in this species, and likely represents the primary source of nutrition for developing embryos. The pregnant female ovulates and the unfertilized eggs are sent to the nidamental gland, where they are filled with yolk. The eggs are then moved to the uterus, where the embryos can feed on them. Litters tend to contain 4 to 5 young, which are approximately 60 to 65 cm PCL at birth.

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Salmon sharks, when caught unintentionally as bycatch, cause problems for commercial salmon fishermen. The sharks cause damage to seines and gillnets, loss of hooked or netted salmon, and damage to trolling gear.

Salmon sharks are potentially dangerous to humans, although there are no positively documented attacks. Unsubstantiated reports of attacks by this species are likely due to misidentification of more aggressive species, such as great whites.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Shark meat and shark fins have high economic value and salmon sharks are often caught by commercial fisheries, although this is often as bycatch in pursuit of other species. In Japan, their hearts are used for sashimi. They are also caught by sports fishermen for recreation.

Positive Impacts: food

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Salmon sharks are apex predators in subarctic waters, helping to regulate populations of their prey species within the ecosystem.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • flatworms (Nybelinia surmenicola)
  • nematodes (Anisakis simplex)
  • copepods (Anthosoma crassum)
  • copepods (Echthrogleus coleopteratus)
  • copepods (Dinemoura latifolia)
  • copepods (Dinemoura affinis)
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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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The diet of salmon sharks consists of pelagic and demersal fish, mainly Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus species). Salmon sharks also consume steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii pallasii), sardines (Sardinops sagax), pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), lancetfishes (Alepisaurus ferox), daggerteeth (Anotopterus nikparini), Pacific sauries (Cololabis saira), pomfrets (Brama japonica), mackerel (Scombridae), lumpfishes (Cyclopteridae), sculpins (Cottidae), and other fish that they can capture.

Animal Foods: fish; carrion

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Salmon sharks are widely distributed throughout coastal and pelagic environments within the subarctic and temperate North Pacific Ocean, between 10°N and 70°N latitude. Their range includes the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan, and also extends from the Gulf of Alaska to southern Baja California. Salmon sharks generally range from 35°N to 65°N latitude in the western Pacific ocean and from 30°N to 65°N in the eastern Pacific, with highest densities found between 50°N and 60°N.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Salmon sharks are primarily pelagic, but are also found in coastal waters of the North Pacific. They generally swim in the surface layer of subarctic water, but also occur in deeper waters of warmer southern regions to at least 150m. This species appears to prefer water temperatures from 2°C to 24°C.

Populations of salmon sharks show seasonal density fluctuations in the Coastal Alaska Downwelling Region, which is characterized by turbulent mixing and strong seasonality of light and temperature. The summer-autumn usage of this ecoregion by salmon sharks coincides with the return of Pacific salmon (a preferred prey item) to their spawning rivers.

Range depth: 1 to 255 m.

Average depth: 150 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; polar ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; coastal

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
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Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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The maximum age of salmon sharks has been estimated through vertebral analysis. In both western and eastern North Pacific populations longevity estimates are similar, between 20 and 30 years. Salmon sharks are not currently held in captivity in large oceanaria and there is no published information regarding their lifespan under captive conditions.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
17 to 25 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
20 to 30 years.

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Adult salmon sharks can weigh at least 220 kg (485 lbs). There are unofficial reports of salmon sharks weighing 450 kg (992 lbs), but it is likely that this specimen was a misidentified white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Sharks in the eastern North Pacific have a greater weight to length ratio than their counterparts in the western North Pacific.

When reporting shark lengths, precaudal length (PCL) is often used, even though it excludes the tail fin. This allows discussion of a standardized length measure, as different possible orientations of the tail can give different measurements of total length. The PCL is determined by calculating the straight-line-distance between two vertical lines, one projected from the tip of the snout, and the other from the precaudal point. Adult salmon sharks typically range in size from 180 to 210 cm PCL.

Most fishes are ectotherms, meaning their body temperature remains identical to the surrounding water. Salmon sharks, however, are endothermic, meaning they maintain a core body temperature higher than the surrounding water (up to 16°C). This is accomplished through retention of heat produced by cell metabolism. However, no information on the basal metabolic rate of Lamna ditropis was found.

Salmon sharks have a heavy, spindle-shaped body with a short, conical snout. These sharks have relatively long gill slits. The mouth is broadly rounded, with the upper jaw containing 28 to 30 teeth and the lower jaw containing 26 to 27 moderately large, blade-like teeth with cusplets (small bumps or “mini-teeth”) on either side of each tooth. Unpaired fins consist of a large first and much smaller second dorsal fin, a small anal fins and a crescent-shaped caudal fin. The caudal fin is homocercal, meaning the dorsal and ventral lobes are nearly equal in size. Paired fins include large pectoral fins and much smaller pelvic fins, which are modified to form reproductive structures in males. A distinctive keel is present on the caudal peduncle and a short secondary keel is present on the caudal base. Dorsal and lateral areas are dark bluish-gray to black. The belly is white, and often includes various dark paatches in adults. The ventral surface of the snout is also dark-colored.

Salmon sharks can be distinguished from great white sharks (Carcarodon carcharias) by the presence of a secondary keel on the caudal base, dark coloration on the ventral surface of the snout, and dusky patches on the belly, all of which are lacking in great whites. Salmon sharks are also similar in appearance to porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus), but can easily be distinguished by their distributions (porbeagles are absent from the North Pacific range of salmon sharks).

Range mass: 220 (high) kg.

Range length: 140 to 215 cm.

Average length: 180-210 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Small salmon sharks from 70 to 110 cm PCL are at risk of being preyed upon by larger sharks, including other salmon sharks, blue sharks (Prionace glauca), and great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Once maturity is reached, salmon sharks occupy the highest trophic level in the food web of subarctic waters, alongside marine mammals and seabirds. The only known predators of mature salmon sharks are humans.

Small salmon sharks are found in abundance in waters north of the subarctic boundary, which are thought to be their nursery ground. There they can avoid predation by larger sharks, which inhabit areas that are further north or south. Juveniles also display obliterate countershading, and lack the dark blotches found on the ventral areas of adults.

Known Predators:

  • salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis)
  • blue sharks (Prionace glauca)
  • great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
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Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Salmon sharks are currently listed as "Data Deficient" by the IUCN Red List. Its low number of young and slow maturity may make it vulnerable to overfishing, but few fishery statistics exist for the species, and its fishery is unregulated in international waters. However, due to this lack of knowledge and the potential impact of fishing on this species' populations, heavy regulations were imposed on Alaskan sport fishing for this species in 1997.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
author
Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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While information on intraspecific communication in salmon sharks is lacking, this species, like other cartilaginous fishes, perceives its environment using visual, olfactory, chemo- and electroreceptive, mechanical, and auditory sensory systems.

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical ; electric

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
author
Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Little is known about how salmon sharks find and select mates, although seasonal migrations and aggregations of individuals likely facilitates this process. Males hold on to females by biting their pectoral fin during copulation, which consists of the insertion of one of the male's claspers (modified pelvic fins) into the female's cloaca. Couples have no further contact following copulation.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Salmon sharks mate in northern waters during autumn and give birth after a 9 month gestation period, during their southern migration in late spring through early summer. Individuals that populate the central and western North Pacific are thought to breed off the coast of Honshu, Japan. Those that populate the eastern North Pacific breed off the coasts of Oregon and California. Pups are born in nursery grounds in the central North Pacific transition zone or along the coast of United States and Canada. Female salmon sharks in the western North Pacific reproduce annually, and are estimated to bear 70 offspring in their lifetime, while evidence suggests that females in the eastern North Pacific reproduce every two years.

Sexual maturity of males in the western North Pacific is estimated to occur at approximately 140 cm PCL (corresponding to an age of 5 years), and between 170 and 180 cm (ages 8 to 10 years) for females. For salmon sharks in the eastern North Pacific, sexual maturity is reached between 125 and 145 cm PCL (ages 3 to 5 years) for males and 160 to 180 cm (ages 6 to 9) for females. Salmon sharks in both regions reach maximum lengths of approximately 215 cm PCL for females and about 190cm PCL for males.

Breeding interval: Females in the eastern North Pacific breed every two years, while those in the western North Pacific breed annually.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in autumn and winter in the northern hemisphere.

Average number of offspring: 4-5.

Average gestation period: 9 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 10 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 5 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous

Females provide nutrition to their embryos through unfertilized eggs, which are consumed by the developing young. Protection is provided to embryos through residence within the mother's uterus until they have fully developed and are able to fend for themselves.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Lupton, E.; A. Mendoza and B. Razavinematollahi 2012. "Lamna ditropis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lamna_ditropis.html
author
Emily Lupton, San Diego Mesa College
author
Anthony Mendoza, San Diego Mesa College
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Brian Razavinematollahi, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Occurring singly or in schools of several individuals (3), salmon sharks are long distance, high-speed predators (2), occasionally seen at or near the surface in some areas. They can maintain their body temperature well above that of the surrounding cold water of the North Pacific, and may have the highest body temperature of any shark (3). This allows them to maintain warm swimming muscles and internal organs, so they can still hunt effectively in cool waters (2). The salmon shark is considered to be one of the main predators of the Pacific salmon, and its voracious feeding on this fish has earned it its common name (3). However, it is an opportunistic feeder that consumes a wide variety of fish that also includes (amongst many others) herring, sardines, pollock, Alaska cod, lanternfishes and mackerel. It also feeds on some squid and is sometimes attracted to by-catch dumped back into the ocean by shrimp trawlers (3). After spending the summer in the north of their range, the salmon shark migrates south to breed. In the western North Pacific they migrate to Japanese waters whereas in the eastern North Pacific, the salmon shark breeds off the coast of Oregon and California, USA. The young are born in spring after a gestation period of around nine months (3). The salmon shark is ovoviviparous, and oophagy (when the growing embryos eat unfertilized eggs to gain nutrients) has been recorded in this shark (4). Most litters contain between two and five young. Male salmon sharks are thought to mature at about five years and live to at least 27 years; females reach maturity at eight to ten years and are known to live to at least 20 years (3).
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Conservation

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In 1997, the Alaska Board of Fisheries closed all commercial shark fishing in state waters and implemented strict regulations in the state sports fishery for salmon sharks (4). Measures such as these are vital in protecting this species' future, until further research can determine the conservation status of this magnificent predator.
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Description

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This formidable hunter, which is sometimes mistaken for the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), can be distinguished by its shorter snout and the dusky blotches that mark the white abdomen of adults (3) (4). The rest of the salmon shark's stocky, spindle-shaped body is dark bluish-grey or blackish, with white blotches around the base of the pectoral fins. The first dorsal fin is large, while the second dorsal and anal fins are tiny and are able to pivot. Its crescent-shaped tail gives it impressive propulsion through the water (2) (3), while its large, well-developed eyes enable it to spot potential prey (2), and its large, blade-like teeth are well suited to gripping slippery fish (2) (3).
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Habitat

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This species is a coastal and oceanic shark, inhabiting waters between 2.5 and 24 degrees Celsius, generally from the surface down to depths around 152 metres, although one individual has been recorded at 255 metres (3).
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Range

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The salmon shark occurs in the North Pacific Ocean. From Japan, North Korea, South Korea and the Pacific coast of Russia, its distribution extends east to the Pacific coast of the U.S.A., Canada, and probably Mexico (3).
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Status

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Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The salmon shark is often caught as by-catch in Japanese, United States and Canadian fisheries. When caught, often just the fins are taken for shark fin soup and the rest is discarded, although sometimes the flesh may be sold for consumption in Japan and the United States (4). Many fishermen view salmon sharks as pests, as they often damage fishing gear, making them more likely to be killed if captured (4). In addition to the threat of by-catch, some recreational fishing for this shark occurs in Alaskan and Canadian waters (4), and some commercial fishing has taken place in the past, such as in Prince William Sound, Alaska (5). However, the lack of population and catch data for the salmon shark means that its status, and the impact these activities may be having on the species, cannot be assessed and thus the IUCN has classified it as Data Deficient (1).
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Management

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Japanese scientists estimate more than 2,000,000 salmon sharks hunt the North Pacific Ocean, but this estimate is controversial and may be high. Their population appears to be healthy in Alaska. However, salmon sharks are a long-lived, slow-growing species with a low reproductive rate. This makes them susceptible to over-exploitation. Fisheries on sharks would likely result in a dramatic decline in the regional shark population, similar to what has occurred to other shark populations in other oceans. Alaska fisheries managers are taking a conservative management approach to shark fisheries. This probably has helped in maintaining healthy shark populations in Alaska and also a relatively stable marine ecosystem. The Alaska fisheries managers have not addressed as yet the many fishermen in the region who regularly kill any sharks they catch by cutting off their tails or shooting them on sight and bycatch of sharks in the Bering Sea.
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Threats

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Other sharks may prey upon salmon sharks and they are sometimes taken by orcas. It is not known if the transient type and/or resident type orcas are taking the sharks. Some commercial salmon fishermen regularly kill salmon sharks, and there is an active and growing sport fishery in Alaska for salmon sharks.

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Trophic Strategy

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Salmon sharks are opportunistic feeders. They consume a wide variety of prey including salmon, squid, rockfish, pollock, herring, capelin, sablefish, mackerel, sculpin, tomcod, daggerteeth, lantern fishes, pomfret, shrimp, lancet fish, spiny dogfish sharks, arrowtooth flounder and sea otters. PREDATORY CHARACTERISTICS: Salmon sharks are equipped with good vision and sense of smell to aid in locating and attacking prey. Another well-developed sense is their ability to detect weak electromagnetic fields that are emitted by the muscles of swimming fish and other prey. Sharks have a number of large pores, or channels, in their snouts that are used to detect these weak electrical fields. Sharks’ “sixth sense” is so acute as to allow them to track their prey by following the wake the prey leaves in the water. Muscles work more efficiently when warm. Most fish lose their internal heat to the surrounding water. A salmon shark’s warm-bloodedness is achieved by countercurrent heat exchange in which heat produced by internal muscle activity is used to warm the oxygenated blood returning from the gills. Salmon sharks benefit from warm-bloodedness and more efficient muscles by being able to reach higher swimming speeds. Salmon sharks also are equipped with several rows of moderately large, smooth-edged teeth. These are used to grasp and tear their prey into bite-sized pieces. Much of the salmon shark’s prey is taken in deep water. However, some salmon sharks will move into shallow bays and the mouths of salmon streams to pursue salmon that are preparing to spawn. The sharks concentrate their efforts in these hot spots, and as many as 1,000 salmon sharks per square mile (386 salmon sharks per km2) have been observed in these areas. The sharks will hunt the salmon in groups, or packs, similar to how wolves hunt their prey. Salmon are attacked from below or behind. Salmon sharks have been seen leaping out of the water in pursuit of their prey and may clear the water with a salmon in their jaws. At least two accounts of salmon sharks taking sea otters were reported in Prince William Sound, Alaska. In one account the 300–400 pound (136–181 kg) shark attacked a female otter as her pup swam nearby. The shark grabbed the sea otter and shook, tearing the otter to pieces only ten feet (3 m) from a fishing boat. Otter blood was splattered across the boat’s stern and onto the fishermen. The pup sea otter escaped, but likely died of starvation or was preyed upon by bald eagles, which are on the lookout for unattended young otters. I'm still not convinced these were not great white sharks taking the sea otters. Salmon sharks are considered dangerous because of their large size and aggressive nature. However, they are rarely aggressive towards people, and there is only one account of a salmon shark attacking and biting a person.
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Habitat

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Salmon sharks can be found patrolling nearshore waters as they search for prey. However, they spend much of the year in the open ocean, often at great depths. During the summer, salmon sharks hunt near the thermocline, an area in the water column where there is an abrupt change in water temperatures.

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Migration

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Satellite tags attached to salmon shark dorsal fins have revealed that in the summer some sharks migrate to near-shore waters in pursuit of prey. They tend to use deeper and more offshore waters after salmon spawning ends in October. Salmon sharks are highly migratory and may move thousands of miles (>10,000 km) each year in search of prey. Some of the salmon sharks in Prince William Sound, Alaska stay in these waters year round and feed on the large schools of herring. In Russia, salmon sharks are called herring sharks.

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Distribution

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Salmon sharks can be found in nearshore and offshore waters of the North Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to the Bering Sea and west to Russia, Korea and Japan.

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Behavior

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Salmon sharks feed together on schools of salmon and other fish and may work together to herd the prey. The sharks appear to be non-aggressive towards each other as they feed. During breeding, males will bite on to females to hold on. What appears to us to be dangerous and aggressive behavior seems to work for sharks. The sharks seem to not be troubled by pain.

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Reproduction

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Male salmon sharks become sexually mature at about five years and females at about eight to 12 years. Breeding takes place during the fall. Salmon sharks are ovoviviparous meaning that they produce eggs that hatch within the female’s body. During gestation the young sharks attack and consume non-developing eggs. This is common among sharks. The female, therefore, gives birth to two to five live young, called pups. The estimated gestation period is around nine months to a year. Young are 32–34 inches (81–86 cm) long at birth and are fully equipped with sharp senses and sharp teeth, the better to take prey and avoid predators.
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Functional Adaptations

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COLOR: Salmon sharks are dark gray to nearly black above. The underside is whitish with gray blotches. The shark’s colorations help camouflage it both from above and below. SPEED: Salmon sharks are well adapted to travel swiftly through the water. Their bodies are stocky with a pointed or conical snout. Salmon sharks use their large, powerful tail to propel them through the water. Another adaptation for speed is their rough skin. The skin holds water, creating a water-to-water low-resistance interface. When doing submarine research, the U.S. Navy became interested in how salmon sharks could travel so fast in water. Navy researchers reported clocking salmon sharks at over 50 miles per hour (80 km/hr), which puts them among the fastest of fish. PREDATORY CHARACTERISTICS: Salmon sharks are equipped with good vision and sense of smell to aid in locating and attacking prey. Another well-developed sense is their ability to detect weak electromagnetic fields that are emitted by the muscles of swimming fish and other prey. Sharks have a number of large pores, or channels, in their snouts that are used to detect these weak electrical fields. Sharks’ “sixth sense” is so acute as to allow them to track their prey by following the wake the prey leaves in the water. Muscles work more efficiently when warm. Most fish lose their internal heat to the surrounding water. A salmon shark’s warm-bloodedness is achieved by countercurrent heat exchange in which heat produced by internal muscle activity is used to warm the oxygenated blood returning from the gills. Salmon sharks benefit from warm-bloodedness and more efficient muscles by being able to reach higher swimming speeds. Salmon sharks also are equipped with several rows of moderately large, smooth-edged teeth. These are used to grasp and tear their prey into bite-sized pieces.
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Life Expectancy

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Most fish are aged using bony structures called otoliths; however, sharks do not have bones, making it difficult to age them. A recent discovery has found that the snout of the salmon shark is ossified, or bone. What appear to be annual rings in the snout’s bone indicate that a 6½-foot (2-m), 300-pound (136- kg) female salmon shark is about ten or eleven years old. From this information, researchers estimate that salmon sharks may live 25 years or more.

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Size

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Salmon sharks can grow to about 12 feet (3.7 m) and weigh over 1000 pounds (454 kg). Females are slightly larger than males.

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Brief Summary

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Salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) are fish, in the Lamnidae family of sharks. This family includes the great white and mako sharks. Lamnidae sharks are warm-blooded (partially endothermic) and salmon sharks are the warmest of the Lamnidaes, as warm as 20ºF (7ºC) warmer than the waters in which they swim.
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General Ecology

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Salmon sharks move into areas of high food abundance, or “hot spots.” They consume the schools of fish until the amount of prey is reduced or dispersed. Then the sharks move on to the next patch of food. Salmon sharks have learned where and when these hot spots occur. This behavior may result in salmon sharks intercepting salmon runs but they take far less than the number of fish harvested by fishermen. An interesting thing about salmon shark predation in Alaskan waters is that it may afford some stability to the ecosystem. Mathematical models show that if a predator-control program removed these sharks from the ecosystem some marine species populations would decline. Scientists think it would work like this: If the sharks were removed, several fish species numbers would increase, especially arrowtooth flounder. The increased flounder population would remove smaller forage fish such as capelin and herring, which reduces the food supply for other fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Some marine mammal populations in the Gulf of Alaska are already at critically low numbers, so further declines would have a devastating effect on the ecosystem and likely would force more fishing restrictions to protect the food of the marine mammals. The complexities of the predator–prey relationship and their effects on the marine ecosystem are difficult and next-to-impossible to predict and manage. A precautionary approach to fisheries and predator management is the wisest choice.
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Taxonomical classification

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The taxonomical classification of the salmon shark is below:

Kingdom Animalia

Subkingdom Eumetazoa

(Unranked) Bilateria

Superphylum Deurostomia

Phylum Chordata

(Unranked) Craniata

Subphylum Vertebrata

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class Chondrichthyes

Order Lamniformes

Family Lamnidae

Genus Lamna

Lamna ditropis

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Diagnostic Description

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fieldmarks: Heavy spindle-shaped body, short conical snout, moderately large blade-like teeth with lateral cusplets, long gill slits, large first dorsal fin with dark free rear tip, minute, pivoting second dorsal and anal fins, strong keels on caudal peduncle, short secondary keels on caudal base, crescentic caudal fin, underside of preoral snout dark, often dusky blotches on ventral surface of body and white patches over pectoral bases. Snout short and bluntly pointed, with preoral length 4.5 to 7.6% of total length (adults 4.5 to 5.0%), space from eye to first gill slit 1.3 to 1.9 times preorbital length. First upper lateral teeth with oblique cusps. Total vertebral count 170, precaudal vertebral count 103. Cranial rostrum expanded as a huge hypercalcified knob which engulfs most of the rostral cartilages except bases in adults. Colour:Dark grey or blackish on dorsolateral surface of body, white below, with white abdominal colour extending anteriorly over pectoral bases as a broad wedge-shaped band; first dorsal fin without a white free rear tip; ventral surface of head dusky and abdomen with dusky blotches in adults but not in young.

References

  • Applegate et al., 1989
  • Blagoderov, 1994
  • Bonfil, 1994
  • Brodeur, 1988
  • Goldman & Human, (in press).
  • H. Mollet, (pers. comm.)
  • Hubbs & Follett, 1947
  • K.G. Goldman & J. A. Musick, (pers. comm.)
  • Larkins, 1964
  • Makihara, 1980
  • Nagasawa, 1998
  • Nakaya, 19711984
  • Paust, 1987
  • Paust & Smith, 1986
  • R. Lea, (pers. comm.)
  • S. Kato, (pers. comm.)
  • Sano, 1962
  • Smith & Rhodes, 1983
  • Strasburg, 1958
  • T. Neal, (pers. comm.)
  • Tanaka, 1980
  • Urquhart, 1981

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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Brief Summary

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Habitat: A common coastal-littoral, offshore and epipelagic shark with a preference for boreal to cool temperate waters, found at depths from the surface to below 152 m. One was photographed at 255 m near the bottom in Monterey Canyon using an underwater camera, while a diver in a submersible saw one at 224 m off Alaska. Salmon sharks are common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches; they also are abundant far from land in the North Pacific Ocean basin, along with their pelagic fish prey. Salmon sharks are common and are often encountered by oceanic and coastal fisheries but are sketchily known biologically. Behaviour and sociobiology are little-known. They occur singly and in schools or feeding aggregations of several individuals and in some areas are seen at or near the surface.Water temperatures where salmon sharks were caught ranged from 2.5° to 24°C. They are swift-swimming sharks, maintaining a body temperature well above ambient water temperature. Recent studies suggest that salmon sharks may have the highest body temperature of any shark. Body temperature elevations of 8° to 11°C above that of the surrounding water have been reported for smaller specimens, while elevations up to 13.6°C have been recorded in larger ones (Smith and Rhodes 1983; Goldman and Human, in press).Salmon sharks are migratory, with segregation by size and sex, and with larger sharks ranging more northerly than young. In the western North Pacific large sharks migrate from Japanese waters (where they breed) in the wintertime, move north to the Sea of Okhotsk and the western Bering Sea when the water warms, and return to Japan in the autumn or early winter (for a one-way distance of 3 220 km). In the eastern Pacific females apparently migrate south to pup in the spring off Oregon and California, USA, as suggested by commercial fish catch records, washed up (beached) young of the year and anecdotal information. A strong sexual segregation appears to exist across the Pacific Ocean basin, with males dominating the western North Pacific and females dominating the eastern North Pacific (K.J. Goldman and J. A. Musick, pers. comm.). This shark reproduces by aplacental viviparity, with uterine cannibalism (oophagy); litter size is 2 to 5 young. Length of gestation period might be nine months; length of entire reproductive cycle unknown. Breeding occurs in late summer and into autumn, and females bear young in spring. Breeding and nursery areas may be localized in the offshore western North Pacific between about 156° and 180°E in the open ocean, off the southern Kuril region, and in the Sea of Okhotsk, where young below 60 cm (possibly newborn) occur and juveniles up to 110 to 120 cm long also are found. Age 0 and 1 salmon sharks occur off California, USA, suggesting that a breeding and nursery ground might exist in the eastern North Pacific (K.J. Goldman and J.A. Musick, pers. comm.). Males may mature at 5 years and about 182 cm TL, and females at 8 to 10 years and about 221 cm TL (Tanaka, 1980). Females in the eastern North Pacific live to at least 20 years of age, males to at least 27 years; preliminary indications are that female salmon sharks mature at an earlier age and are heavier in the eastern North Pacific relative to those living in the western North Pacific (K.J. Goldman and J.A. Musick, pers. comm.). Salmon sharks are opportunistic feeders and eat a variety of pelagic and demersal bony fishes including Pacific salmon and steelhead trout (Salmonidae), herring and sardines (Clupeidae), pollock, Alaska cod and tomcod (Gadidae), lancetfishes (Alepisauridae), daggerteeth (Anotopteridae), sauries (Scombresocidae), lanternfishes (Myctophidae), pomfrets (Stromateidae), mackerel (Scomber, Scombridae), lumpfishes (Cyclopteridae), sculpins (Cottidae), possibly rockfish (Sebastes, Scorpaenidae), possibly sablefish (Anoplopomatidae), and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus, Hexagrammidae). Salmon sharks also feed on spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias, Squalidae) and several species of pelagic squid, and have been attracted to bycatch offal dumped by shrimp trawlers. The salmon shark is generally considered to be one of the principal predators of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) apart from humans and is depicted as voraciously feeding on salmon. This is apparently the case around the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska, where peaks in abundance in salmon sharks follow maximum catches of salmon and the distribution and migrations of the two appear to be strongly correlated as predator and prey. Salmon sharks caught by Japanese pelagic salmon gill netters in this area have had salmon in their stomachs and little else. However Blagoderov (1994) suggested that this relationship is highly unlikely, and cited major differences in areal distribution between salmon and salmon sharks in the western North Pacific, with most salmon sharks concentrated south of the main migration path of salmon and very few within it. In the western North Pacific these sharks congregate in areas with breeding aggregations of herring and sardines and may be selecting these fishes rather than salmon.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Benefits

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This species has been fished in the North Pacific in the past by Japanese coastal and oceanic longliners. Salmon sharks are commonly caught by Japanese, United States and Canadian offshore salmon gill netters as bycatch but are generally discarded (except for fins). They are also caught in salmon seines, by salmon trollers towing hooks, and possibly by bottomtrawlers off Alaska; Russian research vessels have regularly caught them in pelagic trawls in the western North Pacific. They are occasionally trammel-netted by halibut fishermen off California and have showed up in numbers as bycatch in gillnets set for swordfish and threshers off California but have usually not been marketed there. Sports anglers in Alaska and Canada catch salmon sharks using rod and reel much like porbeagle anglers in the North Atlantic. The flesh of the salmon shark is used fresh for human consumption in Japan, where it is processed into various fish products, and to a lesser extent in Alaska and California, United States, where it is seldom marketed and has in the past (California) been occasionally sold as swordfish. Presumably its flesh is less desirable than that of the shortfin mako. Its oil, skin (for leather), and fins (for shark fin soup) are utilized also. The heart of the salmon shark is highly appreciated in a local sashimi dish in the northern fishing port of Kesennuma, where most of the landings of salmon sharks occur in Japan (R. Bonfil, pers. comm.). Salmon sharks are generally considered a nuisance for the damage they do to salmon nets and other fishing gear. A commercial fishery was initiated off Alaska but this did not succeed. FAO catch statistics for recent salmon shark landings were not available (FAO FishStat Plus database, 2000) but available data (Makihara, 1980) indicates that Japanese fishers landed 100 to 41 000 t during 1952-1978 (with one very high catch year, 41 000 t in 1954, but mostly below 10 000 t and averaging about 6 900 t). Bycatch of salmon sharks in the flying squid and large-mesh driftnet fisheries of the North Pacific in 1990, just before high-seas driftnets were internationally banned was estimated to be about 5 400 t and 71 t respectively. Recently (1997) there has been numerous strandings of small salmon sharks, ca. 1 m long, off north-central and southern California (R. Lea, pers. comm.), which was of rare occurrence in the 1970s and 1980s. Whether this has to do with human-induced environmental problems such as pollution or unusual water conditions is not known. Conservation Status : The conservation status of this species is of concern because it is heavily fished as largely discarded but complementary bycatch (with finning) in major pelagic fisheries in the North Pacific. Unlike Lamna nasus, this species has limited fisheries statistics (with no country reporting catch statistics to FAO in 1997) and no regulation of the largely pelagic fishery in international waters, so that trends in abundance are unknown. It also has a negative image as an abundant and low-value pest that avidly eats or damages valuable salmon and wrecks gear, which encourages fishers to kill it and add to mortality from finning and capture trauma. Knowledge of its biology is limited despite its abundance, which invites neglect, but its fecundity is very low and probably cannot sustain current fishing pressure for extended periods.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Size

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Maximum total length about 305 cm; anecdotal accounts mention sizes of 3.7 to 4.3 m TL but cannot be confirmed, and confusion with the larger white shark is possible and has happened. Size at birth between 40 and 50 cm and 85 cm TL, with the largest foetuses at least 70 cm long and the smallest free-ranging young between 40 and 50 cm. Males maturing at about 182 cm TL (5 years) and females at about 221 cm TL (8 to 10 years); both sexes adult over about 210 to 220 cm TL.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Distribution

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Coastal and oceanic. North Pacific: Japan (including Sea of Japan), North Korea, South Korea, and the Pacific coast of Russia (including Sea of Okhotsk) to Bering Sea and the eastern Pacific coast of the USAand Canada (Alaska south to British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and southern California) and probably Mexico (northern Baja California).
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
First dorsal fin uniformly dark, no light rear tip; ventral surface of body white with dusky blotches (Ref. 247).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed (Ref. 50449). Litter size is up to 4 young (Ref. 247). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
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Trophic Strategy

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A carnivore (Ref. 9137).
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Biology

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A coastal-littoral and epipelagic shark that prefers boreal to cool temperate waters, from the surface to at least 152 m, and is common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches. Occurs singly or in schools or feeding aggregations of several individuals; feeds on fishes (Ref. 247). Seasonally migratory (following food prey) and segregate by age and sex where adults move further north than young (Ref. 58085). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref. 50449). With up to 4 young in a litter (Ref. 247). Fast swimmer (Ref. 9988). Potentially dangerous but has never or seldom been implicated in human attacks (Ref. 247). Causes considerable damage to commercial catches and gear (Ref. 6885). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, and frozen; fins, hides and livers are also used, with fins having particular value; can be broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Reported to attain at least 27 years of age and reach maximum depth of at least 792 m (in Ref. 119696).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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Marraix salmó ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El marraix salmó, Lamna ditropis, és una espècie de tauró que es troba al nord de l'oceà Pacífic. S'alimenta de salmó i altres peixos i cefalòpodes.[1] Aquest tauró és notable per poder mantenir la temperatura del seu cos (homeotèrmia),[2] i també per la seva inexplicada variabilitat en la relació entre sexes (sex ratio) entre l'est del Pacífic Nord i l'oest del Pacífic Nord.[3]

Biologia

L'adult dels taurons salmó són de grisos a negres en gran part del seu cos i a sota són blancs amb taques fosques. Se semblen força als taurons Grans Blancs, però són més petits. La seva visió és binocular.

Generalment fan entre 200 i 260 cm de llargada i pesen uns 220 kg.[4] Els mascles són lleugerament més petits que les femelles.[3] El màxim que es coneix és 450 kg (992 lbs).[5]

Reproducció

Aquest tauró és ovovivípar.[6] Com altres Lamniformes són oofags, amb els embrions que s'alimenten dels ous produïts per la mare.

Les femelles són madures sexualment als 8 - 10 anys, els mascles maduren sexualment als 5 anys.[7] La gestació dura 9 mesos.

Homeotèrmia

Com només poques espècies de peixos els taurons salmó són capaços de regular la seva temperatura corporal.[2] això ho fan a través de bescanviadors de calor contra corrent anomenats retia mirabilia, del llatí xarxes meravelloses, amb això pot explorar diverses zones d'aigua amb temperatures diferents.

La carn d'aquest peix es fa servir com aliment humà, i a la ciutat japonesa de Kesennuma, Miyagi, el seu cor es considera una delicadesa per a ser usada en el sashimi.[6]

No acostumen a atacar els humans.[6]

Referències

  1. Hulbert, Leland; Stanley Rice (December, 2002). "Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396
  2. 2,0 2,1 Goldman, Kenneth; Scot Anderson, Robert Latour, and John Musick «Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis». Environmental Biology of Fishes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 71, 4, 2004, pàg. 403–411. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Falta indicar la publicació.
  4. Goldman, Kenneth; John Musick «Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods». Fishery Bulletin, 104, 2, 2006, pàg. 278–292.
  5. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/salmonshark/salmonshark.html
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Compagno, Leonard. Sharks of the World, Vol. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2001.
  7. Nagasawa, Kazuya «Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna distropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean». Bulletin of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, 1, 1998, pàg. 419–432.

Enllaços externs

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Marraix salmó: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El marraix salmó, Lamna ditropis, és una espècie de tauró que es troba al nord de l'oceà Pacífic. S'alimenta de salmó i altres peixos i cefalòpodes. Aquest tauró és notable per poder mantenir la temperatura del seu cos (homeotèrmia), i també per la seva inexplicada variabilitat en la relació entre sexes (sex ratio) entre l'est del Pacífic Nord i l'oest del Pacífic Nord.

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Žralok tichooceánský ( Czech )

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Žralok tichooceánský (Lamna ditropis) je velký druh žraloka z čeledi lamnovitých. Vyskytuje se ve vodách severního Tichého oceánu. Obývá pobřežní vody i volné moře od hladiny do hloubek 155 metrů, ale byl zaznamenán i v hloubce 255 metru. Je blízkým příbuzným žraloka sleďového, od kterého byl jako samostatný druh oddělen v roce 1947. Dorůstá maximální délky 3 metry a váhy 450 kg. Při lovu tvoří hejna až o 30 kusech.[2]

Živí se kostnatými rybami, jako jsou např. lososi, makrely, sledi či tresky a také menšími druhy žraloků a hlavonožci. Přiživuje se také na rybářských úlovcích, čímž se občas také stává kořistí. Pro svou velikost je pro člověka potenciálně nebezpečný. Databáze ISAF Floridského muzea neeviduje žádný útok žraloka tichooceánského na člověka. To však může být jednak podobností s žralokem bílým, kterému jsou tak možná paradoxně připsány i útoky tohoto druhu žraloka, a také rozšířením v severní oblasti oceánu, kde se s lidmi často nesetkává.[2]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b Jan Šebík. Žralok tichooceánský [online]. Živá země, 2008 [cit. 2010-12-31]. Dostupné online. (česky)
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Žralok tichooceánský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Žralok tichooceánský (Lamna ditropis) je velký druh žraloka z čeledi lamnovitých. Vyskytuje se ve vodách severního Tichého oceánu. Obývá pobřežní vody i volné moře od hladiny do hloubek 155 metrů, ale byl zaznamenán i v hloubce 255 metru. Je blízkým příbuzným žraloka sleďového, od kterého byl jako samostatný druh oddělen v roce 1947. Dorůstá maximální délky 3 metry a váhy 450 kg. Při lovu tvoří hejna až o 30 kusech.

Živí se kostnatými rybami, jako jsou např. lososi, makrely, sledi či tresky a také menšími druhy žraloků a hlavonožci. Přiživuje se také na rybářských úlovcích, čímž se občas také stává kořistí. Pro svou velikost je pro člověka potenciálně nebezpečný. Databáze ISAF Floridského muzea neeviduje žádný útok žraloka tichooceánského na člověka. To však může být jednak podobností s žralokem bílým, kterému jsou tak možná paradoxně připsány i útoky tohoto druhu žraloka, a také rozšířením v severní oblasti oceánu, kde se s lidmi často nesetkává.

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Lachshai ( German )

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Verbreitungsgebiet des Lachshais

Der Lachshai (Lamna ditropis) ist eine Art der Makrelenhaie (Lamnidae) und bildet gemeinsam mit dem Heringshai (L. nasus) die Gattung der Heringshaie (Lamna). Die Art ist in kalten bis gemäßigten Gewässern des nördlichen Pazifiks verbreitet.

Aussehen und Merkmale

Der Lachshai erreicht eine durchschnittliche Körperlänge von über zwei Metern und kann maximal über drei Meter lang werden. Er hat eine grau bis grau-schwarze Körperfarbe und eine weiße Bauchregion mit dunklerer Fleckung, während die Unterseite der Schnauze bei den ausgewachsenen Tieren dunkel gefärbt ist. An der Basis der Brustflossen befindet sich ein deutlicher weißer Fleck und die erste Rückenflosse endet in einer schwarzen Spitze.

Die Schnauze ist kurz und konisch ausgebildet und das Maul von unten betrachtet breit parabolisch ohne Labialfalten. Die Augen sind groß und befinden sich relativ weit oben am Kopf, die fünf Kiemenspalten sind lang und liegen vor dem Ansatz der Brustflossen.

Er besitzt eine Afterflosse und zwei Rückenflossen. Dabei ist die erste Rückenflosse deutlich größer als die zweite und beginnt oberhalb der Brustflossen. Die Analflosse ist etwa gleich groß wie die sehr kleine zweite Rückenflosse. Der Schwanzstiel besitzt beidseitig auffällige Schwanzkiele.

Verbreitung

Der Lachshai ist in kalten bis gemäßigten Gewässern des nördlichen Pazifiks verbreitet, wobei die männlichen Tiere vor allem im östlichen Bereich und die weiblichen im westlichen anzutreffen sind.

Sein Lebensraum befindet sich im Bereich der Küsten und des Kontinentalschelfs in Wassertiefen bis 225 Metern Tiefe.

Lebensweise

Der Lachshai lebt in kleinen Gruppen, die nach Alter und Geschlecht getrennt sind. Er ernährt sich räuberisch vor allem von verschiedenen Schwarmfischen wie Lachsen, Makrelen und Heringen, denen er bei ihren Wanderungen folgt.

Die Haie sind lebendgebärend und bilden keine Plazenta aus (aplazental vivipar). Die Weibchen bekommen in einem Wurf zwischen zwei und fünf Jungtiere mit einer Länge von etwa 40 bis 50 cm. Mit etwa zwei Jahren und einer Körperlänge von etwa 180 cm sind die Männchen, und mit 220 cm die Weibchen geschlechtsreif.

Bedeutung für den Menschen

Der Lachshai wird generell als harmlos eingestuft, im Regelfall meidet er Begegnungen mit Schwimmern und Tauchern.

Sowohl vor der Küste Alaskas wie auch in Asien wird er relativ häufig gefangen und gegessen, eine Abschätzung der Gesamtfangzahlen vor allem als Beifang oder des Einflusses auf die Population existiert nicht. In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird er aufgrund der ungenauen Datenlage als „data deficient“ geführt. 2007/2008 gab die IUCN bekannt, dass der Lachshai auf der Basis einer Untersuchung der IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group (SSG) zu pelagischen Hai- und Rochenarten auf dem Status „least concern“ eingestuft wird, eine Gefährdung liegt entsprechend nach Ansicht der IUCN nicht vor.[1]

Belege

  1. Lamna ditropis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013. Eingestellt von: Goldman, K., Kohin, S., Cailliet, G.M. & Musick, J.A., 2009. Abgerufen am 8. Juli 2013.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Lachshai: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet des Lachshais

Der Lachshai (Lamna ditropis) ist eine Art der Makrelenhaie (Lamnidae) und bildet gemeinsam mit dem Heringshai (L. nasus) die Gattung der Heringshaie (Lamna). Die Art ist in kalten bis gemäßigten Gewässern des nördlichen Pazifiks verbreitet.

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Λάμνα του Ειρηνικού ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Η λάμνα του Ειρηνικού (επιστημονική ονομασία Lamna ditropis - Λάμνα η δίτροπις)[1][2] είναι ένας καρχαρίας της οικογένειας των λαμνιδών που απαντάνται στο βόρειο Ειρηνικό. Είναι κοινός στα υπεράκτια ωκεάνια νερά, αν και πλησιάζει κοντά στη ξηρά. Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 2,6 μέτρα και βάρος τα 220 κιλά.[3] Μοιάζει πολύ με μικρό μεγάλο λευκό καρχαρία. Έχει το ρόλο της λάμνας στο βόρειο Ειρηνικό.[4]

Ως κορυφαίος θηρευτής τρέφεται με σολομό, καλαμάρια και οστεϊχθύες.[5] Οι λάμνες του Ειρηνικού είναι γνωστές για την ομοιοθερμία τους, η οποία οφείλεται στο θαυμαστό δίκτυο.[6] Έχουν την μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα να αυξάνουν την θερμοκρασία του σώματός τους από όλους τους καρχαρίες. Είναι ωοζωοτόκοι καρχαρίες, γεννώντας 2 έως 6 μικρά την φορά, ύστερα από εννεάμηνη περίοδο κύησης.[7] Τα μικρά τρέφονται μέσα στη μήτρα της μητέρας τους με αβγά που δεν γονιμοποιήθηκαν, μια τακτική γνωστή ως ωοφαγία.

Η λάμνα του Ειρηνικού δεν θεωρείται εμπορικό είδος, και αλιεύεται σπάνια ως παραπίπτον αλίευμα. Θεωρείται όμως επιζήμια για την εμπορική αλιεία, καθώς καταναλώνει ψάρια, τα οποία συνήθως αλιεύονται εμπορικά.[7]

Παραπομπές

  1. My etymology: Τρόπις
  2. «dítropis». Boletín geológico y minero (στα ισπανικά-αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 31 Αυγούστου 2013.CS1 maint: Μη αναγνωρίσιμη γλώσσα (link)
  3. Goldman, Kenneth; John Musick (2006). «Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods». Fishery Bulletin 104 (2): 278–292.
  4. Francis, M.P., L.J. Natanson and S.E. Campana (2008). "The Biology and Ecology of the Porbeagle Shark, Lamna nasus" in Camhi, M.D., E.K. Pikitch and E.A. Babcock (eds.) Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 105–113.
  5. Hulbert, Leland (December, 2002). «Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska». Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396.
  6. Goldman, Kenneth; Scot Anderson, Robert Latour, and John Musick (2004). «Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis». Environmental Biology of Fishes (Kluwer Academic Publishers) 71 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Compagno, Leonard (2001). Sharks of the World, Vol. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO.
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Λάμνα του Ειρηνικού: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Η λάμνα του Ειρηνικού (επιστημονική ονομασία Lamna ditropis - Λάμνα η δίτροπις) είναι ένας καρχαρίας της οικογένειας των λαμνιδών που απαντάνται στο βόρειο Ειρηνικό. Είναι κοινός στα υπεράκτια ωκεάνια νερά, αν και πλησιάζει κοντά στη ξηρά. Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 2,6 μέτρα και βάρος τα 220 κιλά. Μοιάζει πολύ με μικρό μεγάλο λευκό καρχαρία. Έχει το ρόλο της λάμνας στο βόρειο Ειρηνικό.

Ως κορυφαίος θηρευτής τρέφεται με σολομό, καλαμάρια και οστεϊχθύες. Οι λάμνες του Ειρηνικού είναι γνωστές για την ομοιοθερμία τους, η οποία οφείλεται στο θαυμαστό δίκτυο. Έχουν την μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα να αυξάνουν την θερμοκρασία του σώματός τους από όλους τους καρχαρίες. Είναι ωοζωοτόκοι καρχαρίες, γεννώντας 2 έως 6 μικρά την φορά, ύστερα από εννεάμηνη περίοδο κύησης. Τα μικρά τρέφονται μέσα στη μήτρα της μητέρας τους με αβγά που δεν γονιμοποιήθηκαν, μια τακτική γνωστή ως ωοφαγία.

Η λάμνα του Ειρηνικού δεν θεωρείται εμπορικό είδος, και αλιεύεται σπάνια ως παραπίπτον αλίευμα. Θεωρείται όμως επιζήμια για την εμπορική αλιεία, καθώς καταναλώνει ψάρια, τα οποία συνήθως αλιεύονται εμπορικά.

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Salmon shark

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The salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) is a species of mackerel shark found in the northern Pacific ocean. As an apex predator, the salmon shark feeds on salmon, squid, sablefish, and herring.[2] It is known for its ability to maintain stomach temperature (homeothermy),[3] which is unusual among fish. This shark has not been demonstrated to maintain a constant body temperature. It is also known for an unexplained variability in the sex ratio between eastern and western populations in the northern Pacific.[4]

Description

Jaws and some vertebrae of a salmon shark

Adult salmon sharks are medium grey to black over most of the body, with a white underside with darker blotches. Juveniles are similar in appearance, but generally lack blotches. The snout is short and cone-shaped, and the overall appearance is similar to a small great white shark. The eyes are positioned well forward, enabling binocular vision to accurately locate prey.[5]

Comparison of the size of a salmon shark (top) and its relative the great white shark (bottom)

The salmon shark generally grows to between 200 and 260 cm (6.6–8.6 ft) in length and weighs up to 220 kg (485 lb).[6] Males appear to reach a maximum size slightly smaller than females. Unconfirmed reports exist of salmon sharks reaching as much as 4.3 m (14.2 ft); however, the largest confirmed reports indicate a maximum total length of about 3.0 m (10 ft).[4] The claims of maximum reported weight over 450 kg (992 lb) are "unsubstantiated".[4][6]

Biology

Reproduction

The salmon shark is ovoviviparous, with a litter size of two to six pups.[7] As with other Lamniformes shark species, the salmon shark is oophagous, with embryos feeding on the ova produced by the mother.

Females reach sexual maturity at eight to ten years, while males generally mature by age five.[8] Reproduction timing is not well understood, but is believed to be on a two-year cycle with mating occurring in the late summer or early autumn.[4] Gestation is around nine months. Some reports indicate the sex ratio at birth may be 2.2 males per female, but the prevalence of this is not known.[4]

Homeothermy

As with only a few other species of fish, salmon sharks have the ability to regulate their body temperature.[3] This is accomplished by vascular counter-current heat exchangers, known as retia mirabilia, Latin for "wonderful nets". Arteries and veins are in extremely close proximity to each other, resulting in heat exchange. Cold blood coming from the gills to the body is warmed by blood coming from the body. This results in blood coming from the body losing its heat so that by the time it interacts with cold water from the gills, it is about the same temperature, so no heat is lost from the body to the water. Blood coming towards the body regains its heat, allowing the shark to maintain its body temperature. This minimizes heat lost to the environment, allowing salmon sharks to thrive in cold waters.

Their homeothermy may also rely on SERCA2 and ryanodine receptor 2 protein expression, which may have a cardioprotective effect.[9]

Range and distribution

It is common in continental offshore waters, but ranges from inshore to just off beaches. It occurs singly, in feeding aggregations of several individuals, or in schools. Tagging has revealed a range which includes sub-Arctic to subtropical waters.[9]

The salmon shark occurs in the North Pacific Ocean, in both coastal waters and the open ocean. It is believed to range as far south as the Sea of Japan and as far north as 65°N in Alaska and in particular in Prince William Sound during the annual salmon run. Individuals have been observed diving as deep as 668 m (2,192 ft),[10] but they are believed to spend most of their time in epipelagic waters.

Regional differences

Age and sex composition differences have been observed between populations in the eastern and western North Pacific. Eastern populations are dominated by females, while the western populations are predominantly male.[6] Whether these distinctions stem from genetically distinct stocks, or if the segregation occurs as part of their growth and development, is not known. The population differences may be a result of Japanese fishermen harvesting the male population. Japanese herbalists use the fins of males as ingredients in many traditional medicines said to treat various forms of cancer.[11]

Human interactions

Currently, no commercial fishery for salmon shark exists, but they are occasionally caught as bycatch in commercial salmon gillnet fisheries, where they are usually discarded. Commercial fisheries regard salmon sharks as nuisances since they can damage fishing gear[7] and consume portions of the commercial catch. Fishermen deliberately injuring salmon sharks have been reported.[12]

Sport fishermen fish for salmon sharks in Alaska.[13] Alaskan fishing regulations limit the catch of salmon sharks to two per person per year. Sport fishermen are allowed one salmon shark per day from April 1 to March 31 in British Columbia.[14]

The flesh of the fish is used for human consumption, and in the Japanese city of Kesennuma, Miyagi, the heart is considered a delicacy for use in sashimi.[7]

Although salmon sharks are thought to be capable of injuring humans, few, if any, attacks on humans have been reported, but reports of divers encountering salmon sharks and salmon sharks bumping fishing vessels have been given.[12] These reports, however, may need positive identification of the shark species involved.

Declines in the abundance of economically important king salmon in the 2000s may be attributed to increased predation by salmon sharks, based on remote temperature readings from tagged salmon that indicate they have been swallowed by sharks.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Romanov, E. (2019). "Lamna ditropis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39342A124402990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39342A124402990.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Hulbert, Leland B.; Rice, J. Stanley (December 2002). "Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396.
  3. ^ a b Goldman, Kenneth; Anderson, Scot; Latour, Robert; Musick, John A. (2004). "Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 71 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9. S2CID 37474646.
  4. ^ a b c d e Goldman, Kenneth (August 2002). "Aspects of Age, Growth, Demographics, and Thermal Biology of Two Lamniform Shark Species". PhD Dissertation, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Salmon shark".
  6. ^ a b c Goldman, Kenneth; Musick, John A. (2006). "Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods". Fishery Bulletin. 104 (2): 278–292.
  7. ^ a b c Compagno, Leonard (2001). Sharks of the World, Vol. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO.
  8. ^ Nagasawa, Kazuya (1998). "Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna distropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean". Bulletin of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission. 1: 419–432.
  9. ^ a b Weng, Kevin C.; Pedro C. Castilho; Jeffery M. Morrissette; Ana M. Landeira-Fernandez; David B. Holts; Robert J. Schallert; Kenneth J. Goldman; Barbara A. Block (2005). "Satellite Tagging and Cardiac Physiology Reveal Niche Expansion in Salmon Sharks" (PDF). Science. 310 (5745): 104–106. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..104W. doi:10.1126/science.1114616. PMID 16210538. S2CID 9927451.
  10. ^ Hulbert, Leland B.; Aires-da-Silva, Alexandre M.; Gallucci, Vincent F.; Rice, J. Stanley (2005). "Seasonal foarging movements and migratory patterns of female Lamna ditropis tagged in Prince William Sound, Alaska". Journal of Fish Biology. 67 (2): 490–509. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00757.x.
  11. ^ "Traditional medicines continue to thrive globally - CNN.com".
  12. ^ a b "Biology of the Salmon Shark". Reefquest Center for Shark Research. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  13. ^ "Fishing for Salmon Shark in Alaska". Fish Alaska Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  14. ^ "Refresh".
  15. ^ Jim Paulin (17 July 2016). "Salmon sharks might play a role in king salmon declines". Anchorage Daily News.

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Salmon shark: Brief Summary

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The salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) is a species of mackerel shark found in the northern Pacific ocean. As an apex predator, the salmon shark feeds on salmon, squid, sablefish, and herring. It is known for its ability to maintain stomach temperature (homeothermy), which is unusual among fish. This shark has not been demonstrated to maintain a constant body temperature. It is also known for an unexplained variability in the sex ratio between eastern and western populations in the northern Pacific.

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Lamna ditropis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cailón salmonero o tiburón salmón (Lamna ditropis) es una especie de elasmobranquio lamniforme de la familia Lamnidae.[1]​ Es un gran tiburón muy similar al tiburón cailón (Lamna nasus); son los dos únicos representantes del género Lamna. En Estados Unidos se le conoce como salmon shark. Se alimenta de calamares, focas y algunos salmones.

Descripción

La forma del cuerpo es muy similar a la de su pariente más cercano Lamna nasus. Cuerpo muy robusto,compacto y fusiforme. El morro es cónico, corto y puntiagudo. Ojos grandes, redondos y negros. Aletas, boca, dentición, hendiduras branquiales y pedúnculo caudal similares a los de Lamna nasus. La coloración es gris oscuro en el dorso y los costados, teniendo toda la cabeza la coloración del dorso; el vientre es blanco y suele estar salpicado de motas del mismo color del dorso y de manchas rosáceas. Los cambios de coloración del dorso al vientre están bien marcados por una línea. Comúnmente llamado tiburón salmón, investigaciones recientes revelan que esta especie increíblemente y a pesar de ser un pez, tiene sangre caliente gracias a un sistema de intercambio calórico presente en sus branquias. Esta espectacular característica convierte a este tiburón en la máquina cartilaginosa más perfecta conocida, con una capacidad muscular y de reacción mayor a cualquier tiburón y que le da ventajas comparativas frente a cualquier otro pez en el agua.

Tamaño

El tamaño máximo comprobado para esta especie es de 305 centímetros y más de 450 kg. Existen 2 citas sobre ejemplares mayores que no se han demostrado aún; una sobre un ejemplar de 3,70 metros de longitud y otra de un ejemplar de 4,30 metros.

Referencias

  1. "Lamna ditropis". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en 13 de Enero de 2010. N.p.: FishBase, 2010.

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Lamna ditropis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cailón salmonero o tiburón salmón (Lamna ditropis) es una especie de elasmobranquio lamniforme de la familia Lamnidae.​ Es un gran tiburón muy similar al tiburón cailón (Lamna nasus); son los dos únicos representantes del género Lamna. En Estados Unidos se le conoce como salmon shark. Se alimenta de calamares, focas y algunos salmones.

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Lamna ditropis ( Basque )

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Lamna ditropis Lamna generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Lamnidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Lamna ditropis FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Lamna ditropis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Lamna ditropis Lamna generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Lamnidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Requin saumon ( French )

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Lamna ditropisRequin-taupe du Pacifique

Le requin saumon ou requin-taupe du Pacifique (Lamna ditropis) est une espèce de requin de la famille des Lamnidés.

C'est un prédateur du saumon dont il tire son nom. Il peut atteindre 3 mètres de long, il est capable de nager à plus de 50km/h.[réf. nécessaire]

Il vit dans l'océan Pacifique nord, surtout en Alaska, mais peut migrer jusque dans des zones subtropicales, une étude par balisage ayant montré qu'il pouvait descendre jusqu'à Hawaii et parcourir plus de 18 000 km en 640 jours. Les femelles sont plus fréquentes au niveau des côtes d'Alaska, alors que les mâles se concentrent du côté sibérien[réf. à confirmer][1]. On le trouve de la surface à 650 mètres de fond.[réf. nécessaire]

Le requin saumon a la faculté de supporter des températures très froides comme celles de l'Alaska où, en hiver, la température de l'eau varie entre 2 et 8 °C. Cette faculté résulte d'un système vasculaire spécifique ; la rete mirabile réchauffant le sang. La gigantothermie serait en outre complétée par un réticulum sarcoplasmique dont l'ATPase, associée à un gène codant le récepteur de la ryanodine du muscle cardiaque (RYR2), améliore la fonction de ce dernier[2]. À l'instar du grand requin blanc, cette capacité cardiaque permet au requin saumon de maintenir une température corporelle jusqu'à 20 °C.

Il possède des muscles rouges le long de son arête centrale qui lui permettent de conserver une vitesse élevée assez longtemps pour lui donner l'avantage sur ses proies. La contrepartie est que le requin saumon doit nager en permanence afin de maintenir la température de ses muscles. On considère que, s'il arrêtait de nager, il ne serait pas capable de repartir et mourrait[3].

Notes et références

  1. Documentaire télévisuel, Le peuple des volcans, série de Bertrand Loyer, narration Jacques Gamblin. Coproduction : Arte France et Saint Thomas Productions (France - 2010 et 2012). LES SAUMONS DU LAC SURPRISE, un film de Bertrand Loyer ; année de prod : 2012.
  2. Weng et al. 2005.
  3. Requin - Il est censé être à sang froid. Pourtant, certains de ses muscles atteignent 26 °C. Science & vie 1064:96, mai 2006.

Annexes

Vidéographie

  • Documentaire télévisuel « Le peuple des volcans », série de Bertrand Loyer, narration Jacques Gamblin. Coproduction : Arte France et Saint Thomas Productions (France - 2010 et 2012), Les saumons du lac surprise, un film de Bertrand Loyer, année de prod 2012.

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Requin saumon: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lamna ditropis • Requin-taupe du Pacifique

Le requin saumon ou requin-taupe du Pacifique (Lamna ditropis) est une espèce de requin de la famille des Lamnidés.

C'est un prédateur du saumon dont il tire son nom. Il peut atteindre 3 mètres de long, il est capable de nager à plus de 50km/h.[réf. nécessaire]

Il vit dans l'océan Pacifique nord, surtout en Alaska, mais peut migrer jusque dans des zones subtropicales, une étude par balisage ayant montré qu'il pouvait descendre jusqu'à Hawaii et parcourir plus de 18 000 km en 640 jours. Les femelles sont plus fréquentes au niveau des côtes d'Alaska, alors que les mâles se concentrent du côté sibérien[réf. à confirmer]. On le trouve de la surface à 650 mètres de fond.[réf. nécessaire]

Le requin saumon a la faculté de supporter des températures très froides comme celles de l'Alaska où, en hiver, la température de l'eau varie entre 2 et 8 °C. Cette faculté résulte d'un système vasculaire spécifique ; la rete mirabile réchauffant le sang. La gigantothermie serait en outre complétée par un réticulum sarcoplasmique dont l'ATPase, associée à un gène codant le récepteur de la ryanodine du muscle cardiaque (RYR2), améliore la fonction de ce dernier. À l'instar du grand requin blanc, cette capacité cardiaque permet au requin saumon de maintenir une température corporelle jusqu'à 20 °C.

Il possède des muscles rouges le long de son arête centrale qui lui permettent de conserver une vitesse élevée assez longtemps pour lui donner l'avantage sur ses proies. La contrepartie est que le requin saumon doit nager en permanence afin de maintenir la température de ses muscles. On considère que, s'il arrêtait de nager, il ne serait pas capable de repartir et mourrait.

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Lamna ditropis ( Italian )

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Lo smeriglio del Pacifico[1] (Lamna ditropis C. L. Hubbs & Follett, 1947), conosciuto maggiormente come squalo salmone, è una specie di squalo del genere Lamna.

 src=
Uno squalo salmone finito accidentalmente nella rete di un peschereccio.

Descrizione

Gli adulti possono raggiungere i 3 metri di lunghezza ed i 250 kg di peso, nonostante siano stati pescati esemplari più grandi. Le dimensioni delle femmine sono generalmente maggiori rispetto a quelle dei maschi. La colorazione dorsale varia dal nero al grigio-bluastro, mentre il ventre è bianco. Attivo, veloce e aggressivo, lo squalo salmone è un predatore perfettamente adattato al proprio habitat grazie alla cosiddetta rete mirabilis, una griglia di vene e vasi sanguigni che gli consente di alzare fino a 10 °C la temperatura corporea.

Distribuzione

Lamna ditropis è distribuito nelle acque fredde dell'Oceano Pacifico settentrionale, dall'Alaska al Mare di Bering fino al Giappone. L'habitat è rappresentato dalle acque della zona pelagica, dalla superficie ai 200 metri di profondità.

 src=
Lamna ditropis catturato da un pescatore sportivo

Biologia

Lo smeriglio del Pacifico si nutre principalmente di pesci come tonni, aringhe e salmoni (da qui il nome anglosassone "salmon shark"). È una specie ovovivipara e le femmine (che raggiungono la maturità sessuale intorno agli 8 anni di vita) danno alla luce dai 2 ai 6 piccoli dopo una gestazione di 9 mesi.

Sebbene questo squalo non faccia parte del commercio legato a carne e pinne, viene spesso catturato accidentalmente dai pescatori di salmoni e dai praticanti della pesca sportiva.

Note

Bibliografia

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Lamna ditropis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Lo smeriglio del Pacifico (Lamna ditropis C. L. Hubbs & Follett, 1947), conosciuto maggiormente come squalo salmone, è una specie di squalo del genere Lamna.

 src= Uno squalo salmone finito accidentalmente nella rete di un peschereccio.
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Zalmhaai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zalmhaai (Lamna ditropis) is een vis uit de familie van haringhaaien (Lamnidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van makreelhaaien (Lamniformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 305 centimeter.

Leefomgeving

De zalmhaai is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Grote Oceaan op dieptes tussen 0 en 650 meter.

Eens per jaar, tijdens de zalmtrek, reizen zalmhaaien richting Prince William Sound in Alaska om zich daar te goed te doen aan een overvloed aan zalmen.

Biologie

De zalmhaai is, evenals de witte haai, een van de weinige warmbloedige haaien ter wereld.[2] De lichaamstemperatuur van de zalmhaai kan tot 20°C hoger zijn dan de temperatuur van het omringende zeewater. De zalmhaai heeft bij zijn kieuwen een warmtewisselaar waar het koude bloed opgewarmd wordt door de warmte ontstaan bij de spierbewegingen alvorens het verder door het lichaam getransporteerd wordt. Deze warmtewisselaar wordt het retia mirabilia, Latijn voor "prachtig netwerk" genoemd.

Relatie tot de mens

De zalmhaai is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Voor de mens kan de zalmhaai gevaarlijk zijn, de zalmhaai kan een mens flink verwonden.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
  1. (en) Zalmhaai op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Goldman, Kenneth, Scot, Anderson, Robert, Latour, John A., Musick, Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis, 2004, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 71, 403–411, Kluwer Academic Publishers, doi = 10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9, 4
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Zalmhaai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zalmhaai (Lamna ditropis) is een vis uit de familie van haringhaaien (Lamnidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van makreelhaaien (Lamniformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 305 centimeter.

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Lamna dwustępkowa ( Polish )

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Lamna dwustępkowa[3][4] (Lamna ditropis) – gatunek rekina z rodziny żarłaczy śledziowych, występujący w północnym obszarze Oceanu Spokojnego.

Jako jeden z nielicznych gatunków ryb posiada zdolność do regulacji temperatury swojego żołądka[5]. Robi to za pomocą naczyniowych wymienników ciepła, zwanych retia mirabilia (łac. sieci cudowne). Tętnice i żyły ułożone są blisko siebie. Zimna krew pochodząca ze skrzeli jest ogrzewana przez krew pochodzącą z pozostałych części organizmu. Podczas gdy krew rozchodzi się po całym organizmie, zachowuje on stałą temperaturę ciała. Minimalizuje to straty ciepła do otoczenia, co jest istotnym przystosowaniem lamn dwustępkowych do życia w zimnych wodach. Ich homotermia może również polegać na SERCA2 i ekspresji 2 receptora rianodyny, które mają działanie kardioprotekcyjne[6]. Gatunek ten nie wykazuje stałocieplności całego ciała[7].

Taksonomia

Takson po raz pierwszy opisali w 1947 roku Carl Leavitt Hubbs i William Irving Follett. Jako miejsce typowe odłowu holotypu (dorosły samiec znajdujący się w Museum of Comparative Zoology o numerze katalogowym 36471 (MCZ 36471)) autorzy wskazali 3,5 mili od Beach Club, w La Jolla w Kalifornii, na głębokości 300–350 stóp[8].

Charakterystyka

Dorosłe osobniki mają ubarwienie na większości ciała między średnio szarym a czarnym, z czarnymi plamkami na podbrzuszu. Młode osobniki są bardzo podobne, ale nie posiadają owych plamek. Ich budowę zewnętrzną charakteryzuje także obecność pierwszej dużej i drugiej mniejszej płetwy grzbietowej, płetwy odbytowej i symetrycznej płetwy ogonowej. Nos jest krótki i o stożkowym kształcie. Pod względem ogólnego wyglądu lamny dwustępkowe przypominają żarłacza białego. Mają 26–30 zębów w żuchwie i 28–30 w szczęce, ich zęby są skrzydłokształtne o łagodnych brzegach u podstawy ząbków. Oczy są zlokalizowane na przodzie pyska, umożliwiające obuoczne widzenie, pozwalające na lepsze lokalizowanie ofiary[9].

Wielkość lamn dwustępkowych waha się między 200 a 260 cm, natomiast ich masa ciała dochodzi nawet do 220 kg[10]. Samce są nieznacznie mniejsze od samic. Istnieją niepotwierdzone doniesienia o znalezieniu osobnika o długości 4,3 m[7]; jednakowoż z potwierdzonych źródeł są dowody na maksymalną wielkość trzymetrowego osobnika. Maksymalna zanotowana masa ciała rekina tego gatunku to ponad 450 kg[11].

Występowanie

Spotykany najczęściej w północnej części Pacyfiku. Uważa się, że może występować na południe od Morza Japońskiego, a na północy po wybrzeża Alaski[12]. Spotykany zazwyczaj pojedynczo. Najliczniej występuje w wodach przybrzeżnych i kontynentalnych, zwykle blisko plaż. Znakowane osobniki pojawiały się jednak nawet w wodach subarktycznych, aż po subtropikalne[6].

Jest znany z niewyjaśnionej zmienności w proporcjach płciowych pomiędzy wschodnimi i zachodnimi populacjami na północnym Pacyfiku[7].

Ekologia

Pożywienie

Lamny dwustępkowe są oportunistycznymi drapieżnikami szczytowymi[13], współdzielącymi najwyższy poziom w sieci troficznej wód subarktycznego Pacyfiku z morskimi ssakami i ptakami. Cechuje je bogata różnorodność pokarmowa, w której skład wchodzą m.in.: łosoś, skorpena, dorszyk czarny, lancetnik, anotopterus, zając morski, głowacz białopłetwy, terpuga okonik, makrela, czerniak, dorsz, śledź, koleń pospolity, krab, kałamarnica, krewetka[9].

Rozmnażanie

 src=
Płód w połowie ciąży.

Lamna dwustępkowa jest jajożyworodna, z liczbą potomstwa wahającą się od 2 do 6[14]. Samice osiągają pełną dojrzałość płciową pomiędzy 8 a 10 rokiem życia, podczas gdy samce już w wieku 5 lat[15]. Okres rozmnażania nie jest do końca rozpoznany, ale uważa się, iż dwuletni cykl godowy rozpoczyna się późnym latem lub wczesną jesienią. Ciąża trwa około 9 miesięcy. Nowonarodzony rekin ma około 60–65 cm długości. Zakładając, że ten gatunek co roku ma cykl rozrodczy, szacuje się, że samica tego gatunku rekina odbywa poród 15–16 razy i rodzi około 70 młodych przez całe swoje życie[7].

Dojrzałe osobniki przebywają daleko na północno-wschodnim Honsiu i południowych Wyspach Kurylskich, a także w przybrzeżnych wodach północnego Pacyfiku. Prawdopodobne więc te obszary są podstawowym miejscem porodu tego gatunku. Wody na północ od subarktycznej granicy obfitują w małe rekiny (70–110 cm), więc wody te są prawdopodobnie miejscem ich dojrzewania. W tym obszarze istnieją dwie znaczące korzyści dla przeżycia i wzrostu małych rekinów. Po pierwsze mogą uniknąć ataku dużych drapieżnych rekinów (w tym dorosłych osobników swego własnego gatunku i żarłacza błękitnego), które zamieszkują obszary bardziej północne i południowe. Po drugie mają możliwość korzystania z obfitych zasobów wód subarktycznych poprzez żerowanie na kałamarnicach i rybach[16].

Przypisy

  1. Lamna ditropis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. K. Goldman, S. Kohin, G.M. Cailliet, John A. Musick. L amna ditropis. „IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”. DOI: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2009-2.rlts.t39342a10210228.en (ang.). [dostęp 2016-05-21].
  3. Eugeniusz Grabda, Tomasz Heese: Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Koszalin: Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie, 1991, s. 171.
  4. F. Terofal, C. Militz: Ryby morskie. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996. ISBN 83-7129-306-2. (pol.)
  5. Kenneth J. Goldman, Scot D. Anderson, Robert J. Latour, John A. Musick. Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis. „Environmental Biology of Fishes”, s. 403–411, 2004. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9. ISSN 0378-1909 (ang.). [dostęp 2016-05-21].
  6. a b Kevin C.K.C. Weng Kevin C.K.C. i inni, Satellite Tagging and Cardiac Physiology Reveal Niche Expansion in Salmon Sharks, „Science”, 5745, 310, 2005, s. 104–106, DOI: 10.1126/science.1114616, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID: 16210538 (ang.).
  7. a b c d Kenneth J. Goldman: Aspects of Age, Growth, Demographics and Thermal Biology of Two Lamniform Shark Species. Williamsburg: College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science, 2002. (ang.)
  8. C. L. Hubbs, W. I. Follett. Lamna ditropis, new species, the salmon shark of the North Pacific. „Copeia”. 1947 (3), s. 194, 1947 (ang.).
  9. a b Merry D. Camhi, Ellen K. Pikitch, Elizabeth A. Babcock: Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation. John Wiley & Sons, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4443-0252-3. [dostęp 2016-05-21]. (ang.)
  10. Kenneth J. Goldman, John A. Musick. Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods. „Fishery Bulletin”. 104 (2), s. 278–292, 2006 (ang.).
  11. Lamna ditropis (ang.). Florida Museum of Natural History. [dostęp 2016-05-21].
  12. Leland B. Hulbert, A. M. Aires-da-Silva, V. F. Gallucci, J. S. Rice. Seasonal foraging movements and migratory patterns of female Lamna ditropis tagged in Prince William Sound, Alaska. „Journal of Fish Biology”. 67 (2), s. 490–509, 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00757.x. ISSN 1095-8649 (ang.). [dostęp 2016-05-21].
  13. Leland B. Hulbert, Stanley Donald Rice. Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska. „Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396”, 2002 (ang.).
  14. Leonard J. V. Compagno. Sharks of the World. . 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes), s. 119-121, 2002. Rzym: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ang.).
  15. Kazuya Nagasawa. Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna distropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. „Bulletin of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission”. 1, s. 419-432, 1998 (ang.).
  16. Kevin C.K.C. Weng Kevin C.K.C. i inni, Migration of an upper trophic level predator, the salmon shark Lamna ditropis, between distant ecoregions, „Marine Ecology Progress Series”, 372, 2008, s. 253-264, DOI: 10.3354/meps07706 [dostęp 2016-05-21] (ang.).
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Lamna dwustępkowa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Lamna dwustępkowa (Lamna ditropis) – gatunek rekina z rodziny żarłaczy śledziowych, występujący w północnym obszarze Oceanu Spokojnego.

Jako jeden z nielicznych gatunków ryb posiada zdolność do regulacji temperatury swojego żołądka. Robi to za pomocą naczyniowych wymienników ciepła, zwanych retia mirabilia (łac. sieci cudowne). Tętnice i żyły ułożone są blisko siebie. Zimna krew pochodząca ze skrzeli jest ogrzewana przez krew pochodzącą z pozostałych części organizmu. Podczas gdy krew rozchodzi się po całym organizmie, zachowuje on stałą temperaturę ciała. Minimalizuje to straty ciepła do otoczenia, co jest istotnym przystosowaniem lamn dwustępkowych do życia w zimnych wodach. Ich homotermia może również polegać na SERCA2 i ekspresji 2 receptora rianodyny, które mają działanie kardioprotekcyjne. Gatunek ten nie wykazuje stałocieplności całego ciała.

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Tubarão-salmão ( Portuguese )

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O tubarão-salmão (Lamna ditropis) é uma espécie de tubarão encontrada no norte do Oceano Pacífico.

Como um predador ápice, o tubarão-salmão alimenta de salmão, e também lula, sablefish e arenque. Os tubarões-salmões são notáveis por sua capacidade de manter a temperatura corporal, conhecida como homeotermia, e ainda sem explicação a variabilidade na proporção de sexos entre o Pacífico oriental e ocidental.

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Lamna ditropis ( Slovak )

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Lamna ditropis je veľký druh žraloka z čeľade Lamnidae.

Charakteristika

Vyskytuje sa vo vodách severného Tichého oceánu. Obýva pobrežné vody aj voľné more od hladiny do hĺbok 155 metrov, ale bol zaznamenaný aj v hĺbke 255 metrov. Je blízkym príbuzným žraloka sleďového, od ktorého bol ako samostatný druh oddelený v roku 1947. Dorastá do maximálnej dĺžky 3 metre a váhy 450 kg. Pri love tvorí húfy až o 30 kusoch.[1]

Živí sa kostnatými rybami, ako sú napr. lososi, makrely, slede či treskami a tiež menšími druhmi žralokov a hlavonožcami. Priživuje sa tiež na rybárskych úlovkoch, čím sa občas tiež stáva korisťou. Pre svoju veľkosť je pre človeka potenciálne nebezpečný. Databáza ISAF Floridského múzea neeviduje žiadny útok tohto žraloka na človeka. To však môže byť jednak podobnosťou so žralokom modrým, ktorému sú tiež možno paradoxne pripísané aj útoky tohto druhu žraloka, a tiež rozšírením v severnej oblasti oceánu, kde sa s ľudmi často nestretáva.[1]

Referencie

  1. a b Jan Šebík. Žralok tichooceánský [online]. Živá země, 2008, [cit. 2010-12-31]. Dostupné online. (česky)

Iné projekty

Zdroj

Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Žralok tichooceánský na českej Wikipédii.

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Lamna ditropis: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Lamna ditropis je veľký druh žraloka z čeľade Lamnidae.

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Оселедцева акула тихоокеанська ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина сягає 2-3 м при вазі до 220 кг (найвідоміша вага — 450 кг). Самці дещо менші за самиць.. Голова конусоподібна. Рило недуже довге. Очі великі, розташовані у верхній частині голови. Зябрових щілин — 5. Тулуб масивний. Наділена наявністю білків у крові, які зберігають високу частоту серцевих скорочень, що у свою чергу зігріває кров. Ця особливість дозволяє акулі витримувати низькі температури — до 2 °C. Вона має червоні м'язи вздовж хребта, які дозволяють йому підтримувати високу швидкість досить довго. Анальних плавців — 1, спинних — 2. Спина і боки синювато-коричневі, черево світле з численними темними плямами. Нижня сторона голови темніше за верхню.

Спосіб життя

Ця акула живе на глибинах від 225 до 650 м. Тримається невеличкими групами. Живиться лососем, скумбрією та оселедцем, рідше кальмарами й вугільною рибою. Відомі випадки заходу тихоокеанської акули в лососеві нерестові річки слідом за косяками прохідних лососів.

Статева зрілість настає у самців при розмірі 220 см, самиць — 180 см (у віці 2 років). Це живородна риба. Самиця народжує 2-5 акуленят 40-50 см завдовжки.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає переважно біля Аляски (США) та Камчатки й Чукотки (Росія), хоча може зустрічатися південніше у Японському морі. Інколи трапляється біля Гавайських островів.

Джерела

  • Leonard Compagno, Marc Dando, Sarah Fowler: Sharks of the World. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton University Press, Princeton und Oxford 2005; S. 183–184, ISBN 978-0-691-12072-0.
  • Goldman, Kenneth (August 2002). «Aspects of Age, Growth, Demographics, and Thermal Biology of Two Lamniform Shark Species». PhD Dissertation, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science.
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Тихоокеанская сельдевая акула ( Russian )

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Salmon shark noaa.jpg

От ближайшего вида — атлантической сельдевой акулы — отличается более коротким и менее острым рылом, тёмной окраской заднего кончика первого спинного плавника и светлой окраской кожи над основаниями грудных плавников. Есть резкие различия в морфологии черепа и зубов (у тихоокеанской сельдевой акулы первые верхние боковые зубы обычно более асимметричны)[10].

Длина взрослых особей составляет около 2—2,6 м, а вес достигает 265 кг[15]. Самки немного крупнее самцов. Максимальная зарегистрированная длина лососёвой акулы составляет 3,05 м[10], а вес 454 кг[6].

В заливе Анива длина сельдевых тихоокеанских акул, выловленных ставными неводами в июле, изменялась от 196 до 300 см, масса тела при длине 250 см составила 300 кг, при длине 300 см — 400 кг[14].

Биология

Будучи пелагическим видом открытых вод, тихоокеанские сельдевые акулы образуют небольшие стаи, как правило, не более 20—30 особей[14]. На этих акулах паразитируют цестоды Clistobothrium tumidum, Dinobothrium septaria[16], Nybelinia sp. и Nybelinia surmenicola[17] и веслоногие ракообразные Echthrogaleus coleoptratus[18].

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Части скелета и челюсти тихоокеанской сельдевой акулы

Размножение и жизненный цикл

Лососёвые акулы размножаются бесплацентарным живорождением с оофагией (внутриутробный каннибализм). В помёте от 2 до 5 новорождённых длиной 80—87 см (по другим данным 50—55 см[14]). Вероятно, продолжительность беременности составляет около 9 месяцев. Длительность полного цикла репродукции не установлена. Спаривание происходит поздним летом и в начале осени, потомство появляется на свет весной. Места спаривания и природные питомники расположены в открытом море в западной части Тихого океана между 156° з. ш. и 180° з. ш. в районе южных Курил и в Охотском море, где встречаются неполовозрелые акулы длиной 110—120 см. Новорождённых лососёвых акул находили у берегов Калифорнии, на основании чего можно предположить наличие природных питомников в восточной части Тихого океана[10]. В первый год жизни молодняк достигает длины 120—140 см, что составляет 75 % прироста. В последующие годы рост замедляется и не превышает 10—15 см в год по достижении 4-летнего возраста. Затем самки начинают прибавлять в росте больше самцов[6]. Самцы достигают половой зрелости при длине около 182 см, что соответствует возрасту 5 лет, а самки при длине 221 см в возрасте 8—10 лет. Продолжительность жизни самок в восточной части Тихого океана составляет не менее 20 лет, а самцов — 27 лет[10].

Рацион

Находясь на вершине пищевой пирамиды, лососёвые акулы являются хорошо приспособленными хищниками, которые охотятся на разнообразных донных и пелагических рыб. Их рацион составляют микижа, тихоокеанские лососи, сельди и сардины, сайды, тихоокеанская треска, томкодruen, волосохвосты, кинжалозубыruen, сайры, миктофы, скумбрии, пинагоры, подкаменщики, вероятно, скорпены, угольные рыбы и северный однопёрый терпуг. Кроме того, лососёвые акулы охотятся на катранов и некоторых пелагических кальмаров, их привлекает рыба, пойманная в качестве прилова и выброшенная за борт креветочных траулеров[10].

Считается, что лососёвые акулы уничтожают большое количество тихоокеанских лососей. У Алеутских островов и в заливе Аляска пик численности лососёвых акул приходится на сезон максимальной добычи лосося. Распространение и миграции лососей и лососёвых акул тесно связаны между собой. У лососёвых акул, попавшихся в пелагические жаберные сети у берегов Японии, в желудках не было обнаружено практически ничего, кроме лососей. Однако было сделано предположение, что такая связь маловероятна, поскольку ареалы лососей и лососёвых акул в западной части Тихого океана отличаются, акулы держатся существенно южнее от основных миграционных путей лососей. Лососёвые акулы собираются в местах скопления нерестящихся сельдей и сардин, которые, вероятно, составляют основу их рациона в этом регионе[10]. Нападая на стаи сардин, акулы разгоняют их, мешая промыслу[14].

Терморегуляция

Подобно прочим представителям семейства сельдевых акул лососёвые акулы являются эндотермиками, они способны поддерживать повышенную по сравнению с окружающей средой температуру тела. Эта способность обеспечивается за счёт Rete mirabileruen (с латыни переводится как «чудесная сеть»). Это плотная структура в виде клубков вен и артерий, которая пролегает по бокам туловища. Она позволяет удерживать тепло, подогревая холодную артериальную кровь за счёт венозной крови, разогретой работой мышц. Благодаря этой структуре лососёвые акулы способны эффективно охотиться в условиях широкого температурного диапазона. С помощью акустической телеметрии было проведено исследование, в ходе которого было установлено, что при температуре окружающей воды 5…16 °С внутренняя температура тела у четырёх наблюдаемых акул колебалась между 25 и 25,7 °С. Максимальная разница составила 21 °С[19]. Недавние исследования показали, что лососёвые акулы способны сильнее повышать внутреннюю температуру тела по сравнению с прочими сельдевыми акулами. У небольших особей подъём температуры относительно окружающей среды составлял от 8 °C до 11 °C, а у более крупной акулы разница составила 13,6 °C[10].

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Лососёвая акула, пойманная тралом

Взаимодействие с человеком

Лососёвые акулы считаются потенциально опасными для человека из-за крупного размера. По состоянию на 2013 год официально не зарегистрировано ни одного нападения на людей (несколько случаев были приписаны лососёвым акулам ошибочно из-за сходства с белой акулой). В последнее время дайверы часто встречают и фотографируют стаи этих акул, которые не проявляют агрессивности по отношению к человеку[6].

Вид представляет незначительный интерес для коммерческого промысла. В Японии между 1952 и 1965 годами улов лососёвых акул составил 110,4 тонны (максимальная годовая добыча равнялась 40,1 т). Наибольший урон популяции наносит прилов при добыче кошельковым неводом (например, лосося), а также при ярусном промысле палтуса и угольной рыбы. У берегов Японии и Аляски лососёвые акулы являются объектом спортивного рыболовства.

Исторически в водах Канады, Японии и России лососёвых акул добывали жаберными сетями в ходе промысла лосося и кальмара Ommastrephesruen. На основании численности рыболовного флота, сетей и улова на единицу промыслового усилия прилов этого вида оценивается в 105—155 тыс. особей за четырёхмесячный период ежегодно[8][20].

После ликвидации в открытом море дифтерных сетей и прекращения в открытом океане промысла лосося японским рыболовным флотом объём прилова лососёвых акул в северной части Тихого океана существенно сократился, и численность популяции восстановилась[21]. Однако лососёвых акул продолжают добывать в водах США (особенно в заливе Аляска и проливе Принца Вильгельма) тралами, жаберными сетями и неводами[22]. Мясо употребляют в пищу, в Японии из сердца лососёвых акул готовят сашими, кожу выделывают, плавники используют для приготовления супа[10]. Из печени одной акулы получают до 40 литров жира, богатого витамином А и Д[14]. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус «Вызывающий наименьшие опасения»[8].

Примечания

  1. Губанов Е. П., Кондюрин В. В., Мягков Н. А. Акулы Мирового океана: Справочник-определитель. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1986. — С. 57. — 272 с.
  2. Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 35. — 562 с.
  3. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 23. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  4. 1 2 Парин Н. В. Класс Хрящевые рыбы (Chondrichthyes) // Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 33. — 575 с.
  5. Моисеев Р. С., Токранов А. М. и др. Каталог позвоночных Камчатки и сопредельных морских акваторий. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатский печатный двор, 2000. — С. 15. — ISBN 5-85857-003-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 R. Aidan Martin. Biology of the Salmon Shark (Lamna ditropis) (неопр.). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Проверено 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 12 февраля 2013 года.
  7. Тихоокеанская сельдевая акула (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  8. 1 2 3 Lamna ditropis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  9. Hubbs, C. L. & Follett, W. I. Lamna ditropis, new species, the salmon shark of the North Pacific // Copeia. — 1947. — Vol. 1947, № (3). — P. 194.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Compagno, Leonard J. V. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes) // FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002. — P. 119—121. — ISBN 92-5-104543-7.
  11. Lamna ditropis (неопр.). http://shark-references.com.+Проверено 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 12 февраля 2013 года.
  12. Большой древнегреческий словарь (неопр.). Проверено 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 12 февраля 2013 года.
  13. А. М. Токранов, научный сотрудник КИЭП ДВО РАН. Акула сельдевая (неопр.). Северная Пацифика. www.npacific.ru. Проверено 7 января 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Энциклопедия Сахалинской области (неопр.). encsakhalin.su. Проверено 1 января 2016.
  15. Goldman, Kenneth; Musick, John A. «Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods» // Fishery Bulletin. — 2006. — Vol. 104, № (2). — P. 278—292.
  16. Riser, N. W. Studies on cestode parasites of sharks and skates // Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science. — 1955. — Vol. 30. — P. 265—311.
  17. Palm, H. W. The Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863. — PKSPL-IPB Press, 2004. — ISBN 979-9336-39-2.
  18. “Revision of the family Pandaridae (Copepoda: Caligoida). Proceedings of The United States National Museum. 121: 1—133. 1967.
  19. Goldman, Kenneth; Anderson, Scot; Latour, Robert; Musick, John A. Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis. — Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2004. — Vol. 71, № 4. — P. 403—411. — DOI:10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9.
  20. Robinson S. M. C. and Jamieson G. S. 1984. Report on a Canadian commercial fishery for flying squid using drifting gillnets off the coast of British Columbia. Canadian Industry Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
  21. Nagasawa, K., Azumaya, T. and Yoshida, Y. 2002. Impact of predation by salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) and daggertooth (Anotopterus nikparini) on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks in the North Pacific Ocean. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPFAC).
  22. "Fishing for Salmon Shark in Alaska. (неопр.). Fish Alaska Magazine.. Проверено 14 февраля 2013. Архивировано 16 февраля 2013 года.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Тихоокеанская сельдевая акула: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Salmon shark noaa.jpg

От ближайшего вида — атлантической сельдевой акулы — отличается более коротким и менее острым рылом, тёмной окраской заднего кончика первого спинного плавника и светлой окраской кожи над основаниями грудных плавников. Есть резкие различия в морфологии черепа и зубов (у тихоокеанской сельдевой акулы первые верхние боковые зубы обычно более асимметричны).

Длина взрослых особей составляет около 2—2,6 м, а вес достигает 265 кг. Самки немного крупнее самцов. Максимальная зарегистрированная длина лососёвой акулы составляет 3,05 м, а вес 454 кг.

В заливе Анива длина сельдевых тихоокеанских акул, выловленных ставными неводами в июле, изменялась от 196 до 300 см, масса тела при длине 250 см составила 300 кг, при длине 300 см — 400 кг.

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copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

太平洋鼠鯊 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Lamna ditropis
Hubbs and Follett, 1947 Lamna ditropis distmap.png

太平洋鼠鯊學名Lamna ditropis),又名鮭鯊,是出沒於北太平洋鯊魚。太平洋鼠鯊是頂級掠食者,專吃鮭魚魷魚銀鱈鲱魚[1] 太平洋鼠鯊的特徵是可以保持體溫,即恆溫性。[2] 在東太平洋及西太平洋之間,牠們的性別分佈有所差別,但至今未明原因。[3]

生物學

成年的太平洋鼠鯊的身體大部份呈深灰色至黑色,腹部呈白色有暗斑點。幼鯊在外觀上相似,但卻沒有這些斑點。鼻端短及成錐形,整體外形很像細小的大白鯊

太平洋鼠鯊一般成長至2至2.6米長及220公斤重。[4] 雄性的最大體型也較雌性的細少。未證實的報告指太平洋鼠鯊可以有4.3米長,而已證實最大的就約有3米長。[3].

生殖

太平洋鼠鯊是卵胎生的,每胎約有2至5頭幼鯊。[5] 就像其他的鼠鯊目,太平洋鼠鯊是食卵黃的,胚胎在母體內時會以母親的卵子作為食物。

雌性會在8至10年達至性成熟,而雄性一般會在5歲達至性成熟。[6] 牠們的繁殖期並不清楚,相信每兩年會在夏末或初冬進行交配。[3]妊娠期約9個月。有研究就指牠們出生的性別比例為每一頭雌性就有2.2頭雄性。[3]

恆溫性

太平洋鼠鯊是小數可以控制其體溫的魚類[2] 牠們是以反流交換來控制其體溫。流往末端的血液靠近回流的血液,從而造成傳熱。回流的血液是溫暖的,可以保持身體的溫度。這種能力相信是可以幫助太平洋鼠鯊在不同的水溫中追捕獵物。

分佈

太平洋鼠鯊是生活在海岸至濱岸帶光合作用帶的海域,且出沒於北方較冷水溫的地方。牠們在大陸海面很普遍,但只限於近岸至近海灘區域。牠們會單獨或成群出現,又或會幾頭一同獵食魚群。

太平洋鼠鯊主要生活於北太平洋,包括海岸及遠洋區域。最南的可以達至日本海及南加利福尼亞州,最北可到達北緯65°的阿拉斯加。個別的太平洋鼠鯊有試過下潛至水深668米處[7],不過一般牠們都是在光合作用帶的。

區域分野

在東北太平洋及西北太平洋的太平洋鼠鯊年齡及性別分佈有差異。東面雌性較多,而西面的則是雄性較多。[4] 這個差異的成因不明,有可能是因不同魚群的基因不同,又或是因牠們的生長及發育不同。

人類影響

現時沒有捕捉太平洋鼠鯊作商業用途,但有時會因鮭魚漁業而成為被丟棄的副漁獲物。其實太平洋鼠鯊對於漁業是一種滋擾,因為牠們會破壞捕魚裝置[5],且會消耗一定的漁獲。有一些報導指漁民會故意傷害太平洋鼠鯊。[8]

阿拉斯加,太平洋鼠鯊會作為釣魚體育的獵物。[9] 阿拉斯加的釣魚法規就限制了每人每年只可以捕捉不多於兩頭的太平洋鼠鯊。

太平洋鼠鯊的心臟日本宮城縣氣仙沼市是一種魚生的材料。[5]

雖然太平洋鼠鯊被認為是會傷害人類,但卻只有少數。有報導指潛水員曾被太平洋鼠鯊的攻擊,且有太平洋鼠鯊碰撞船隻。[8] 不過這類報導未有明確的證據證明這些鯊魚就是太平洋鼠鯊。[5]

參考

  1. ^ Hulbert, Leland; Stanley Rice. Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396. December 2002. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Goldman, Kenneth; Scot Anderson, Robert Latour, and John Musick. Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis. Environmental Biology of Fishes (Kluwer Academic Publishers). 2004, 71: 403–411. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Goldman, Kenneth. Aspects of Age, Growth, Demographics, and Thermal Biology of Two Lamniform Shark Species. PhD Dissertation, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science. August 2002.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Goldman, Kenneth; John Musick. Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods. Fishery Bulletin. 2006, 104 (2): 278 – 292. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Compagno, Leonard. Sharks of the World, Vol. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO. 2001.
  6. ^ Nagasawa, Kazuya. Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna distropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission. 1998, 1: 419–432.
  7. ^ Hulbert, LB; AM Aires-da-Silva, VF Gallucci, and JS Rice. Seasonal foarging movements and migratory patterns of female Lamna ditropis tagged in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Journal of Fish Biology. 2005, 67: 490–509. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Biology of the Salmon Shark. Reefquest Center for Shark Research. [14 September 2006].
  9. ^ Fishing for Salmon Shark in Alaska. Fish Alaska Magazine. [14 September 2006]. (原始内容存档于2006年10月21日).

外部連結

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太平洋鼠鯊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

太平洋鼠鯊(學名:Lamna ditropis),又名鮭鯊,是出沒於北太平洋鯊魚。太平洋鼠鯊是頂級掠食者,專吃鮭魚魷魚銀鱈鲱魚。 太平洋鼠鯊的特徵是可以保持體溫,即恆溫性。 在東太平洋及西太平洋之間,牠們的性別分佈有所差別,但至今未明原因。

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ネズミザメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ネズミザメ Salmon shark nmfs.jpg
ネズミザメ
Lamna ditropis
保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes 亜綱 : 板鰓亜綱 Elasmobranchii : ネズミザメ目 Lamniformes : ネズミザメ科 Lamnidae : ネズミザメ属 Lamna : ネズミザメ L. ditropis 学名 Lamna ditropis
Hubbs & Follett, 1947 英名 Salmon shark Lamna ditropis distmap.png
ネズミザメの生息域

ネズミザメ(鼠鮫、学名:Lamna ditropis、英名:Salmon shark)は、ネズミザメ目ネズミザメ科に属するサメ。地方名でモウカザメカドザメなどとも呼ばれる。全長3 m。太平洋北部の亜寒帯海域に生息する大型の捕食者である。

特殊な筋肉系、循環系により体温を海水温よりも高く保ち、高速遊泳を行う。季節回遊を行うことも知られている。

名称[編集]

学名[編集]

属名 Lamna は「凶暴な魚」。種名 ditropis は、「2つの」を意味する接頭語"di"と「隆起線」を意味する"tropis"が合わさったもので、本種の尾柄部と尾鰭にある2本の隆起線に由来している。

和名[編集]

標準和名はネズミザメであるが、いくつかの別名がある。

モウカザメ(毛鹿鮫)は東北地方でよく使われる名称で、マフカザメ(真鱶鮫)が訛ったものだといわれる。マダイ(真鯛)やマアジ(真鯵)などを見ても分かるように、魚名に「マ(真)」がつくものは「代表種」の意味合いを持っており、東北地方の代表的なフカ(サメのこと)であることからマフカの名が付けられたのであろう。実際、東北はネズミザメの水揚量が多い。

カドザメ(カトザメ・カトウザメとも)の由来にはいくつかの説があり、渾然一体としている。「カド」がニシンの地方名であり、これを捕食することからというもの。また「カド」はカツオの地方名でもあり、やはりこれを捕食することからというもの。これらとは別にネズミザメ漁を初めて行った江戸時代の漁師、加藤音吉の名から来ているという説もある。一部の地方ではカトザメがアオザメを表すこともある。

サケザメ(鮭鮫)は、英語でもサーモン・シャーク "Salmon shark" と呼ばれるように、サケを捕食することに由来する。漁業ではサケを食害するサメということで、漁師には歓迎されない。

他に、ラクダザメゴウシカがある。

分布[編集]

北部太平洋の亜寒帯海域を中心に分布し、ベーリング海アラスカ湾プリンス・ウィリアム湾などを主な生息地とする。日本近海では日本海オホーツク海に現れる。寒冷な環境を好むが、回遊によってかなり南の海域まで進出することがある。最も低い緯度ではハワイ沖(北緯22°)まで南下した例が報告されている。他に、カリフォルニア州沿岸でも生息が確認されており、さらに南のメキシコ沿岸まで進出している可能性もある。

沿岸域・外洋域の両方に出現する。普段は海表面近くを遊泳するが、水深700 m 程度まで潜ることもある。また、亜熱帯海域では温度躍層を避けて、300 - 500 m 程度の深度を遊泳することが多いようである。

形態[編集]

最大で全長305cm、体重175.0kg[2]。体は紡錘型で水の抵抗を受けにくい。背側の体色は青みを帯びた灰色もしくは黒色、腹側は白色で濃色の斑紋が点在する。尾鰭は上葉がわずかに長いものの、上下がほぼ同じ長さで三日月型をしている。尾柄には明瞭な隆起線があり、さらに尾鰭の中央よりやや下にも隆起線が見られる。種名 ditropis (「二つの隆起線」の意)はここからきている。

外見は小型のホホジロザメのようにも見えるが、やはり隆起線の数で見分けることができる。同属にニシネズミザメがいるが、形態的にはニシネズミザメの第一背鰭の後縁が白色なのに対し、本種ではそれがないことで見分ける。

生態[編集]

食性[編集]

サケザメやサーモン・シャーク "Salmon shark" の名の通り、サケを捕食することでよく知られている。またニシンも好んで食べる。亜寒帯海域では最高次捕食者の地位を占めている。

繁殖[編集]

太平洋北東部の個体の方が、北西部の個体よりも早く成熟する傾向がある。太平洋北西部では雄は全長約177〜186cm、雌は200-223cmで成熟し、成熟年齢は雄5年、雌8〜10年である[3]。太平洋北東部では雄158cm、3〜5年、雌205cm、6〜9年で成熟する[3]

胎生。ただし、胎仔と母親を直接つなぐ胎盤のような器官は持たない。子宮の中で卵黄の栄養を使ってある程度の大きさになった胎仔は、卵巣から排卵される栄養の豊富な未受精卵を食べて育つ。これはネズミザメ目に見られる卵食型である。妊娠期間は約9ヶ月[1]、産仔数は2-6尾[3]、出生時の大きさは84-96cm[3]

以前は卵胎生と呼ばれたが、子宮の中で母親から卵という形で間接的に栄養分をもらって育つことから、広義の胎生に含める。

内温性[編集]

ほとんどの種が外温動物(変温動物)である魚類の中にあって、ネズミザメは外部温度にかかわらず体温をある程度一定に保持することができる性質(内温性)を備えている。内温性魚類は、同じネズミザメ科アオザメホホジロザメ、真骨魚ではマグロカツオカジキといった種類である。これらはみな高速遊泳を行うという点で共通している。

ネズミザメの赤筋(遅筋、血合い肉)の分布位置は他の魚と異なり、体の中央深部、脊椎骨の周囲に集中している。持続的遊泳に使われる赤筋を外界から遠ざけることで代謝熱を保持し、周囲にある白筋(速筋)へ効率良く伝導させる。さらに筋肉には奇網が発達し、保温能力を高めている。奇網では体内からの温かい血液と体表からの冷たい血液が対向流交換系をなし、熱の伝導が行われる。

この内温性により、ネズミザメは大抵のサメ類が寄り付かない亜寒帯海域という地理的なニッチを獲得している。

近縁種[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ニシネズミザメに関連するメディアがあります。
ネズミザメに非常に近縁であり、1947年にネズミザメが記載されるまで同一種であると思われていた。両者の決定的な違いは分布域である。ニシネズミザメは大西洋の北部と南半球に分布するのに対し、ネズミザメは太平洋の北部にしか分布しない。

人との関わり[編集]

寒い海に生息するので、人が襲われた記録はないものの、大型で獰猛なサメに入るので、危険な種である。

サケ類を捕食するので、水産上の重要害魚という形で扱われることもある。

一方で、ネズミザメは食用魚としての利用のために漁獲されている。漁には延縄流し網が用いられる。日本国内においてはそのほとんどが気仙沼港(宮城県)に水揚げされ[4]、気仙沼での水揚げ量はヨシキリザメに次いで多い[5]。サメ類の中では比較的アンモニア臭が少なく食用向きとされ[5]、肉が切り身や魚肉練り製品の原料として消費されるほか、心臓モウカの星とよばれ刺身や酢味噌和えにされる[6]。またふかひれも採取される。

栃木県では切り身をもろ(モロ)と称して販売することが一般的で、スーパーマーケットや鮮魚店にもよく並ぶ[4]。店頭では、東北地方の和名である「モウカ(モーカ)ザメ」や、「むきサメ」と表示されることもある。飲食店や学校給食のメニューとしても一般的である[7]

比較的安価で調理しやすい食材として人気が高く、主に、煮付けフライなど、加熱して食べる。ネズミザメという名前を表示しないのが一般的であるため、サメ肉であると知らないで食べている消費者も多い。内陸の栃木県で特に消費されるのは、産地の気仙沼周辺から比較的近く、かつ、時間が経つとアンモニアを発する性質により腐りにくい鮮魚として、鮮魚輸送技術の未発達な時代から運んで売られたのが根付いたという意見がある[4]

飼育および運送などは他のネズミザメ科と同じように大変難しい。2017年6月2日、北海道のおたる水族館に子供が運ばれたが、半日で死亡している[8]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b Goldman, K., Kohin, S., Cailliet, G.M. & Musick, J.A. 2008. Lamna ditropis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. . Downloaded on 02 July 2011.
  2. ^ Lamna ditropis Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2011.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (06/2011).
  3. ^ a b c d Biological Profiles: Salmon shark Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology Department.
  4. ^ a b c “新年企画 食べるって何だ? 郷土の味 知恵凝縮”. 朝日新聞栃木版 (朝日新聞社). (http://mytown.asahi.com/tochigi/news.php?k_id=09000360901010002 [リンク切れ]
  5. ^ a b “【特報 追う】サメ肉料理 目指せ宮城の名産品 官民連携課題は「臭み」”. MSN産経ニュース (産業経済新聞社). (http://sankei.jp.msn.com/region/tohoku/miyagi/071214/myg0712140230002-n1.htm
  6. ^ 珍しいモノ図鑑(モウカの星)”. 川崎市中央卸売市場食品衛生検査所. ^ 【食紀行】栃木のサメ料理 県民と同じ?さっぱり味『日本経済新聞』夕刊2018年3月8日(くらしナビ面)2018年3月21日閲覧。
  7. ^ おたる水族館” (2017年6月2日). 2017年7月4日閲覧。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ネズミザメに関連するメディアがあります。
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wikipedia 日本語

ネズミザメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ネズミザメ(鼠鮫、学名:Lamna ditropis、英名:Salmon shark)は、ネズミザメ目ネズミザメ科に属するサメ。地方名でモウカザメ、カドザメなどとも呼ばれる。全長3 m。太平洋北部の亜寒帯海域に生息する大型の捕食者である。

特殊な筋肉系、循環系により体温を海水温よりも高く保ち、高速遊泳を行う。季節回遊を行うことも知られている。

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copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語

악상어 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

악상어(학명: Lamna ditropis)는 몸길이가 최대 3.36m 내외로, 암컷과 수컷이 멀리 떨어져 살다가 번식기에 만나 짝짓기하는 습성이 있는 상어다. 다른 악상어과의 상어와 마찬가지로 역류 열교환 시스템을 갖추어 주변의 수온보다 높은 체온을 유지한다. 가까운 친척인 비악상어(Pobeagle 학명: Lamna nasus)와 동종으로 여겨지다가 최근에 다른 종으로 분류되었다. 난폭해 보이는 외모를 가지고 있지만, 아직까지 사람을 공격한 보고는 없다. 연승 어업으로 어획되는데, 고기와 기름은 식용한다. 일본에서는 악상어의 심장을 회로 먹기도 한다.

각주

  1. Goldman, K., Kohin, S., Cailliet, G.M. & Musick, J.A. (2009). “Lamna ditropis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 3.1판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2012년 4월 11일에 확인함.
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

악상어: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

악상어(학명: Lamna ditropis)는 몸길이가 최대 3.36m 내외로, 암컷과 수컷이 멀리 떨어져 살다가 번식기에 만나 짝짓기하는 습성이 있는 상어다. 다른 악상어과의 상어와 마찬가지로 역류 열교환 시스템을 갖추어 주변의 수온보다 높은 체온을 유지한다. 가까운 친척인 비악상어(Pobeagle 학명: Lamna nasus)와 동종으로 여겨지다가 최근에 다른 종으로 분류되었다. 난폭해 보이는 외모를 가지고 있지만, 아직까지 사람을 공격한 보고는 없다. 연승 어업으로 어획되는데, 고기와 기름은 식용한다. 일본에서는 악상어의 심장을 회로 먹기도 한다.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자