dcsimg

Associations

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Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gymnopilus dilepis is saprobic on stump (old) of Cocos nucifera

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sistotrema brinkmannii is saprobic on dead, decayed matting of Cocos nucifera
Other: unusual host/prey

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Comments

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Economically coconut palm is very important. Every part of the plant is utilized for some purpose or the other. In addition to yielding fruit and drink, it provides materials of great economic and commercial importance to the natives. It yields oil, milk, copra, fibre, toddy etc. The outer wood of the stem is used as an astringent gargle in cases of sore throat, the oil is used in preparing ointments to cure cough and as a vermifuge.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 12 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Comments

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This is the coconut of commerce, although it is cultivated in the U.S. solely for its ornamental value. Although not native, the coconut persists long after cultivation and is essentially naturalized in coastal southern Florida. Lethal yellowing disease eliminated a large number of susceptible coconuts from the landscape. Presently, most cultivated individuals are resistant cultivars.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 120 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Stem up to 22 m tall, thick at the base, stout, smooth with prominent rings, greyish, unbranched, remains of old leaves on the top of the stem. A tuft of leaves arises from apex of the stem, leaves pinnate, 3-4 m long, 120-180 cm broad, bright green, coriaceous, petiole green, smooth, unarmed, concavo-convex, stout, 1.1-1.3 m long, young petiole covered with brownish fibrous sheath, leaflets 100-105, opposite near the base, alternate and opposite near to the tip, acuminate. Bracts 45-90 cm long. Male flowers numerous on the upper part, small, coriaceous; sepals small; petals 1-1.1 x 0.4-0.45 cm; stamens 6. Female flowers ovoid, much larger than the male, having several broad bracteoles; sepals 2 x 1 mm. Fruit very large, 15-25 cm or more in length, green or yellowish, covered with thick fibrous mass, woody, inner wall lined by white endosperm matter and a milky fluid containing cytokinins.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 12 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Stems erect or leaning, smooth. Leaves: segments inserted on rachis in 2 ranks; bract persistent, peduncular, to 1 m, woody. Staminate flowers creamy yellow, 11--13 mm. Fruits green, yellow, or bronzy red when immature, brown when mature; mesocarp dry, fibrous; endocarp brown, bearing 3 germination pores. 2n = 32.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 120 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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Distribution: Origin unknown. In Pakistan, scattered on the areas near the sea shore. It is cultivated throughout the tropics, generally near the sea coast.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 12 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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introduced; Fla.; pantropical. native, Pacific Islands (Melanesia).
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 120 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flower/Fruit

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Fl. Per.: Whole of the year.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 12 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering throughout the year.
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Habitat

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Coastal dune vegetation in sandy soils; ca. 0--10m.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 120 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm, is a monocot perennial member of the Arecaceae (palm family), cultivated in tropical areas worldwide for its fruit and fiber. It has been extolled in songs, novels, and films, such as the Marx Brothers movie, Cocoanuts and The Coconut song (see YouTube clip and YouTube song). It is particularly important in Pacific islands, where it can be a primary source of food and a major cash crop. The species has been cultivated since prehistoric times and is no longer found in the wild. Its progenitors are thought to have originated in the western Pacific region known as Malesia (the floristic region that includes the Malay Peninsula and archipelago, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago) and the southwest Pacific. It is now cultivated and sometimes naturalized across tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, where it often grows along coastal areas. Coconut palms are medium-sized, solitary herbaceous plants. Although treelike in form, their trunks are composed not of wood, but of fibrous, stout, overlapping stems, and may grow to 25 m tall (80 feet), topped by a crown of pinnately compound leaves up to 4 meters (15 feet) long. The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many domestic, commercial, and industrial uses of its different parts. Coconuts are part of the daily diet of many people. Its endosperm is known as the edible "flesh" of the coconut; when dried it is called copra. The oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. The clear liquid coconut water within is a refreshing beverage and can be processed to create alcohol or blended with gums and whiteners to make a popular milk substitute. The husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It also has cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it. As of 2009, coconut was grown commercially in 80 countries, with total production of 61 million tons; leading producers were the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. Coconuts have been used in traditional medicine around the world to treat numerous ailments, ranging from sore throat, colds, and earaches to tuberculosis, tumors, and ulcers. Recent medical studies have found that coconut can have antibacterial, antifungal, antihelmintic, and antiviral properties, among other health benefits. Coconut oil was once avoided because it is composed of saturated fats, which were thought to raise cholesterol. However, recent research suggests that because it has medium- rather than long-chain fatty acids, coconut oil does not raise cholesterol, but may actually protect against heart disease. Coconut has now become popular as a health food, with numerous products and web sites extolling its benefits. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not technically a nut. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word. The term is derived from 16th century Portuguese and Spanish “cocos,” meaning "grinning face," from the three small holes on the coconut shell that resemble human facial features. (Coconut Research Center 2004, Haden 2009, Hahn 1997, Kew 2011, Pearsall 1999, Wikipedia 2011)
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Ethnobotanical Uses

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Cocos nucifera is commonly known as a coconut palm and literally has hundreds of uses but is most well known for the products of its fruit, such as coconut meat, coconut water, coconut milk, and coconut oil. While the coconut palm is well known for many edible products it is also an important source of traditional medicine, crafting material and fuel (Morrison et al. 1994). Almost all edible products of the coconut come from the fruit, or “nut” portion of the plant. The hard endosperm of the seed is edible when fresh but can also be dried and shredded to make desiccated coconut, a common topping for baked goods and sweets in the Europe and North America which is especially popular as a topping on bread, chocolate, cake and ice cream or frozen yogurt (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). The liquid endosperm of the immature fruit, often called "coconut water" is potable and readily consumable when fresh (Bennett 2007). It has nearly the same composition as many popular sports drinks that are marketed as “hydration aids” and has experience a recent explosion of commercial popularity in North America though it has been a common beverage in the tropics and subtropics for generations (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). In the Philippines, it is the key ingredient for making the gelatinous dessert nata de coco and is also used to feed infants, as it is in many other countries. Coconut water is also used for medicinal purposes (Grimwood 1975). Modern medicine has found that coconut water can be a good substitute for intravenous infusions, and it has been used to replace blood plasma in emergency surgery (Bennett 2007; Grimwood 1975). In Nigerian folk medicine, the coconut fruit products are prescribed as “anti-poison” treatments that are meant to neutralize toxic and venomous substances (Aiyeloja and Bello 2006). Whereas in traditional South Asian medicine, coconut water is sometimes mixed with “coconut milk,” to treat intestinal worms and other stomach problems. It is said to be particularly useful for dealing with cholera because the salines and albumins in it restrict vomiting and has further been reported to reduce rashes from small pox, chicken pox and measles (Grimwood 1975). More edible products can be made by tapping the inflorescence of the plant for sap, which is called “tody” (Bennett 2007). Tody can then be boiled to produce coconut sugar which is known as “jaggery (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000).” If the tody is instead fermented, it can become the alcoholic beverage arrack, which in turn can become coconut vinegar if it is fermented for even longer (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000; Grimwood 1975). Additionally, coconut heart of palm can be harvested from any plant older than three years of age and used to make salads (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). Coconut milk and coconut cream are also products of the fruit however the terms “coconut milk” and “coconut cream” are not always distinct and can be used in different parts of the world to refer to the same product (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). Coconut milk/cream is an emulsion of coconut oil and water achieved by shredding and squeezing the fresh coconut flesh from inside the nut and then adding coconut oil; alternately, a simpler version can be produced by grating the coconut with hot water (Grimwood 1975; Bennett 2007). These products, along with coconut oil, have no cholesterol and are readily digestible (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). The coconut palm is also an important source of vegetable oil and fixed oil in the Americas among the three most important oil yielding palms (Haynes and McLaughlin 2000). Coconut fruit provides many edible products to humans but is also often used as food for domestic animals in tropical countries, especially pigs, chickens and dogs, but is also used in industrial livestock and poultry operations as a component of animal feed (Morrison et al. 1994). The shell of the fruit is also highly useful in and yields its own products. In addition to being used as cups, bowls, spoons, containers and other cooking equipment, the excess shells from coconut plantations are often used to build roads and also for lining wells during drilling (Morrison et al. 1994; Grimwood 1975). It is also the preferred portion of the plant to use for fuel (though all portions may be used for fuel) because it is an excellent source of coconut charcoal (Morrison et al. 1994). Coconut charcoal is produced industrially in the Caribbean, South Asia and the Pacific Islands and is a big source of fuel in many islands of the Pacific (Grimwood 1975; Morrison et al. 1994). Furthermore, ash from coconut shells are said to be good substitutes for potassium fertilizer and sample measurements from Malaysia show that they contain the equivalent of 52.2% potassium in ash form (Grimwood 1975). In terms of yielding construction material, the husk fiber, known as coir is derived from the mesocarp fibers that surround the seed and is used to manufacture items like rope and twine, which are then used to lash together structures or for fishing nets and string fishing lines (Morrison et al. 1994). Coir can also be used as stuffing or caulking, or for weaving mats, skirts, hats and paint brushes (Bennett 2007, Morrison et al. 1994). The palm leaf can also be woven or used for split roof thatch but may also be woven to produce other products including baskets, purses, bags and hats (Bennett 2007).
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Kokospalm ( Afrikaans )

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Die kokospalm of klapperboom (Cocos nucifera) behoort tot die palmfamilie (Palmae of Arecaceae). Dit is die enigste spesie in die genus Cocos, 'n sogenaamde monotipiese geslag.

Die endokarp van die vrug, met die kiemopening, lyk soos die gesig van 'n aap, wat in Portugees "coco" genoem word. Die palm kan tot 30 m hoog word en het 4–6 m lange blare. Die ou blare val af, maar die bladvoete bly sit en vorm so die stam. Die stam is 'n skynstam, omdat dit nie op die gewone wyse gevorm word soos by 'n boom nie, maar deur die opstapeling van die bladvoete.

Verwysings

  1. Hahn, William J. (1997) Arecanae: The palms.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit die Nederlandse Wikipedia vertaal.
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Kokospalm: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die kokospalm of klapperboom (Cocos nucifera) behoort tot die palmfamilie (Palmae of Arecaceae). Dit is die enigste spesie in die genus Cocos, 'n sogenaamde monotipiese geslag.

Die endokarp van die vrug, met die kiemopening, lyk soos die gesig van 'n aap, wat in Portugees "coco" genoem word. Die palm kan tot 30 m hoog word en het 4–6 m lange blare. Die ou blare val af, maar die bladvoete bly sit en vorm so die stam. Die stam is 'n skynstam, omdat dit nie op die gewone wyse gevorm word soos by 'n boom nie, maar deur die opstapeling van die bladvoete.

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Cocos nucifera ( Asturian )

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Pa ver otros usos d'esti términu, Cocu (dixebra).

El cocoteru (Cocos nucifera), ye una especie de palmeres de la familia Arecaceae. Ye monotípica, siendo la so única especie Cocos nucifera. Esti xéneru dalguna vegada tuvo munches especies que fueron siendo independizaes d'esti xéneru, dalgunes escontra'l xéneru Syagrus, taxonómicamente falando, les especies más próximes son Jubaeopsis caffra de Sudáfrica y Voanioala gerardii de Madagascar.[2] Crez unos 30 metros o más y el so frutu ye'l cocu.

Ye'l árbol emblemáticu del estáu Zulia (Venezuela).

 src=
Cocoteru granando na «Sablera de Sable Negru», Ḥawai.

Localización

La planta puede atopase na vera de sableres tropicales arenoses[3] del Mar Caribe, Océanu Índicu y Pacíficu. Cultivada dar n'otres zones de clima caliente. De normal pueden crecer dende l'ecuador hasta los paralelos 28º de dambos hemisferios, con delles esceiciones como les Islles Bermudes y Madeira nel paralelu 32º, o Islles Kermadec, ente los paralelos 29º y 31º.

Descripción

Les fueyes d'esta planta son de gran tamañu d'hasta 3 m de llargu y el so frutu, el cocu, contién a la grana más grande qu'esiste [ensin referencies]. El cocoteru ye una sola especie con múltiples variedaes, estremaes básicamente pol color del frutu (mariellu o verde). Les plantes namái presenten diferencies nel tarmu. La traza común y carauterístico de toes elles ye'l sabor de frutu, que la so carauterístiques ye que ye prestosa, dulce, carnosu y jugoso. La so importancia económica fixo que s'empiece a cultivar nes sableres tropicales, el so llugar aparente.

Les flores del cocoteru son poligamomonoecias, coles flores masculines y femenines na mesma inflorescencia. El florecimientu asocede de cutio, coles flores femenines produciendo les granes.

Oríxenes

 src=
Recoyendo cocu. Xusto tres el cocoteru aprecia un exemplar nuevu.

L'orixe d'esta planta ye desconocíu, pa dellos botánicos ye d'orixe asiáticu y p'otros del Caribe. Ensin tomar en cuenta'l so orixe, los cocoteros espandiéronse al traviés de munches de les zones tropicales del mundu, ayudáu probablemente en munchos casos pol factor humanu. El cocu como ye una grana resistente, ye arrobinada a grandes distancies poles corrientes marines, llegándose a ver cocos llexando nes mariñes del mar de Noruega y entá con posibilidaes de ser granaos dempués en llugares fayadizos.

Cultivu

 src=
Espata de Cocos nucifera, entá ensin floriar.
 src=
Esportaciones de cocu en 2005.

La planta nun tolera'l fríu,[3] los grandes altores, l'alloñanza del mar, suelos duros y escasos de sal. Pela cueta son aptos en zones con fuerte vientu (qu'amás ye imprescindible por que les flores polinicen) y la sal. Prefier árees con lluz solar abondosa (del tipu tropical) y de precipitación regular (750 a 2.000 milímetros añalmente). Los cocoteros tamién precisen d'altu mugor ambiental (70-80%+) pa la crecedera óptimo, polo tanto'l cocoteru nun se desenvuelve en condiciones n'árees templaes con mugor baxo (el Mar Mediterraneu les mariñes del norte de Chile y sur de Perú), inclusive onde estes sían temperatures altes, siendo difícil que crezan en climes secos. Sicasí si puede crecer en zones subtropicales como'l norte d'Arxentina, Ḥawai, Cabu Verde o Florida onde'l mugor relativo ye alzada y les temperatures nun suelen baxar de los 13 °C.[4]

Utilidá

Artículu principal: cocu

El cocoteru ta ente les más antigües plantes útiles y esplótase de múltiples maneres. La magaya seca llámase copra y contién un 60-70% de lípidos; de la copra llógrase aceite, utilizáu na ellaboración de margarina y xabón. La madera del cocoteru utilizar pa la construcción. Los habitantes de les Filipines, Polinesia, Kiribati y les Islles Marshall peracaben la cazumbre del cocoteru fresca; lleldada, puede caltenese y tresformase nun tipu de bébora alcohólico, conocida como vinu de cocu.

Les fibres qu'arrodia'l frutu del cocu utilizar pa faer cepiyos, colchones y cuerdes. Nes islles del Caribe, ye habitual abrir les nueces de cocu non madures con un machete pa estrayer l'agua del frutu que ye una bébora refrescante. L'agua interior puede permanecer hasta ocho meses nel frutu zarráu y caltener toles sos cualidaes.

Propiedaes

Ye usáu como diuréticu, emoliente, vermífugo, discretamente laxante.

El cascu quemáu emplégase como sahumerio en casu de dolor de mueles. Cola magaya fai un xarabe pectoral. La decocción del mesocarpo fibrosu, nes zones de orígen, úsase como purgante y antihelmíntico.[5]

Producción

Filipines ye líder mundial na so producción (2007) siguida por Indonesia ya India yá terceru distante. Pollachi y el so hinterland ye la rexón cocotera más importante d'India. Tamién ellí tópense importantes industries conexes: Tender Coconut Water, Copra, Coconut Oil, Coconut Cake, Coconut Toddy, Coconut Shell based Products, Coconut Wood based Products, Coconut Leaves, Coir Pith.

Primeros diez Productores — 11 de xunu de 2008 País Producción, t nota Flag of the Philippines.svg Filipines 17000000
  • |-
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 15580000 P Bandera de India India 9400000 F Bandera de Brasil Brasil 2770554 Bandera de Tailandia Tailandia 1705446 Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 962000 F Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 954000 Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papúa Nueva Guinea 677000 F Bandera de Malasia Malasia 568000 F Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 370000 F 54716444 A Ensin símbolu = figura oficial , P = figura oficial, F = estimación FAO, * = non-oficial/semioficial/datos espeyos, C = figura calculada A = Agregada (puede incluyir oficial, semioficial o estimaciones);

Fonte: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision

Taxonomía

Cocos nucifera describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753.[6]

Sinonimia

Los siguientes nomes considérense sinónimos de Cocos nucifera:[7][6]

  • Palma cocos Mill. (1768), nom. illeg.
  • Calappa nucifera (L.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Cocos indica Royle (1840).
  • Cocos añada Griff. (1851).

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Sinónimos en Kew Consultáu'l 1 d'agostu de 2009.
  2. José Antonio del Cañizu editorial=Ediciones Mundi-Prensa (2002). Palmeres. ISBN 84-7114-989-3.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry: Cocos nucifera (pdf file)
  4. Werth, Y. 1933. Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm (in periodical: Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gues., vol 51, pp. 301–304) (artículp traducíu al inglés pol Dr. Child, R. (Direutor, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwila))
  5. «Cocos nucifera». Plantes útiles: Linneo. Consultáu'l 26 de mayu de 2013.
  6. 6,0 6,1 «Cocos nucifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 26 de mayu de 2013.
  7. Sinónimos en Kew Consultáu'l 26 de mayu de 2013.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Cocos nucifera: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Cocos nucifera Pa ver otros usos d'esti términu, Cocu (dixebra).

El cocoteru (Cocos nucifera), ye una especie de palmeres de la familia Arecaceae. Ye monotípica, siendo la so única especie Cocos nucifera. Esti xéneru dalguna vegada tuvo munches especies que fueron siendo independizaes d'esti xéneru, dalgunes escontra'l xéneru Syagrus, taxonómicamente falando, les especies más próximes son Jubaeopsis caffra de Sudáfrica y Voanioala gerardii de Madagascar. Crez unos 30 metros o más y el so frutu ye'l cocu.

Ye'l árbol emblemáticu del estáu Zulia (Venezuela).

 src= Cocoteru granando na «Sablera de Sable Negru», Ḥawai.
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Kokos palması ( Azerbaijani )

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 src=
Kokos palması.

Kokos palması (lat. Cocos nucifera) - palmalar fəsiləsindən bitki növü. Gövdəsinin hündürlüyü 20–25 m, diametri 50-60 sm-dir, yarpağı lələkvarı olub uzunluğu 3-6,5 metrdir. Bircinsiyyətli çiçəkləri süpürgə çiçək qrupunda yerləşir.

Kokos qozu adlanan meyvəsi çəyirdəkdir: çəkisi 1,5-2,5 kq olur. Yetişmiş meyvəsində kokos südü və yağı var. Hind qozu 7-13 yaşında meyvə verir, 60 ilə qədər məhsul yığmaq olur. 90-100 il yaşayır. Kokos palması qədim zamanlardan hər iki yarımkürənin tropik ölkələrində, əsasən Filippində, Malay arxipelaqı adalarında, Malakka yarımadasında, HindistandaŞri-Lankada becərilir.

Dəniz və okean sahillərində bitən bitkidir. Gövdəsi yaxşı tikinti materialıdır.

Vikianbarda Kokos palması ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.

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Cocoter ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Per a altres conceptes vegeu coco (desambiguació)

El cocoter, coco, palma/palmera de coco, palma cocotera o palma indiana (Cocos nucifera) és una palmera de la família de les arecàcies conreada o espontània a tots els països tropicals. El nom específic nucifera deriva del llatí i significa portador de nous. El fruit s'anomena coco o nou de coco. És l'única espècie dins del gènere cocos.

El coco és un element importantíssim o essencial en la gastronomia de molts països de les zones tropicals arreu del món.

El coco

El coco és una nou molt gran envoltada d'un mesocarpi fibrós que s'obre per extreure la nou de coco; la part comestible és l'endosperma albuminós de color blanc. La nou jove està plena d'aigua. La llet de coco s'obté esprement la nou ratllada.

El nom prové del portuguès coco, una mena de papu per espantar els nens.[1]

És una palmera de grans dimensions que es troba a les tropicals arreu del món. Pot arribar a 30 metres d'alt. Posseeix tres o més fulles grans, pinnades i que poden arribar a mesurar 6 metres de llarg. Floreix al llarg de tot l'any en inflorescències que contenen tant flors masculines com femenines amb 6 estams. Les flors estan situades als apèndix axil·lars.

Les flors femenines quan acaben el procés de maduració formen un fruit en forma de drupa oval monosperma de hasta 30 cm de diàmetre amb un pericarpi fibrós i un endocarpi ossi. El fruit conté al seu interior l'albumen blanc comestible.

De forma espontània es dispersa mitjançant la suració dels fruits al mar i germinant en les platges, ja que els fruits resisteixen la salinització de l'aigua.

Preferix el sòl sorrenc i necessita molta insolació, alta humitat relativa (750 a 200 litres de pluja a l'any o bé regadiu), aquesta humitat no pot ser excessiva, ja que un excés d'aigua iniciaria un efecte de putrefacció a la planta.

Farmacologia

Composició química

Depenent de quina part del cocoter analitzem trobarem uns components o uns altres:

Si observem la llet de coco trobem fins a 2% de derivats de glúcids (poliol, sorbitol), àcids orgànics (àcid maleic), aminoàcids i difenil-urea.

Per una altra banda si observem la copra (polpa seca) trobarem fins a 65% de lípids, glúcids i en menor quantitat vitamina D.

Finalment a la closca del coco trobarem principalment tanins.

Usos medicinals

Abans que maduri el coco al seu interior trobem la llet de coco que és antihelmíntica i diürètica. La mantega de coco la fem servir per a reparar la pell. La carn del coco és discretament laxant i amb ella es fabrica un xarop pectoral.

Accions farmacològiques

Propietats medicinals

  • Aigua de coco:

Actua com a refrescant, laxant, antihelmíntica i diürètica.

Emol·lient: elimina les inflamacions.

Té una propietat per a matar els paràsits intestinals.

  • Casc cremat:

Aquest l'utilitzem per al dolor de queixals.

Usos generals

Té moltes aplicacions. S'utilitza sobretot per a l'alimentació en forma de fruit, d'oli o d'una mantega molt digestiva recomanada per a fer dieta alimentària. A banda del fruit també s'usen les fulles i el tronc per a la construcció rural. La fibra de coco s'utilitza com aïllant i en horticultura com un bon substitut de la torba.

  • La part blanca del coco pot ser dessecada o consumida en fresc.
  • El suc o llet de cocosucres, fibra, proteïnes, antioxidants i minerals que constitueixen una beguda isotònica que a banda de l'ús gastronòmic s'ha utilitzat com a medi de cultiu de plantes en laboratori, ja que és estèril (fins que s'obre).

Curiositats

Els indis utilitzaven l'aigua de coco com un remei per a totes les malalties i amb la closca es feien copes o gots.

A partir de les flors del cocoter s'elabora un vi que els anglesos el denominen <>.

El coco és un aliment difícil de digerir però té un efecte que augmenta els espermatozous.

Galeria d'imatges

Referències

  1. Fernando Díez Losada, La tribuna del idioma, pg. 481

Vegeu també

Bibliografia

  • Bruneton, J. Plantas tóxicas: vegetales peligrosos para el hombre y los animales. Editorial Acribia. Zaragoza., 2000. ISBN 9788420009353.
  • Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos. Catálogo de plantas medicinales. 2009a ed.. CGCOF. Madrid, 2009. ISBN 2910010541388.
  • Bolòs, Oriol; Vigo, Josep. Flora dels Països Catalans. Ed. Barcino. Barcelona, 1984. ISBN 9788472265974.


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Cocoter: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El cocoter, coco, palma/palmera de coco, palma cocotera o palma indiana (Cocos nucifera) és una palmera de la família de les arecàcies conreada o espontània a tots els països tropicals. El nom específic nucifera deriva del llatí i significa portador de nous. El fruit s'anomena coco o nou de coco. És l'única espècie dins del gènere cocos.

El coco és un element importantíssim o essencial en la gastronomia de molts països de les zones tropicals arreu del món.

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Cneuen goco ( Welsh )

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 src=
Cneuen goco wedi'i thorri yn hanner.

Mae'r goeden cnau coco (Cocos nucifera) yn aelod o deulu'r balmwydden (Arecaceae) a'r unig rywogaeth fyw o'r genws Cocos.[1] Gall y term "cneuen goco" gyfeirio at y balmwydden gnau coco, yr hedyn, neu'r ffrwyth, sydd yn fotanegol yn aeronen, nid cneuen. Mae'r term yn deillio o'r gair 'coco' ym Mhortiwgaleg a Sbaeneg yr 16g, a oedd yn golygu "pen" neu "benglog". Roedd yn cael ei ddefnyddio fel enw am fod tri phant ar gragen y gneuen goco yn debyg i nodweddion wyneb.[2]

Mae cnau coco yn gallu cael eu defnyddio at nifer o bwrpasau, yn amrywio o fwyd i gosmetigau.[3] Mae'r cig sydd yn yr hedyn aeddfed yn rhan gyson o ddeiet nifer o bobl yn y trofannau a'r isdrofannau. Mae cnau coco yn wahanol i ffrwythau eraill am fod eu endosberm yn cynnwys llawer o hylif clir,[3] sy'n cael ei alw'n "llaeth",[4] a phan yn anaeddfed, gellir ei gynaeafu a'i gadw fel "dwr" neu "sudd".

Gall cnau coco aeddfed gael eu defnyddio fel hadau bwytadwy, neu eu prosesu i gael olew neu laeth planhigyn o'r cig, golosg o'r gragen galed, a rhisgl o'r plisgyn edafeddog. Mae cig cnau coco sych yn cael ei alw'n copra, ac mae'r olew a'r llaeth yn aml yn cael eu defnyddio wrth goginio – ffrio yn arbennig – yn ogystal â mewn sebonau a cosmetigau. Gellir defnyddio'r cregyn caled, y plisgyn edafeddog a'r dail hirion fel deunydd ar gyfer amrywiaeth o gynhyrchion addurniedig a dodrefn. Mae gan y gneuen goco arwyddocad diwylliannol a chrefyddol mewn rhai cymdeithasau, yn arbennig yn India, lle mae'n cael ei ddefnyddio mewn defodau Hindŵaidd.[5]

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
  2. Dalgado, Sebastião. "Glossário luso-asiático". google.com. p. 291. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar June 2, 2016.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "Cocos nucifera L. (Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops; unpublished)". Purdue University, NewCROP – New Crop Resource. 1983. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar June 3, 2015. Cyrchwyd 4 June 2015.
  4. "Coconut botany". Agritech Portal, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. December 2014. Cyrchwyd 14 December 2017.
  5. Patil, Vimla. "Coconut – Fruit Of Lustre In Indian Culture". eSamskriti. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar May 14, 2016. Cyrchwyd 18 May 2016.
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Cneuen goco: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY
 src= Cneuen goco wedi'i thorri yn hanner.

Mae'r goeden cnau coco (Cocos nucifera) yn aelod o deulu'r balmwydden (Arecaceae) a'r unig rywogaeth fyw o'r genws Cocos. Gall y term "cneuen goco" gyfeirio at y balmwydden gnau coco, yr hedyn, neu'r ffrwyth, sydd yn fotanegol yn aeronen, nid cneuen. Mae'r term yn deillio o'r gair 'coco' ym Mhortiwgaleg a Sbaeneg yr 16g, a oedd yn golygu "pen" neu "benglog". Roedd yn cael ei ddefnyddio fel enw am fod tri phant ar gragen y gneuen goco yn debyg i nodweddion wyneb.

Mae cnau coco yn gallu cael eu defnyddio at nifer o bwrpasau, yn amrywio o fwyd i gosmetigau. Mae'r cig sydd yn yr hedyn aeddfed yn rhan gyson o ddeiet nifer o bobl yn y trofannau a'r isdrofannau. Mae cnau coco yn wahanol i ffrwythau eraill am fod eu endosberm yn cynnwys llawer o hylif clir, sy'n cael ei alw'n "llaeth", a phan yn anaeddfed, gellir ei gynaeafu a'i gadw fel "dwr" neu "sudd".

Gall cnau coco aeddfed gael eu defnyddio fel hadau bwytadwy, neu eu prosesu i gael olew neu laeth planhigyn o'r cig, golosg o'r gragen galed, a rhisgl o'r plisgyn edafeddog. Mae cig cnau coco sych yn cael ei alw'n copra, ac mae'r olew a'r llaeth yn aml yn cael eu defnyddio wrth goginio – ffrio yn arbennig – yn ogystal â mewn sebonau a cosmetigau. Gellir defnyddio'r cregyn caled, y plisgyn edafeddog a'r dail hirion fel deunydd ar gyfer amrywiaeth o gynhyrchion addurniedig a dodrefn. Mae gan y gneuen goco arwyddocad diwylliannol a chrefyddol mewn rhai cymdeithasau, yn arbennig yn India, lle mae'n cael ei ddefnyddio mewn defodau Hindŵaidd.

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Kokosovník ořechoplodý ( Czech )

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Coconut.png

Kokosovník ořechoplodý (Cocos nucifera) je palma z čeledí arekovitých, původem pravděpodobně z jihovýchodní Asie, pěstovaná v tropických oblastech na březích moří a velkých řek. Pěstován je pro svůj plod, respektive jeho semeno, nazývané kokosový ořech.

Popis

Kokosovník ořechoplodý je až 30 metrů vysoká palma, v kmeni často prohnutá. Kmen je pokryt hustými kruhovými jizvami. Listy podlouhlého tvaru vyrůstají na vrcholku palmy a jsou dlouhé až 6 metrů a mají silnou tenkou žilku uprostřed. Řapík dosahuje délky až 1 m. Květy, vyrůstají v dlouhých latách z paždí listů a mají žlutou barvu, jsou samčí i samičí, opylování probíhá samosprašně.

Plodenství

Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku Kokosový ořech.

Plodem kokosovníku je velká peckovice vejčitého tvaru o průměru kolem 30 cm. Pokožka je zeleného až žlutozeleného zbarvení. Konzumuje se vlastně semeno (kokosový ořech), ze kterého se sloupne vláknitý obal, který kokosu umožňuje rašení a plave na hladině vody, čímž umožnil rozšíření kokosovníku do mnoha částí tropického pásu. Na jedné palmě se urodí kolem 50–60 plodů.

Semena a pohlavní rozmnožování

Semeno kokosovníku je vlastně ono ovoce, které běžně konzumujeme. Je vejčitého tvaru o průměru kolem 15–20 cm, kryté velmi tvrdým oplodím. Uvnitř nezralých semen je vrstva bílkoviny, která vytváří ve vodě emulzi – kokosové mléko. Při zrání se podíl kokosového mléka zmenšuje, ale úplně nevymizí. Při usušení dužniny vzniká průmyslově využitelná kopra. Kokosovník se rozmnožuje výhradně semeny, jejichž klíčivost se pohybuje v rozmezí několika měsíců až let.

Rozšíření

Kokosovník ořechoplodý se pěstuje ve většině tropického pásu.

 src=
Současné rozšíření kokosovníku

Stanoviště

Kokosovník se pěstuje na březích velkých řek a moří, vyhovuje mu písčitá a písčito-hlinitá půda s větším podílem rašeliny.

Pěstování v domácnosti

Kokosovník ze semena nerozmnožíme, neboť ovoce zakoupené v našich obchodech je již zbavené vláknité vrstvy podporující klíčení. Rostlina vyžaduje vyšší vlhkost vzduchu, v létě teploty v rozmezí 25-30 °C, v zimě by teploty neměly klesnout pod 18 °C. Pravidelná zálivka je nutností, avšak rostlina nesnáší přemokření. V období vegetačního růstu hnojíme rostlinu 1× týdně normálním hnojivem pro pokojové rostliny.

Obsahové látky

Semeno kokosu (vlastní plod) obsahuje 60–67 % tuku, 20 % glycidů, 8 % proteinu a 6 % vody. Lisováním nebo extrakcí se získává kokosový olej s bodem tání 23–26 °C.

Využití

  • potravinářství – ze žlutých květů se vyrábí sladká šťáva, která může být dále zpracována na cukr a palmové víno. Z kokosu se získává kokosový olej a kokosová moučka. Ze zkvašeného kokosového mléka se vyrábí lihovina zvaná arak. Z mladých listů se připravuje salát.
  • textilní průmysl – z vláknité vrstvy z oplodí se pletou rohože a pytle, spřádají se z ní motouzy
  • stavebnictví – listy si domorodé obyvatelstvo tropických oblastí pokrývá střechy

Historie

Kokosovník se pěstuje již více než tří tisíce let, např. v Indii jsou první záznamy o jeho pěstování datovány již kolem roku 1000 př. n. l. Dříve se ze skořápek soustružily knoflíky a misky. Středoevropané se o kokosovníku dozvěděli v 16. století z antických spisů a herbářů.

Odkazy

Související články

Externí odkazy

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wikipedia CZ

Kokosovník ořechoplodý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
Coconut.png

Kokosovník ořechoplodý (Cocos nucifera) je palma z čeledí arekovitých, původem pravděpodobně z jihovýchodní Asie, pěstovaná v tropických oblastech na březích moří a velkých řek. Pěstován je pro svůj plod, respektive jeho semeno, nazývané kokosový ořech.

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Kokos ( Danish )

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Kokospalmen (Cocos nucifera) er en kystelskende fjerpalme, hvis frugt kaldes kokosnødder. Den er den eneste art i slægten Cocos.

 src=
Modnende kokosnødder på kokospalmen.

Kokosnødderne er omgivet af et cirka 5 mm tykt trævlet lag, hvis fibre kan anvendes til fremstilling af tov, tæpper og måtter med mere. Indenfor dette lag findes en hård skal, der gennem tiderne har været anvendt til smykker, skåle og skraberedskaber. Herunder sidder et hvidt spiseligt lag på normalt 1-2 cm i tykkelsen, og heri er en mængde saft, kaldet kokosvand. Kokosmælk er en blanding af presset kokoskød blandet med kokosvand.

Se også

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Kokos: Brief Summary ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Kokospalmen (Cocos nucifera) er en kystelskende fjerpalme, hvis frugt kaldes kokosnødder. Den er den eneste art i slægten Cocos.

 src= Modnende kokosnødder på kokospalmen.

Kokosnødderne er omgivet af et cirka 5 mm tykt trævlet lag, hvis fibre kan anvendes til fremstilling af tov, tæpper og måtter med mere. Indenfor dette lag findes en hård skal, der gennem tiderne har været anvendt til smykker, skåle og skraberedskaber. Herunder sidder et hvidt spiseligt lag på normalt 1-2 cm i tykkelsen, og heri er en mængde saft, kaldet kokosvand. Kokosmælk er en blanding af presset kokoskød blandet med kokosvand.

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Kokospalme ( German )

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 src=
Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Kokospalme und der Kokosnuss. Für weitere Bedeutungen von Kokos siehe Kokos (Begriffsklärung).

Die Kokospalme oder Kokosnusspalme (Cocos nucifera) ist ein tropisches Palmengewächs, an dem die Kokosnuss wächst. Cocos nucifera ist die einzige Art der Gattung. Es gibt verschiedene Sorten. Kokospalmen werden seit mindestens 3000 Jahren angebaut. 1971 lieferte die Kokospalme noch ca. 8 Prozent des Weltpflanzenölbedarfs, 2011 trotz annähernder Verdopplung der Produktion nur noch ca. 2 Prozent. Auch sonst wird die Kokospalme vielfältig genutzt.

Das Wort Kokos geht über spanisch und portugiesisch coco zurück auf spätlateinisch coccus und letztlich auf altgriechisch κόκκος kókkos, was „Kern“ oder „Beere“ bedeutet. Es hat dieselbe Herkunft wie Kokke.[1]

Eine lateinische Bezeichnung war nux indica.[2]

Bedeutung

 src=
Trocknen von Kokosfleisch in der Schale (Fidschi-Inseln)
 src=
Kokosnüsse

In der Vorstellung der Menschen prägt keine Pflanzenart das Bild tropischer Küsten so sehr wie Kokospalmen. Die Kokospalme bietet den Bewohnern tropischer Küsten seit Jahrtausenden eine hervorragende Nahrungs- und Rohstoffquelle: mit ihren Früchten als gehaltvoller Nahrung und Getränk (roh oder vergoren), ihrem Holz als Baumaterial für Hütten, ihren Blättern als Dachbedeckung, ihren Fasern zum Flechten von Hauswänden, Körben, Matten, Seilen und den trockenen Kokosnussschalen als Brennmaterial. So liefert zum Beispiel im indischen Bundesstaat Kerala schon eine 0,2 Hektar große Plantage mit 35 Palmen genug trockene Blätter, Spathen und Steinschalen, um den Jahresbedarf von 2500 bis 3600 kg Brennstoff einer fünfköpfigen Familie zu decken (Tagesbedarf 7–10 kg).

Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung

2020 wurden laut der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation FAO weltweit 61.520.382 t Kokosnüsse geerntet. Insgesamt wurden 11,6 Millionen ha als Anbaufläche registriert.[3]

Folgende Tabelle gibt eine Übersicht über die zehn größten Produzenten von Kokosnüssen weltweit, die insgesamt 90,9 % der Erntemenge produzierten.

Beschreibung

Habitus

 src=
Kokospalme: Blätter und Früchte

Kokospalmen sind völlig unverzweigt. Ihre Höhe beträgt ausgewachsen zwischen 20 und 25 Meter (Extremwert 30 Meter). Das Wachstum geht von Scheitelmeristemen aus, die sowohl Blätter als auch Blütenstände bilden. Als Schopfbaum bildet die Kokospalme keine Krone, vielmehr trägt sie einen dichten Schopf großer Blätter. Ein Schopf besteht aus etwa 30 drei bis sieben Meter langen, gefiederten Blättern, die in zahlreiche Blattsegmente aufgeteilt sind, so dass die Blätter dem Wind nicht viel Widerstand entgegensetzen. Die Palme verträgt auch permanente, starke Seewinde und übersteht oft starke Stürme.

Die größte Formenvielfalt findet man in Südostasien. Diese starken Individualunterschiede werden für züchterische Zwecke genutzt. Die Kokospalme hat einen diploiden Chromosomensatz, alle Sorten sind miteinander kreuzbar. In der Zucht kommen auch selbstbefruchtende Zwergformen vor, die mit Hochstämmen kreuzbar sind.

Blätter

Die Krone der immergrünen Pflanze besteht aus einem Schopf aus palmentypisch gefiederten Blättern. Die Länge der Blätter schwankt bei der ausgewachsenen Pflanze zwischen 3,5 und 7 Meter bei 1 Meter Breite und einem Gewicht von 10 bis 15 kg. Die Blätter stehen im ersten Jahr aufrecht, im zweiten Jahr waagerecht und hängen im dritten Jahr herab, bevor sie absterben. Meist entwickeln sich pro Jahr 12 bis 19 Blätter.

Die gefiederten Blätter sind in 200 bis 250 schmale Segmente unterteilt, die 2 bis 3 cm breit und 60 bis 90 cm lang sind (die Segmente liegen nicht senkrecht, sondern angewinkelt zur Blattachse, so dass sich trotz ihrer Länge nur eine Gesamtbreite des Blattes von gut 1 Meter ergibt). Junge Blätter werden am Anfang von einer bis 60 cm langen Blattscheide umschlossen, deren braungetrocknete Überreste noch lange an der Palme hängen. Diese werden als „Kokosfaserplatten“ in der Floristik als Untergrund verwendet (nicht zu verwechseln mit Dämmplatten aus Kokosfasern von Schalen reifer Früchte).

Am Ende der Segmente befinden sich Gelenkzellen, die die Position der Segmente zur Mittelrippe verändern und durch Aneinanderlegen der Flächen mit den Spaltöffnungen die Wasserverdunstung vermindern können. Die Konstruktion des Blattes lässt die Palme auch permanent starke Seewinde und die meisten tropischen Stürme überstehen. Orkane überfordern jedoch die Leistungsfähigkeit der Kokospalme.

Blüten- und Fruchtstände

Aus den Blattachsen wachsen oft schon ab dem sechsten oder siebten Jahr die verzweigten Blütenstände mit jeweils bis zu 40 weiblichen und über 10.000 männlichen Blüten. Die weiblichen Blüten öffnen sich erst zwei Wochen nach den männlichen und sind etwa zwei Tage empfänglich, so dass Fremdbestäubung überwiegt. Bestäubung wird sowohl durch Wind als auch durch Insekten (Bienen, Wespen, Käfer, Ameisen, Fliegen) vollzogen. Die Blütenstände, die später zu stabilen Fruchtständen werden, sind verholzte Hochblätter, die als Spathen bezeichnet werden. Diese Spathen werden in der Floristik als „Cocos Schale“ oder „Cocos Blatt“ bezeichnet und gern genutzt.

Die Palme trägt das ganze Jahr über Früchte, die in ihrer Krone in Gruppen verschiedener Entwicklungsstadien wachsen, so dass reife Kokosnüsse ständig nachwachsen. Die Kokosnüsse gehören nicht – wie der Name vermuten lässt – zu den Nüssen, sondern zu den Steinfrüchten. Je nach Standort blühen und fruchten die Palmen mit voller Leistung 15 bis 60 Jahre, stellen aber auch an optimalen Standorten spätestens mit 80 Jahren ihre Fruchtproduktion ein. Das Höchstalter der Kokospalmen liegt zwischen 100 und 120 Jahren.

Der Ertrag liegt im Mittel bei 30 bis 40 reifen Früchten pro Palme und Jahr, in Sri Lanka bei 50 bis 80 Früchten. An optimalen Standorten können aber auch zwischen 70 und 150 „Nüsse“ pro Jahr geerntet werden. In gut gepflegten 15-jährigen Beständen erntet man pro Hektar und Jahr etwa 9.500, in 20-jährigen Beständen etwa 12.000 Früchte.

Stamm

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Holz der Kokospalme auf Java

Für ihre Höhe von 20 bis 25 m haben die Kokospalmen erstaunlich dünne Stämme mit Durchmessern von 20–30 cm, die Stammbasis ist allerdings auf 40–50 cm verdickt. In den äußeren 5 cm befinden sich braungefärbte, dichtfasrige Leitbündel, die wie Seile den Stamm stabilisieren.

Das Holz ist von geringer Druck- und Biegefestigkeit. Relativ ist es an der Basis wesentlich stabiler (Dichte, Härte, Wassergehalt) als an der Spitze, der äußere Bereich ist wesentlich stabiler als das Stamminnere. Dies macht die Palme sehr beweglich. Bei Stürmen kann der von der Gewalt des Windes geschüttelte Schopf flexibel schwanken, während die Basis dem Ganzen Stabilität gibt.

Die Rohdichte sinkt im äußeren Stammbereich (äußeres Drittel) von der Basis zur Spitze von 900 auf 300 kg/m³, im inneren Stammbereich (innerstes Drittel) von der Basis zur Spitze von 350 auf 100 kg/m³.

Wurzel

Aus der verdickten Stammbasis entspringt eine Vielzahl von bleistiftstarken Adventivwurzeln, die sich bei erwachsenen Palmen 6 bis 7 Meter vom Stamm erstrecken und diesen außerordentlich gut verankern. Viele Palmen überstehen sogar Tsunamis. Lateralwurzeln zweigen meist fast rechtwinklig ab. Die wasserbedürftige Palme findet mit diesem Wurzelsystem in Küstennähe meist Anschluss an das Grundwassersystem.

Standortbedingungen

Die Palme gedeiht besonders gut auf sandigen Lehmen an Küsten und Flussmündungen, überhaupt auf allen frischen, lockeren, nährstoffreichen und tiefgründigen Böden. Der pH-Wert ist nicht maßgebend (beispielsweise in Puerto Rico gedeiht sie auf Böden mit pH-Werten von 5 bis 8,0). Die Palme verträgt Salzwasser bis 0,638 % (in Indien gemessener Wert).

Ungeeignet sind zeitweise überflutete oder verfestigte Böden. Wenig geeignet sind trockene, leichte Sande. Diesen fehlt es an Nährstoffen und Wasser, derer die Kokospalme bedarf. Kalk ist vorteilhaft, die Kaliversorgung wichtig. Heute sind Palmenplantagen durch Düngung auch auf nährstoffarmen Böden möglich.

Verbreitung

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Austreibende Kokosnuss

Die Kokospalme stellt hohe Wärmeansprüche und ist frostempfindlich. Sie ist eine Palme der feuchtwarmen Tropen und fruchtet – von Anpflanzungen außerhalb des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes (wie etwa den Kanarischen Inseln) abgesehen[4] – nur zwischen dem 26. Grad südlicher beziehungsweise nördlicher Breite.

Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet und die Hauptanbaugebiete liegen zwischen 15 Grad südlicher und 15 Grad nördlicher Breite und weisen eine mittlere Jahrestemperatur von 27 °C auf. Außerdem darf die Mitteltemperatur des kühlsten Monats nicht unter 20 Grad Celsius liegen. Die Palme ist sehr wasserbedürftig und gedeiht in Gebieten mit Niederschlagswerten von 1000 bis 5000 mm pro Jahr. Das Optimum, ablesbar an der Fruchtbildung, beträgt 1200 bis 2300 mm. Günstig ist eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Niederschläge, wobei kürzere Trockenperioden ertragen werden. Erreichen diese aber 5 bis 6 Monate, geht der Fruchtansatz auf Jahre zurück. Kokospalmen leiden unter sehr trockenen, warmen Winden. Kokospalmen sind lichtbedürftige Pflanzen, lediglich Jungpalmen vertragen Halbschatten. Bei der Aufzucht von Jungpalmen wird bewusst schattiert und bei Trockenheit gewässert.

Kokospalmen werden im gesamten Tropengürtel, beispielsweise in den tropischen Regionen Asiens – auf den Philippinen, in Indonesien, Sri Lanka und Süd-Indien – sowie in Afrika und an Küsten und Flussläufen in Südamerika kultiviert. An Flussläufen reichen sie bis 150 km ins Landesinnere. Die Ausbreitung erfolgte teils auf natürlichem Weg, teils durch den Menschen. Die ursprüngliche Heimat der Kokospalme reicht wohl vom kontinentalen Südostasien bis Indonesien und zum Indischen Subkontinent. Fossilfunde aus dem Miozän in Neuguinea und Australien lassen es plausibel erscheinen, dass das Entstehungsgebiet im Bereich des Sunda-Archipels oder in Melanesien zu suchen ist.

Kokosnüsse können weite Strecken über das Meer getrieben werden und, wieder an Land gespült, Wurzeln schlagen. Es gibt Berichte darüber, dass einzelne Kokosnüsse sogar Skandinavien erreicht haben. Einige weit übers Meer getriebene Kokosnüsse waren angeblich danach noch keimfähig. Die Frucht hält sich aber im Salzwasser nicht unbegrenzt lange. Erwiesen ist, dass nach 100 Tagen im Salzwasser noch keine Beeinträchtigung der Keimfähigkeit besteht.

Eine Ausbreitung der Art über Südostasien und Indien hinaus erfolgte wohl großteils durch den Menschen. Schon die polynesischen Seefahrer brachten Kokosnüsse und ihre anderen Nahrungspflanzen und Nutztiere bei der Besiedelung der pazifischen Inseln mit. Austronesische Siedler führten die Kokospalme nach Madagaskar ein, arabische und persische Seefahrer brachten sie an die ostafrikanischen Küsten. Den amerikanischen Kontinent erreichte die Kokospalme sehr spät. Die Pazifikküste Panamas hat sie möglicherweise selbst erreicht oder sie wurde von polynesischen Seefahrern eingeführt. Europäische Seefahrer führten sie schließlich in die Karibik und an die Pazifikküste des übrigen Mittelamerika ein.[5]

Kokosnuss

Aufbau

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Geöffnete Kokosnuss
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Kokosnuss (Fruchtkern) und entfernte Schale (Endokarp)

Kokosnuss ist die Frucht der Kokospalme und keine echte Nuss, sondern eine einsamige Steinfrucht. Sie besteht aus drei miteinander verwachsenen Karpellen (synkarp axil) – daher auch die oft leicht dreieckige Form der Kokosnuss. Der eigentliche Samen ist umhüllt von einer dicken Faserschicht aus einer ledrigen Außenschicht (Exokarp), einem zunächst fleischigen, dann faserreichen, lufthaltigen Mesokarp und einer sehr harten, 5 mm dicken inneren Schale (Endokarp). Die 20 bis 30 cm lange Frucht wiegt reif zwischen 0,9 und 2,5 kg.

Die drei Punkte, die man auf einer Seite sieht, sind die drei Keimlöcher, wobei immer nur ein Keim zu wachsen beginnt. Die beiden inaktiven Keimlöcher verhärten.

Ernte der Kokosnuss

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Kokosnussernte in Osttimor

Kokospalmen liefern ab der zwölften Ernte vollen Ertrag. Je älter und höher die Palmen, umso schwieriger und unrentabler wird die Ernte. Die Kokosnuss wird als grüne, relativ unreife, dreieckige, etwas mehr als kopfgroße Frucht geerntet.

Die Ernte erfolgt hauptsächlich vom Boden durch Messer an mehrere Meter langen Stielen oder durch Hochklettern. In Thailand, Malaysia und Indonesien werden teilweise dressierte Makaken eingesetzt, die auf die Bäume klettern und über Zurufe dazu gebracht werden, die Nuss so lange um ihre eigene Achse zu drehen, bis sie von der Palme fällt. Die Affen haben eine enge Beziehung zu ihrem Besitzer. Ihre Dressur ist schwierig, da nicht nur das Drehen der Nuss erlernt werden muss, sondern auch Körperbewegungen nach Zurufen, die es dem Besitzer ermöglichen, den angeleinten Affen im Gewirr der Äste so zu dirigieren, dass er sich nicht verfängt und oben auf seine Rettung warten muss. Passiert dies, verliert der Affe das Interesse an der Nussernte, die für ihn eine Art Spiel ist. Gute Ernteaffen stellen für die dortige Bevölkerung einen erheblichen Wert dar, der mit dem Besitz eines Arbeitselefanten vergleichbar ist. Die verspielten Tiere kosten weniger Unterhalt, bedürfen aber ständiger Beschäftigung und werden deshalb in häuslicher Umgebung gehalten.

Vor dem Export wird die Faserschicht entfernt, um Transportplatz zu sparen. Kokosnüsse reifen nach der Ernte nicht nach, sie zählen zu den nichtklimakterischen Früchten.

Fruchtfleisch, Kopra

Hauptartikel: Kopra

Der hohle Kern der Kokosnuss ist mit einem weißen, aromatisch schmeckenden Fruchtfleisch von 1 bis 2 cm Dicke ausgekleidet, das fest und fasrig ist und roh verzehrt werden kann. Biologisch gesehen bildet das Fruchtfleisch gemeinsam mit dem Kokoswasser das sogenannte Endosperm.

An den Küsten Indiens, Burmas, Indonesiens und den pazifischen Inseln stellt das Fruchtfleisch der Kokosnuss das zentrale Nahrungsmittel dar. In 100 g frischem Fruchtfleisch sind enthalten:

Das frische Fruchtfleisch enthält ungefähr 45 % Wasser, maximal etwa 50 %. Durch Trocknen wird der Wassergehalt des Fruchtfleisches auf 5 % reduziert. Man spricht dann von Kopra. Der Fettgehalt beträgt dann 63 bis 70 %. Eine einzelne Palme liefert zwischen 5 und 20 kg Kopra pro Jahr.

Kopra dient als Ausgangsstoff zur Gewinnung von Kokosöl, Kokosfett, Margarine, getrockneten Kokosflocken und einer Paste, die zum Kochen verwendet wird. Raspelkopra wird in der Süßwarenindustrie verwendet. Hauptsächlich aber gewinnt man durch Pressen der Kopra das Kokosöl. Der Pressrest voller Zucker, Eiweiß und Mineralien ist ein wertvolles Viehfutter.

Kokosfett

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Kokosfett
Hauptartikel: Kokosöl

Kokosöl oder Kokosnussöl, auch Kokosfett genannt, ist ein bei Raumtemperatur festes, weißes bis weißlich-gelbes Pflanzenöl, das aus Kopra gewonnen wird. Es zeichnet sich durch einen sehr hohen Anteil an gesättigten Fettsäuren aus und ist reich an Capryl-, Laurin- und Myristinsäure. Es riecht mild, wachsartig und frisch mit einer leichten Kokosnote sowie häufig leicht ranzig, weshalb es vor dem Verzehr grundsätzlich desodoriert wird. Zur Gewinnung von Kokosöl wird Kopra zerkleinert, getrocknet und in Ölmühlen ausgepresst.

Kokosöl wird in der Küche vor allem zum Backen, Braten und Frittieren verwendet, daneben in der Süßwarenindustrie, für pharmazeutische und kosmetische Zwecke sowie als Ausgangsstoff für die Oleochemie. Wegen des hohen Gehalts an Laurinsäure ist Kokosöl ein wichtiger Ausgangsstoff für Tenside. Auch die Produktion von Biokraftstoff (v. a. Biodiesel) aus Kokosöl ist möglich.

8 % (1971) bzw. 2 % (2011) des weltweit verbrauchten Pflanzenöls sind Kokosöl. Wichtige Produzenten sind die Niederlande, Frankreich und Deutschland, die Kopra als Rohstoff importieren. Die USA führen vor allem Kokosöl ein.

Kokoswasser

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Kokoswasser als Getränk
Hauptartikel: Kokoswasser

Bei noch grünen jungen Kokosnüssen befindet sich im Hohlraum bis zu einem Liter süßliche, fast klare Flüssigkeit, die Kokoswasser genannt wird. Um an das Kokoswasser zu gelangen, wird das aktive, weichere Keimloch geöffnet. Das Kokoswasser ist keimfrei, solange die Nuss geschlossen bleibt, und enthält fast kein Fett. Es wird mit zunehmender Reife weniger, aber restlos verbraucht wird es erst bei der Keimung. Frisch geerntete Kokosnüsse enthalten mehr Kokoswasser als länger gelagerte Kokosnüsse. An Kokoswasser reicher als grünschalige Kokosnüsse ist die gelbschalige „King Coconut“ (Cocos nucifera ‚King‘, in Sri Lanka auch „Thambili“ genannt), die als Trinkkokosnuss künstlich selektiert wurde.[6] In den Anbauländern ist das Kokoswasser der weniger reifen Früchte ein wichtiger Trinkwasserersatz und wird oft als Street Food angeboten. Zur Deckung des Flüssigkeitsbedarfs werden pro Person und Tag drei bis sechs Kokosnüsse benötigt. Kokoswasser wird entweder frisch getrunken oder seltener zu Kokoswein vergoren. Der vergorene Saft hat einen bitteren Geschmack.

Unter Notfallbedingungen ist das sterile und isotonische Kokoswasser intravenös als Infusionslösung zur Behandlung des Volumenmangelschocks eingesetzt worden.[7] Bei Durchfallerkrankungen wird Kokoswasser in einigen Ländern traditionell zum Flüssigkeitsausgleich eingesetzt. Wegen des zu niedrigen Kochsalz- und Glukosegehalts entspricht es jedoch nicht der von der WHO empfohlenen oralen Rehydrationslösung.[8][9]

Kokosmilch

Kokosmilch entsteht nicht in der Nuss, sondern wird hergestellt, indem das Fruchtfleisch mit Wasser püriert und die Mischung dann durch ein Tuch ausgepresst wird. Es entsteht eine aromatische, milchige Flüssigkeit mit üblicherweise ca. 15 bis 25 % Fettgehalt, je nach verwendeter Wassermenge. Die zurückbleibende faserige Masse wird nochmals mit kochendem Wasser extrahiert und ausgepresst, was eine dünnere Kokosmilch ergibt. Der dann verbleibende Rest wird als eiweißreiches Tierfutter verwendet. Kokosmilch wird in den Anbauländern kleinindustriell erzeugt und in Konserven oder als ultrahocherhitzte Kokosmilch weltweit exportiert. Sie wird in zahlreichen Gerichten (Rendang), Saucen wie Sajoer und Suppen verwendet. In Cocktails, wie der Piña Colada oder der Batida de Coco, benutzt man hingegen Cream of Coconut, eine Mischung aus Kokosmilch und Kokosfett, die dickflüssiger und cremiger ist.

Kokosmilch kann anders als tierische Milch wegen ihres zu hohen Fettgehalts nicht dauerhaft homogenisiert werden. Fett- und Wasseranteil entmischen sich daher in der Verpackung natürlicherweise voneinander und müssen vor der Verwendung bei Bedarf durch Schütteln oder Rühren neu vermischt werden. In den Anbauländern ist dies bekannt und akzeptiert; bei in westlichen Ländern verkaufter Kokosmilch sind teilweise Emulgatoren, Stabilisatoren und/oder Verdickungsmittel zugegeben, um dieser Selbstentmischung entgegenzuwirken.

In dem von der Europäischen Kommission veröffentlichten Beschluss 2010/791/EU führt sie Lebensmittel auf, die – entgegen dem Bezeichnungsschutz für Milch – trotzdem als Milch bezeichnet werden dürfen, da sie traditionelle Lebensmittel sind. Darunter fallen neben Kokosmilch auch Fischmilch und Liebfrauenmilch.[10]Sojamilch“ sowie vergleichbare Erzeugnisse aus Getreide (Hafer, Weizen, Reis) oder Mandeln dürfen als Milchersatzprodukte nicht den Wortteil „-milch“ enthalten. Nach Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1308/2013 ist der Begriff Milch „ausschließlich dem durch ein- oder mehrmaliges Melken gewonnenen Erzeugnis der normalen Eutersekretion, ohne jeglichen Zusatz oder Entzug, vorbehalten“.[11] Daher werden Produkte im Handel z. B. als „Mandelgetränk“ oder „Mandeldrink“ o. ä. verkauft.

Als „Kokosmilch“ wird irrtümlich auch das Kokoswasser oder der Saft bezeichnet, der sich im Inneren unreifer Früchte befindet.

Steinschale

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Die Steinschale der Kokosnuss (Detailaufnahme)

Aus halbierten Kokosnussschalen (innere Steinschalen) können Trinkgefäße, Schalen, Krüge, Tassen, Löffel, Vasen hergestellt werden. Auch Kunsthandwerk wie Schnitzereien, Spielzeug und Taschen werden aus den Schalen hergestellt.

Die persischen Derwische besaßen Bettelschalen (Kaschgul), die aus von den Seychellen an die Strände des Persischen Golfs angespülten Kokosnüssen hergestellt wurden und oft mit eingeschnitzten Texten aus Koran und anderer Dichtung verziert waren.[12]

Vor allem in Südostasien sind Spießlauten weit verbreitet, deren Resonanzkörper aus einer halben Steinschale besteht, die glatt poliert und mit Tierhaut bespannt ist. Hierzu gehören die von der orientalischen rabāb abstammende, zweisaitige Stachelfiedel rebab, die bis nach Lombok gelangt ist. In Thailand gibt es die zweisaitige Stachelfiedel sor u aus einer ovalen Steinschale und die dreisaitige Fiedel sor sam sai, die einen außergewöhnlichen, dreieckigen Korpus besitzt. Die Schale einer Kokosnuss wird hierfür in Öl getränkt und solange in eine Presse gelegt, bis die gewünschte Form entstanden ist. In China besitzen zwei Stachelfiedeln einen Korpus aus einer Kokosnussschale: die zweisaitige banhu im Norden und die ebenfalls zweisaitige yehu im Süden. Verwandte Spießgeigen in Indien sind die ravanahattha und die pena. In Afrika gibt es vereinzelt Lauteninstrumente mit Kokosnussschalen, zum Beispiel die zwei- bis viersaitige gezupfte lotar (eine verkleinerte gimbri) bei den Berbern in Marokko.

Die leeren Schalen liefern einen hochwertigen Brennstoff (auch zum Trocknen der Kopra oder einfach zum Essenkochen), der besonders als Holzkohle begehrt ist. Neben der Veredelung zu Holzkohle kann aus den Schalen auch Aktivkohle gewonnen werden.

Seit einigen Jahren werden speziell in Sri Lanka Außenschalen und Fasern nach der Trocknung vermahlen, mit flüssigem Mineraldünger versetzt und anschließend in Blöcke gepresst. Diese werden als sogenannte Cocobricks oder Cocoslabs hauptsächlich in Europa gehandelt. Beim Einweichen in Wasser quellen diese bis zum Zehnfachen ihres Volumens auf und ergeben ein in vielerlei Hinsicht vorteilhaftes Pflanzsubstrat.

Kokosfasern

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Gewinnung von Kokosnussfasern (Sri Lanka)
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Transport von Fußmatten aus Kokosfaser (Indonesien, 2011).
Hauptartikel: Kokosfaser

Aus dem Mesocarp unreifer Früchte werden Kokosfasern gewonnen, die versponnen werden können. Es handelt sich um Faserbündel, die durch einen Pektin-Abbau durch Mikroorganismen aus dem umliegenden Gewebe getrennt gewonnen werden. Dazu wird der Mesocarp zunächst vom Steinkern gelöst und dann zur Verrottung des Pektins („Röstung“ genannt) mehrere Monate im Wasser gelagert. Bewährt haben sich dazu die Brackwässer von Lagunen. Heute werden aber vielfach Tanks benutzt. Nach diesem „Röstvorgang“ werden die Fasern traditionell durch Klopfen gelöst (heute maschinell) und noch feucht nach Farbe und Feinheit sortiert. Sie bestehen zu 45 % aus Lignin und zu 44 % aus Zellulose. Kokosfasern werden unter dem Namen Coir gehandelt. Sie dienen nach Verspinnen zur Herstellung von Seilen, Matten, Teppichen und Wandverkleidungen. Zentrum der Kokosfaserindustrie ist Sri Lanka.[13]

Fasern von reifen und vollreifen Früchten haben einen höheren Holzanteil, lassen sich daher nicht verspinnen und werden als Füllmaterial für Matratzen und Polster oder zur Wärmedämmung verwendet. Alle Kokosfasern können im Fahrzeugbau, für Fußmatten, Hüte, Körbe, Teppiche, Matratzenfüllungen, kunsthandwerkliche Arbeiten und zur Wärmedämmung verpresst werden.

Öffnen der Kokosnuss

Das Öffnen einer Kokosnuss durch Aufsägen ist eine aufwendige und vergleichsweise verletzungsträchtige Methode. Stattdessen schlägt man entlang einer gedachten Linie einmal ringsherum mit einem Hammer, der Rückseite eines Küchenmessers oder einer Machete auf die Nuss. Nach wenigen Schlägen öffnet sich in der Regel ein Riss und die Nuss kann aufgehebelt werden. Soll das Kokoswasser aufgefangen werden, ist vor dem Öffnen das aktive, weichere Keimloch mit einem spitzen Gegenstand zu öffnen.

Sonstige Nutzung der Kokospalme

Holz

Das Holz der Stämme der Kokospalme wird seit jeher für den Bau von Hütten verwendet. Da es bei Wasserkontakt leicht verrottet, bieten sich aufgeständerte Konstruktionen an. Seit der Erfindung der Hochleistungsfräse wird es auch verwendet für den Hausbau, im Schiffbau, für Sitz- und Liegemöbel, Haushaltsgegenstände (Schalen oder Ähnliches) und Schnitzarbeiten. Von Hand lässt es sich nur schwer bearbeiten, da es sehr faserig ist.

Palmwedel

Die Blätter werden zu Besen zusammengebunden oder als Dacheindeckung genutzt. Geflochten wurden sie (und werden vereinzelt noch heute) als Hauswände oder Körbe verwendet.

Palmwein, Palmzucker, Palmessig

Der Vitamin-B-reiche Saft der Palme (Blutungssaft), auch Palmnektar genannt, der vor allem aus dem Blütenstand gewonnen wird, wird zu Palmwein vergoren oder eingedickt als Palmzucker genossen. Palmwein und Palmzucker werden auch aus anderen Palmenarten bereitet.

Aus Palmwein wird auch Palmessig gewonnen, der entweder spontan durch wilde Essigsäurebakterien entsteht oder in der professionelleren Herstellung durch Zugabe von entsprechenden Zuchtkulturen. Teilweise wird Palmwein zu Arrak gebrannt.

Die Palmweinherstellung aus dem Blutungssaft der Blütenstände wurde von den Filipinos eingeführt. Auf spanischen Schiffen wurde Palmwein nach Mexiko exportiert und ist dort bis heute ein populäres Getränk.

Kuriositäten

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Kokosnuss als Trinkgefäß (vor 1598)

Die Kokosnuss gehört zu den Früchten, die vom Palmendieb (auch Kokoskrebs genannt) verzehrt werden. Er ist mit einer Körperlänge von bis zu vierzig Zentimetern und einer Spannweite von bis zu einem Meter der größte aller Landkrebse. Die größten Exemplare sind in der Lage, Kokosnüsse an den Keimlöchern zu öffnen.

Hauptartikel: Tod durch fallende Kokosnüsse

Der Arzt Peter Barss veröffentlichte im Jahr 1984 in der Fachzeitschrift The Journal of Trauma eine Untersuchung zu „Verletzungen aufgrund fallender Kokosnüsse“.[14] Durch das Gewicht der Kokosnuss und die Geschwindigkeit, die sie beim Fallen gewinnt, übt sie demnach beim Aufprall eine Gewichtskraft aus, die über einer Tonne Masse entspricht. Für diese Forschung wurde er 2001 mit dem Ig-Nobelpreis in Medizin ausgezeichnet. Mit Bezug auf seine Untersuchung wurde behauptet, dass weltweit 150 Menschen pro Jahr durch Kokosnüsse sterben.[15]

Der Sektengründer August Engelhardt (1875–1919) vertrat in Deutsch-Neuguinea die Auffassung, der konsequente Verzehr von Kokosnüssen mache den Menschen unsterblich und führe zur Vereinigung mit Gott („Kokovorismus“).

Palmensterben

Seit den 1980er Jahren ist weltweit – vor allem aber im karibischen Raum – ein Absterben der Kokospalmen (englisch lethal yellowing ‚tödliches Vergilben‘) zu beobachten, welches möglicherweise durch Mikroben verursacht wird, die von Insekten übertragen werden.[16]

Palmen in der Heraldik

Kokospalmen kommen in der Heraldik vor; ihre Verwendung deutet meist auf deren regionale Bedeutung hin.

Literatur

  • Jutta Beate Engelhard, Burkhard Fenner: Wer hat die Kokosnuss...? Die Kokospalme – Baum der tausend Möglichkeiten (= Ethnologica. NF Bd. 21). Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde, Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln 1996, ISBN 3-923158-30-0.
  • Gunther Franke (Hrsg.): Nutzpflanzen der Tropen und Subtropen. Band 1: Genussmittelliefernde Pflanzen. Kautschuk- und gummiliefernde Pflanzen, Öl- und fettliefernde Pflanzen, Knollen- und Wurzelfrüchte. Hirzel, Leipzig 1967.
  • Sabine Krist, Gerhard Buchbauer, Carina Klausberger: Lexikon der pflanzlichen Fette und Öle. Springer, Wien u. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-211-75606-5, S. 208–213
  • Peter Schütt: Weltwirtschaftspflanzen. Herkunft, Anbauverhältnisse, Biologie und Verwendung der wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen. Paul Parey, Berlin u. a. 1972, ISBN 3-489-78010-8.
  • Hilke Steinecke: Wichtige tropische Nutzpflanzen stellen sich vor. Nr. 15 Die Kokospalme: Baum mit 1000 Nutzungsmöglichkeiten. In: Matthias Jenny (Hrsg.): Tropische Nutzpflanzen von Ananas bis Zimt (= Der Palmengarten. Sonderheft 30). Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-931621-06-5, S. 75 ff.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Vgl. Duden online: Kokosnuss und Kokke
  2. Wouter S. van den Berg (Hrsg.): Eene Middelnederlandsche vertaling van het Antidotarium Nicolaï (Ms. 15624–15641, Kon. Bibl. te Brussel) met den latijnschen tekst der eerste gedrukte uitgave van het Antidotarium Nicolaï. Hrsg. von Sophie J. van den Berg, N. V. Boekhandel en Drukkerij E. J. Brill, Leiden 1917, S. 245.
  3. a b Crops> Coconuts. In: Offizielle Produktionsstatistik der FAO für 2020. fao.org, abgerufen am 10. Februar 2022 (englisch).
  4. Rolf Goetz: Flora der Kanarischen Inseln: Mit GPS-Daten zu Pflanzenstandorten zum Download. Reihe „Rother Naturführer“, Bergverlag Rother, München 2017, ISBN 978-3-7633-6102-1. S. 194.
  5. Bee F. Gunn, Luc Baudouin, Kenneth M. Olsen. Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics. PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (6): e21143 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143
  6. King Coconut (Thambili) (Memento des Originals vom 1. Juli 2012 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.trinkkokosnuss.de
  7. Darilyn Campbell-Falck, Tamara Thomas, Troy M. Falck, Narco Tutuo, Kathleen Clem: The intravenous use of coconut water. In: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Bd. 18, Nr. 1, 2000, , S. 108–11, PMID 10674546, doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90062-7.
  8. U. Fagundes Netoa, L. Francoa, K. Tabacowa, N. L. Machadoa: Negative findings for use of coconut water as an oral rehydration solution in childhood diarrhea. In: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Bd. 12, Nr. 2, 1993, , S. 190–193, PMID 8463517, doi:10.1080/07315724.1993.10718301.
  9. J. Yartey, E. K. Harisson, L. A. Brakohiapa, F. K. Nkrumah: Carbohydrate and electrolyte content of some home-available fluids used for oral rehydration in Ghana. In: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. Bd. 39, Nr. 4, 1993, S. 234–237, PMID 8411318, doi:10.1093/tropej/39.4.234.
  10. In: Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union.
  11. , abgerufen am 10. Oktober 2020
  12. Peter Lamborn Wilson, Karl Schlamminger: Weaver of Tales. Persian Picture Rugs / Persische Bildteppiche. Geknüpfte Mythen. Callwey, München 1980, ISBN 3-7667-0532-6, S. 15.
  13. Michael Carus, Christian Gahle, Cezar Pendarovski, Dominik Vogt, Sven Ortmann, Franjo Grotenhermen, Thomas Breuer, Christin Schmidt: Studie zur Markt- und Konkurrenzsituation bei Naturfasern und Naturfaser-Werkstoffen (Deutschland und EU) (= Gülzower Fachgespräche. 26, ). Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V., Gülzow 2008, S. 126, Download (PDF; 3,7 MB).
  14. Peter Barss: Injuries due to falling coconuts. In: The Journal of Trauma, November 1984, S. 990f
  15. Christoph Drösser: Werden mehr Menschen von herunterfallenden Kokosnüssen getötet als von Haien?. Zeit Online, 26. März 2014
  16. Palmen: Tödliches Vergilben. In: Der Spiegel. Nr. 46, 1990, S. 328–331 (online).
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Kokospalme: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Kokospalme und der Kokosnuss. Für weitere Bedeutungen von Kokos siehe Kokos (Begriffsklärung).

Die Kokospalme oder Kokosnusspalme (Cocos nucifera) ist ein tropisches Palmengewächs, an dem die Kokosnuss wächst. Cocos nucifera ist die einzige Art der Gattung. Es gibt verschiedene Sorten. Kokospalmen werden seit mindestens 3000 Jahren angebaut. 1971 lieferte die Kokospalme noch ca. 8 Prozent des Weltpflanzenölbedarfs, 2011 trotz annähernder Verdopplung der Produktion nur noch ca. 2 Prozent. Auch sonst wird die Kokospalme vielfältig genutzt.

Das Wort Kokos geht über spanisch und portugiesisch coco zurück auf spätlateinisch coccus und letztlich auf altgriechisch κόκκος kókkos, was „Kern“ oder „Beere“ bedeutet. Es hat dieselbe Herkunft wie Kokke.

Eine lateinische Bezeichnung war nux indica.

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Attagara ( Hausa )

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Attagara (àttáágárà) (Cocos nucifera) shuka ne.[1]

Manazarta

  1. Blench, Roger (2007). Hausa names for trees and plants. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
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Attagara: Brief Summary ( Hausa )

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Attagara (àttáágárà) (Cocos nucifera) shuka ne.

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Buko ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Buko (paglilinaw).

Ang buko (Ingles: coconut, coconut palm o coconut tree) ay isang uri ng palmang namumunga ng niyog at makapuno.[1] Ang bunga nito ay tinatawag ding buko, isang sariwa at bata pang prutas na malambot ang laman.[2] Napagkukunan ang bunga nito ng gata at sabaw ng buko.[3]

Mga sakit

Isa sa mga sakit ng punong buko ang kadang-kadang. Nakamamatay ng punong buko ang sakit na ito.[3]

Tingnan din

Mga talasanggunian

  1. Odulio de Guzman, Maria. The New Filipino-English English-Filipino Dictionary (Ang Bagong Diksiyunaryong Pilipino-Ingles Ingles-Pilipino), National Bookstore, 1968, isinalimbag noong 2005, ISBN 9710817760, may 197 na mga pahina
  2. Lacquian, Eleanor at Irene Sobreviñas (1977). "Buko". Filipino Cooking Here & Abroad (Lutuing Pilipino Dito at sa Labas ng Bansa).
  3. 3.0 3.1 "Kadang-kadang". English, Leo James. Tagalog-English Dictionary (Talahulugang Tagalog-Ingles). 1990.


Prutas Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Prutas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Buko: Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Buko (paglilinaw).

Ang buko (Ingles: coconut, coconut palm o coconut tree) ay isang uri ng palmang namumunga ng niyog at makapuno. Ang bunga nito ay tinatawag ding buko, isang sariwa at bata pang prutas na malambot ang laman. Napagkukunan ang bunga nito ng gata at sabaw ng buko.

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Buku ( Kapampangan )

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Ing Buku o (Coconut Palm) keng English(Cocos nucifera) metung yang kayanib keng Family Arecaceae (palm family). Iti ya kabud a specie king genus Cocos, at maragul yang palm, daragul mga 30 m a katas, nung nu dng kayang pinnate leaves 4-6 m la kaba, pinnae 60-90 cm long. Ing katayang coconut daleraya yang keng bungan tanaman ning coconut palm.

Ing tanaman a coconut palm tutubu ya mabilug a tropical a yatu, para pang akit at parapamangan mu rin. Alus eganaganang buku atin yang kgamit keng tau.

Galleria

Dalerayan

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Buku: Brief Summary ( Kapampangan )

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Ing Buku o (Coconut Palm) keng English(Cocos nucifera) metung yang kayanib keng Family Arecaceae (palm family). Iti ya kabud a specie king genus Cocos, at maragul yang palm, daragul mga 30 m a katas, nung nu dng kayang pinnate leaves 4-6 m la kaba, pinnae 60-90 cm long. Ing katayang coconut daleraya yang keng bungan tanaman ning coconut palm.

Ing tanaman a coconut palm tutubu ya mabilug a tropical a yatu, para pang akit at parapamangan mu rin. Alus eganaganang buku atin yang kgamit keng tau.

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Cocaenit ( Scots )

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The cocaenit tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member o the faimily Arecaceae (paum faimily).

References

  1. Hahn, William J. (1997). Arecanae: The palms. Retrieved April 4, 2011 from the Tree of Life Web Project website.
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Cocaenit: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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The cocaenit tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member o the faimily Arecaceae (paum faimily).

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Cro bainney ( Manx )

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Ta'n cro bainney (Cocos nucifera) ny oltey scanshoil jeh'n chynney Arecaceae (kynney palm). T'eh ny dooie lomarcan ta goit stiagh 'sy ghenus Cocos, as t'eh ny phalm mooar, as eh 30 m er yrjid, lesh duillagyn fedjagagh eddyr 4 as 6 m er lhiurid, as fedjagee eddyr 60 as 90 cm er lhiurid; ta shenn duillagyn tuittym neose veih'n villey as ad faagail y corp glen as rea. Cha nel y sheel ec y villey cro bainney ny chro lus-oaylleeagh, agh ny vess.


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Gûza hindê ( Kurdish )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Dargespa gûza hindê
 src=
Qalikên wê wekî kûpikê dihate bikaranîn

Gûza hindê, nargîl, narcîl, kokos (Cocos nucifera) fêkiya cureyek dargespê ye ku ev dar ji famîleya palmiyeyan (Arecaceae) e. Li herêmên tropîk digihê. Gûza hindê tê xwarin, di şîranîyên wekî kulîçe, kek, çoklatayan de tê bikaranîn. Ji gûza hindê şerabê jî çêdikin.

Dargespa gûza hindê, ango dara gûza hindê bi qasî 20 m bilind dibe. Dar gava bû 7-13 salî ber dide û bi qasî 60 salan fêkiyên wê tên berhevkirin. Heya 100 salan dijî. Gûza hindê ji aliyê magnezyûm, potasyûm, sodyûm, gogirtê ve dewlemend e. Heger bê hişkkirin, kalîteya adanê zêdetir dibe. Asîda mîdeyê kêm dike, hezmê hêsan dike. Herwiha darên wê di çêkirina mobîlyayê de kêrbar e.

  • Fêkiya vê darê, ango gûza hindê bi qasî 40 cm dirêj e. Bi tevî nêriyan dirêjiya wê digihê 1 m jî. Vekirina qalikê dijwar e, divê bi vekiroxekê bê vekirin.
  • Bêjeya Kokos ji spanî û portûgalî tê, di wateya gûz an biziran de ye. Bêjeya kurdî gûz û cocos (kokos, kokoz) ji heman kokê ne, peyveke îndogermanî ye. Herwiha Nuss (bixwîne nûs/z) (almanî) jî. Di hin devokên kurdî de goz, gwîz jî tên bikaranîn.

Çavkanî

  • Jutta Beate Engelhard, Burkhard Fenner: Wer hat die Kokosnuss...? Die Kokospalme – Baum der tausend Möglichkeiten. (Ethnologica. Neue Folge, Band 21) Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde, Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln 1996, ISBN 3-923158-30-0. (almanî)
  • G. Franke: Nutzpflanzen der Tropen und Subtropen. Band 1, Hirzel-Verlag 1967. (almanî)
  • Peter Schütt: Weltwirtschaftspflanzen. Paul Parey Verlag, 1972. (almanî)
  • Hilke Steinecke: Wichtige tropische Nutzpflanzen stellen sich vor; Nr. 15 Die Kokospalme: Baum mit 1000 Nutzungsmöglichkeiten. In: Stadt Frankfurt am Main (Hrsg.): Tropische Nutzpflanzen von Ananas bis Zimt. PalmenGarten, S. 75ff. ISBN 3-931621-06-5.
  • S. Krist, G. Buchbauer, C. Klausberger: Lexikon der pflanzlichen Fette und Öle. Springer Verlag, Wien 2008, S. 208–213. ISBN 978-3-211-75606-5. (almanî)

Girêdan

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Gûza hindê: Brief Summary ( Kurdish )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Dargespa gûza hindê  src= Qalikên wê wekî kûpikê dihate bikaranîn

Gûza hindê, nargîl, narcîl, kokos (Cocos nucifera) fêkiya cureyek dargespê ye ku ev dar ji famîleya palmiyeyan (Arecaceae) e. Li herêmên tropîk digihê. Gûza hindê tê xwarin, di şîranîyên wekî kulîçe, kek, çoklatayan de tê bikaranîn. Ji gûza hindê şerabê jî çêdikin.

Dargespa gûza hindê, ango dara gûza hindê bi qasî 20 m bilind dibe. Dar gava bû 7-13 salî ber dide û bi qasî 60 salan fêkiyên wê tên berhevkirin. Heya 100 salan dijî. Gûza hindê ji aliyê magnezyûm, potasyûm, sodyûm, gogirtê ve dewlemend e. Heger bê hişkkirin, kalîteya adanê zêdetir dibe. Asîda mîdeyê kêm dike, hezmê hêsan dike. Herwiha darên wê di çêkirina mobîlyayê de kêrbar e.

Fêkiya vê darê, ango gûza hindê bi qasî 40 cm dirêj e. Bi tevî nêriyan dirêjiya wê digihê 1 m jî. Vekirina qalikê dijwar e, divê bi vekiroxekê bê vekirin. Bêjeya Kokos ji spanî û portûgalî tê, di wateya gûz an biziran de ye. Bêjeya kurdî gûz û cocos (kokos, kokoz) ji heman kokê ne, peyveke îndogermanî ye. Herwiha Nuss (bixwîne nûs/z) (almanî) jî. Di hin devokên kurdî de goz, gwîz jî tên bikaranîn.
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Ià-cī ( Min Dong )

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Ià-cī-chéu(椰子樹) sê siŏh cṳ̄ng chéu, ĭ gì guō-sĭk hô̤ lā̤ ià-cī(椰子), diē-sié ô iā sâ̤ cáik-cáik, â̤ chiók, iā diĕng.

 src=
ià-cī
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Iâ-á ( Nan )

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 src=
Iâ-á ê chí
Lēng-gōa ū khun-thiông hō-chò ia̍h-á.

Iâ-á (iâ-chhiū; ha̍k-miâ: Cocos nucifera L.) sī Arecaceae-kho ê 1 hūn-chú. I sī î-it 1-ê sio̍k-î Cocos-sio̍k ê chéng. Iâ-chhiū tōa châng, siāng koân kàu 30 m, hio̍h-sìⁿ (pinnate) 4–6 m tn̂g, pinnae 60-90 cm tn̂g.

Iâ-á ê kóe-chí hō-chò iâ-chí.

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Kalapa ( Sundanese )

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Kalapa (Cocos nucifera) mangrupa anggota Famili Arecaceae (kulawarga palem), hiji-hijina spésiés dina Genus Cocos, nu mangrupa palem badag, jangkungna bisa nepi ka 30 m, panjang barangbang 4–6 m (semplak mun geus garing), 'daun' 60–90 cm. Istilah kalapa leuwih nujul ka buahna, lain tangkalna.

Asal-usul jeung budidaya

Asal-usul ieu tangkal nepi ka kiwari masih dipadungdengkeun; aya nu nyebut asli Asia Tenggara, aya ogé nu nyebut palsu Amérika Kidul. Catetan fosil ti Selandia Anyar nunjukkeun yén tutuwuhan sarupa kalapa, tapi leutik, geus aya di daérah éta 15 juta taun ka tukang. Fosil nu leuwih heubeul aya ogé di Rajastan & Maharastra, India. Nu puguh, kalapa geus sumebar ka sakuliah dunya tropis, sigana mah dibantu ku para palaut. Kalapa bisa ngambang antukna bisa waé sumebar kabawa palid ku ombak laut: anu palid nepi ka Norwégia waé kanyahoan hirup kénéh (bisa tumuwuh). Di kapuloan Hawaii, kalapa téh dianggap tutuwuhan bawaan urang Polinésia ti lemah caina di Pasipik Kidul.

Sumber rujukan

  • Coconut, Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (27 Maret 2006)

Tumbu kaluar

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Kalapa: Brief Summary ( Sundanese )

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Kalapa (Cocos nucifera) mangrupa anggota Famili Arecaceae (kulawarga palem), hiji-hijina spésiés dina Genus Cocos, nu mangrupa palem badag, jangkungna bisa nepi ka 30 m, panjang barangbang 4–6 m (semplak mun geus garing), 'daun' 60–90 cm. Istilah kalapa leuwih nujul ka buahna, lain tangkalna.

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Kokoso ( Ido )

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Kokoso esas frukto di granda arboro ek la familio "palmieri". cocus nucifera

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Kokospualem ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

At kokospualem (Cocos nucifera) as en pualem, huar det kokosnöd bi wääkst.

Beskriiwang

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Kokospualem: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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At kokospualem (Cocos nucifera) as en pualem, huar det kokosnöd bi wääkst.

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Kokoye ( Haitian; Haitian Creole )

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 src=
Cocos

Kokoye se yon fwi. nan kotfe city gen anpil kok

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Krambil ( Javanese )

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Kelapa
Status konsèrvasi: Aman Coconut.jpg
Klapa Klasifikasi Ilmiah Regnum: Plantae Divisio: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Liliopsida Ordo: Arecales Familia: Arecaceae Genus: Cocos Spesies: Jeneng binomial Cocos nucifera
L.

Krambil utawa klapa iku sawijining tuwuhan saka kulawarga Arecaceae. Wit iki siji-sijining spésies ing génus Cocos, lan wité bisa nganti 30 mèter dhuwuré. Krambil utawa klapa uga ngarané wohé wit iki sing kulité atos lan dagingé awerna putih. Wit krambil kalebu tuwuhan saka laladan tropis, bisa tuwuh kanthi apik ing laladan pasisir sanajan uga bisa urip ing laladan nggunung kang dhuwure 1000 saka segara nanging asile kurang apik.

Kembang klapa arané "manggar".[1] Saliyané bisa dadi woh, manggar uga bisa didèrès kanggo dijupuk legené lan digawé gula jawa.[1]

Woh klapa uga dienggo dadi bahan panganan.[1]Sari daging klapa sing diperes diarani santen.[1]

Banjur godhong krambil uga dienggo dadi bungkus panganan lan kagunan liya-liyané.[1]Godhong krambil sing isih enom lan wernané kuning diarani "janur", sauntara sing wis ijo wernané utawa wis tuwa diarani "blarak".[1]

Saliyané iku wit klapa kang aran glugu uga dienggo dadi bahan yasan sing cukup apik.[1] Kayu wit klapa diarani "glugu" ing Tanah Jawa.[1]

Arane Pérangan wit klapa

Wit

Godhong

kembang lan woh

Perangane Krambil

  1. kepeng
  2. sepet
  3. cempol
  4. bathok
  5. krambil
  6. banyu krambil
  7. kenthos

Asil olahan

Santen klapa

Santen klapa kalebu cuwèran kang bébas kolésterol, awit lemak kang ana ing santen klapa kalebu lemak nabati.[2] Santen bisa digunakaké ing akèh masakan.[2] Santen uga bisa dadi bahan dhasar masakan.[2] Tuladhané masakan kari,nasi lemak,kuih-muih,kek, biskut, kaya, lan liya-liyané.[2] Saliyané iku uga akèh masakan tradhisional kang nggunakaké santen kanggo kuah utawa bahan dhasar kanggo ngencéraké.[2] Kayata sega gandhul, sega gandhul iki masakan khas Pati.[2] Conto liyané ya iku soto.[2] Méh saben laladan nduwé masakan soto, dadi ana kang diarani soto Kebumén, soto Kudus, soto kebo, soto ayam, soto kanjengan lan liya–iyané.[2] Soto kang nggunakaké santen lumrahé diarani soto butheg, déné soto bening lumrahé soto kang ora nganggo santen.[2]

Santen kang wis distéril luwih gampang digunakaké.[2] Santen iki lumrahé diarani santen instan.[2] Saiki akèh pabrik-pabrik kang mroduksi santen instan.[2] Santen instan luwih praktis amarga ora usah marut lan meres klapa, mung kari nyuwék bungkusé lan dicampur ing masakan.[2] Santen instan utawa santen siyap paké iki bisa awét nganti telung dina sawisé dibukak, nanging kudu disimpen ing kulkas supaya ora mambu.[2] Sadurungé nyampuraké santen masakan, kudu diocak-ocak dhisik.[2] Tujuwané supa sari utawa santen bisa nyampur kabéh ora menep utawa pecah yèn dimasak.[2] Santen instan rasané uga ora kalah gurih karo santen kang asalé saka peresan langsung.[2] Santen kani ya iku santen kang kenthel.[2] Lumrahé santen iki asil peresan kang sepisanan.[2] Dadi klapa kang wis diparut utawa diselépna banjur diperes nganggo banyu, asil peresan kang sepisanan iki kang diarani santen kani.[2] Santen kani rasané luwih gurih lan luwih butheg utawa kenthel.[2]

Gula Jawa

Gula jawa lumrahé diarani uga gula abang, gula palem lan gula arèn.[3] Gula iki asalé saka deresan kembang klapa utawa kang diarani manggar.[3] Dèrèsan manggar banjur diolah utawa dimasak nganti pekat lan dicithak dadi setengan lingkaran.[3] Gula jawa rasané legi rada gurih.[3] Gula jawa lumrahé digawé bumbu rujak lan kanggo bumbu masakan liyané.[3] Gula jawa uga kena kanggo campuran bumbu lan marakaké sedhep.[3] Umpamané bumbu cemedhing, bumbu oséng-oséng kangkung, lan liya-liyané.[3]

Kanggo para wanita gula jawa uga kena kanggo perawatan wajah.[3] Lumrahé wong wadon kepéngin nduwé praupan kang resik lan cerah.[3] Nanging kadang thukul jerawat, pori-pori wajah kang gedhé lan penuaan dini.[3] Akéh-akéhé para wadon nggunakaké perawatan salon kaya ta ''facial'' lan totok wajah.[3] Nanging ana cara alami kang ora mbebayani kanggo ngatasi pori-pori besar lan rai kang rada kusam. Carane ya iku nggunakaké gula jawa. Lumrahé gula jawa pancén kanggo gawé jajanan utawa bolu lan kanggo nggawé juruh bubur blowok.[3] Nanging saliyne iku, gula palem uga kena kanggo peremajaan kulit, saéngga kulit katon luwih seger.[3] Gula iki bisa kanggo nyilikake pori-pori saéngga kulit katon luwih alus.[3]

Carané gampang lan praktis.[3] Gula jawa dicampur madu banjur kanggo maskeran utawa scrub.[3] Kanggo asil kang maksimal luwih becik yèn perawatan iki dilakokaké rong dina sapisan.[3]

Saiki gula jawa ora mung diprodhuksi dadi gula kang padat kang dhapuré setengah lingkaran, nanging uga aana kang digawé butiran utawa serbuk kayak gula pasir kang rupané coklat.[3]

Jelly klapa

Jeli klapa uga kena diarani nata de coco.[4] Jeli iki asil perméntasi banyu klapa. Nata de coco lumrahé digawé és utawa ager-ager.[4] Saliyané iku nata de coco uga kanggo campuran nggawé puding[[.[4]

És degan

Es kelapa mudha utawa és degan nduwé jeneng ngetrén és klamud.[5] És klamud iki énak yèn diombe wayah awan.[5] Lumrahé es klamud uga dicampuri sirup kanggo nambahai rasa legi.[5] Klapa klamud iku istilah kanggo klapa kang kemlamud utawa klapa bayi kang isih empuk lan rasané kaya-kaya bisa dipangan kanthi diklamuti.[5]

Asil liyané

Olahan primer daging klapa kang mateng kena kanggo substitusi utawa pengganti glepung kanggo nggawé jajanan.[1] Jajanan iki kaya ta roti, biskuit dan kué-kué kering, permén, és krim lan liya-liyané.[1] Wujud olahan primér kang akèh digawé ya iku klapa parut kering''desiccated coconut''.[1] Saliyané iku, bisa uga glepung klapa kang digawé saka ampas klapa kang wis diperes santené.[1]

Pigunan saka wit klapa

Saben pérangan wit krambil bisa kagunakake.

Jinis

Klapa sawit

Klapa sawit ''Elaeis'' ya ikun tuwuhan kang bisa ngasilaké lenga karbolin.[1] Lenga iki bisa minangka ngoréng panganan.[1] Klapa sawit uga kalebu tuwuhan indhustri kang wigati awit bisa ngasilaké lenga masak lan lenga indhustri, uga bahan bakar ''biodiese''.[1] Indonesia kalebu nagara kang ngasilaké klapa sawit paling akèh ing donya.[1] Klapa sawit bisa urip ing Indonésia kaya ta ing laladan Acéh, pasisir timur Sumatra, Jawa lan Sulawesi.[1]

Klapa kuning

Klapa kuning ya iku klapa kang kulité wernané kuning.[1] Klapa iki lumrahé diarani klapa gadhing.[1] Klapa gadhing bisa kanggo masak lan digawé és degan.[1]

Klapa ijo

Klapa ijo ya iku klapa buah kang kulité sing paling njaba wernané ijo.[1] Klapa ijo kena uga diarani klapa obat, amarga banyu klapa ijo iki bisa kanggo penawar racun.[1] dadi yèn ana wong keracunan banjur diombéni banyu klapa ijo, bakal mari lan seger manéh.[1]

Gladri

Cathetan suku

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w [1](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u [2](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r [3](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)
  4. a b c [4](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)
  5. a b c d [[id}}[http://www.tabloidnova.com/(dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)

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Krambil: Brief Summary ( Javanese )

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Krambil utawa klapa iku sawijining tuwuhan saka kulawarga Arecaceae. Wit iki siji-sijining spésies ing génus Cocos, lan wité bisa nganti 30 mèter dhuwuré. Krambil utawa klapa uga ngarané wohé wit iki sing kulité atos lan dagingé awerna putih. Wit krambil kalebu tuwuhan saka laladan tropis, bisa tuwuh kanthi apik ing laladan pasisir sanajan uga bisa urip ing laladan nggunung kang dhuwure 1000 saka segara nanging asile kurang apik.

Kembang klapa arané "manggar". Saliyané bisa dadi woh, manggar uga bisa didèrès kanggo dijupuk legené lan digawé gula jawa.

Woh klapa uga dienggo dadi bahan panganan.Sari daging klapa sing diperes diarani santen.

Banjur godhong krambil uga dienggo dadi bungkus panganan lan kagunan liya-liyané.Godhong krambil sing isih enom lan wernané kuning diarani "janur", sauntara sing wis ijo wernané utawa wis tuwa diarani "blarak".

Saliyané iku wit klapa kang aran glugu uga dienggo dadi bahan yasan sing cukup apik. Kayu wit klapa diarani "glugu" ing Tanah Jawa.

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Mbokaja ( Guarani )

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Mbokaja'a

Mbokaja (karaiñe'ẽ: Coco) ko yvyra okakuaáva ñũ ha ka’aguý rehe, imáta pukuitéva, haty ha hi’a apu’a mimi.ijýva hérava Mbokaja'a.

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Mnazi (mti) ( Swahili )

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Mnazi (Cocos nucifera) ni kati ya miti muhimu zaidi kwa ajili ya uchumi wa kibinadamu katika nchi za tropiki.

  • tunda lake laitwa nazi ni chakula
  • nyama ya tunda hukaushwa kuwa nguta (au: mbata). Nguta hutumiwa viwandani kwa kutengeneza mafuta ya kulika.
  • utomvu ni kinywaji chenye afya kwa sababu ya vitamini yake
  • utomvu uliochachuka "mnazi" ni kinywaji cha pombe
  • ubao unatumiwa kwa ujenzi wa nyumba au jahazi
  • majani kwa paa za nyumba, mikeka au makofia.
  • Mafuu ya mbegu hutumiwa kama kuni au kutengeneza vifaa vya muziki au urembo kama vile bandili, hereni au mikufu.

Mnazi ni mmea wa familia ya Palmae (au: Arecaceae). Asili yake inafikiriwa iko Asia ya kusini lakini umesambaa tangu karne nyingi sana. Mbegu wake unaweza kuzaa hata baada ya kukaa kwenye maji ya bahari kwa muda fulani hivyo inawezekana ya kwamba mnazi ulisambaa peke yake kwenye pwani za bahari. Lakini bila shaka watu waliibeba safarini kwa sababu ni chakula.

Viungo vya Nje

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Mnazi (mti): Brief Summary ( Swahili )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Mnazi (Cocos nucifera) ni kati ya miti muhimu zaidi kwa ajili ya uchumi wa kibinadamu katika nchi za tropiki.

tunda lake laitwa nazi ni chakula nyama ya tunda hukaushwa kuwa nguta (au: mbata). Nguta hutumiwa viwandani kwa kutengeneza mafuta ya kulika. utomvu ni kinywaji chenye afya kwa sababu ya vitamini yake utomvu uliochachuka "mnazi" ni kinywaji cha pombe ubao unatumiwa kwa ujenzi wa nyumba au jahazi majani kwa paa za nyumba, mikeka au makofia. Mafuu ya mbegu hutumiwa kama kuni au kutengeneza vifaa vya muziki au urembo kama vile bandili, hereni au mikufu.

Mnazi ni mmea wa familia ya Palmae (au: Arecaceae). Asili yake inafikiriwa iko Asia ya kusini lakini umesambaa tangu karne nyingi sana. Mbegu wake unaweza kuzaa hata baada ya kukaa kwenye maji ya bahari kwa muda fulani hivyo inawezekana ya kwamba mnazi ulisambaa peke yake kwenye pwani za bahari. Lakini bila shaka watu waliibeba safarini kwa sababu ni chakula.

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Mnazi

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Mnazi inavyokua katika nyumba ya kioo kwenye nchi ya Ulaya

 src=

Picha ya mnazi na tunda lake la nazi

 src=

picha ya maua ya mnazi

 src=

Nazi bila kozi lake

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Niu ( Tongan )

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Ko e niu ko e fuʻu ʻakau mahuʻinga taha ʻo e Pasifiki.

Ko e ngaahi konga ʻo e niu

Coconut art 06.jpg
  • niu, fuʻu niu: ko e fuʻu
  • niu, foʻi niu: ko e tenga
  • niu; ko e kilimi pe huʻakau-niu
  • kaka; ko e "kupenga" kākālavā takatakaiʻi he louniu mui
  • kota; ko e toenga ʻosi he niuvao ʻo e huʻakau-niu
  • loholoho; ʻoku tupu ʻa e foʻi niu mei hē
  • mataka; ko e kakano ʻo e foʻi niu motuʻu, ʻosi mōmoa (copra, lea fakapilitānia)
  • namoa; ko e kakano ʻo e foʻi niu mata, ko e kai lelei maʻa e fānau valevale
  • palalafa; ʻoku tupu ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lou siʻi mei hē, ko e kau ʻo e louniu kotoa
  • pulu; ko e kafukafu ʻo e foʻi niu*tōlau; louniu mui, kamataʻanga ʻo ʻene muka
  • tuʻaniu; ko e kau ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lou siʻi takitaha ʻo e louniu

Ko e fakatupu ʻo e foʻi niu

  • pōniu; ko e kamataʻanga ʻo e foʻi niu foʻou
  • niu ngono
  • niu matangono
  • niu matavelivali; sai maʻa e hihiloku
  • niu mata; lanumata, sai ke inu (veifua)
  • niu matahihiloku
  • niu matamotomoto
  • niu motomoto
  • niu motuʻu; lanu melomelo, tō ki lalo
  • niu matasili; ʻoku kamata muka
  • (niu) ʻuto; sai ke tō
  • (niu) ʻuto papanaki
  • mataʻali, takalekale; foʻi niu kuo lavea, pea tō kei siʻi
  • nginingini; foʻi niu motuʻa ʻaupito, mōmoa ʻi loto, pea mate

Ngaahi faʻahinga kehekehe

  • niu huhu
  • niu kafa; ko e pulu lahi, sai taha maʻa e kafa
    • niu kafa mea
    • niu kafa ʻui
  • niu kafakala; sai taha maʻa e veihalo
  • niu kula
  • niu lauʻuto; ʻikai vahevahaʻi kakato ʻa e ngaahi lou
  • niu loholohotaha; mo e loholoho taʻemangaʻi
  • niu matakula
  • niu mea; ʻoku lanu melomelo ʻa e foʻi niu
  • niu meatoto; ʻoku lanu kula ʻa e foʻi niu
  • niu meaʻalava; ʻoku ʻalava ʻa e foʻi niu
  • niu meleni
  • niu puleua; ko e foʻi niu lanuua, melomelo ʻi ʻolunga, lanumata ʻi lalo
  • niu pulufufula
  • niu taʻokave; ko e foʻiniu iiki
  • niu tea; ʻoku tea ʻa e lou mo e foʻi niu
  • niu vai; ko e foʻi niu lahi
  • niu ʻui;
  • niu ʻutoungau; ko e pulu melie
  • paame; ko e ngaahi ʻakau meimei tatau mo e niu, ʻi he lea fakapilitānia:
    • betelnut palm, Areca catechu (PALMAE)
    • clustered fishtail, Caryota mitis (PALMAE)
    • butterfly palm, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (PALMAE)
    • macarthur's palm, Ptychosperma macarthur (PALMAE)
    • sealing wax palm, Cyrtostachys renda (PALMAE)
    • princess palm, Dictyosperma album (PALMAE)
    • royal palm, Roystene regia (PALMAE)
  • piu

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

Toe meʻa kehe

ʻOku ʻi ai?

Tataku

  • Hokohoko ngaahi ʻakau; Vaʻa fekumi ngoue Vainī
  • Tongan dictionary; C.M. Churchward
  • Flowers of the Pacific island seashore; W.A. Whistler
Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
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Niu: Brief Summary ( Tongan )

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Ko e niu ko e fuʻu ʻakau mahuʻinga taha ʻo e Pasifiki.

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Palma de coco ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Le palma de coco (Cocos nucifera) es un specie de Cocos. Illo produce coconut[*], coconut water[*], coconut timber[*], coconut sugar[*], coir[*], coconut olla[*].

Nota
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Pikwayu ( Quechua )

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Pikwayu (Cocos nucifera) nisqaqa huk sach'am, chunta yuram, sinchi-sinchi ruruyuq, Uralan Abya Yalaman apamusqa. Wayunpa ukhunpi misk'i lichi hina puriqllam, upyasqanchikmi.

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Pikwayu: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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Pikwayu (Cocos nucifera) nisqaqa huk sach'am, chunta yuram, sinchi-sinchi ruruyuq, Uralan Abya Yalaman apamusqa. Wayunpa ukhunpi misk'i lichi hina puriqllam, upyasqanchikmi.

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Κοκοφοίνικας ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο κοκοφοίνικας (Cocos nucifera, Κόκος ο καρυοφόρος), ή κοκκοφοίνικας ή τροπική καρύδα, είναι ένα μέλος της οικογενείας των φοινικοειδών και μοναδικό είδος του γένους Cocos. Ο κοκοφοίνικας είναι γνωστός για το καρπό του, την καρύδα, ο οποίος στη πραγματικότητα είναι δρύπη και όχι κάρυο. Έχει την ιδιότητα να επιπλέει στη θάλασσα για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα, χωρίς να χάνει τη βλαστητική του ικανότητα. Το φυτό απαντάται σε όλες τις τροπικές και υποτροπικές περιοχές, αλλά δεν είναι γνωστό από πού προέρχεται.

Πολλά μέρη του φυτού χρησιμοποιούνται για διάφορους σκοπούς. Οι καρύδες είναι μέρος της καθημερινής διατροφής πολλών ανθρώπων. Οι καρύδες διαφέρουν από άλλα φρούτα στο γεγονός ότι περιέχουν μεγάλες ποσότητες νερού και έτσι να συλλεχθούν ανώριμες και το υγρό που περιέχουν, μπορεί να καταναλωθεί ως αναψυκτικό. Από τους καρπούς του κοκοφοίνικα παράγεται γάλα, βούτυρο, λάδι, και κατ' επέκταση σαπούνια και καλλυντικά, κάρβουνο, ακόμη και υφάσματα. Ο κορμός δίνει ξυλεία καλής ποιότητας και τα φύλλα του χρησιμοποιούνται για την κατασκευή σκεπών και καλαθιών.[1]

Περιγραφή

Ο κοκοφοίνικας είναι ένα μεγάλο είδος φοίνικα, το οποίο φτάνει σε ύψος μέχρι τα 30 μέτρα. Έχει λεπτό, κυλινδρικό και εύκαμπτο κορμό, στην κορυφή του οποίο φέρει ρόδακα σύνθετων πτεροειδών, κιτρινοπράσινων φύλλων, μήκους 4-6 μέτρων. Τα παλιά φύλλα αποπτώνται και αφήνουν το κορμό λείο. Οι κοκοφοίνικες χωρίζονται σε δύο κατηγορίες, ψηλοί και νάνοι. Τα άνθη του είναι μονόοικα, δηλαδή τα άνθη μπορεί να αρσενικά ή θηλυκά, ενώ υπάρχουν και τα δύο είδη ανθών πάνω στο ίδιο δέντρο. Εμφανίζονται κάτω από τον ρόδακα των φύλλων και προστατεύονται αρχικά από μεγάλα βράκτια φύλλα.
[1] Τα άνθη είναι οργανωμένα σε σπάνδικες, οι οποίοι μπορεί να έχουν μήκος μέχρι 1,2 μέτρα. Τα θηλυκά άνθη είναι πολύ μεγαλύτερα από τα αρσενικά, ενώ τα αρσενικά είναι πολύ περισσότερα. Κάποιοι κοκοφοίνικες δεν διαθέτουν καθόλου θηλυκά άνθη.[2] Κάθε χρόνο ένας κοκοφοίνικας μπορεί να παράγει σε πολύ γόνιμα εδάφη μέχρι 75 καρπούς το χρόνο, αλλά συνήθως ο αριθμός τους είναι μικρότερος από 30 όταν δεν καλλιεργείται.[2]

Καρπός

Ο καρπός του κοκοφοίνικα ονομάζεται ινδική καρύδα ή απλά καρύδα. Είναι ωοειδής δρύπη, με μήκος 18-30 εκ., διάμετρο 10-25 εκ. και βάρος περίπου 1,5 κιλό. Όπως και άλλα φρούτα έχει εξωκάρπιο, μεσοκάρπιο και ενδοκάρπιο. Το εξωκάρπιο είναι πράσινο ή ιώδες. Όταν οι καρύδες πωλούνται συνήθως το εξωκάρπιο έχει αφαιρεθεί. Το μεσοκάρπιο είναι ξυλώδες και ινώδες και το ενδοκάρπιο είναι πολύ σκληρό. Το ενδοκάρπιο έχει τρεις θέσεις εκβλαστήσεις (στόματα), τα οποία είναι εύκολα ορατά όταν αφαιρεθεί το εξωκάρπιο και το μεσοκάρπιο. Το σπέρμα είναι σαρκώδες εξωτερικά και υγρό, γλυκό και γαλακτώδες προς το κέντρο, πλούσιο σε πρωτεΐνες και λιπαρές ουσίες.[1]

Ο καρπός είναι εδώδιμος και θεωρείται το σημαντικότερο χρηστικά τμήμα του φοίνικα.[1] Η καρύδα μπορεί να αποξηρανθεί και η αποξηραμένη σάρκα, που ονομάζεται κόπρα, αποτελεί πηγή ενός σημαντικού εδώδιμου φυτικού λίπους, ενώ χρησιμοποιείται για την εξαγωγή κοκοφοινικέλαιου. Υπολογίζεται ότι 6.000 καρύδες χρειάζονται για να παραχθεί ένας τόνος κόπρα.[3]

Παραπομπές

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 «Κοκκοφοίνικας». ΔΟΜΗ. Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Brian E. Grimwood, Ashman, F., Jarman, C.G., Dendy, D.A.V. (1976). Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries. FAO. σελίδες 14–18.CS1 maint: Πολλαπλές ονομασίες: authors list (link)
  3. Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Harwood (Eds.). (2009). Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. Australian National University. p. 327. ISBN 978-1-921536-60-1.

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Κοκοφοίνικας: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Ο κοκοφοίνικας (Cocos nucifera, Κόκος ο καρυοφόρος), ή κοκκοφοίνικας ή τροπική καρύδα, είναι ένα μέλος της οικογενείας των φοινικοειδών και μοναδικό είδος του γένους Cocos. Ο κοκοφοίνικας είναι γνωστός για το καρπό του, την καρύδα, ο οποίος στη πραγματικότητα είναι δρύπη και όχι κάρυο. Έχει την ιδιότητα να επιπλέει στη θάλασσα για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα, χωρίς να χάνει τη βλαστητική του ικανότητα. Το φυτό απαντάται σε όλες τις τροπικές και υποτροπικές περιοχές, αλλά δεν είναι γνωστό από πού προέρχεται.

Πολλά μέρη του φυτού χρησιμοποιούνται για διάφορους σκοπούς. Οι καρύδες είναι μέρος της καθημερινής διατροφής πολλών ανθρώπων. Οι καρύδες διαφέρουν από άλλα φρούτα στο γεγονός ότι περιέχουν μεγάλες ποσότητες νερού και έτσι να συλλεχθούν ανώριμες και το υγρό που περιέχουν, μπορεί να καταναλωθεί ως αναψυκτικό. Από τους καρπούς του κοκοφοίνικα παράγεται γάλα, βούτυρο, λάδι, και κατ' επέκταση σαπούνια και καλλυντικά, κάρβουνο, ακόμη και υφάσματα. Ο κορμός δίνει ξυλεία καλής ποιότητας και τα φύλλα του χρησιμοποιούνται για την κατασκευή σκεπών και καλαθιών.

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Кокосова палма ( Macedonian )

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Природната распространетост на кокосот (обрабен со црвено)
 src=
Зелени кокосови ореви

Кокосова палма или само кокос (науч. Cocos nucifera) — дрво од фамилијата на палмите (Arecaceae) и единствениот вид од родот кокос (Cocos).[2] Поимот „кокос“ може да се однесува како на нејзиниот плод, така и на целата палма. Поимот потекнува од португалски и шпански збор од XV век coco, што значи „глава“ или „череп“,[3] поради трите дупки на оревот што личат на човечко лице.

Расте низ тропските и суптропските краишта и има многу намени во домаќинството, занаетчиството и индустриското стопанство. Кокосовиот орев дава кокосова вода и ќумур од лушпата и влакна од надворешната кошулка. Месото се користи во готвењето, во свеж облик или суво (копра). Од внатрешноста се добива и масло и млеко, кои исто така наоѓаат широка примена во кулинарството и козметиката.

Опис

Кокосовата палма расте до висина од 30 м и има перјесто зеленило со должина од 4-6 м, а поединечните листови се долги 60–90 см. Кога ќе се исушат, паѓаат целосно, и стеблото останува мазно. Постојат два типа: високи и џуџести.[4] На мошне плодно земјиште, палмата дава до 75 ореви годишно, но најчесто од секое дрво се добиваат највеќе 30 поради несоодветната земјоделска практика.[5] Во последно време приносите се поголеми благодарение на напредокот во тениката на одгледување.[6][7] Дрвото е еднодомно, што значи дека има и машки и женски цветови.[8] Женскиот е многу поголем од машкиот. Цветањето се одвива непрекинато преку целата година.

Плод

Кокосовиот орев е јаткаст плод (не оревест)[9] со три слоја: надворешен, среден и внатрешен (егзокарп, мезокарп и перикарп). Надворешниот и средниот ја сочинуваат „кошулката“ која се отстранува пред да оди на пазарот во нетропските земји. Средниот дел е составен од кокосово влакно (коир) кое наоѓа разни примени. Лушпата има три „устиња“ за ’ртење во облик на потемни крукчиња.

Зрелиот кокосов орев тежи околу 1,44 кг. Еден тон копра се добива од 6.000 зрели кокоси.[10]

Потекло и распространетост

Потекло

Потеклото на кокосовото дрво не е сосем утврдено.[11][12][13] Едни тврдат дека тоа се краиштата околу Меланезија и Малезија, или пак околу Индискиот Океан, а други пак сметаат дека потекнува од северозападна Јужна Америка.[11][12][13]

Природна распространетост

 src=
Мелен кокос (копра) во вреќичка
 src=
Кокос како ’рти на плажа на Хавајските Острови

Кокосовата палма расте на песоклива почва и голема отпорност на сол. Претпочита и места со многу сонце и обилни врнежи (1500-2500 мм годишно), па затоа е толку честа по бреговите во тропските предели.[14] Дрвото бара и доста влага (70–80%+) за да расте правилно, и затоа не вирее на топли, но суви места. Не трпи студ и најдобро успева при средна годишна температура од 27°C. Растот забележително се намалува под 21°C.

Одгледување

Кокосовите палми се одгледуваат во преку 80 земји во светот, произведувајќи 61 милиони тони кокосови ореви годишно.[15] Дрвата многу тешко успеваат во сува клима и не растат без обилно наводнување.[14]

Во некои делови од светот (Тајланд и Малезија) приносот го берат дресирани свињоопашести макаки.[16]

Во кулинарството

Кокосот служи за исхрана во разни делови на светот. Оревот дава масло за јадење, готвење и маргарин. Белата внатрешност (месото) се става во манџи сушена или свежа, како и при изработката на кондиторски производи и чоколади.

Копра

Копрата е исушено кокосово месо од внатрешноста на оревот. Откако ќе се обработи, од неа се добива кокосово масло и мелен кокос. Маслото се користи за готвење и во козметиката.

Во верските обреди

Оревите на кокосот се важен дел од обредите во хиндуизмот. Често се украсуваат со шарени алуфолии за среќа и бериќет и се подаваат како дар за богот. Пред да почне некоја работа или потфат, верникот крши кокосов орев за да добие благослов од боговите и да му тргне работата. Божицата на благосостојбата и богатството Лакшми се прикажува како држи кокосов орев.[17]

Кокосот како тема во уметноста и во популарната култура

  • „резигниран кокос“ - кус расказ на македонскиот писател Хигсов Бозон од 2011 година.[18]

Поврзано

Наводи

  1. Hahn, William J. (1997). Arecanae: Палми — проект „Дрво на животот“ (англиски) посет. 4 април 2011 г
  2. КокосКралски ботанички градини, Кју (англиски)
  3. Dalgado, Sebastião. Glossário luso-asiático, Volume 1 pg 291
  4. T. Pradeepkumar, B. Sumajyothibhaskar, and K.N. Satheesan. (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops (Horticulture Science Series Vol.11, 2nd of 2 Parts). New India Publishing. pp. 539–587. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3.
  5. Grimwood 1975, стр. 18.
  6. Sarian, Zac B. (18 август 2010). New coconut yields high. The Manila Bulletin. посет. 21 април 2011 г
  7. Ravi, Rajesh. (March 16, 2009). Rise in coconut yield, farming area put India on top. The Financial Express. посет. 21 април 2011 г
  8. Thampan, P.K. (1981). Handbook on Coconut Palm. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
  9. Coconut, Plant of Many Uses
  10. Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Harwood (Eds.). (2009). Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. Australian National University. стр327. ISBN 978-1-921536-60-1.
  11. 11,0 11,1 Grimwood, Brian E., F. Ashman, D.A.V. Dendy, C.G. Jarman, E.C.S. Little, and W.H. Timmins. (1975). Coconut Palm Products – Their processing in developing countries. Rome: FAO. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-92-5-100853-9.
  12. 12,0 12,1 Perera, Lalith, Suriya A.C.N. Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. (2009). "Chapter 12 – Coconut". In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.). Oil Crops. Springer. стр. 370–372. ISBN 978-0-387-77593-7.
  13. 13,0 13,1 Jackson, Eric. (August 20 - September 2, 2006). From whence come coconuts?. The Panama News (Volume 12, Number 16). Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  14. 14,0 14,1 Cocos nucifera (coconut) (version 2.1). In C.R. Elevitch (Ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
  15. Производство на земјоделски култури за 2010 г.ФАО посет. 14 април 2011 г (англиски)
  16. Bertrand, Mireille. (27 јануари 1967). Training without Reward: Traditional Training of Pig-tailed Macaques as Coconut Harvesters. Science 155 (3761): 484–486.
  17. Dallapiccola, Anna. Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
  18. Хигсов Бозон, Педерски Катахрезис, Темплум, Скопје, 2011.

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Кокосова палма: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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 src= Природната распространетост на кокосот (обрабен со црвено)  src= Зелени кокосови ореви

Кокосова палма или само кокос (науч. Cocos nucifera) — дрво од фамилијата на палмите (Arecaceae) и единствениот вид од родот кокос (Cocos). Поимот „кокос“ може да се однесува како на нејзиниот плод, така и на целата палма. Поимот потекнува од португалски и шпански збор од XV век coco, што значи „глава“ или „череп“, поради трите дупки на оревот што личат на човечко лице.

Расте низ тропските и суптропските краишта и има многу намени во домаќинството, занаетчиството и индустриското стопанство. Кокосовиот орев дава кокосова вода и ќумур од лушпата и влакна од надворешната кошулка. Месото се користи во готвењето, во свеж облик или суво (копра). Од внатрешноста се добива и масло и млеко, кои исто така наоѓаат широка примена во кулинарството и козметиката.

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नरिवल ( Nepali )

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नरिवल Arecaceae (palm) परिवार अन्तर्गत पर्ने एक प्रकारको फल हो। यसको रुख ३० मि.सम्म अग्लो हुन्छ र ४ देखि ६ मि. सम्म लामा र ६० देखि ९० से.मि. चौडाई भएका पात हुन्छन; यसको पुराना पातहरू झर्दै जान्छन् र काण्ड खाली र चिप्लो हुन्छ। तिनै पातहरूको बिचमा यसको बिउ वा फल झुप्पा भएर फलेको हुन्छ।

संस्कृत भाषामा लाड्ली, दृढफल आदि नामले पनि चिनिने नरिवललाई अङ्ग्रेजी भाषामा (coconut) भनिन्छ। खजुली वंशको वनस्पतिमा पर्ने नरिवलको वैज्ञानिक नाम Cocos nucifera हो।

नरिवलको खेती समुद्रतटीय इलाकामा प्रशस्त हुने गर्दछ। खास गरी भारत, श्रीलङ्का, इण्डोनेसिया, फिलिपिन्स, इष्ट तथा वेस्ट इण्डिज र मध्यअमेरिकी देशमा पाइने नरिवल हाम्रो देश समुद्रको तटबाट टाढा रहे पनि पूर्वी नेपालका भित्री मधेस र तराईमा फल खेती मौलाएको पाइन्छ। नरिवल सात देखि आठ वर्षपछि फल दिन थाल्छ। नरिवललाई विशेष राम्रो मलजल दिन सकेमा ५० वर्षसम्म लगातार फल दिइरहन सक्छ। नरिवलको रूखको उचाइ ५० देखि १०० फिटसम्मको अग्लो हुने गर्दछ। एउटै बोटले वर्षमा ६० देखि एक सय वटासम्म फल दिन्छ।

नरिवल कतिपय देशको अर्थ व्यवस्थाको मेरुदण्डसमेत बनेर रहेको छ। कतिपय श्रीलङ्का, फिलिपिन्स, इन्डोनेसियालीहरूको जीविकाको श्रोत नै नरिवल खेती मानिन्छ। भनिन्छ, भारतीय नरिवलभन्दा फिलिपिन्स, इण्डोनेसिया, श्रीलङ्काको नरिवलमा दोब्बर गुदी हुन्छ साथै स्वादमा पनि निकै उच्च मानिन्छ।

यसलाई धार्मिक दृष्टिकोणले मात्र नभई वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोणले समेत महìवपूर्ण फलको रूपमा लिइएको पाइन्छ। स्वास्थ्य विशेषज्ञहरू भन्दछन्- नरिवलमा भिटामिन 'ए', कम भए पनि प्रोटिन, एमिनोएसिड र भिटामिन 'बी'को मात्रा प्रशस्त पाइन्छ। एक ग्राम नरिवलमा १९५ क्यालोरी शक्ति पाइने हुनाले कमजोर एवं महिलाहरूलाई नरिवलको सेवनले निकै फाइदा गर्छ।

आयुर्वेदले नरिवललाई शरीर र बलबर्द्धक, पित्तनाशक बताएको छ। नरिवलको पानीको गुणको बेग्लै बखान छ। सोडियम, पोटासियम, क्याल्सियम, म्याग्निसियम, फलाम, फस्फोरस, गन्धक र क्लोरिन प्रशस्त पाइने भएकाले काँचो नरिवलको पानीलाई 'मिनरल वाटर' पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ। थुप्रै गुणले सम्पन्न हुनुका साथै स्वास्थ्यबर्द्धक पनि भएकोले नरिवललाई स्वास्थ्य विज्ञानले एक उत्तम भिटामिनको रूपमा स्वीकारेको हो। बहुउपयोगीको रूपमा नरिवलको रूखलाई लिने गरिन्छ। रूखको काठले अनेकौँ घरेलु उपयोगी सामान बनाउने र इन्धनको रूपमा समेत प्रयोग गर्ने गरिन्छ। रूखका पातले पङ्खा, थैला र गुन्द्री बुन्ने गरिन्छ। यसको रेसा अर्थात् जटाले कार्पेट, डोरी र ब्रस आदि बनाइन्छ।

Kokosnuss-Coconut.jpg

पाकेको नरिवलमा भन्दा काँचो नरिवलमा धेरै सुपाच्य इन्जाइमहरू पाइने हुनाले यसलाई अरू फलहरूभन्दा केही उत्तम भएको दावी गरिन्छ। उल्टी, पेटको अल्सर, ग्यास्टि्रक आदि रोगका लागि यसको पानी लाभकारी मानिन्छ भने कब्जियत, झाडाबान्ता, पिसाब रोग, अनिद्रा आदिमा औषधिको रूपमा दिइन्छ। यस्तै, आमाको दूध बराबर हुनाले साना नानीहरूका निम्ति बढी लाभकारीसमेत मानिन्छ। नरिवलको फल कुरा एवं पित्तनाशक मानिन्छ। नरिवलको फूल मधुमेहका रोगीलाई लाभदायक हुन्छ भने वीर्यबर्द्धक एवं छालाका अनेक रोग हटाइदिनुका साथै सौन्दर्यवृद्धिमा समेत उत्तिकै उपयोगी मानिन्छ। काँचो नरिवलको पानीले हरेक दिन अनुहारमा मालिस गर्नाले मुहारको फुस्रोपन हराउँदै जान्छ र अनुहार आकर्षक देखिन्छ। नरिवलको तेल कपालमा सधैँ लगाएमा कपाल छिट्टै फुल्दैन।

नरिवलको फल तथा तेलको सेवनबाट प्रशस्त पौष्टिक तìवहरू सजिलै पाउन सक्तछन्। त्यसमा पनि पिसाबका रोगी तथा मुटुका रोगीहरूका लागि त यो ज्यादै गुणकारी सावित भएको छ।

नरिवल धार्मिक र आर्थिक दृष्टिले अति महत्वपूर्ण मानिएको छ । नरिवलले मानिसलाई पौष्टीक आहार प्रदान गर्दछ । नरिवल धार्मिक पूजा, विवाह, व्रतबन्ध शुभकार्य, यज्ञ, शुभ साईत आदिमा आवश्यक मानिन्छ । यसलाई धार्मिक पूजामा पवित्र फलको रुपमा चढाइन्छ । शुभ–विवाहमा मांगलिक फलको रुपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ । विभिन्न देवपूजामा फल चढाउने बाहेक व्रतबन्ध हुँदा जोगीको रुप लिएर भिक्षाटन गर्दा नरिवल दिने चलन पनि छ । बलि पूजामा बोका आदिको बदलामा नरिवल चढाउने पनि चलन छ ।यज्ञ गर्दा नरिवल मेधा हवन गरिन्छ । शुभ साईत, शुभ घडामा नरिवल फल राखेर कार्यसिद्धिको कामना गरिन्छ । विभिन्न पूजाआजा तथा शुभकार्यमा जटासहितको नरिवल अर्पण गर्दा कामना पूरा हुन्छ भन्ने जनविश्वासले नरिवलको महिमा अझ गहन बनाएको छ। प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यमा हरियाली छर्दै उज्यालो पार्ने यस्तो वनस्पतिलाई लच्छिनको प्रतीक मानिन्छ।

औषधोपचार

 src=
Coconut germinating on Punaluʻu Beach on the island of Hawaiʻi.
  • गर्मी गडेकोमा
नरिवलको जल नियमित केही दिन ११ ग्लास खानाले गर्मी गडेको रोग निको हुन्छ ।
  • पिसाब खुलाउने
गर्मीले गर्दा अलि–अलि पिसाब हुने, राम्ररी खुलस्त भएर नआउने रोगमा बिहानबेलुका नरिवलको पानी खाने गरे पिसाब खुलेर आउनेछ।
  • रगत सफा गर्ने
ताजा नरिवल पानी सेवन गर्ने गरेमा रगत बढाउँछ र स्वच्छ हुन्छ पार्दछ ।
  • घाउ खटिरामा
घोच्ने, पोल्ने घाउमा नरिवलको तेल र बेसार फिटेर लगाए ठीक हुन्छ ।
  • गर्मीले टाउको दुखेमा
नरिवलको तेलले टाउकोमा मालिस गर्ने गरेमा गर्मीले दुख्ने टाउको ठीक हुन्छ ।
  • अल्काईको रोगमा
नरिवलको बाहिरको जटा पोलेर खरानी बनाउने तथा ११ ग्लास दहीमा फिटेर बिहान/बेलुका खाने गरेमा केही दिनमा नै अल्काई रोग ठीक हुन्छ अथवा तुलसीको पात १०/१२ वटा खाएर पानीले निल्ने र तुलसीको पातको लेदो नरिवलको तेलमा फिटेर गुद्धद्वारको घाऊमा लगाउने गरेमा ठिक हुन्छ।
  • कपाल राम्रो पार्न
नरिवलको तेल टाउकोमा हाल्ने गरेमा कपाल कालो, लामो, बलियो, बाक्लो हुनलाई पूर्ण मद्दत गर्दछ ।
  • जुका परेमा
नरिवलको पात पोलेर खरानी बनाएर छानेर बिहान/बेलुका ११ चम्चा खाँदा साधारण जुका र नाम्लेजुका आदि रोग निर्मुल भएर जान्छ।
  • कलेजोको रोगमा
नरिवलको जराको पानी ११ चम्चा खाने गरेमा १२ हप्तामै कलेजो सम्बन्धी रोगमा फाइदा हुन्छ।
  • श्वासनलीको रोगमा
नरिवलको जराको पानी ११ चम्चा खाने गरेमा दम खोकी सम्बन्धी रोेग ठीक हुन्छ तथा श्वासनली आदि बलियो बनाई रोग निको पार्छ ।
  • शीतपित्त भएमा
नरिवलको तेलमा कपुर मिसाएर मालिस गर्नाले शीतपित्त ठीक हुन्छ अथवा नीमको तेलमा कपुर हालेर मालिस गर्नाले चिसोबाट हुने पित्त, खटिराहरु ठीक हुन्छ ।
  • कान दुख्ने, पिप आउने , खटिरा आदि भएमाः
ठूलो चम्चाको ४ चम्चा शुद्ध तोरी वा नरिवलको तेलमा ६ गेडा लसुन, सानो चम्चा आधा चम्चा हिङ र सानो चम्चा १ चम्चा सिदेनूनको धूलो तेलमा कालो पार्ने
र छानेर सिसीमा राख्ने र आवश्यकता अनुसार कान सफा गरी बिहानबेलुका ४४ थोपा हाल्नाले कानको रोग निको हुन्छ ।
  • दाद भएमा
सेतो करवीरको जरा २ चम्चा लेदोमा २ डाडु नरिवलको तेलमा डढाएर झिक्नुहोस् र कपडाले छानेर दादहरुमा लगाउनुहोस् बिस्तारै ठीक हुँदै जान्छ ।

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नरिवल: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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नरिवल Arecaceae (palm) परिवार अन्तर्गत पर्ने एक प्रकारको फल हो। यसको रुख ३० मि.सम्म अग्लो हुन्छ र ४ देखि ६ मि. सम्म लामा र ६० देखि ९० से.मि. चौडाई भएका पात हुन्छन; यसको पुराना पातहरू झर्दै जान्छन् र काण्ड खाली र चिप्लो हुन्छ। तिनै पातहरूको बिचमा यसको बिउ वा फल झुप्पा भएर फलेको हुन्छ।

संस्कृत भाषामा लाड्ली, दृढफल आदि नामले पनि चिनिने नरिवललाई अङ्ग्रेजी भाषामा (coconut) भनिन्छ। खजुली वंशको वनस्पतिमा पर्ने नरिवलको वैज्ञानिक नाम Cocos nucifera हो।

नरिवलको खेती समुद्रतटीय इलाकामा प्रशस्त हुने गर्दछ। खास गरी भारत, श्रीलङ्का, इण्डोनेसिया, फिलिपिन्स, इष्ट तथा वेस्ट इण्डिज र मध्यअमेरिकी देशमा पाइने नरिवल हाम्रो देश समुद्रको तटबाट टाढा रहे पनि पूर्वी नेपालका भित्री मधेस र तराईमा फल खेती मौलाएको पाइन्छ। नरिवल सात देखि आठ वर्षपछि फल दिन थाल्छ। नरिवललाई विशेष राम्रो मलजल दिन सकेमा ५० वर्षसम्म लगातार फल दिइरहन सक्छ। नरिवलको रूखको उचाइ ५० देखि १०० फिटसम्मको अग्लो हुने गर्दछ। एउटै बोटले वर्षमा ६० देखि एक सय वटासम्म फल दिन्छ।

नरिवल कतिपय देशको अर्थ व्यवस्थाको मेरुदण्डसमेत बनेर रहेको छ। कतिपय श्रीलङ्का, फिलिपिन्स, इन्डोनेसियालीहरूको जीविकाको श्रोत नै नरिवल खेती मानिन्छ। भनिन्छ, भारतीय नरिवलभन्दा फिलिपिन्स, इण्डोनेसिया, श्रीलङ्काको नरिवलमा दोब्बर गुदी हुन्छ साथै स्वादमा पनि निकै उच्च मानिन्छ।

यसलाई धार्मिक दृष्टिकोणले मात्र नभई वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोणले समेत महìवपूर्ण फलको रूपमा लिइएको पाइन्छ। स्वास्थ्य विशेषज्ञहरू भन्दछन्- नरिवलमा भिटामिन 'ए', कम भए पनि प्रोटिन, एमिनोएसिड र भिटामिन 'बी'को मात्रा प्रशस्त पाइन्छ। एक ग्राम नरिवलमा १९५ क्यालोरी शक्ति पाइने हुनाले कमजोर एवं महिलाहरूलाई नरिवलको सेवनले निकै फाइदा गर्छ।

आयुर्वेदले नरिवललाई शरीर र बलबर्द्धक, पित्तनाशक बताएको छ। नरिवलको पानीको गुणको बेग्लै बखान छ। सोडियम, पोटासियम, क्याल्सियम, म्याग्निसियम, फलाम, फस्फोरस, गन्धक र क्लोरिन प्रशस्त पाइने भएकाले काँचो नरिवलको पानीलाई 'मिनरल वाटर' पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ। थुप्रै गुणले सम्पन्न हुनुका साथै स्वास्थ्यबर्द्धक पनि भएकोले नरिवललाई स्वास्थ्य विज्ञानले एक उत्तम भिटामिनको रूपमा स्वीकारेको हो। बहुउपयोगीको रूपमा नरिवलको रूखलाई लिने गरिन्छ। रूखको काठले अनेकौँ घरेलु उपयोगी सामान बनाउने र इन्धनको रूपमा समेत प्रयोग गर्ने गरिन्छ। रूखका पातले पङ्खा, थैला र गुन्द्री बुन्ने गरिन्छ। यसको रेसा अर्थात् जटाले कार्पेट, डोरी र ब्रस आदि बनाइन्छ।

Kokosnuss-Coconut.jpg

पाकेको नरिवलमा भन्दा काँचो नरिवलमा धेरै सुपाच्य इन्जाइमहरू पाइने हुनाले यसलाई अरू फलहरूभन्दा केही उत्तम भएको दावी गरिन्छ। उल्टी, पेटको अल्सर, ग्यास्टि्रक आदि रोगका लागि यसको पानी लाभकारी मानिन्छ भने कब्जियत, झाडाबान्ता, पिसाब रोग, अनिद्रा आदिमा औषधिको रूपमा दिइन्छ। यस्तै, आमाको दूध बराबर हुनाले साना नानीहरूका निम्ति बढी लाभकारीसमेत मानिन्छ। नरिवलको फल कुरा एवं पित्तनाशक मानिन्छ। नरिवलको फूल मधुमेहका रोगीलाई लाभदायक हुन्छ भने वीर्यबर्द्धक एवं छालाका अनेक रोग हटाइदिनुका साथै सौन्दर्यवृद्धिमा समेत उत्तिकै उपयोगी मानिन्छ। काँचो नरिवलको पानीले हरेक दिन अनुहारमा मालिस गर्नाले मुहारको फुस्रोपन हराउँदै जान्छ र अनुहार आकर्षक देखिन्छ। नरिवलको तेल कपालमा सधैँ लगाएमा कपाल छिट्टै फुल्दैन।

नरिवलको फल तथा तेलको सेवनबाट प्रशस्त पौष्टिक तìवहरू सजिलै पाउन सक्तछन्। त्यसमा पनि पिसाबका रोगी तथा मुटुका रोगीहरूका लागि त यो ज्यादै गुणकारी सावित भएको छ।

नरिवल धार्मिक र आर्थिक दृष्टिले अति महत्वपूर्ण मानिएको छ । नरिवलले मानिसलाई पौष्टीक आहार प्रदान गर्दछ । नरिवल धार्मिक पूजा, विवाह, व्रतबन्ध शुभकार्य, यज्ञ, शुभ साईत आदिमा आवश्यक मानिन्छ । यसलाई धार्मिक पूजामा पवित्र फलको रुपमा चढाइन्छ । शुभ–विवाहमा मांगलिक फलको रुपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ । विभिन्न देवपूजामा फल चढाउने बाहेक व्रतबन्ध हुँदा जोगीको रुप लिएर भिक्षाटन गर्दा नरिवल दिने चलन पनि छ । बलि पूजामा बोका आदिको बदलामा नरिवल चढाउने पनि चलन छ ।यज्ञ गर्दा नरिवल मेधा हवन गरिन्छ । शुभ साईत, शुभ घडामा नरिवल फल राखेर कार्यसिद्धिको कामना गरिन्छ । विभिन्न पूजाआजा तथा शुभकार्यमा जटासहितको नरिवल अर्पण गर्दा कामना पूरा हुन्छ भन्ने जनविश्वासले नरिवलको महिमा अझ गहन बनाएको छ। प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यमा हरियाली छर्दै उज्यालो पार्ने यस्तो वनस्पतिलाई लच्छिनको प्रतीक मानिन्छ।

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नारळ ( Marathi )

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माडाचे वनस्पतिशास्त्रीय चित्र

माड किंवा नारळ श्रीफळ(शास्त्रीय नाव: Cocos nucifera, कोकोस नुसिफेरा ; इंग्लिश: Coconut, कोकोनट ;) हा विषुववृत्तीय व उष्णकटिंबंधीय प्रदेशांत मुख्यत्वे समुद्रकिनारे आणि लगतच्या भागात वाढणारा, ताड कुळातील एक वॄक्ष आहे. याचे फळ नारळ या नावाने ओळखले जाते. सुमारे ३० मीटर उंचीच्या या वॄक्षाला ४-६ मीटर लांबीची झावळ्यांच्या स्वरूपातील पाने फुटतात. माडाला, वर्षातल्या दर महिन्यात फुलांचा एक तुरा लागतो. तुर्‍यातील मादी फुलांना लागलेली फळे अकरा ते बारा महिन्यांत पक्व होतात. म्हणजेच प्रत्येक महिन्यात प्रत्येक झाडावरून एक घड काढायला मिळतो. या झाडाच्या प्रत्येक अवयवाचा काही ना काही उपयोग आहे, म्हणून या झाडाला कोकणात कल्पवृक्ष मानतात.

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शहाळे

ओल्या नारळाला शहाळे असे म्हणतात. याचे पाणी शक्तिवर्धक, थंडखनिजसंपन्न असते. आजारी, अपचन, जुलाब झालेल्या व्यक्तींना विशेष उपयोगी समजले जाते. शहाळ्यातून निघणार्‍या पक्व नारळाला शुभ प्रसंगी श्रीफळ म्हणतात.नाराळातीला सुख्या खोबर्याला गोटा खोबरे म्हणतात

सांस्कृतिक महत्त्व

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नारळाचे झाड

हिंदूंसह आशियातील अनेक श्रद्धावान नारळ हे फळ पवित्र मानतात. त्याला धार्मिक कार्यात वापरताना श्रीफळ म्हणतात. नारळचा वापर सगळ्यात जास्त मंदिरांमध्ये केला जातो. दिवाळी, दसरा, गणपती पूजा या दिवशी देवाला मोठ्या प्रमाणात नारळ अर्पण केले जातात. या झाडाला इच्छापूर्तीचे झाड असेही म्हटले जाते, कारण या झाडाच्या सगळ्या अगांचा उपयोग करता येतो.

एकाक्ष नारळ

नारळाला साधारणपणे तीन डोळे असतात, म्हणून त्याला शंकराचे प्रतीक समजतात. बुडाशी एकच भोक किंवा डोळा असलेल्या नारळास एकाक्ष नारळ म्हणतात. असा नारळ सापडणे शुभशकुन समजले जाते.नारळ हे खूप महत्त्वाचे मानले जातात.

विष्णुपुराणात एकाक्ष नारळ श्री लक्ष्मी चे प्रतीक आहे.[१]

दिवाळी आणि कोजागरी पौर्णिमामध्ये लक्ष्मी पुजामध्ये बंगाली समाजातील लोक लोख्खी पूजामध्ये शहाळी वा ताजे नारळ वापरतात. तांबे कलश किंवा मातिचा कुंभावर आणि शहाळीनारळावर सिंदूराने बंगाली हिंदु स्वस्तिक चिन्ह जे मध्यमा बोटाने आणि लाल सिंदूर लेपाचा वापर करून काढतात . या दिवशी भक्तीने शंख सहित लक्ष्मीनारायणाची पूजा करतात.[२][३]

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शहाळी

माडी

माडाच्या फळांच्या पेंडीच्या बुंध्याला एक भोक पाडले जाते. त्यातून स्रवणारा पांढरा रस म्हणजे 'माडी'. हा स्रवणारा पांढरा रस मडक्याच्या तोंडाला फडके बांधून त्याला नळी आत जाऊ शकेल एवढे भोक पाडून त्यात नळीद्वारे हा रस साठवतात. सुरुवातीला माडी थंडगार आणि अतिशय मधुर असते, पण तीच माडी काही काळ सेवन न करता राहिली तर तिच्यात मद्यार्क निर्मितीची प्रक्रिया सुरू होते. महाराष्ट्रात अनेक ठिकाणी माडी मिळते.

नारळाचे फायदे

त्वचा-पावसाळ्याच्या दिवसात चेहरा चिकचिकीत ऑईली होणे ही खूप मोठी समस्या तरुणींसमोर उभी राहते, त्यावर उपाय म्हणजे नारळाचे पाणी. ते आपण चेह-याला लावून ठेवले तर त्यामुळे त्वचा निर्मळ आणि नितळ राखण्यासाठीही मदत होईल. ओल्या नारळाच्या गरामध्ये प्रथिने, तेल आणि इतर काही ऑग्रेनिक तत्त्व असतात, त्यामुळे त्वचेला त्याचा फायदा होतो. निस्तेज व कोरडी त्वचा असलेल्यांनी नारळाच्या पाण्यामध्ये दुधावरील थोडी साय मिसळून त्याने त्वचेला हळुवार हाताने मसाज करावा, त्वचा ग्लो करेल. नारळाचे पाणी व दूध त्वचेच्या क्लिझगसाठीही उपयुक्त ठरतात . कोरडेपणामुळे जेव्हा त्वचा काळवंडलेली, निस्तेज आणि रखरखीत वाटायला लागते तेव्हा नियमित नारळाच्या दुधाने चेह-याला मसाज केल्यास त्वचा पुन्हा स्निग्ध तुकतुकीत दिसायला लागते.

गर्भधारणेनंतर-नारळाच्या पाण्याविषयी एक अतिशय महत्त्वपूर्ण गोष्ट म्हणजे गर्भधारणेनंतर आठवडयातून दोन-तीन वेळा नारळाचे पाणी नियमित प्यायल्यास बाळाची कांती सुधारते आणि बाळाचा रंग उजळतो. शिवाय टॉनिक म्हणूनही ते उपयुक्त आहे.

केस-पावसाळ्यामध्ये केस धुणे म्हणजे एक मोठा प्रश्न असतो. केसासाठी नारळाचे पाणी अतिशय उपयुक्त आहे. केस धुण्यापूर्वी साधारण एक तास आधी नारळाचे पाणी केसांना आणि टाळूला चोळावे. यामुळे केस मुलायम होतातच, शिवाय केसांच्या मुळांचे पोषण होऊन केस गळण्याचे प्रमाण कमी होऊन केसांची वाढ होते.

वजन घटण्यास उपयुक्त-नारळाच्या दुधात अधिक प्रमाणात फॅट्स असले तरी हे फॅट्स मीडियम चिल्ड फॅटी अ‍ॅसिड असतात. यामुळे हे फॅट्स शरीरात चरबीप्रमाणे साचत नाहीत. त्याचबरोबर नारळाच्या दुधामुळे बराच वेळ भुकेवर नियंत्रण राहते.

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नारळ: Brief Summary ( Marathi )

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 src= माडाचे वनस्पतिशास्त्रीय चित्र

माड किंवा नारळ श्रीफळ(शास्त्रीय नाव: Cocos nucifera, कोकोस नुसिफेरा ; इंग्लिश: Coconut, कोकोनट ;) हा विषुववृत्तीय व उष्णकटिंबंधीय प्रदेशांत मुख्यत्वे समुद्रकिनारे आणि लगतच्या भागात वाढणारा, ताड कुळातील एक वॄक्ष आहे. याचे फळ नारळ या नावाने ओळखले जाते. सुमारे ३० मीटर उंचीच्या या वॄक्षाला ४-६ मीटर लांबीची झावळ्यांच्या स्वरूपातील पाने फुटतात. माडाला, वर्षातल्या दर महिन्यात फुलांचा एक तुरा लागतो. तुर्‍यातील मादी फुलांना लागलेली फळे अकरा ते बारा महिन्यांत पक्व होतात. म्हणजेच प्रत्येक महिन्यात प्रत्येक झाडावरून एक घड काढायला मिळतो. या झाडाच्या प्रत्येक अवयवाचा काही ना काही उपयोग आहे, म्हणून या झाडाला कोकणात कल्पवृक्ष मानतात.

 src= शहाळे

ओल्या नारळाला शहाळे असे म्हणतात. याचे पाणी शक्तिवर्धक, थंडखनिजसंपन्न असते. आजारी, अपचन, जुलाब झालेल्या व्यक्तींना विशेष उपयोगी समजले जाते. शहाळ्यातून निघणार्‍या पक्व नारळाला शुभ प्रसंगी श्रीफळ म्हणतात.नाराळातीला सुख्या खोबर्याला गोटा खोबरे म्हणतात

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नारियल ( Hindi )

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(नारियल के पेड़) नारियल एक बहुवर्षी एवं एकबीजपत्री पौधा है। इसका तना लम्बा तथा शाखा रहित होता है। मुख्य तने के ऊपरी सिरे पर लम्बी पत्तियों का मुकुट होता है। ये वृक्ष समुद्र के किनारे या नमकीन जगह पर पाये जाते हैं। इसके फल हिन्दु | हिन्दुओं के धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में प्रयुक्त होता है। बांग्ला में इसे नारिकेल कहते हैं। नारियल के वृक्ष भारत में प्रमुख रूप से केरल,पश्चिम बंगाल और उड़ीसा में खूब उगते हैं। महाराष्ट्र में मुंबई तथा तटीय क्षेत्रों व गोआ में भी इसकी उपज होती है। नारियल एक बेहद उपयोगी फल है। नारियल देर से पचने वाला, मूत्राशय शोधक, ग्राही, पुष्टिकारक, बलवर्धक, रक्तविकार नाशक, दाहशामक तथा वात-पित्त नाशक है। नारियल के पत्तो का उपयोग हम छाते के लिए कर सकते है ꫰

निरुक्त

संस्कृत में इसको नालिकेरः कहते हैं। "नल्यते केन वायुना ईर्यते इति नालिकेर:"। वर्णभ्रंश के कारण, सामान्य भाषण में यह नारिकेल बन गया। इससे बंगला शब्द नारिकेल तथा हिन्दी शब्द नारियल निकले हैं |

औषधीय गुण

 src=
नारियल

नारियल की तासीर ठंडी होती है। नारियल का पानी हल्का, प्यास बुझाने वाला, अग्निप्रदीपक, वीर्यवर्धक तथा मूत्र संस्थान के लिए बहुत उपयोगी होता है।

  • सूखे नारियल से तेल निकाला जाता है। इस तेल की मालिश त्वचा तथा बालों के लिए बहुत अच्छी होती है। नारियल तेल की मालिश से मस्तिष्क भी ठंडा रहता है। गर्मी में लगने वाले दस्तों में एक कप नारियल पानी में पिसा जीरा मिलाकर पिलाने से दस्तों में तुरंत आराम मिलता है।
  • बुखार के कारण बार-बार लगने वाली प्यास के इलाज के लिए नारियल की जटा को जलाकर गर्म पानी में डालकर रख दें। जब यह पानी ठंडा हो जाए तो छानकर इसे रोगी को पीने दें। इससे प्यास मिटती है।
  • आँतों में कृमि की समस्या से निपटने के लिए हरा नारियल पीसकर उसकी एक-एक चम्मच मात्रा का सुबह-शाम नियमित रूप से सेवन करना चाहिए। नारियल के पानी की दो-दो बूँद सुबह-शाम कुछ दिनों तक नाक में टपकाने से आधा सीसी के दर्द में बहुत आराम मिलता है।
  • सभी प्रकार की चोट-मोच की पीड़ा तथा सूजन दूर करने के लिए नारियल का बुरादा बनाकर उसमें हल्दी मिलाकर प्रभावित स्थान पर पट्टी बाँधें और सेंकें। विभिन्न त्वचा रोगों जैसे खाज-खुजली में नारियल के तेल में नीबू का रस और कपूर मिलाकर प्रभावित स्थान पर लगाने से लाभ मिलता है।
  • हृदय के विकारो के जोखिम कम करने के लिए सूखा नारियल का सेवन करना चाहिए। सूखा नारियल में अधिक फाइबर होता है। जो हृदय को स्वस्थ बनाये रखने में मदद करता है।
  • सूखे नारियल का सेवन करने से पाचन सम्बंधित सभी समस्याओं से बचने में मदद करता है।
  • पित्तजन्य विकारों के निदान में नारियल विशेष रूप से लाभकारी है। इसके लिए कच्चे नारियल की गिरी, रस तथा सफेद चंदन का बुरादा मिला लें। इस मिश्रण की 10 ग्राम मात्रा को रात को पानी में भिगो दें। सुबह छानकर इसे खाली पेट पिएँ।
  • स्वस्थ सुंदर संतान प्राप्ति के लिए गर्भवती महिला को 3-4 टुकड़े नारियल प्रतिदिन चबा-चबाकर खाने चाहिए। इसके साथ एक चम्मच मक्खन, मिसरी तथा थोड़ी सी पिसी कालीमिर्च मिलाकर चाटें। बाद में थोड़ी सी सौंफ चबाएँ। इसके आधे घंटे बाद तक कुछ भी खाना-पीना नहीं चाहिए। पुराने सूजाक और मूत्रकृच्छ में भी इससे आश्चर्यजनक लाभ होता है।
  • नारियल क्रोहन्स डिजीज के इलाज के लिए एक रामबाण औषधि है। इस बीमारी में रोगी की आँतों में जलन, डायरिया, मल में रक्त आना, वजन कम होना आदि लक्षण होते हैं। वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार क्रोहन्स डिजीज के उपचार में प्रयोग किए जाने वाले कॉर्टिकोस्टेराइड्स के समकक्ष नारियल में फाइटोस्टेराल्स नामक समूह तत्व होता है जो क्रोहन्स डिजीज में मुकाबला करता है।
  • नारियल हमें मोटापे से भी बचाता है। वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार एक स्वस्थ वयस्क के भोजन में प्रतिदिन 15 मिग्रा जिंक होना जरूरी है जिससे मोटापे से बचा जा सके। ताजा नारियल में जिंक भरपूर मात्रा में होता है।
  • हैजे में यदि उल्टियाँ बंद न हो पा रही हों तो रोगी को तुरंत नारियल पानी पिलाना चाहिए। इससे उल्टियाँ बंद हो जाती हैं

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नारियल: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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(नारियल के पेड़) नारियल एक बहुवर्षी एवं एकबीजपत्री पौधा है। इसका तना लम्बा तथा शाखा रहित होता है। मुख्य तने के ऊपरी सिरे पर लम्बी पत्तियों का मुकुट होता है। ये वृक्ष समुद्र के किनारे या नमकीन जगह पर पाये जाते हैं। इसके फल हिन्दु | हिन्दुओं के धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में प्रयुक्त होता है। बांग्ला में इसे नारिकेल कहते हैं। नारियल के वृक्ष भारत में प्रमुख रूप से केरल,पश्चिम बंगाल और उड़ीसा में खूब उगते हैं। महाराष्ट्र में मुंबई तथा तटीय क्षेत्रों व गोआ में भी इसकी उपज होती है। नारियल एक बेहद उपयोगी फल है। नारियल देर से पचने वाला, मूत्राशय शोधक, ग्राही, पुष्टिकारक, बलवर्धक, रक्तविकार नाशक, दाहशामक तथा वात-पित्त नाशक है। नारियल के पत्तो का उपयोग हम छाते के लिए कर सकते है ꫰

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ਨਾਰੀਅਲ ( Punjabi )

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ਨਾਰੀਅਲ (Cocos nucifera,ਕੋਕੋਸ ਨੂਕੀਫੇਰਾ) ਇੱਕ ਬਹੁਵਰਸ਼ੀ ਅਤੇ ਏਕਬੀਜਪਤਰੀ ਪੌਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦਾ ਤਣਾ ਲੰਬਾ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਰਹਿਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਮੁੱਖ ਤਣ ਦੇ ਊਪਰੀ ਸਿਰੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੰਬੀ ਪੱਤੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਤਾਜ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਰੁੱਖ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਦੇ ਕੰਡੇ ਜਾਂ ਨਮਕੀਨ ਜਗ੍ਹਾ ਉੱਤੇ ਪਾਏ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਫਲਹਿੰਦੁਵਾਂਦੇ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅਨੁਸ਼ਠਾਨੋਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਿਉਕਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਬਾਂਗਲਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਨਾਰਿਕੇਲ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਨਾਰੀਅਲ ਦੇ ਰੁੱਖ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਰੂਪ ਵਲੋਂ ਕੇਰਲ, ਪੱਛਮ ਬੰਗਾਲ ਅਤੇ ਉੜੀਸਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਖੂਬ ਉੱਗਦੇ ਹਨ। ਮਹਾਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁਂਬਈ ਅਤੇ ਕਿਨਾਰੀ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਗੋਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਇਸ ਦੀ ਉਪਜ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਨਾਰੀਅਲ ਇੱਕ ਬੇਹੱਦ ਲਾਭਦਾਇਕ ਫਲ ਹੈ। ਨਾਰੀਅਲ ਦੇਰ ਵਲੋਂ ਪਚਣੇ ਵਾਲਾ, ਮੂਤਰਾਸ਼ਏ ਸ਼ੋਧਕ, ਗਰਾਹੀ, ਪੁਸ਼ਟਿਕਾਰਕ, ਬਲਵਰਧਕ, ਰਕਤਵਿਕਾਰ ਨਾਸ਼ਕ, ਦਾਹਸ਼ਾਮਕ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਤ - ਪਿੱਤ ਨਾਸ਼ਕ ਹੈ। ਨਾਰੀਅਲ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਬੀਜ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਹਵਾਲੇ

  1. Hahn, William J. (1997). Arecanae: The palms. Retrieved April 4, 2011 from the Tree of Life Web Project website.
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ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਲੇਖਕ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਪਾਦਕ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ( Oriya )

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ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗୋଟେ ଫଳର ନାମ ଅଟେ । ଏହା ଶ୍ରୀଫଳ ଭାବେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିଚିତ । କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭରୁ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଭଙ୍ଗାଯାଇଥାଏ ଆଉ ଏହାକୁ ଶୁଭ ବୋଲି ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

ନଡ଼ିଆ ସବୁ ଫଳଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅଟେ, କାରଣ କଷି ଥିବା ବେଳେ ଏଥିରେ କେବଳ ପାଣି ଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏହା ଧିରେ ଧିରେ ପାକଳ ହୁଏ, ସେତେବେଳେ ତାହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସେହି ପାଣି ଥାଏ ଓ ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ଏକ ସ୍ତର ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

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ନଡ଼ିଆ

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା

ଗଛ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଲମ୍ବା ହୋଇଥାଏ, ଏହା ପାଖାପାଖି ୩୦ ମିଟର ଯାଏ ଲମ୍ବା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ଗଛର ବାହୁଙ୍ଗା ପ୍ରାୟ ୪-୬ମିଟର ଯାଏ ଲମ୍ବ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ପତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରାୟ ୬୦ରୁ ୯୦ ସଣ୍ଟିମଟର ଯାଏ ଲମ୍ବ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଇଚ୍ଚତା ଅମିସାରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଡେଙ୍ଗା ଏବଂ ଗେଡ଼ା' ଭାବରେ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ । ଉର୍ବର ମୃତ୍ତିକା ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଥିବା ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛ ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବର୍ଷକୁ ପାଖାପାଖି ୭୫ଟି ନଡ଼ିଆ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।[୧] ଠିକ ଭବାରେ ଯତ୍ନ ନେଲେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ୬ରୁ ୧୦ ବର୍ଷ ଭିତରେ ଫଳ ଦେଇ ଥାନ୍ତି ।[୨]

ଫଳ

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ନଡ଼ିଆ ଷଢ଼େଇରେ ଆଖି ପରି ଥିବା ଦୁଇଟି କଣା
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ନଡ଼ିଆ ଫଟା ସରିବା ପରେ ଷଢ଼େଇ
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ନଡ଼ିଆ ଫୁଲ
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ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛରୁ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଆମଦାନୀ

ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଫଳମାନଙ୍କ ଭଳି ନଡ଼ିଆରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ୩ଟି ସ୍ତର ଥାଏ । ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ତରଟି ଉପରି ଭାଗ ଥାଏ, ଯାହାକି କଞ୍ଚାବେଳେ ସବୁଜ ରଙ୍ଗର ଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଧିରେ ଧିରେ ପାକଳ ହେଲା ବେଳକୁ ଧୂଷର ରଙ୍ଗ ହୋଇଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ଉପରି ଭାଗକୁ ଛଡ଼ାଇବା ପରେ ଏହାକୁ ନଡ଼ିଆ କତା ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କାରଯାଏ । ମଝି ସ୍ତରଟି ବ‌ହୁତ ଟାଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ଷଢ଼େଇ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହି ସ୍ତର ଉପରେ ୨ଟି ଆଖି ସଦୃଶ କଣା ରହିଥାଏ, ଯାହାକି ଏକ ନରମ ଆବରଣଦ୍ୱାରା ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏବଂ ଶେଷ ସ୍ତରଟି ହେଉଛି ନଡ଼ିଆର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଦରକାରୀ ସ୍ତର । ଏହି ସ୍ତରରେ ନଡ଼ିଆର ପାଣି ସମେତ ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ଏକ ସ୍ତର ଥାଏ, ଯାହାକୁ ଆମେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରିଥାଉ । ଏହି ସ୍ତରରେ ଥିବା ନଡ଼ିଆ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଲାଗୁଥିବା ଭୋଗରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏଥିରୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ଖାଦ୍ୟଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଏ ।

ନଡ଼ିଆ କଞ୍ଚା ଥିବା ବେଳେ ଏହା ପଇଡ଼ ବା ଡାବ ଭାବରେ ଜଣାଯାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ମୁଖତଃ ଉଠାଦୋକାନୀମାନେ ବିକ୍ରି କରନ୍ତି । ଏହି ପଇଡ଼ ପାଣି ଶରୀର ପ୍ରତି ଲାଭଦାୟକ ବୋଲି ଗଣନା କରାଯାଏ ।

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ପଇଡ଼

ଚାଷ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଫଳମାନଙ୍କ ଭିତରେ ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠଭାବେ ପରିଗଣିତ ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ଏହାର ଅନ୍ୟନାମ ଶ୍ରୀଫଳ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ଫସଲ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବା ପରିବାରର ଗୋଟିଏ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଆୟ ନୁହେଁ । କିନ୍ତୁ ସହାୟକ ଆୟ ଭାବରେ ଖୁବ୍ ସହଯୋଗୀ । ପୂର୍ବେ ଏହା ଏକ ଦୀର୍ଘମିଆଦି ଫସଲ ଥିଲା । ଏବେ କିନ୍ତୁ ୫/୭ ବର୍ଷରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛରେ ଫଳ ଆସୁଛି । ଗୋଟିଏ ପରିବାରର ୧୦ ଗୋଟି ଗଛ ରହିଲେ ପରିବାର ମାସିକ ଆୟରେ ଅତି କମରେ ହଜାରେ ଟଙ୍କା ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଇ ପାରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ଗଛ ବଢ଼ାଇବାରେ ଆଦୌ ବା ବିଶେଷ ପରିଶ୍ରମ ନାହିଁ । ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଯତ୍ନରେ ଏହା ବଢ଼ିଥାଏ । କେବଳ ଯାହା ଗଛ ଝାଡ଼ିବା ଓ ଫଳ ପାରିବା(ତୋଳିବା) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ କୁଶଳୀ ଲୋକ ଦରକାର ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ।[୩]

ଅନୁକୂଳ ପରିବେଶ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଜଳବାୟୁରେ ଲଗାଇବା ଭାରି କଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଜଳବାୟୁରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବଢ଼ିପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉତ୍ତମରୂପେ ବଢ଼ିବାକୁ ହେଲେ ଅନବରତ ଜଳସେଚନ ଦରକାର । ଏହି ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଜଳର ଅଭାବ ହେଲେ ଏହାର ପତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଭଲଭାବରେ ଖୋଲିପାରେ ନାହିଁ ଏବଂ ଫଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବଡ଼ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।[୪]

ଅମଳ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ପାକଳ ହେବା ପରେ ହିଁ ଅମଳ କରାଯାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ କେବେ କେବେ ପଇଡ଼ ମଧ୍ୟ ତୋଳିବାକୁ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ପଇଡ଼ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ କଞ୍ଚାଥିବା ବେଳେ ଅମଳ କରାଯାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାକଳ ହେଲା ପରେ ତାକୁ ଅମଳ କରି କତାକୁ ବାହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହା ପରେ ଏହି ନଡ଼ିଆକୁ ବିକ୍ରିପାଇଁ ପଠାଇଦିଆଯାଏ ।

ବ୍ୟବହାର

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଫଳ ଓ ପାଣିର ବ୍ୟବହାର ସହିତ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛ ଗଣ୍ଡିକୁ ପାଣି ବୁହାଇବା ନୋଧା ବା ସେଣାଭାବେ, ପତ୍ରକୁ ଗରୀବର ବିଛଣା ଭାବେ (ଚାଞ୍ଚରା), ନଡ଼ିଆ ଖଡ଼ିକାକୁ ଛାଞ୍ଚୁଣି ଭାବେ, ଏପରିକି ନଡ଼ିଆ ଷଢ଼େଇ, ନଡ଼ିଆ କତାର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଅନେକ ଭାବରେ ହେଉଥିଲା । ଏବେ ତା’ର ଅତ୍ୟାଧୁନିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହେବାର ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି । ନଡ଼ିଆ କତା ନଡ଼ିଆ ଖୋଳରୁ ଅନେକ ଅତ୍ୟାଧୁନିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଜିନିଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇ ବଜାରରେ ମିଳୁଛି ।[୩]

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଏପରି ଏକ ଫଳ ଅନେକ ଦିନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିଥାଏ । ଏଥିରୁ ତେଲ ବାହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏହା ଏକ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ତୈଳବୀଜ (ଫଳ) ବୋଲି କହିଲେ ଅତ୍ୟୁକ୍ତି ହେବନାହିଁ । ଯଦିଓ କେରଳ ପରି ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ରାନ୍ଧଣାରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ତେଲର ବ୍ୟବହାର ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଦେଖାଯାଇଥାଏ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ରୋଷେଇରେ ଏହାର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଆଦୌ ନାହିଁ କହିଲେ ଚଳେ । କାରଣ ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ରାନ୍ଧଣା ତେଲ ଭାବେ ସୋରିଷ, ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟମୁଖୀ, ବାଦାମ, ଅଳସୀ, ଆଦିର ବ୍ୟବହାର ବେଶୀ, ଯେହେତୁ ଏସବୁର ଆମଦାନୀ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଥିବାର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳିଥାଏ ।[୩]

ନଡ଼ିଆ ଚାଷର ପ୍ରାଚୀନତା ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଉପକୂଳବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଗଢ଼ି ଉଠିଥିବା ସଭ୍ୟତା ସହିତ ଯୋଡି ହୋଇରହିଛି । କାରଣ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ବଇଆ କୋରା, ନଡ଼ିଆ ବ୍ୟତୀରେକେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ଏପରିକି ଚିନି ବ୍ୟବହାର ପୂର୍ବରୁ କୋରାର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ଗୁଡ଼ରେ ହେଉଥିଲା । ଓଡ଼ିଆଣୀଙ୍କ ସମସ୍ତ ପିଠାପଣାରେ ନଡ଼ିଆର ବ୍ୟବହାର ବହୁ ପ୍ରାଚୀନକାଳରୁ ରହି ଆସିଛି ।[୩]

ରୋଷେଇ

ନଡ଼ିଆରୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ରୋଷେଇ କରାଯାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ତରକାରୀରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରାୟ ଅନେକ ନିରାମିଷ ଖାଦ୍ୟପେୟରେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଘରେ ନଡ଼ିଆର ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ନଡ଼ିଆରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହେଉଥିବା ନଡ଼ିଆ ଚଟଣି ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ନଡ଼ିଆରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁର ଖିର ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ତରକାରୀରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଖିରି, ପିଠା, ମଣ୍ଡା ଆଦିରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନଡ଼ିଆର ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କୋରା ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ଦେବଦେବୀଙ୍କ ମନ୍ଦିରରେ ପାଖରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ କରାଯାଏ ।

ଦେବାଦେବୀଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ

ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମରେ ସବୁଦେବାଦେବୀଙ୍କୁ ଆବାହନ କରିବାବେଳେ ନଡ଼ିଆର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଦେବାଦେବୀଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ପୂଜାର୍ଚ୍ଚନା କରିବାବେଳେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଭୋଗ ଲଗାଯାଇଥାଏ । କୌଣସି ଶୁଭକାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭ କଲେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଭଙ୍ଗାଯାଏ । ଭାରତରେ ମନ୍ଦିରରେ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଦାନ ଭାବରେ ନଡ଼ିଆକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଏ । ବିବାହ, ବ୍ରତୋପନୟନ, ପର୍ବପର୍ବାଣୀ, ନୂତନ ଯାନବାହାନ କ୍ରୟବେଳେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଶ୍ରୀଫଳ ସମର୍ପଣ କରାଯାଏ । ଯଜ୍ଞବେଳେ କୁଣ୍ଡରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ପକାଇବାର ବିଧି ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି । ଏହି ପରମ୍ପରା ଆଦିମ ଯୁଗରୁ ରହିଆସିଛି । ଘର ପ୍ରାଙ୍ଗଣରେ କଳସଟିଏ ହେଉ କିମ୍ବା ଦେବତା ମାନଙ୍କ ଉଦେଶ୍ୟରେ କଳସଟିଏ ହେଉ, ତା' ଉପରେ ନଡ଼ିଆଟିଏ ରଖାଯାଇଥାଏ । ସମସ୍ତ କର୍ମ ତ‌ଥା ଆରାଧନାରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ସ୍ଥାନ ସର୍ବାଗ୍ର ।

ଦେବାଦେବୀଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଲାଗିହେଉଥିବା ଭୋଗ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ବା ନାରିକେଳ ସର୍ବଦା ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆରେ ଥିବା ତିନୋଟି ଆଖିକୁ ଶିବଙ୍କ ନୟନତ୍ରୟ ବୋଲି ଗଣାଯାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆକୁ ଏକ ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଭାବରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ନଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଙ୍ଗିବାକୁ ଅହଙ୍କାର ଭଙ୍ଗ ବୋଲି କେତେକ ମତ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି ।[୫]

ଔଷଧୀୟ ଗୁଣ

ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି

ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ଆମ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ ହିତକାରକ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣିରେ ଖଣିଜ ଲବଣ ଭରପୂର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ଆମ ଶରୀରକୁ ଶକ୍ତି ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଆମ ଶରୀରରେ ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ଶକ୍ତିକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇଥାଏ । ଫଳରେ ଶରୀରରେ କୌଣସି ରୋଗ ହେବାର ଆଶଙ୍କା କମ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହା ଆମ ଶରୀରର ମୋଟାପଣକୁ ବି ଦୂର କରିଥାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ପିଇବାଦ୍ୱାରା ଆମକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଭୋକ ହୋଇ ନ ଥାଏ । ବିଶେଷ କରି ସକାଳେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ ଅଧିକ ଲାଭଦାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ଗଳଗଣ୍ଡ ଭଳି ମାରାତ୍ମକ ରୋଗ ଭଲ କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଆମ ଶରୀରରେ ବୃକକ୍ କୁ ସୁସ୍ଥ ରଖେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ୟୁରିନ୍ ଇନଫେକ୍ସନ ଭଳି ମାରାତ୍ମକ ରୋଗ ହେବାର ଆଶଙ୍କା କମ ଥାଏ ।

କିଛି ଲୋକ ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣିରେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଧଳାଅଂଶକୁ ମିଶାଇ ପିଇଥାନ୍ତି । କାରଣ ଅଣ୍ଡାର ଧଳାଅଂଶରେ ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରୋଟିନ ଓ କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ ଭରପୂର ହୋଇ ରହିଥାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣିରେ ଖଣିଜ ଲବଣ ଥାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ମିଶାଇ ପିଇଲେ ଆମ ଶରୀରକୁ ଶକ୍ତି ମିଳିଥାଏ । ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି ଆମ ତ୍ୱଚା ମସୃଣ ଓ ଉଜ୍ଜଳ ରଖିଥାଏ ।[୬]

ପଇଡ଼ ପାଣି

ପଇଡ ପାଣିର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ଶରୀରରେ ଥିବା ଅନେକ ରୋଗ ସମସ୍ୟାରୁ ମୁକ୍ତି ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଅନ୍ୟ ପାନୀୟ ତୁଳନାରେ ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ କ୍ୟାଲୋରୀର ମାତ୍ର କମ୍ ଥିବା ହେତୁ ଏହା ଶରୀରର ମେଦ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରେ ନାହିଁ । ଏହାସହ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ଶରୀରର ଜଳୀୟ ଅଂଶ ଧରି ରଖିବା ଓ ଓଜନ ହ୍ରାସ କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ ପ୍ରଚୁର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ପୋଟାସିୟମ୍ ଥାଏ । ଏହା ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ନାୟୁକୁ ଅଧିକ ସକ୍ରିୟ କରିବାରେ ବିଶେଷ ଭୂମିକା ନିଭାଇଥାଏ । ଦିନକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ପଇଡ ପିଇଲେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୩ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ପୋଟାସିୟମ ଶରୀରକୁ ମିଳିଥାଏ ।[୭]

  1. ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ ପ୍ରଚୁର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଫାଇବର୍ ରହିଛି । ଯାହା ପାଚନ କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ବିଶେଷ କରି ପଇଡ ପାଣି ବଦ୍ ହଜମୀ ସମସ୍ୟାକୁ ଦୂର କରେ । କୋଷ୍ଠକାଠିନ୍ୟ ଓ ଏସିଡିଟି ସମସ୍ୟା ଦୂର କରିଥାଏ ।
  2. ଓଜନ ହଟାଇବା​‌ରେ ଏହା ଏକ ସହଜ ଉପାୟ । ପଇଡ ପାଣି ଓଜନ କମ କରିବା ସହ ପାଚନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସକ୍ରିୟ କରିଥାଏ ।
  3. ଶରୀରରେ ମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେସିୟମ ସ୍ତର କମ୍ ହେଲେ ମାଇଗ୍ରେନ ରୋଗ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ବିଶେଷଜ୍ଞଙ୍କ ମତରେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ମାଇଗ୍ରେନ୍ ରୋଗ ନ ହେବା ସହ ମୁଣ୍ଡ ବିନ୍ଧା ଦୂର ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
  4. ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇବାଦ୍ୱାରା ମଧୁମେହ ରୋଗ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣରେ ରହିଥାଏ ।
  5. ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ ପ୍ରଚୁର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଆଣ୍ଟିଅକ୍ସିଡାଣ୍ଟ ରହିଛି । ଏହା ତ୍ୱଚା ଇଜ୍ଜ୍ୱଳ ଓ ଶରୀରର ବିଭିନ୍ନ କ୍ଷତ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦୂର କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଶରୀରରେ କୌଣସି କ୍ଷତ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦୂର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରଚୁର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଆଣ୍ଟିଅକ୍ସିଡାଣ୍ଟ ଯୁକ୍ତ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସାମିଲ କରନ୍ତୁ । ପଇଡ ପାଣି ଏଥିପାଇଁ ବହୁତ ଭଲ ।
  6. ପଇଡ ପାଣି ଉଚ୍ଚରକ୍ତ ଚାପଜନିତ ସମସ୍ୟାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦୂର କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।
  7. ପଇଡ ପାଣି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାଦ୍ୱାରା ଥକାପଣ ଦୂର ହେବା ସହ ବୟସର ପ୍ରଭାବ ଚେହେରାରେ ପଡିନଥାଏ ।
  8. ସକାଳେ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇବାଦ୍ୱାରା ଦିନ ସାରା କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଶକ୍ତି ମିଳେ ।
  9. ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଛନ୍ତି, ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ ଥିବା ଏକପ୍ରକାର ହରମୋନ୍ ଶରୀରର ଉତ୍ତମ କୋଷଗୁଡିକ ସକ୍ରିୟ କରେ । ଏହାଦ୍ୱାରା କ୍ୟାନସର ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିବା କୋସଗୁଡିକୁ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ କରିଦିଏ ।
  10. ନିୟମିତ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇବାଦ୍ୱାରା ହୃଦୟ ଜନିତ ରୋଗ ହୋଇନଥାଏ।
  11. ଯେଉଁମାନେ କିଡ଼ିନି ଷ୍ଟୋନ୍‌ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ଚାହୁଁଛନ୍ତି ବା ତାହା ନହେଉ ବୋଲି ଚାହୁଁଛନ୍ତି, ସେଥିପାଇଁ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇବା ଉଚିତ୍‌ ।[୮]
  12. ଗର୍ଭବତୀମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପଇଡ଼ ପାଣି ପିଇବା ଉଚିତ୍‌ । କାରଣ ଗର୍ଭାବସ୍ଥାରେ ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଇଡ଼ ପାଣି ସୁସ୍ଥ ରଖିଥାଏ । ତା’ଛଡ଼ା ସେମାନେ ସହଜରେ କୌଣସି ସଂକ୍ରମଣର ଶିକାର ହୋଇ ନ ଥାଆନ୍ତି । ଗର୍ଭବତୀ ମହିଳାମାନେ ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ନବଜାତ ଶିଶୁର ରଙ୍ଗ ଗୋରା ହୋଇଥାଏ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।[୮]
  13. ପଇଡ ପାଣିରେ ଭିଟାମିନ୍‌ ସି, ଫାଇବର ଓ ପ୍ରୋଟିନ୍‌ ପ୍ରଚୁର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଥିବା ହେତୁ ରକ୍ତ ସଞ୍ଚାଳନକୁ ଉନ୍ନତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ହୃଦ୍‌ରୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଲାଭପ୍ରଦ ।[୮]
  14. ପଇଡ ପାଣି ପିଇଲେ ମାଂସପେଶୀରେ ବିନ୍ଧା ଛିଟିକା ହେଉଥିଲେ ତାହା କମିଥାଏ । ତା’ଛଡା ଏହା ମାନସିକ ଚାପକୁ ହ୍ରାସ କରିବାରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହା ମାନସିକ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ଓ ଉତ୍କଣ୍ଠାକୁ ବି କମ୍‌ କରିଥାଏ ।
  15. ଯଦି ଆପଣଙ୍କ ମୁହଁରେ ବ୍ରଣର ଦାଗ କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ଚିହ୍ନ ରହିଥାଏ ତେବେ ପଇଡ ପାଣିର ବ୍ୟବହାରଦ୍ୱାରା ସେଥିରୁ ମୁକ୍ତି ପାଇ ପାରିବା। ପଇଡ ପାଣିକୁ ହାତ ଓ ନଖରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଲଗାଇ ପାରିବା ।[୯]

ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରମାନ

  • ନଡ଼ିଆ ପତ୍ରରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନପ୍ରକାର ଖେଳନା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରି ଛୋଟ ପିଲାମାନେ ଖଳନ୍ତି ।
  • ନଡ଼ିଆ ପତ୍ରରେ ଥିବା କଞ୍ଚିକୁ ବାହାର କରି ଗୁଛା କରି ବାନ୍ଧି ଘର, ଦାଣ୍ଡ ଆଦି ଓଳାଇବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରନ୍ତି । ଏହାକୁ ପ‌ହଁରା କୁହାଯାଏ ।
  • ନଡ଼ିଆ କତାରେ ରଶି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରଯାଏ ।
  • ନଡ଼ିଆ ଷଢ଼େଇକୁ କେନ୍ଦରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତିରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
  • ନଡ଼ିଆ ଗଛର ଗଣ୍ଡିକୁ ପାଣି ଉଠାଇବାରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
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ନଡ଼ିଆ ପତ୍ରରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଖେଳନା

ଆଧାର

  1. T. Pradeepkumar, B. Sumajyothibhaskar, and K.N. Satheesan. (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops (Horticulture Science Series Vol.11, 2nd of 2 Parts). New India Publishing. pp. 539–587. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3.
  2. "How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts?". Home Guides - SF Gate.
  3. ୩.୦ ୩.୧ ୩.୨ ୩.୩ "ଶ୍ରୀହୀନ ଶ୍ରୀଫଳର ଶ୍ରୀକ୍ଷେତ୍ର". ସାମାନ୍ୟ କଥନ. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  4. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. (April 2006). Cocos nucifera (coconut) (version 2.1). In C.R. Elevitch (Ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
  5. "Why do we use Coconut in Religious Ceremonies?". Hindu FAQ. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  6. "ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ଶକ୍ତି ବଢ଼ାଏ ନଡ଼ିଆ ପାଣି". Odisha Reporters. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  7. http://kanaknews.com/benefits-of-coconut-water/
  8. ୮.୦ ୮.୧ ୮.୨ http://sambad.in/lifestyle/coconut-water-131621/
  9. http://www.samajalive.in/coconut-water-2/33504.html

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தென்னை ( Tamil )

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இலங்கை, இந்தியா போன்ற வெப்ப மண்டல நிலப்பரப்புகளில் வளரும் மரம் தென்னை ஆகும். தென்னையின் அனைத்து பகுதிகளும் பயன்மிக்கவை. சிறப்பாக தேங்காய் தென்னிந்திய சமையலில் முக்கிய இடத்தைப் பெறுகிறது.

தென்னை மரம் 30 மீ வரை வளரக் கூடியது. இதற்கு கிளைகள் கிடையாது. இதன் உச்சியில் இருக்கும் தென்னோலை 4-6 மீ நீளமுடையது.

வளர் இயல்பு

மணற்பாங்கான நிலத்தில் வளரவல்ல தென்னை, உப்புநீரைத் தாங்கி வளரக் கூடியது. நல்ல மழையும் சூரியஒளியும் கிடைக்கும் இடங்களில் இது நன்கு வளரும்.

தென்னை வளர்ப்பு

Starr 031209-0059 Cocos nucifera.jpg

தென்னை உலகில் 80-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட நாடுகளில் வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது. தேங்காய் உற்பத்தி ஆண்டுக்கு 61 மில்லியன் டன்களாகும். இந்தோனேசியா, பிலிப்பைன்சு, இந்தியா ஆகிய மூன்று நாடுகளே எப்போதும் முன்னணியில் இருந்து வருகின்றன.[2]

இந்தியாவில் தமிழகம், கேரளா, கர்நாடகம் மற்றும் ஆந்திரா போன்ற மாநிலங்களில் தென்னை அதிகளவில் வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது.[3]

தென்னையில் இருந்து பெறப்படும் பயன்கள்

  • தேங்காப்பால் - சமையலுக்கு
  • தேங்காய்ப் பால்மா
  • தேங்காப்பூ - சம்பல்
  • உலர் தேங்காப்பூ - இனிப்புப் பண்டங்கள்
  • கொப்பரை
  • தெழுவு
  • கருப்பட்டி
  • கள்ளு
  • சிரட்டை
  • நீருணவு உண்ணப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவது
  • பொட்டுச் சட்டியாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவது
  • இது இப்போது மரக்கன்றுகளை வளர்க்க சிறப்பாக பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது
  • தென்னோலை
  • கிடுகு
  • ஈக்கிளைப் பயன்படுத்தி விளக்குமாறு செய்வார்கள்
  • மரம்
  • விறகு
  • பொச்சுமட்டை
  • பொச்சு மட்டையிலிருந்து பெறப்படும் தேங்காய் நாரில் இருந்து கயிறு தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது.
  • பாத்திரங்கள் கழுவ, நெருப்பு மூட்டப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது
  • தேங்காய் நார் கழிவு மாடி தோட்டங்களுக்கு பயன்படுகிறது.
  • விசிறி
  • குருத்து - தோரணங்களுக்குப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவது, மரபு மருத்துவம்
  • குரும்பட்டி - தேர் போன்ற தானே செய்தல் விளையாட்டுப் பொருட்கள்

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. William J. Hahn (1997), Arecanae: The palms, tolweb.org
  2. https://www.vikatan.com/nanayamvikatan/2015-feb-22/column/103654.html
  3. http://www.dinakaran.com/News_detail.asp?Nid=352430
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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

தென்னை: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

இலங்கை, இந்தியா போன்ற வெப்ப மண்டல நிலப்பரப்புகளில் வளரும் மரம் தென்னை ஆகும். தென்னையின் அனைத்து பகுதிகளும் பயன்மிக்கவை. சிறப்பாக தேங்காய் தென்னிந்திய சமையலில் முக்கிய இடத்தைப் பெறுகிறது.

தென்னை மரம் 30 மீ வரை வளரக் கூடியது. இதற்கு கிளைகள் கிடையாது. இதன் உச்சியில் இருக்கும் தென்னோலை 4-6 மீ நீளமுடையது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

కొబ్బరి ( Telugu )

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కొబ్బరికాయ

కొబ్బరి ఒక ముఖ్యమైన పాము కుటుంబానికి చెందిన వృక్షం. దీని శాస్త్రీయ నామం 'కోకాస్ న్యూసిఫెరా' (Cocos nucifera) . కోకాస్ ప్రజాతిలో ఇది ఒక్కటే జాతి ఉంది. ఇవి ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా విస్తరించి ఉన్నాయి. కొబ్బరి చెట్టు 30 మీటర్ల ఎత్తు పెరుగుతుంది. కొబ్బరి కాయ రూపంలో కొబ్బరి చెట్ల నుండి లభిస్తుంది. హిందువులకు ఒక ముఖ్యమైన పూజా ద్రవ్యం. దీనినే టెంకాయ అని కూడా పిలుస్తాం. దీనిని రకరకాల ఆహార పదార్థాలలో రకరకాల రూపాలలో వినియోగిస్తారు. కొబ్బరి చెట్లనుండి వివిధరకాల పదార్ధాలు అనేకమైన పద్ధతులలో ఉపయోగపడుతున్నాయి.

వివరాలు

కొబ్బరి చెట్లు కోస్తా ప్రాంతాలలోనూ, ఇసుక ప్రాంతాలలోను ఎక్కువగా పెరుగుతాయి. సారవంతం కాని నేలలో కూడా ఇవి పెరుగుతాయి. ఈ చెట్టు సుమారు 100 అడుగుల ఎత్తు వరకు పెరుగుతుంది. ఇవి సుమారు 100 సంవత్సరాలపాటు జీవించి వుంటాయి. 7 సంవత్సరాల వయసు రాగానే ఈ చెట్టు నెలనెలా చిగురిస్తూ, పూతపూస్తూ ఉంటుంది. భారతదేశపు సాంస్కృతిక జీవనంలో కొబ్బరి చెట్టుకు ఒక ముఖ్యమైన స్థానం ఉంది. దీనిని కల్పవృక్షం - స్వర్గానికి చెందిన చెట్టు అంటారు. ఇది మనకు కావలసిన ఆహారాన్నీ, పానీయాన్నీ, తలదాచుకునే చోటునీ, జీవితానికి కావలసిన ఇతర నిత్యావసర వస్తువులనూ ప్రసాదిస్తుంది. ఉష్ణ ప్రాంతంలో నివసించేవారికి ఇదొక శుభకరమైన చెట్టు. పూజలలో, పెళ్ళిళ్ళలో, ఇతర ఉత్సవాల సమయంలో దీనిని వాడడం జరుగుతుంది.

శాస్త్రీయ విశ్లేషణ

కొబ్బరికాయలో నీరు, కండ ఉంటాయి. నీరు, కండ, గట్టితనంగల నారతో కప్పబడి ఉంటుంది. కొబ్బరి బోండాలోని నీళ్ళు చాలా పౌష్టిక గుణాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. దీనికి ఔషధగుణాలు కూడా ఉన్నాయి. బలహీనంగా ఉన్న వ్యక్తికి గ్లూకోజ్ దొరకనప్పుడు డ్రిప్స్‌గా కొబ్బరి నీళ్ళను ధారాళంగా వాడతారు. ఈ నీళ్ళు శరీరంలోని వేడిని తగ్గించి కావలసిన చల్లదనాన్ని ఇస్తాయి. ఇది దప్పికను కూడా తీరుస్తుంది. ఇందులో గ్లూకోజ్‌తోపాటు పొటాషియం, సోడియంలాంటి ఖనిజాలు ఉంటాయి. ఆ కారణంగా దీన్ని నెల శిశువు కూడా ఇవ్వవచ్చు. ఇది సులభంగా జీర్ణం అవుతుంది. కొబ్బరి [1]

కొబ్బరి - ఆరోగ్యం

ఇందులో ఎలెక్ట్రోలిటిక్ ఉన్నందువల్ల తక్కువ మూత్ర విసర్జన జరుగుతున్నప్పుడు, జలోదరానికీ, మూత్ర విసర్జన ధారాలంగా జరిగేందుకూ, డయేరియా కారణంగా శరీరంలోని నీరు తగ్గిపోయినప్పుడూ, దిగ్భ్రాంతి కలిగినప్పుడూ, లేత కొబ్బరికాయ నీళ్ళను వాడవచ్చు. అతిసారం, చీము రక్తం భేదులు, శూల వల్ల కలిగే పేగుల మంటను చల్లార్చడానికి దీనిని వాడవచ్చును. హైపర్ అసిడిటి ఉన్నప్పుడు కూడా దీన్ని వాడవచ్చును. కొబ్బరి నీరు వాంతులను, తల తిరగడాన్ని ఆపుచేస్తుంది. కలరా వ్యాధికి ఇది మంచి విరుగుడు. కారణం అతిసారం భేదుల వల్ల, వాంతుల వల్ల శరీరంలో తగ్గిపోయిన పొటాషియాన్ని శరీరానికి సరఫరా చేయగలగడమే. మూత్ర విసర్జనను ఎక్కువ చేయగలగడం వల్ల శరీరంలో ఉన్న విష పదార్ధాలను బయటకు గెంటడం వల్ల అంటురోగాల వల్ల కలిగే జ్వరాలకు ఇది వాడబడుతుంది. లేత కొబ్బరికాయ కొంత ముదిరినప్పుడు అందులో ఉన్న నీరు జెల్లీలాగా తయారవుతుంది. దీనిని "స్పూన్ కోకోనట్" అంటారు. రుచికరంగా ఉంటూ ఇది సులభంగా జీర్ణమవుతుంది. ఇందులో నూనె, పిండిపదార్ధాలు, మాంసకృత్తుల వల పేగులలో కుళ్ళిపోవడం అన్నది జరగదు. ఆ కారణంగా ఇది మెరుగైన మాంసకృత్తులతో కూడిన ఆహారంగా భావించబడుతోంది. అంతేకాదు ఇది శరీరంలో ఎలాంటి విషంతో కూడిన వస్తువును చేరనివ్వదు. ఇందులో ఉన్న మెత్తటి కండను గాయాలకు రాయవచ్చును. ఈ కండకు గాయాలను మాపే ఔషధ గుణం ఉంది.

బాగా పండిన కొబ్బరిలో నూనె ఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. కాబట్టి ఇది భేదిమందుగా, క్రిమినాశనిగా కూడా వాడబడుతుంది. నూనె కడుపులో ఉన్న యాసిడ్ల విసర్జనను అణిచిపెడుతుంది. కాబట్టి అసిడిటికి ఇది మంచి మందు. పొడిదగ్గు, ఎదనొప్పి నుండి ఇది మనిషికి ఉపశమనాన్ని కలిగిస్తుంది. కొబ్బరిని తురిమి కూరలకూ, చట్నీలకూ, తీపిపదార్ధాల తయారీకీ వాడతారు. బెల్లంతో కలిపి కొబ్బరిని తింటే మోకాళ్ళ నొప్పులు రావు. కొలెస్టెరాల్ ఎక్కువై బాధపడుతున్న వారు కొబ్బరి తినకూడదు

కొబ్బరి

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కొబ్బరి చెట్టు

ప్రాచీన కాలంలో విశ్వమంతటా ఆరోగ్య పరిరక్షణకు వాడిన సహజ ఫలము కొబ్బరి . నేటి ఆధునిక మేధావి వర్గం కొబ్బరి అనేక ఆరోగ్య సమస్యలకి సమాదానమంటావుంది . సాంకేతికముగా కొబ్బరిని కోకోస్ న్యుసిఫేరా (CocosNeucifera) అంటారు . నుసిఫెర అంటే పొత్తుతో కూడుకున్నదని అర్ధము (Nutbearing) ప్రపంచములో మూడవ వంతు జనాభా వాళ్ల ఆహారములోను, ఆర్థిక సంపత్తులోను, ప్రతి పూజా-పవిత్ర కార్యక్రమములోను చాల భాగము కొబ్బరితోనే ముడిపడి ఉన్నది . కొబ్బరికాయను అందరూ శుభప్రధముగా భావిస్తారు. మనదేశములో శుభకారార్యాలకు కొబ్బరికాయ తప్పనిసరి. కొబ్బరికాయ లేని పండుగ లేదంటే అతిశయోక్తి కాదు. కేరళీయులకైతే రోజూ అన్నింటిలోనూ కొబ్బరికాయ, కొబ్బరినూనె తప్పనిసరిగా వుండి తీరవలసినదే . వారి ఆరోగ్యమూ, సంపదా కొబ్బరిపంట మీద అదారపడివున్నాయి . కోట్లాదిమంది జనం కొబ్బరిపంటనే జీవనాదారం చేసుకుని వుంటున్నారు . కొబ్బరికాయలో నలబైతొమ్మిది శాతం లారిక్ యాసిడ్ వుంటుంది . ఇది తల్లి పాలకు దాదాపు సరిసమానం అంట. కొబ్బరినూనెలో వుండే పాటియాసిడ్స్, వైరల్, ఫంగల్, బ్యాక్టీరియల్ వంటి మానవజాతి ఎదుర్కునే రుగ్మతలను తగ్గించడములో సహాయపడతాయి. పోషకాలతో కూడిన ఆహారాన్ని, పానీయాన్ని అందిచడముతో పాటు ఆరోగ్యాన్ని కలిగిస్తుంది . కొబ్బరిచెట్టులో ప్రతీ భాగము అన్నిరకాలగాను ఉపయోగపడుతొంది . అందుకే దీనిని మానవుల పాలిట కల్పవృక్షము అంటారు . మీకు తెలుసా ? కొబ్బరికాయకు కూడా ఒక రోజు ఉందని .అదే ప్రపంచ శ్రీ ఫల దినోత్సవము (కోకోనట్ డే) ప్రతీ సంవత్సరము సెప్టెంబరు రెండు న జరుపుతారు .

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కొబ్బరి,అల్లం చట్నీలు

కొబ్బరి నీరు

ఏ ఋతువులో అయిన తాగదగినవి కొబ్బరి నీరు . లేత కొబ్బరి నీటిలో కార్బోహైడ్రేట్స్ తక్కువ గాను, క్రొవ్వులు అస్సలుండవు, చెక్కెర పరమితం గాను ఉండును . కొబ్బరి బొండం నీటిలో పొటాసియం ఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది . శరీరములో నీటి లేమిని (Dehydration) కరక్ట్ చేస్తుంది .

వైద్య పరంగా

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మామిడి, కొబ్బరి రోటి పచ్చడి

జీర్ణకోశ బాధలతో బాధపడే చిన్నపిల్లలకు కొబ్బరి నీరు మంచి ఆహారము, విరేచనాలు అయినపుడు (diarrhoea) ఓరల్ రి-హైద్రాషన్ గా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది, (Oral re-hydration), పొటాసియం గుండె జబ్బులకు మంచిది, వేసవి కాలములో శరీరాన్ని చల్లబరుస్తుంది, వేసవిలో చెమట కాయలు, వేడి కురుపులు, అమ్మవారు జబ్బు పొక్కులు తగ్గేందుకు కొబ్బరినీతిని లేపనం గావాడాలి . కొన్ని రకల పొట్టపురుగులు కొబ్బరి నీటివల్ల చనిపోతాయి,, ముత్రసంభందమైన జబ్బులలోను, కిడ్నీ రాళ్ళు సమస్యలలో ఇది మంచి మందుగా పనిచేస్తుంది . మినెరల్ పాయిజన్ కేసులలో పాయిజన్ ని క్లియర్ చేస్తుంది.

కొబ్బరి పాలు

పచ్చికొబ్బరిలో పోషక విలువలు అధికంగా ఉంటాయి. కొబ్బరి నీళ్లు, పాలు మంత్ర జలంలా పనిచేస్తాయి. దీనిలో విటమిన్ ఎ, బి, సి, రైబోఫ్లెవిన్, ఐరన్, కాలసియం, ఫాస్పరస్, పిండిపదార్థాలు, కొవ్వు, ప్రోటీన్లు సమృద్ధిగా లభిస్తాయి. కొబ్బరి కాయ ముదిరిపోయాక లోపల పువ్వు వస్తుంది. అది గర్భాశయానికి మేలు చేస్తుంది. బాలింతలు అధిక రక్తస్రావముతో ఇబ్బంది పడుతుంటే కొబ్బరి పువ్వు జ్యూస్‌ను తాగితే సత్వర ఉపశమనం కలుగుతుంది. నిత్యం కొబ్బరి నీళ్లు తాగితే మూత్రపిండాల సమస్యలు దరిచేరవు. శరీరానికి చల్లదనం లభిస్తుంది. గొంతు మంట, నొప్పిగా ఉన్నప్పుడు కొబ్బరిపాలు తాగితే తగ్గుతుంది.

కొబ్బరి నూనె

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కొబ్బరి

కొబ్బరి నూనెలో యాబై శాతం లారిక్ ఆసిడ్ ఉంటుంది. దీన్ని వంటల్లో అధికంగా ఉపయోగిస్తే గుండెకు రక్తప్రసరణ సక్రమంగా జరుగుతుంది. కొవ్వు శాతము పెరగదు. రక్తపోటు నియంత్రణలో ఉంటుంది. కొబ్బరి నూనెలో విటమిన్ 'ఇ ' అధికంగా ఉంటుంది. ఇది చర్మాన్ని కోమలంగా తయారు చేస్తుంది. రోజూ రెండు చెంచాలు నూనే తీసుకుంటే జీర్ణ వ్యవస్థకు మంచిది. థైరాయిడ్ సమస్యలూ ఉండవు. పొడి చర్మము ఉన్నవారు పచ్చికొబ్బరి తింటే శరీరానికి సరిపడా తేమ అందుతుంది, కొబ్బరి పాలు చర్మానికి పట్టిస్తే మృతకణాలు, మురికి తొలగిపోతాయి. మేను ప్రకాశవంతముగా మెరుస్తుంది. ఇది జుట్టుకు మేలు చేస్తుంది. కొబ్బరి పాలు తలకు పట్టిస్తే, కేశాలు కాంతి వంతముగా తయారౌతాయి.

లక్షణాలు

  • శాఖారహిత కాండంతో పెరిగే వృక్షం.
  • పొడవుగా దీర్ఘవృత్తాకారంలో పొడిగించిన కొనతో ఉన్న అనేకమైన పత్రకాలు గల సరళ పిచ్ఛాకార సంయుక్త పత్రాలు.
  • సంయుక్త స్పాడిక్స్ పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్ష పీఠభాగంలో అమరిన ఆకుపచ్చరంగు స్త్రీ పుష్పాలు, కొనభాగంలో అమరిన మీగడరంగు పురుష పుష్పాలు.
  • పీచు వంటి మధ్య ఫలకవచం ఉన్న టెంకగల ఫలాలు.

ఉపయోగాలు

ఆహారపదార్ధం

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లేత కొబ్బరి బొండం పానీయం.
  • కొబ్బరి నీరు మంచి పానీయం. ముదురు కొబ్బరిలో కంటే లేత కొబ్బరి బొండంలో ఎక్కువగా నీరు ఉంటాయి. దీనిలోని లవణాలు వేసవికాలంగా చల్లగా దాహం తీరుస్తాయి.
  • కొబ్బరి పుష్పవిన్యాసాల చివరి భాగాన్ని కాబేజీ లాగా వంటలలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. వీటి మూలం నుండి కల్లు తీస్తారు.

ఇతరమైనవి

వ్యక్తిగత ఉపయోగాలు

కొబ్బరి నూనె పొడి చర్మంతో సహాయం, ఒక చర్మం మాయిశ్చరైజర్ గా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. జుట్టు వాడినప్పుడు ప్రోటీన్ నష్టాన్ని తగ్గించడానికి ఒక అధ్యయనంలో చూపబడింది.

విద్యుత్ లైటింగ్ ఆవిష్కరించడానికి ముందు, కొబ్బరి నూనె ప్రధాన చమురు భారతదేశంలో ప్రకాశం కోసం ఉపయోగిస్తారు. నూనె కొచ్చిన్ ఎగుమతి అయింది.

కొబ్బరి నూనె, సబ్బు తయారీలో ముఖ్యమైన ముడి పదార్ధం. కొబ్బరి నూనెతో చేసిన సబ్బు ఇతర నూనెలతో చేసిన సబ్బు కంటే ఎక్కువ నీరు నిలుపుకుంటుంది. అందువలన తయారీదారు దిగుబడి పెరుగుతుంది. అయితే, కష్టం ఉంటుంది. ఇది కఠిన జలం (క్షార జలం) లో మరింత సులభంగా నురుగు ఇస్తూ ఇతర సబ్బుల కంటే ఉప్పు నీటిలో మరింత కరుగుతుంది.

సంస్కృతి

  • హిందువుల సంస్కృతి, సంప్రదాయాలలో కొబ్బరి కాయకు చాలా ప్రాముఖ్యత ఉంది. ఇవి వివిధ పూజలలో దేవతలకు ముఖ్యంగా సమర్పిస్తారు. ఇంచుమించు అన్ని శుభకార్యాలలో కొబ్బరి కాయను పగుల కొడతారు. దీనిని ఆత్మసమర్పణంతో సమానంగా భావిస్తారు.
  • భారతదేశంలో కేరళ రాష్ట్రం కొబ్బరికాయలకు ప్రసిద్ధి. ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ లో కోనసీమ కొబ్బరికి చాలా ప్రసిద్ధి.

మూలాలు

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వికీపీడియా రచయితలు మరియు సంపాదకులు

ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ ( Kannada )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ ಪಾಮೇ/ಅರೆಕೆಸಿಯಾ ಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮರ. ಕೊಂಬೆಗಳು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗರಿಗಳು ಹಸ್ತಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಪಾಮೇಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಮರ ಕೊಕಸ್ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮರ.[೧] . ಈ ಜಾತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುವ ಒಂದೇ ಮರ ತೆಂಗಿನಮರ.ಗರಿಗಳು ಹರಿತವಾಗಿ ಹಚ್ಚ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಮರದ ಸಸ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಹೆಸರು ಕೊಕಸ್ ನ್ಯುಸಿಫೆರಾ(cocos nucifera). ಮರದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಗರಿಗಳು ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಸಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾಯಿಯ ಹೊರಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿ ಕತ್ತ/ನಾರು ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಕತ್ತದ ಒಳಗೆ ದಪ್ಪವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಒಳಗೆ ತಿರುಳು ಕಂಡು ಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ತಿರುಳು ಬೆಳ್ಳಗೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಇತರ ಹೆಸರುಗಳು[೨]

ತುಳು: ತಾರೆ,ತಾರೆದ ಮರ,ತಾರಾಯಿದ ಮರ

ಕನ್ನಡ: ತೆಂಗು,ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರ,ನಾರೀಕೇಳ.

ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್: Coconut palm

ಸಸ್ಯವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಪುದರು: ಕೋಕೊಸ್ ನ್ಯೂಸಿಫೆರ.Cocos nucifera ( ‍ಸಸ್ಯಕುಟುಮ: ಅರಕೇಸಿ Arecaceae - ಪಾಮ್ palm ಕುಟುಮ)

ಅಸಾಮಿ: ನಾರಿಕೊಳ್

ಬಂಗಾಲಿ:ನಾರಿಕೇಲ್,ನಾರಾಕೇಲ್,ನೀರಿಕೇಲ್

ಗುಜರಾತಿ: ನಾರಿಯಲ್

ಹಿಂದಿ: ನಾರೆಲ್, ನಾರಿಯಲ್

ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ: ಕಲ್ಪವೃಕ್ಷ, ನಾರೀಕೇಳ,ನಾರಿಕೇರ, ಉಚ್ಛತರು,ಕರಕಟೋಯ,ಕರಕಂಬಾಸ್,ಕೌಶಿಕಫಲ,ಖಾನಮುದಕ,ತ್ರಾಣಂದ್ರುಮ,ತ್ರಾಣಂರಾಜ,ತ್ರಿನೇತ್ರಫಲ,ದೀರ್ಘ ಪತ್ರ,

ಪಾಲಿ: ನಾರೀಕೇರ

ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರಿ: ನೊರಿಲ್

ಮಲಯಾಳಂ:ನಾಲಿಕೇರಂ,ತೇಂಗ,ತೇಂಗಾಯಿ

ಮರಾಠಿ: ಮಾದ್, ನಾರಲ್, ಶ್ರೀಫಲ.

ತಮಿಳು: ತೇಂಗಾಯಿ,ತೆಂಗು,ತೆಂಕು,ತೆಂಕಾಯಿ

ತೆಲುಗು: ನಾರೀಕೇಳಂ,ತೇಂಕಾಯಿ,ಕೊಬ್ರಿಕಾಯಿ.

ಒರಿಯಾ: ನಾಡಿಯಾ

ಸಿಂಹಳಿ: ಪೊಲ್, ಪೋಲ್ಗಾ

ಅರಾಬಿಕ್: ಜಾಧಿರ್ದಾ, ಜೂಜಾಲ್ ಹಿಂದ್.

ಪರ್ಸಿಯಾ: ನಾರ್ಗಿಲಾ

ಬರ್ಮೀಸ್:ಒಂಗ್

ಹವಾಯಿ: ನಿಯು

ಹೀಬ್ರೂ: ಕೋಕಸ್

ಇಂಡೋನೇಶಿಯಾ: ಕೆಲಪ.

ಮಲಯ: ಕೆಲಪ,ನೈಯರ್

ಥಾಯ್: ಮಾಪ್ರೊ

ಕೊರಿಯಾ: ಕೊಕೊಸ್

ಮೊದಲಿನ ಜನ್ಮಸ್ಥಾನ

ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರ ಜನ್ಮದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದೇ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಬೇರೇ ಬೇರೇ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳಿವೆ.3–4. ISBN 978-92-5-100853-9.[೩][೪]. ಕೆಲವರು ಇಂಡೋ-ಪೆಸಿಫಿಕ್ ಸಮುದ್ರ ಪ್ರಾಂತವೆಂದು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ, ಕೆಲವರು ಮೆಲನೆಸಿಯ (melanesia) ಅಥವಾ ಮಲೇಷಿಯಾ (malesia)ಆಗಿರಬಹುದು ಎಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇನ್ನು ಬೇರೆಯವರು ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ದಿಶೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೆರಿಕಾ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ[೫][೩][೪]. ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ದೇಶಗಳಿಂದ ಶೇಖರಣೆ ಮಾಡಿದ ೩೭-೫೫ ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ವರ್ಷದ ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆ(fossil) ಆಧಾರದಿಂದ ಇದರ ಮೂಲ ಸ್ಥಾನ ಈ ಎರಡು ದೇಶಗಳು ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಮರ

ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಮರ. ಕೊಂಬೆಗಳಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಗರಿಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ದೇಶವಾಳಿ ಮರ ೨೫-೩೦ ಮೀ. ಎತ್ತರ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಎಲೆಗಳು ಹಸ್ತ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹಸ್ತಾಕಾರ ದಲ್ಲಿ ಪತ್ರಗಳು/ಎಲೆ/ಗರಿಗಳಿರುವ ಮರ, ಗಿಡಗಳನ್ನು ಪಾಮೇಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ತೆಂಗಿನಮರದ ಜೀವನ/ಕಾಲ ೮೦-೧೦೦ ವರ್ಷಗಳು. ಮರ ಹೂವುಗಳನ್ನು ೭-೧೦ ವರ್ಷದೊಳಗೆ ಬಿಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಮರದ ಕಾಂಡದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಕಡೆ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಗರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೇಲಿನ ಕಡೆ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೦ ಗರಿಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಗರಿಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡವಾಗಿ ೧೫-೨೦ ಅಡಿಗಳ ಉದ್ದ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೦ ಗರಿಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ತಿಂಗಳಿಗೊಂದು ಹೊಸ ಗರಿಯನ್ನು ಬಿಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಗರಿಯ ಜೀವನ ಕಾಲ ೩೦ ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳು, ಆಮೇಲೆ ಮರದಿಂದ ಗರಿ ಬೀಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ಮರದಿಂದ ೬೦ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ಗಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹೂವುಗಳು ಒಂದೇ ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೇ ಕಡೆ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೂವುಗಳು ಜೊಂಪಾಗಿ ಬಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಅವನ್ನು ಹೊಂಬಾಳೆಯೆಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಒಂದು ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೦ರ ತನಕ ಹೂ ಜೊಂಪೇ/ಗೊಂಚಲು (bunch) ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ತಿಂಗಳಿಗೊಂದು ಹೂ ಗೊಂಚಲು ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ಮರದಿಂದ ಒಂದು ಸಂವತ್ಸರ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೦-೬೦ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹೂವು ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕಾಯಿ ಆಗುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಸಂವತ್ಸರ ಕಾಲಬೇಕು.

  • ಮರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ವಿಧಗಳಿವೆ. ಒಂದು ಎತ್ತರ/ಉದ್ದ ಪ್ರಭೇದ, ಎರಡನೆಯದು ಕುಳ್ಳ/ಗುಜ್ಜಾರಿ(dwarf)ತರಹದ್ದು. ಭಾರತ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುವ ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದೇಶವಾಳಿ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸಂಕರ ತಳಿ/ಮಿಶ್ರ ತಳಿ(hybrid)ಮರಗಳೂ ಇವೆ.

ಕೆಲವು ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರಗಳು-ಕಾಯಿ ಇಳುವರಿ ಪಟ್ಟಿಕೆ[೬]

ಸಾಗುವಳಿ

  • ತೆಂಗಿನಮರ/ಗಿಡವನ್ನು ಭಾರತ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿಕಲ್ಪವೃಕ್ಷ(Tree of heaven)ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
  • ಮಣ್ಣು/ನೆಲ: ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ ತೊಗಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳಸುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮುದ್ರಮಟ್ಟಕ್ಕಿಂತ ೯೦೦ ಮೀಟರುಗಳ ಎತ್ತರದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಭೂಮಿ/ನೆಲಗಳು ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿವೆ. ಇನ್ನು ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ದ್ರವವನ್ನು ಹರಿಸಿ ಬಿಡುವ ಭೂಮಿಗಳು, redloam,coastal alliuvial,laterite,marshyl low land ಗಳು ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿವೆ.
  • ಮಳೆಸುರಿತ:೧೦೦೦-೨೨೫೦ ಮಿ.ಮೀ.ವರ್ಷಪೂರ್ತಿ ಬೀಳಬೇಕು/ಇರಬೇಕು.
  • ಉಷ್ಣೋಗ್ರತೆ:೨೭-೩೭C ಇರಬೇಕು. ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಸೂರ್ಯಕಿರಣದ ಬೆಳಕು/ರಶ್ಮಿಯ ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆ ಇದೆ.
  • ಫಸಲು/ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ: ಒಂದು ಹೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಗೆ(೨.೪೭ ಎಕರೆಗಳು)೧೦,೦೦೦-೧೪,೦೦೦ ಕಾಯಿಗಳ ಆದಾಯವಿದೆ.(೨೫,೦೦೦ ವರಗೆ ಬರುವ ಅವಕಾಶವುಂಟು)

ಭಾರತ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ/ತೋಟ ಸಾಗುವಳಿಗೆ ಅನುಕೂಲವಾದ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು

ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, ಕೇರಳ, ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು, ಆಂಧ್ರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ, ಒಡಿಶಾ, ಗೋವಾರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರಾಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಾಗುವಳಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅಂಡಮಾನ್-ನಿಕೋಬಾರ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳ ಸಮುದ್ರ ತೀರ ಪ್ರಾಂತದಲ್ಲೂ ಇದೆ. ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ, ಗುಜರಾತ್, ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ, ನಾಗಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್, ತ್ರಿಪುರ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ, ಲಕ್ಷದ್ವೀಪ, ಪಾಂಡಿಚೆರಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಾಗುವಳಿ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ.

ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಲ್ಲಿ ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ ತೋಟಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಗುವಳಿ ಮಾಡುವ ದೇಶಗಳು

ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ತೋಟಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಾಗುವಳಿ ಮಾಡುತಾರೆ. ೧.ಫಿಲಿಫ್ಪಿನ್ಸು, ೨.ಇಂಡೋನೇಷಿಯಾ, ೩.ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್, ೪.ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕ, ೫.ಥಾಯ್ ಲಾಂಡ್, ೬.ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ, ೭.ವಿಯಾಟ್ನಾಂ, ೮.ಪಾಪ್ಯೂ ನ್ಯೂಗಿನಿಯಾ, ೯.ಮಲೇಸಿಯಾ, ೧೦.ಟಾಂಜಾನಿಯಾ. ೧೧.ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ, ೧೨.ಬರ್ಮುಡಾ, ೧೩.ಮಾಲ್ಡೀವ್ಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ, ೧೪.ಪರ್ಷಿಯನ್ ಗಲ್ಫ್, ೧೫.ಅರೇಬಿ ಸಮುದ್ರ, ೧೬. ಕೆಂಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರಾಂತದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಾಗುವಳಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳು

ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರವನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಪವೃಕ್ಷಎನ್ನುತಾರೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ತೆಂಗಿನಮರ ಕೊಡುವ ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ, ಇದರ ಎಲೆ/ಗರಿ, ಕತ್ತ, ಕಾಂಡ ಎಲ್ಲ ಉಪಯೋಗಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿವೆ.

೧.ಎಲೆ/ಗರಿ

  • ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಮೈ ನೆರೆದಾಗ, ಅವರಿಗೆ ಒಸಗೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಟ್ಟೆ/ತೆಂಗಿನಗರಿಯಿಂದ ಹೆಣೆದು ಚಪ್ಪರ ಮಂಟಪ ಮಾಡುವರು.
  • ಹಸಿ ತೆಂಗಿನ ಎಲೆ/ಗರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಶುಭ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಟಪಗಳನ್ನು ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವರು.
  • ಹಸಿ ಎಲೆಗಳಿಂದ ಚಾಪೆ, ಬುಟ್ಟಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಅಲಂಕಾರಿಕ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಣೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  • ಹಸಿ ಎಲೆಗಳಿಂದ ಹುಡುಗರು ಊದುವ ಪೀಪಿ, ಹಾವು, ಜಡೆಸರಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುವರು.
  • ಗುಡಿಸಲು/ಜೋಪಡಿಗಳ ಮಾಳಿಗೆಗೆ/ಸೂರನ್ನಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  • ಒಣಗಿಸಿದ ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೌದೆಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  • ಶವ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲೂ ತೆಂಗಿನ ಗರಿ/ಮಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

೨.ಮರದಕಾಂಡ

  • ಒಣಗಿಸಿದ ಕಾಂಡವನ್ನು ಮನೆ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ದೂಲವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  • ಮರದ ಕಾಂಡವನ್ನು ಮನೆಯ ಕಂಬ/ಸ್ತಂಬಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಬಳಸಬಹುದು.
  • ಸೌದೆಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬಹುದು.
  • ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಾಲುವೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಯಲು/ದಾಟುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ನಾವೆಯಾಗಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

೩.ಕಾಯಿ

  • ಕಾಯಿಯ ಮೇಲಿರುವ ಕತ್ತಮಿಂದ ತೆಂಗಿನನಾರು ತಯಾರು ಮಾಡಿ, ಅದರಿಂದ ಕಾಲ್ಚಾಪೆ(doormat), ಹಗ್ಗ, ನೇಣುರುಳುಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ ಮಾಡುವರು.
  • ಕಾಯಿ ಒಳಗೆ ಇರುವ ನೀರನ್ನು ಎಳೆನೀರೆಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಈ ಎಳೆನೀರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಷಕ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳು ಅಧಿಕವಾಗಿವೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಜನ ಎಳೆನೀರಿರುವ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಗಂಗಾಭವಾನಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದವೂ ಒಂದು.
  • ಕತ್ತ ತೆಗೆದ ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯನ್ನು ದೇವಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡುವಾಗ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವರು.
  • ಶುಭಕಾರ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮದುವೆ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕು.
  • ಕತ್ತದ ಕೊಚ್ಚನ್ನು ಸೌದೆಯನ್ನಾಗಿ ವಿನಿಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  • ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಎಳೆನೀರನ್ನು ಹುಳುಹಿಡಿಸಿ, ಅದರಿಂದ ಲೊಕೋನೆಟ್ ವಿನೆಗರ್(coconut vinegar)ನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆ ಮಾಡುವರು.
  • ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಒಳಗಿರುವ ಹಸಿ ತಿರುಳು/ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿಯಿಂದ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಹಾಲನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
  • ಹಸಿ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿಯಿಂದ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿಚಟ್ನಿ , ಸಾಂಬಾರು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
  • ಹಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಒಣ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿಯಿಂದ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುವರು.
  • ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆಯಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಣ ವಸ್ತು ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಎಣ್ಣೆ

ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಿವರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಲೇಖನ ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ ಎಣ್ಣೆನೋಡಿರಿ.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನಗಳು

  1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. =Cocos & page = quickSearch Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
  2. http://eol.org/pages/1091712/names/common_names ೩.//eol.org/pages/1091712/names/common_names
  3. ೩.೦ ೩.೧ Perera, Lalith, Suriya A.C.N. Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. (2009). "Chapter 12 – Coconut". In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.). Oil Crops. Springer. pp. 370–372. ISBN 978-0-387-77593-7.
  4. ೪.೦ ೪.೧ Jackson, Eric. (August 20 - September 2, 2006). From whence come coconuts?. The Panama News (Volume 12, Number 16). Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  5. CPCRI,KasarGOD)
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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ: Brief Summary ( Kannada )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ ಪಾಮೇ/ಅರೆಕೆಸಿಯಾ ಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮರ. ಕೊಂಬೆಗಳು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗರಿಗಳು ಹಸ್ತಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಪಾಮೇಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಮರ ಕೊಕಸ್ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮರ. . ಈ ಜಾತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುವ ಒಂದೇ ಮರ ತೆಂಗಿನಮರ.ಗರಿಗಳು ಹರಿತವಾಗಿ ಹಚ್ಚ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಮರದ ಸಸ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಹೆಸರು ಕೊಕಸ್ ನ್ಯುಸಿಫೆರಾ(cocos nucifera). ಮರದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಗರಿಗಳು ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಸಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾಯಿಯ ಹೊರಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿ ಕತ್ತ/ನಾರು ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಕತ್ತದ ಒಳಗೆ ದಪ್ಪವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಒಳಗೆ ತಿರುಳು ಕಂಡು ಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ತಿರುಳು ಬೆಳ್ಳಗೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.

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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

පොල් ( Sinhalese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

පොල් ගස යනු තාල වර්ගයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. එසේ ම genus cocos කුලයේ පවතින බවට හඳුනාගෙන ඇති එක ම ප්‍රභේදය යි. ජීව විද්‍යාත්මකව ඵලයක් නොව අෂ්ටි ඵලයක් ලෙස සැලකුණ ද " coconut" (පොල්) යන පදය ( අතීතයේ "cocoanut" යන්නෙන් හැඳින් වූ) පොල් ගසේ බීජය, ඵලය යන ඕනෑ ම කොටසක් සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැකි ය. සමානව පැතිරුණු වත්‍ර අංගවලින් සමන්විත පොල් ලෙල්ලේ කඩතොලු 3කට ඇතුළතින් ඇති හිස හෝ හිස් කබල යන අර්ථය සහිතව Coco යන පෘතුගීසි සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදයෙන් 16 වන සියවසේ දී බිඳී පැමිණි පදයක් ලෙස coconut යන්න හැඳින්විය හැකි ය. පොල්වල බහුකාර්ය ගුණය ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනනයේ සිට විලවුන් නිෂ්පාදනය දක්වා තරම් විහිදුණු පුළුල් පරාසක පැතිර පවතියි. පැසුණුපොල් බීජය තුල ඇති මාංසලයත් ඉන් ලබා ගන්නා පොල් කිරිත් බොහෝ නිවර්තන සහ උප නිවර්තන ප්‍රදේශවල ජකතාවගේ ආහාර වේලේ නොවරදින අංගයකි. පොල් බීජය තුළ ඇති " පොල් වතුර " හෝ "පොල් යුෂ" යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන පැහැදිලි ද්‍රවයක් පොල් බීජාණුධරයේ විශාල වශයෙන් අඩංගු වන නිසා පොල් අනෙකුත් ඵල වලින් වෙනස් වේ. පැසුණු ඉදුණු පොල් ආහාරයට ගත හැකි බීජයකි. එලෙසම පොල් මාංශලය පොල් තෙල් ලෙස ‍හෝ පොල් කිරි ලෙස සකසා ගත හැකිය. පොල් කටුවෙන් පොල් කටු අඟුරු ද පොල් ලෙල්ලෙන් ‍‍පොල් කෙඳි ද ලබා ගැනේ. වියළි පොල් මදය "කොප්පරා' යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන අතර ලබාගන්නා තෙල් සහ කිරි පොදුවේ ඉවුම් පිහුම් කටයුතු සඳහා ද යොදා ගැනේ. පොල් කටුව, පොල් ලෙල්ල, සහ දෙපසට විහිදුණු දිගු පත්‍ර විවිධ ඇසුරුම් සහ අලංකරණ කටයුතුවල දී අමුද්‍රව්‍යක් ලෙස යොදා ගැනේ. විශේෂයෙන් හින්දු ආගමික වතාවත් සිදු ඉන්දියාව වැනි ඇතැම් සමාජ තුළ පොල්වලට සංස්කෘතික සහ ආගමික වැදගත්කමක් පවතියි.

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පොල් ඵලයේ කොටස්
විද්‍යාත්මක වර්ගීකරණය රාජධානිය Plantae උප රාජධානිය Tracheophytes උප රාජධානිය Angiosperms උප රාජධානිය Monocots උප රාජධානිය Commelinids වර්ගය Arecales කුලය Arecaceae උප කුලය Arecoideae වර්ගය Cocoseane ගණය Cocos විශේෂය C. nucifera ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය Cocos nucifera

නිරුක්තිය

"coconut" යන නාමය 16 සහ 17 වැනි ශතවර්ෂවල දී හිස යන්නට සමාන වූවක් ලෙස නැව්කරුවනගෙන් බිඳී පැමිණියකි.1521 දී පෘතුගීසි සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතික දේශ ගවේෂකයන් පැසිෆික් දූපත් වාසීන් මුණ ගැසුණ අවස්ථාවේ පොල් ලෙල්ල දුටු ඔවුන් හට පෘතුගීසි ජන කතාවල "coco" යන නමින් හැඳින්වූ භූතාත්ම හෝ මායාකාර‍යෙක් සිහි ගැන් වූ අතර coco සහ coconut යන්න ඉන් පැමිණෙන්නට ඇති බව පෙනී යන්නකි. nucifera යන ගණ නාමය ලතින් බසින් " ඵල දරා සිටින" යන අර්ථය හඟවයි.

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මතුපිට ඇති සිදුරු තුනේ සමාන ලක්ෂණ විදහා පෙන්වන ලෙලි ගැසූ පොල් ඵලය

ඉතිහාසය

රාමායණය සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික වංශ කථාවන්ගේ සඳහන්ව ඇති සාහිත්‍යමය සාක්ෂිවලට අනුව ඉන්දියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ ක්‍රි.පූ.පළමු ශත වර්ෂයට පෙර සිට ම පොල් පැවතී ඇත. පොල් පිළිබඳ තවත් පූර්ව සඳහනක් "Thousand and One Nights";සින්බෑඩ් නම් නාවිකයාගේ කථාව දක්වා දිව යයි.ඔහු ඔහුගේ පස් වන මුහුදු ගමන අතරතුර පොල් මිලට ගැනීම සහ විකිණීම සිදු කර ඇති බවට සාක්ෂි පවතියි."තේංගා" යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන පොල්වල මලයාලම් නාමය, පොල් පිළිබඳ සවිස්තරාත්මකව දක්වා ඇති Luduvio di Varthema විසින් 1510 දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද itinerario හි මෙන්ම පසුව Hortus Indicus Malabaricus හිත් සඳහන් වී තිබේ. ඊට පෙර පවා අරාබි ජාතිකයන් විසින් jawz hindi යනුවෙන් හැඳින් වූ එය 1280 දී සුමාත්‍රාවේ දී මාකෝ පෝලෝ විසින් nux indica යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වා "indica nut" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය වී තිබේ. 545 දී පමණ ලියැවුණු Cosmas Indica ගේ Topographia Christina මඟින් පොල් ගස යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන අර්ජල් ගස සහ එහි අෂ්ටි ඵලය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සඳහනක් ඇත. 1521 මාර්තුවලදී " Megellan ලොව වටා යාත්‍රනය " අතරතුර පැසිෆික් සාගරය හරහා පළමු යුරෝපීය යාත්‍රනයේ දී පසු කාලීනව ගුආන් සහ පිලිපීනය බවට පත් වූ ප්‍රදේශයේ එවකට වැසියන් හමු වීමෙන් අනතුරුව Antonio Pigafetta විසින් ඔහුගේ ජර්නලයේ ඉතාලි බසින් කරන ලද විස්තරයේ "cocho"/"cochi"යන පද වලින් පොල් පිළිබඳව වාර්තා කර තිබේ. ඔවුන් ගුවානයේ දි පොල් ආහාරයට ගත් ආකාරය සහ එහි වාසය කළ ස්වදේශිකයන් පවා ඔවුන්ගේ සිරුරු සහ හිසකෙස් පොල් සහ බෙනිසීඩ් තෙල් යොදා පිරිසිදු කළ ආකාරය ඔහු විස්තර කරයි. 

සම්භවය

පොල් ගසේ ස්වභාවික ජන්ම භූමිය රතු රේඛාවෙන් නිරූපනය වේ.( Wreth(1933) ගේ තොරතුරු මත පදනම් ව) නික්ලස් ජොන්සන් විසින් සුළු වශයෙන් වෙනස් කරන ලද ) මුල් කාලීන අද්‍යතන පර්යේෂකයෙක් සහ ඇමරිකානු ජාතික උද්භිත විද්‍යාඥයෙක් වන Orator F. Cook පොල් ශාකයේ ලොව පුරා වර්තමාන පැතිරීම පදනම් කර ගනිමින් පොල් ශාකයේ සම්භවය පිළිබඳව 1091 දී උපකල්පනයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය.

පරිණාමික ඉතිහාසය

cocos nusifera සහ cocoseae කුලයේ අනෙකුත් සාමාජිකයන්ගේ පරිණාමික ඉතිහාසය සහ ෆොසිල ව්‍යාප්තිය,.වර්නමාන ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ බෙදී යාම ට වඩා නොපැහැදිලි බවක් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ එහි අත්‍යන්ත සම්භවය සහ මානව ආගමනයට පෙර එහි ව්‍යාප්තිය තවමත් අපැහැදිලි බැවිනි. Cocos යන ගණයේ සම්භවය ඉන්දු පැසිෆික් ප්‍රදේශයේ ද දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ද යන්න සම්බනධව දැනට මත දෙකක් පවතියි. පොල්වලට සමාන යැයි සැලකිය හැකි ෆොසිල සොයාගෙන ඇත්තේ නවසීලන්තය සහ බටහිර ඉන්දියාව යන ලෝකයේ ප්‍රදේශ දෙකකින් පමණි. කෙසේවෙතත් බොහෝ පාම් වර්ගයේ පොසිල මෙන්ම පොල්වලට සමාන ලක්ෂණ සහිත පොසිල ද අනුමාන වශයෙන් හඳුනා ගැනීමට අසීරු වේ.

මුල් කාලීනව සොයා ගන්නා ලද පොල්වලට සමාන යැයි සැලකෙන පොසිල cococ zeylanica යන නමින් හැඳින් වූඅතර එය 3.5cm සිට 2.5cm දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත කුඩා ඵලයන්ගේ පොසිල ලෙස ඒවා විස්තර කෙරේ.1926 දී නවසීලන්තයේ මයොසීන්හි දී ඒවා සොයා ලන්නා ලදියි. එතැන් පටන් නවසීලන්තයේ Eocene,Oligocene සහ Holoceneහි දී පොල්වලට සමාන අනෙකුත් ඵල වර්ග ගණනාවක පොසිල සොයා ගන්නා ලදියි. නමුත් ඒවා සත්‍ය වශයෙන් ම cocos ගණයට අයත් වන්නේ ද යන වග පිළිබඳව තවමත් පර්යේෂණ පැවැත්වේ. එන්ඩ්ට් සහ හේවර්ඩ්(1997) cocos ගණයේ ශාක දකුණු ඇමරිකානු කුලයක් වන Parajubaeaවලට දක්වන අනුහාරය අනුව cocosවලට වඩා දකුණ ඇමරිකානු කුලයක් වන Parajubaeaහි ඇමරිකානු සම්භවයක් පවතින බව යෝජනා කළහ. කෙසේවෙතත් හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂයක් ලෙස විශාල ප්‍රදේශයක ව්‍යාප්තියට වඩා ඒකදේශීය වශයෙන් නවසීලන්තය තුළ මෙම ශාකයේ විකාශනය මේ හරහා පෙන්වා දෙයි. බටහිර ඉන්දීයාවේ ඩෙකෑන් සානුවෙන් cocosවලට සමාන ඵල, පත්‍ර,සහ කඳ සහිත පොසිල වර්ග ගණනාවක් සොයා ගෙන ඇත.ඊට palmoxylon sundaran, palmoxylon insignae සහ Palmocarpon cocoidides වැනි marphotaxa අඩංගු වේ. cocos වලට සමාන ඵලවල පොසිලයන්ට cocos intertrappeansis, cocos pantii,සහ cocos sahnii අඩංගු වේ.එමෙන් ම වර්තමාන cocos nusifera ලෙසින් තාවකාලිකව හඳුන්ගෙන ඇති ඵලයන්ගේ පොසිලවල ද ඒවා අන්තර්ගත වී ඇත.මේවාට cocos palaeonucifera සහ cocos binoriensis යන නිදර්ශක අයත් වන අතර මෙම දෙවර්ගය ම වසර මිලියන 70 සිට 62 කට පෙර maastrichtian-Danian යන සමයට අයත් යැයි කතුවරුන් විසින් නම් කරන ලැබ ඇන.c.binoriensis, cocos nusiferaහි මුල් කාලීන පොසිල වලට හිමිකම් කියාපාන්නට ඇති බව කතුවරු සඳහන් කරති. 

cocos-nusiferaවලට සමාන පොසිල හමු වී ඇත්තේ නවසීලන්තයෙන් සහ ඉන්දියාවෙන් පිටත ප්‍රදේශ දෙකක් වන ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව සහ කොලොම්බ්යාව යන ප්‍රදේශවලින් පමණි.

විස්තරය

  • ශාකය

cocos nusifera යනු මීටර් 30ක් නරම් උසින් යුක්ත වූ ද එකක් 60-90cm තරමේ දෙපසට විහිදුණු පත්‍රිකා සහිතව මීටර් 4-6ක් තරම් දිගු වූ ද පැරණි පත්‍ර පිරිසිදුව සහ පහසුවෙන් කඳෙන් ගැලවී යන්නා වූ ද ශාකයකි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පොල් උස් සහ කුරු ලෙස දෙආකාරයකට වර්ගීකරණය කළ හැකිය. සරු පසේ දී උස් පොල් ශාකය වසරකට ගෙඩි 75ක් දක්වා අස්වැන්නක් ලබා දෙයි.නමුත් බොහෝ විට එම අස්වැන්න ගෙඩි 30කට වඩා අඩු වේ. දෙනු ලබන ප්‍රශස්ත අවධානය සහ වර්ධනය වන තත්වයන් හමුවේ වසර 6 සිට 10 දක්වා කාලය තුළ මුල් වරට ඵල දරන අතර උපරිම ඵල නිෂ්පාදනයට ලඟා වීමට වසර 15 සිට 20 දක්වා කාලයක් ගත වේ.

  • පුෂ්පය

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වසර 4-6 අතර කාලයේ වසන්ත සමය වන විට පොල් ශාකයේ කහ පැහැති සුගන්ධවත් මල් හට ගැනීම ආරම්භ වේ. පොකුරු ‍ලෙස හට ගන්නා මල් යන්තමින් අතු බෙදුණු නටුවකට සම්බන්ධ වී පවතියි.පිරිමි සහ ගැහැණු මල් පුෂ්ප මංජරියක් ලෙස වර්ධනය වේ.ගැහැණු මල් හැලී යාමට පළමුව ප්‍රපුංපරිණතිය ( පිරිමි මල් පළමුව පරිණත වීම) සිදු වී පරාග නිදහස් වේ.පසුව පුෂ්ප පොල් ගෙඩි බවට පත් වේ.

  • ඵලය

මූලික වශයෙන් භ්‍රෑණපෝෂය න්‍යෂ්ටික කලාපයේ පොල් වතුර තුළ පවතින බවට විශ්වාස කෙරේ. භ්‍රෑණපෝෂයේ තැම්පත් සෛල ස්ථර වර්ධනය නොකඩවා සිදු වන විට එය ආහාරයට ගත හැකි "මාංසලයක්" බවට පත් වේ. උද්භිත විද්‍යාත්මකව පොල් ඵලය යනු අෂ්ටිඵලයක් විනා සත්‍ය ඵලයක් නොවේ. අනෙකුත් ඵලයන්ගේ මෙන්ම එහි ද බාහිරාවරණය, වධ්‍යාවරණය,අභ්‍යන්නරාවරණය ලෙස ස්ථර තුනක් පවතියි.බාහිරාවරණය සහ වධ්‍යාවරණය පොල් ලෙල්ල නිර්මාණය කරයි. නිවර්තන නොවන රටවල පොල්වල බාහිරාවරණය ඉවත් කළ පොල් විකිණීම සඳහා තබා ඇත.කෙඳිවලින් සෑදුන වධ්‍යාවරණය'කොහු" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර එයින් සම්ප්‍රදායික සහ වාණිජවය වටිතාකම් රාශියක් ලබාගැනේ. පොල් කටුවේ ප්‍රරෝහණ සිදුරු "ඇස්" තුනක් ඇති අතර එය දැකිය හැකි වන්නේ පිටතින් ඇති මතුපිට ආවරණය ඉවත් කළ විට දී ය.හොඳින් වැඩුණු පොල් ගෙඩියක් 1.4kg ක පමණ බරකින් යුක්ත වේ. කොප්පරා ටොන්1ක් නිෂ්පාදකය සඳහා හොඳික් වැඩුණු පොල් ගෙඩි 6000ක් පමණ අවශ්‍ය වේ.

  • මුල්

ඇතැම් ශාක මෙන් පොල් ගසේ මුදුන් මුලක් හෝ මූල පද්ධතියක් නොමැත. එහි ඇත්තේ තන්තු මූල පද්ධතියකි. පොල් ගසේ මූල පද්ධතිය ශාකයෙන් පිටතට වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වි මතුපිට පෘෂ්ඨයට ආසන්නයෙන් ගමන් කරන සිහින් තන්තු බහුල වූවකි. ස්ථාවරත්වය සඳහා මුල් කිහිපයක් පමණක් ගැඹුරට ගමන් කරයි.මේ වර්ගයේ මූල පද්ධති තෘණ වර්ගයේ ශාකවල ද දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර තන්තුමය හෝ ආගන්තුක මූල පද්ධති යනුවෙන් ඒවා හැඳින්වේ .අනෙකුත් විශාල ශාක නිපදවන්නේ පොළව දෙසට වර්ධනය වන තනි මුලක් වන අතර පෝෂී මුල් ගණනාවක් ඉන් පැන නඟියි. පොල් ශාකය එහි ජීවිත කාලය පුරා ම කඳේ පාදමෙන් මුල් නිපදවීම නොකඩවා සිදු කරයි. නිපදවන මුල් සංඛ්‍යාව ශාකයේ ආයු කාලය සහ පරිසරය මත රඳා පවතියි. වසර 60 ත් 70ත් අතර ශාකයක මුල් 3600කට වඩා පැවතිය හැකිය. මුල්, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ශාක කඳේ සිට මූලාන්තය දක්වා 75mm (අඟල් 3) කට වඩා අඩු ඒකාකාර විෂ්කම්භයකින් යුක්ත වේ

  • පුෂ්පමංජරිය

පොල් ශාකය පිරිමි සහ ගැහැණු මල් දෙවර්ගය ම එකම පුෂ්පමංජරියක නිපදවන නිසා ඒකගෘහී ශාකයක් වේ.එනම් බහුයෝගී වේ. ගැහැණු පුෂ්පය පිරිමි පුෂ්පයට සාපේක්ෂව විශාලය. මල් හටගැනීම නොකඩවා සිදු වේ. ඇතැම් කුරු පොල් විශේෂ ස්ව-පරාගනය සිදු කළ ද පොල් ශාකය සැලකෙන්නේ විශාල වශයෙන් පරපරාගනය සිදු කරන ශාකයක් ලෙස ය.

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විකිපීඩියා කතුවරුන් සහ කතුවරුන්

Koko ( Wolof )

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Nataalu garabu Koko

Koko gi xeetu garab la gu bokk ci njabootu Arecaceae.

Melo

Ci gamgamlekaay disaayu doom bi danay àgg ba 1,5i kilogaraam. Day ëmb ndox mu saf suukar: "ndoxu koko".

Reenam day dugg ci suuf guddaay guy àgg 4 ba 5i met.

Limu tóotóoram duy wees 20 mbaa 30.

Njariñ

Koko bi deef na ko lekk nim bindoo, mbaa soppi ko ay xeeti diw, mbaa ay aniinukaay.

Nata

Turu xam-xam

Cocos nucifera

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Koko: Brief Summary ( Wolof )

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 src= Nataalu garabu Koko

Koko gi xeetu garab la gu bokk ci njabootu Arecaceae.

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Kokotí ( Lingala )

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Kokotí ezalí nzeté ya molaí mpé mbuma enɛ́nɛ ya yango. Bamɛlaka mái ma sukáli ma mbuma ya yango.

Mbuma ya yango ezalí na biténi mínei :

  • lomposo la nsinga
  • mokókóló
  • mosuni mwa mpɛ́mbɛ́ na mái ma sukáli.


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Niu ( Fijian )

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Niu & Vu ni niu

Niu (vuanikau) (Cocos nucifera)

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Niyog ( Bcl )

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 src=
An tinanom na niyog
 src=
Burak kan niyog
 src=
Mga tinitindang tipong sa sentro kan Syudad nin Naga
 src=
Ubod kan niyog
 src=
Sinapsap na ubod niyog

An niyog (Cocos nucifera) tinanom na kaapil sa pamilyang Arecaceae (palmera). Ini sana an inaako na species sa genus na Cocos [1] asin nadakula ining palmera, asin kun lanyog na, naabot 30 metros an langkaw, na an mga pala'pa' niya naabot 4-6 metro an laba, an mismong matarigwis na dahon niya naabot 60-90 sentimetro an laba. Kun aragirang na an mga dahon saka pala'pa', ini natigpo sanang malinig sa saiyang kahawakan. An niyog na arapodan pwede manongod sa banhi, o sa bunga.

Nakua daa an ngaran kan niyog sa mga eksplorador na Portuges, mga maglalayag ni Vasco da Gama sa Indya, na iyo an enot na nagdara kaini sa Europa. An kayumanggihon asin mabuhok na hitsura kan tibuho nagparomdom sainda kaidtong sarong "isaw" o asuwang na inapod Coco. [2] Dati inapod ining nux indica ni Marco Polo kan 1280 kan siya yaon sa Sumatra, na sinapi man na termino sa mga Arabo na nag'apod man kaini جوز هندي jawz hindī, o niyog Indyano. Kan ini uminabot sa Inglatierra, nawalat an pangaran na coco, asin isinumpay an 'nut'. Matagal na gayo an niyog asin nakakabagay sa lugar na matubig o kaladman asin siring man sa mga lantad kun saen dikitdikit an tubig.

Gamit asin pakinabang kaini

Enot-enot, an guta' na napupuga' ginagamit na gayong pansalak asin pan'namit sa mga luto asin lakop nanggad an praktis na ini sa pagluluto igdi sa Asya. Sa Bicol, dakul na maray an mga luto na haros may guta. An tipong nataong sabaw na masiram inomon asin kun lukad na, pwedeng gibohon kopra na napagkukuanan lana sa pagpritos. An soro (o, bagol) kaini gamit na pansungo asin ini malaadon. Ginigibo man an soro asin bunot kan niyog sa handikraft. An bunot ginagamit pansoksok sa kutsyon, panbagat sa pagtutupas nin daga o simpleng ginigibong lampaso. Siring man an ibang parte nagagamit sa pagdekorasyon, sa handikraft siring kan lunit, omlong, asin rakoy kani. An mismong kahawakan tinitistis na asin marayrahay na gibohon salasala o pasagi' sa konstruksyon. An niyog natao man nin ubod na sa luto linulumpya o inaatsara asin an tagok kaini nagigibo man na kalamay. An dahon, na inaapod na langkoy sinasalapid o sinisirikmat asin ginagamit panlanob o pan'atop sa mga payag-payag. An mismong gihoy kan mga langkoy nagigibong sighid, an pala'pa' pwedeng isungo, ilanob.

Anj bunga kan niyog maaraman kun tipong o lukadon na, paagi sa pagtobtob kaini. Kun malagong an tanog, tipong pa yan. Kun an tanog sa tobtob garo malagting, lukadon na

Ginikanan

  • Mga rekord nin fossil sa New Zealand nagpapahiling na igwang nagtubo igdi kadto pang 15 milyon na taon nakaagi, nin saradit na tinanom nakaagid nanggad sa niyog.

Mga panluwas na takod

Toltolan

  1. WCSP, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Cocos
  2. pg481
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Niyog: Brief Summary ( Bcl )

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 src= An tinanom na niyog  src= Burak kan niyog  src= Mga tinitindang tipong sa sentro kan Syudad nin Naga  src= Ubod kan niyog  src= Sinapsap na ubod niyog

An niyog (Cocos nucifera) tinanom na kaapil sa pamilyang Arecaceae (palmera). Ini sana an inaako na species sa genus na Cocos asin nadakula ining palmera, asin kun lanyog na, naabot 30 metros an langkaw, na an mga pala'pa' niya naabot 4-6 metro an laba, an mismong matarigwis na dahon niya naabot 60-90 sentimetro an laba. Kun aragirang na an mga dahon saka pala'pa', ini natigpo sanang malinig sa saiyang kahawakan. An niyog na arapodan pwede manongod sa banhi, o sa bunga.

Nakua daa an ngaran kan niyog sa mga eksplorador na Portuges, mga maglalayag ni Vasco da Gama sa Indya, na iyo an enot na nagdara kaini sa Europa. An kayumanggihon asin mabuhok na hitsura kan tibuho nagparomdom sainda kaidtong sarong "isaw" o asuwang na inapod Coco. Dati inapod ining nux indica ni Marco Polo kan 1280 kan siya yaon sa Sumatra, na sinapi man na termino sa mga Arabo na nag'apod man kaini جوز هندي jawz hindī, o niyog Indyano. Kan ini uminabot sa Inglatierra, nawalat an pangaran na coco, asin isinumpay an 'nut'. Matagal na gayo an niyog asin nakakabagay sa lugar na matubig o kaladman asin siring man sa mga lantad kun saen dikitdikit an tubig.

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Nyiur ( Bjn )

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Nyiur/Niur adalah spésiés tumbuhan matan suku hanaw-hanawan atawa Arecaceae, angguta sebuting-sebutingannya dalam génus Cocos. Parak samunya'an palih tumbuhan ini kawa dimanfa'atakan manusia, maka dari itu inya dianggap tumbuhan nang saraba guna. Nyiur itu sambatan gasan buah nang dihasilakan tumbuhan ini jua.

Pemerian

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Nyiur
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Bapalihan buah nyiur

Puhun batang tunggal, bahanu ada cabangnya. Akar sarabut, kandal wan bakayu. Batang baruas-ruas tagal amun sudah tuha kada tapi kalihatan. Kayunya kurang baik dipakai gasan bangunan. Daun tasusun majemuk. Kambang tasusun majemuk; ada kambang jantan wan batina. Buah gonol, diaméter 10 cm sampay 20 cm atawa bisa jua labih, warna kuning, hijau, atawa soklat.

Nyiur alaminya tumbuh di pantay, puhunnya kawa sampay 30 m tingginya. Asalnya matan pasisir Lalautan Hindia, tagal wayah naya sudah tasabak di saluruh banua tropika. Tumbuhan ini kawa tumbuh sampay katinggian 1000 m matan pamukaan laut, tagal inya cagaran lambat tumbuhnya.

Manfa'at

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Kayu nyiur

Batangnya, dipakai urang gasan kayu mutu tangah-tangah, kawa dipakai gasan tihang/papan rumah.

Daunnya dipakai jadi hatap rumah imbah dikaringakan. Daun nyiur anum, disambat janur, dipakai jadi bahan anyaman. Tangkay anak daun nang sudah dikaringakan, disambat lidi, dihimpun jadi sapu.

Tandan kambangnya, nang disambat mayang, dipakai gasan hiasan dalam upacara kawinan. Kambang batinanya kawa dimakan. Cairan manis nang kaluar matan lunggai kambang, disambat (banyu) nira/laang, kawa dikinum atawa diulah jadi tuak.

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Palih dalam buah nyiur

Buah nyiur adalah palih paling banilai ikunumi. Sabut, dijual jadi bahan basalukutan, isi jok kursi, anyaman tali, kisit, wan media tanam gasan anggrek. Tampurung dipakai jadi bahan basalukutan, pangganti gayung, wadah minuman, wan bahan baku macam-macam karajinan tangan. Katungkung dipakai gasan manimbuk jalan. Handayang nyiur biasanya diandak di atas kubur.

Éndospérma buah nyiur nang barupa cairan wan endapannya nang likit di tawing dalam tampurung ("daging buah niyur") adalah sumbar panyigar popular. Daging buah anum warna putih wan lényak rancak dijadiakan es nyiur anum. Cairan ini mangandung macam-macam énzim wan beisian hasiat gasan manétralakan racun wan éfék panyigar/pananang. Sepalih nyiur ma'alami mutasi jadi endapannya kada marikit di tawing tampurung tagal tacampur lawan cairan endosperma. Mutasi ini disambat (nyiur) kopyor. Daging buah nyiur tuha warnanya putih wan karas. Sarinya diparas wan cairannya dingarani santan. Daging buah tua ini kawa jua diambil wan dikaringakan jadi komoditi padagangan banilai, disambat kopra. Kopra adalah bahan baku gasan maulah minyak nyiur/minyak lamak wan turunannya. Cairan buah nyiur tuha biasanya kada diulah jadi bahan minuman maka dari itu jadi limbah industri kopra. Tagal kawa dimanfa'atakan lagi gasan diulah jadi bahan samacam jelly nang disambat nata de coco wan marupakan bahan campuran minuman panyigar.

Raitan luar

Smart Machine System V 2.0 Final

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Nyiur: Brief Summary ( Bjn )

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Nyiur/Niur adalah spésiés tumbuhan matan suku hanaw-hanawan atawa Arecaceae, angguta sebuting-sebutingannya dalam génus Cocos. Parak samunya'an palih tumbuhan ini kawa dimanfa'atakan manusia, maka dari itu inya dianggap tumbuhan nang saraba guna. Nyiur itu sambatan gasan buah nang dihasilakan tumbuhan ini jua.

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Nyuh

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Nyuh

Nyuh (Cocos nucifera) inggih punika silih tunggil soroh woh-wohan sané mawiguna pisan ring Bali. Nyuh punika silih tunggil anggota ring marga Cocos saking suku arén-arénan utawi Arecaceae.[1] Nyuh dados kaanggén sanganan utawi jaja. Tiosan punika, nyuh prasida kaanggén sarana upacara olih krama Bali minakadi ring banten. Yéh nyuhnyané dados kainem anggén nyegerang raga, daging nyuhnyané dados kaanggen ajeng-ajengan miwah dados kaanggén ngaé lengis. Wénten akéh pah-pahan nyuh, minakadi:

  • bungsil (woh nyuh sané cenik),
  • bungkak, klungah, kuud (woh nyuh sané nguda).

Lianan tekén nika nyuh taler mawiguna antuk krama Baliné krana makasami pah-pahan nyuhé maguna pisan, sakadi daging nyuh wiadin dados kaanggén lengis taler dados ngicalang gelem ring ragane, kulit nyuhé utawi sambuk dados kaanggén sarana rikala ngelaksanayang upakara bhuta yadnya (mecaru), daging nyuh sané alit utawi tombong dados kaajeng tur rasannyané manis pisan, kayu nyuhé dados kanggén mangawe umah tur bangunan sané lianan, don nyuh sané nguda dados kaanggon lakar majejaitan ring banten, don nyuh sané wayah dados kabakar tur kanggén api antuk maratengan.

Don

Don nyuh sané nguda keanggen upakara ring sajebag wewidangan Asia Kelod-Kangin, ring Bali nentén sané nguda kemanten keanggen taler kewantasin soang-soang, sinunggil:

  1. Busung punika don nyuh sané nguda
  2. Slepan punika don nyuh sané wayah
  3. Danyuh punika don nyuh sané tuh

Suratan

  1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
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Nyuh: Brief Summary

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 src= Nyuh

Nyuh (Cocos nucifera) inggih punika silih tunggil soroh woh-wohan sané mawiguna pisan ring Bali. Nyuh punika silih tunggil anggota ring marga Cocos saking suku arén-arénan utawi Arecaceae. Nyuh dados kaanggén sanganan utawi jaja. Tiosan punika, nyuh prasida kaanggén sarana upacara olih krama Bali minakadi ring banten. Yéh nyuhnyané dados kainem anggén nyegerang raga, daging nyuhnyané dados kaanggen ajeng-ajengan miwah dados kaanggén ngaé lengis. Wénten akéh pah-pahan nyuh, minakadi:

bungsil (woh nyuh sané cenik), bungkak, klungah, kuud (woh nyuh sané nguda).

Lianan tekén nika nyuh taler mawiguna antuk krama Baliné krana makasami pah-pahan nyuhé maguna pisan, sakadi daging nyuh wiadin dados kaanggén lengis taler dados ngicalang gelem ring ragane, kulit nyuhé utawi sambuk dados kaanggén sarana rikala ngelaksanayang upakara bhuta yadnya (mecaru), daging nyuh sané alit utawi tombong dados kaajeng tur rasannyané manis pisan, kayu nyuhé dados kanggén mangawe umah tur bangunan sané lianan, don nyuh sané nguda dados kaanggon lakar majejaitan ring banten, don nyuh sané wayah dados kabakar tur kanggén api antuk maratengan.

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Qumbe ( Somali )

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Ubaxa qumbaha

Qumbe (Af-Ingiriis: coconut; Af-Carabi: جوز الهند) (magaca Saynis Cocos nucifera) waa geed ka tirsan qoyska dhirta baalmka. Sidoo kale qumbuhu waa dhirta kaliya ee loo yaqaano bahda Kokaha.[1][2]

Hordhac

Geedka qumbuhu waa dhir si dabiiici ah iyo dhaqasho leh uga baxda meelo badan oo caalamka ah. Qumbuhu wuxuu caan ku yahay isticmaalka cunto ahaan iyo ka sameynta noocyo badan oo waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ah.[3] Dad badan oo ku dhaqan deegaanada kuleylaha aduunku waxay si toos ah u quutaan midhaha geedka qumbaha, halka tiro kale oo badan u beertaan isticmaalada kale ee ka midka tahay saliida, caanaha iyo sharaabka midhaha qumbaha.[4]

Sawiro

Sidoo kale fiiri

links Dibadda

Tixraac

  1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
  2. Beeton, Isabella (1911). Mrs Beeton's Cookery Book. pp. 258–60.
  3. "Cocos nucifera L. (Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops; unpublished)". Purdue University, NewCROP - New Crop Resource. 1983. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  4. Paniappan S (December 12, 2002). "The Mystery Behind Coconut Water". The Hindu. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
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Qumbe: Brief Summary ( Somali )

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 src= Ubaxa qumbaha

Qumbe (Af-Ingiriis: coconut; Af-Carabi: جوز الهند) (magaca Saynis Cocos nucifera) waa geed ka tirsan qoyska dhirta baalmka. Sidoo kale qumbuhu waa dhirta kaliya ee loo yaqaano bahda Kokaha.

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U

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Bak u
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Boh u

U (nan Latin: Cocos nucifera) nakeuh saboh rupa bak kayee nyang panyang ngon le udép di da'irah toë la'ôt. Mandum beunagi u (bak, ôn, boh) na gunajih. Boh jeuet geupajôh ië jeuet geujep.

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Yâ-è ( Hak )

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Yâ-è.

Yâ-è (椰仔) he yit-chúng chhai ngie̍t-tai thi-khî phû-phiên ke kó-sṳ̍t.

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नारियल ( Maithili )

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नारियलके गाछ

नारियल (Cocos Nucifera, कोकोस न्युकिफेरा) एक बहुवर्षी आ एकबीजपत्री गाछ छी। एकर गाछ लम्बा तथा शाखा रहित होएत अछी। मुख्य गाछके ऊपरी सिरे पर लम्बा पत्तिसभक मुकुट होएत अछी। ई वृक्ष समुद्रक किनार या नमकीन जगह पर पावल जाएत अछी। एकर फल हिन्दुसभके धार्मिक अनुष्ठानसभमे प्रयुक्त होएत अछी। बांग्लामे एकरा नारिकेल कहल जाएत अछी। नारियलके वृक्ष भारतमे प्रमुख रूपसँ केरल, पश्चिम बङ्गालउडिसामे खूब उगैत अछी। महाराष्ट्रमे मुम्बई तथा तटीय क्षेत्रसभ आ गोवामे सेहो एकर उपज होएत अछी। नारियल एक बेहद उपयोगी फल छी। नारियल देरसँ पचाईवाला, मूत्राशय शोधक, ग्राही, पुष्टिकारक, बलवर्धक, रक्तविकार नाशक, दाहशामक तथा वात-पित्त नाशक छी।

निरुक्त

औषधीय गुण

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नारियल

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीसभ

  1. Hahn, William J. (1997). Arecanae: The palms. Retrieved April 4, 2011 from the Tree of Life Web Project website.

एहो सभ देखी

बाह्य जडीसभ

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ಬೊಂಡ ( Tcy )

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ಗೆಂದಾಳಿ ಬೊಂಡ

ಲತ್ತ್ ತಾರಾಯಿಗ್ ಬೊಂಡ ಪನ್ಪೆರ್. ತಾರೆದ ಮರೊಟ್ಟು ಆಪಿನ ತಾರಾಯಿಗ್ ಸುರುಟ್ಟು ತೆಂಡಲ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಬೊಂಡ ಐಡ್ದ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ತಾರಾಯಿ ಪನ್ಪೆರ್.[೧] ತಾರೆದ ಮರೊಟ್ಟು ತಾರಾಯಿದ ಬೇರ, ಕಲಿ ದೆಪ್ಪುನು, ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಬೊಂಡದ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಇಂಚ ಮೂಜಿ ವಿದೊಟ್ಟು ತಾರೆದ ಫಲ ಬಳಕೆ ಆಪುಂಡು.

ಬೋಂಡದ ಬಗೆಕುಲು

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ಪಚ್ಚೆ ಬೊಂಡ

ತಾರೆಡ್ ಬೇತೆ ಬೇತೆ ವಿದೊಕ್ಕಕುಲು ಇತ್ತಿಲೆಕ್ಕ ಬೊಂಡೊಲೆಡ್ಲಾ ವಿದೊಕ್ಕುಲು ಉಂಡು.ಪಚ್ಚೆ ಬೊಂಡ, ಗೆಂದಾಳಿ ಬೊಂಡ, ಊರ್ದ ಬೊಂಡ, ದೀವು ಬೊಂಡ, ಇಂಚ ಬೇತೆ ಬೇತೆ ವಿದೊಕ್ಕಕುಲು ಉಂಡು. ಗೆಂದಾಳಿ ಬೊಂಡೊಗು ಬಾರಿ ಬಿಲೆ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಲಾ ಉಂಡು. ದಾಯೆ ಪಂಡ ಅವು ಬುಲೆಪಿನಿ ಕಮ್ಮಿ. ಗೆಂದಾಳಿ ಬೊಂಡುಡು ಊರ್ದ ಬೊಂಡೊಗು ಬಾರಿ ಬೇಡಿಕೆ ಉಂಡು.

ಬೋಂಡದ ಬಾವೆ

ಬೊಂಡೂಡು ಲತ್ತ್ ಬೊಂಡ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಬುಲೆದ್ ಬೊಂಡ ಪನ್ಪಿನ ರಡ್ಡ್ ವಿದ ಉಂಡು. ಲತ್ತ್ ಬೊಂಡೊಡು ಒಂತೆ ಬಾವೆ ಉಪ್ಪುಂಡು ನೀರ್ ಪರಿಬೊಕ್ಕ ಐತ ಉಲಯಿ ಬಜಿಲ್ ಪಾಡ್ದ್ ಸೌಂಟುಡು ತಿನೊಲಿ. ಆಂಡ ಬುಲೆದಿ ಬೊಂಡೊದ ಬಾವೆನ್ ಕತ್ತಿಡೇ ಲಕ್ಕಾವೊಡಾಪುಂಡು. ತಾರಾಯಿದ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದಲೆಕ್ಕ ಬೊಂಡದ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಬಾರಿ ಎಡ್ಡೆ ಉಂಡು. ತಾರಾಯಿ ಕಜಿಪುಗು, ತೆನಸ್, ಹಣ್ಣ್ ಕಾಯಿ, ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಮಲ್ಪೆರೆಗಾಂಡ, ಬೊಂಡ ಪರಿಯೆರೆ, ಭೂತೊಗು ದೀವೆರೆ, ನಾಗಗ್, ಶಿವಲಿಂಗೊಗು ಅಭಿಷೇಕ ಮಲ್ಪೆರೆ ಉಪಯೋಗ ಆಪುಂಡು. ನಾಗರ ಪಂಚಮಿದಪಗ ಬೊಂಡೊಗು ಬಾರಿ ಬೇಡಿಕೆ ಉಂಡು. ಬೊಂಡ ಎಚ್ಚ ಬಳಕೆ ಮಲ್ಪುನೆಡ್ಡ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ತಾರಾಯಿಗ್ ಹೆಚ್ಚ ಬೇಡಿಕೆ ಇತ್ತಿನೆಡ್ಡ್ ಇತ್ತಿತ್ತೆ ದೀವು ತಾರೆದ ದೈಕುಲೆನ್ ಬೊಂಡೊಗಾದೆ ಬುಳೆಪಾವೆರ್.

ಬೋಂಡದ ನೀರ್ ದ ಉಪಯೋಗ

ಅಸೌಕ್ಯ, ನಿಶಕ್ತಿ ಇತ್ತಿನಾಕುಲು, ಉಷ್ಷ ಪ್ರಕೃತಿದಕುಲು ಬೊಂಡ ಪರ್ಂಡ ತಂಪು ಆಪುಂಡು ಪಂಡ್ದ್ ಬೊಂಡ ಎಚ್ಚ ಬಳಕೆ ಮಲ್ಪುವೆರ್. ಬೊಂಡದ ಬಳಕೆ ಆರಾಧನೆ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಮರ್ದ್ ದ ಲೆಕ್ಕ ಬಳಕೆ ಮಲ್ಪುನೆಡ್ದ್ , ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆದ ಎದುರುಡು, ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನದ ಎದುರುಡು ಮಾತಾ ಅಂಗಡಿಡ್ ಮಾರಾಟ ಮಲ್ಪುವೆರ್. ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಪಡಿಕೆ ಸೀಕುದಕುಲು ಬೊಂಡೊನು ಗಲಸುಜೆರ್ ದಾಯೆ ಪಂಡ ನೆಟ್ಟ್ ಸಕ್ಕರೆದ ಅಂಶ ಹೆಚ್ಚ ಉಂಡು.

ಬೊಂಡದ ಬೇರ

ಪಿರಾಕ್ ದ ಕಾಲೊಡು ಕೃಷಿ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಪ್ರದೇಶೊಲೆಡ್ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಬೊಂಡೊನು ಪರಿಯೆರೆ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಯೊಲೆಗ್ ಗಲಸೊಂದಿತ್ತೆರ್. ಆಂಡ ಇತ್ತೆ ಬೊಂಡದ ಬೇರ ಮಸ್ತ್ ನಡಪುಂಡು. ದಾಯೆ ಪಂಡ, ದೈವಸ್ಥಾನೊಡು ನಡಪು ಕಾರ್ಯೊಲೆಗ್, ಭೂತೊಗು ಬಲಸೆರೆ, ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನೊಡು ಅಭಿಷೇಕ ಮಲ್ಪೆರೆ, ನಾಗರ ಪಂಚೆಮಿದಪಗ, ಸಿಹಾಳಾಭಿಷೇಕದಪಗ ಬೊಂಡ ಮಸ್ತ್ ಬಳಕೆ ಆಪುಂಡು. ಐಕಾದ್ ಇತ್ತಿತ್ತೆ ಹಳ್ಳಿ, ಪೇಂಟೆ ಅತ್ತಂದೆ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನೊಳೆ ಕೈತಲಿತ್ತಿ ಅಂಗಡಿಲೆಡ್ ಬೊಂಡೊಲೆನ್ ಮಾರುವೆರ್. ಪಿರಾಕ್ ಡ್ ತುಳು ನಾಡ್ ಡ್ ಹೆಚ್ಚ ತಿಕ್ಕೊಂದಿತ್ತಿನ ಪಚ್ಚೆ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಬೊಂಡೊದ ಬಳಕೆ ಅವೊಂದಿತ್ತ್ಂಡ್. ಕೆಲವು ಕಡೆಡ್ ಬುಳೆಪಾವೊಂದಿತ್ತಿನ ಊರ್ಧ ಗೆಂದದ ಬೊಂಡ ಬಳಕೆ ಆವೊಂದಿತ್ತ್ಂಡ್. ತುಳು ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಡ್ ಬೊಂಡದ ಬಳಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಯಿನೆಡ್ದ್ ದೀವು ಜಾತಿದ ಬೊಂಡೊನು ಬುಲೆಪಾವೆರೆ ಸುರು ಮಲ್ತೆರ್, ಆಂಡ ಇಂಚಿಪ್ಪ ಇಲ್ಲ್ , ಪೇಂಟೆ ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಆವೊಂದು ಬತ್ತಿಲೆಕ್ಕನೇ ತಾರೆದ ಮರ ಕಡ್ಪೆರೆ ಸುರು ಆದ್ ಮೂಲು ಬೊಂಡ ಗಳಸೆರೆ ಬಂಗ ಆಂಡ್. ಐಕಾದ್ ಇತ್ತೆ ಕೇರಳ, ಆಂದ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶ, ತಮಿಳುನಾಡ್ ದ ಬೊಂಡ ತುಳು ನಾಡ್ ಗ್ ಲಾರಿಡ್ ಬರ್ಪುಂಡು. ಪಿರಿಯ ಆಂಡಲಾ ಪಚ್ಚೆ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಗೆಂದದ ಬೊಂಡದ ಬೇರ ಬಾರಿ ಮಲ್ಲ ಮಟ್ಟೊಡು ನಡಪುಂಡು.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಕೊ

  1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. =Cocos & page = quickSearch Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
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Coconut

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The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos.[1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The name comes from the old Portuguese word coco, meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics.

The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. Dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – frying in particular – as well as in soaps and cosmetics. Sweet coconut sap can be made into drinks or fermented into palm wine or coconut vinegar. The hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration.

The coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the Western Pacific Austronesian cultures where it features in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions.[3][4] It has also acquired religious significance in South Asian cultures, where it is used in Hindu rituals. It forms the basis of wedding and worship rituals in Hinduism. It also plays a central role in the Coconut Religion of Vietnam. The falling of their mature fruit has led to preoccupation with death by coconut.[3][5]

Coconuts were first domesticated by the Austronesian peoples in Island Southeast Asia and were spread during the Neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as the Pacific Islands, and as far west as Madagascar and the Comoros. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian outrigger boats. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans by South Asian, Arab, and European sailors. Based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into Pacific coconuts and Indo-Atlantic coconuts, respectively. Coconuts were introduced by Europeans to the Americas during the colonial era in the Columbian exchange, but there is evidence of a possible pre-Columbian introduction of Pacific coconuts to Panama by Austronesian sailors. The evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in Asia, South America, or on Pacific islands.

Trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant to cold and prefer copious precipitation and full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines and India.

Description

Coconut leaves

Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth.[6] On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30.[7][8][9] Given proper care and growing conditions, coconut palms produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to reach peak production.[10]

True-to-type dwarf varieties of Pacific coconuts have been cultivated by the Austronesian peoples since ancient times. These varieties were selected for slower growth, sweeter coconut water, and often brightly-colored fruits.[11] Many modern different varieties are also grown, including the Maypan coconut, King coconut, and Macapuno. These vary by the taste of the coconut water and color of the fruit, as well as other genetic factors.[12]

Fruit

Cross-section of the niu kafa form of the fruits of wild and Indo-Atlantic coconuts
Cross-section of the niu vai form of the fruits of domesticated Pacific coconuts

Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe, not a true nut.[13] Like other fruits, it has three layers: the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The exocarp is the glossy outer skin, usually yellow-green to yellow-brown in color. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. Both the exocarp and the mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconut, while the endocarp makes up the hard coconut "shell". The endocarp is around 4 millimetres (18 inch) thick and has three distinctive germination pores (micropyles) on the distal end. Two of the pores are plugged (the "eyes"), while one is functional.[14][15]

Coconut palm heavy with fruit

The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2 mm (164 in) thick. The endocarp is initially filled with a multinucleate liquid endosperm (the coconut water). As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the endocarp up to 11 mm (38 in) thick, starting at the distal end. They eventually form the edible solid endosperm (the "coconut meat" or "coconut flesh") which hardens over time. The small cylindrical embryo is embedded in the solid endosperm directly below the functional pore of the endosperm. During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a haustorium (the coconut sprout) inside the central cavity. The haustorium absorbs the solid endosperm to nourish the seedling.[14][16][17]

Coconut fruits have two distinctive forms depending on domestication. Wild coconuts feature an elongated triangular fruit with a thicker husk and a smaller amount of endosperm. These allow the fruits to be more buoyant and makes it easier for them to lodge into sandy shorelines, making their shape ideal for ocean dispersal.[18][19][20] Domesticated Pacific coconuts, on the other hand, are rounded in shape with a thinner husk and a larger amount of endosperm. Domesticated coconuts also have more amounts of coconut water.[18][19][20] These two forms are referred to by the Samoan terms niu kafa for the elongated wild coconuts, and niu vai for the rounded domesticated Pacific coconuts.[18][19][20]

A full-sized coconut fruit weighs about 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds 1 ounce). Coconuts sold domestically in coconut-producing countries are typically not de-husked. Especially immature coconuts (6 to 8 months from flowering) are sold for coconut water and softer jelly-like coconut meat (known as "green coconuts", "young coconuts", or "water coconuts"), where the original coloration of the fruit is more aesthetically pleasing.[21][22]

Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. This results in the naked coconut "shell" with three pores more familiar in countries where coconuts are not grown locally. De-husked coconuts typically weigh around 750 to 850 grams (1 lb 10 oz to 1 lb 14 oz). De-husked coconuts are also easier for consumers to open, but have a shorter postharvest storage life of around two to three weeks at temperatures of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F) or up to 2 months at 0 to 1.5 °C (32.0 to 34.7 °F). In comparison, mature coconuts with the husk intact can be stored for three to five months at normal room temperature .[21][22]

Roots

Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a taproot nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root system.[23] The root system consists of an abundance of thin roots that grow outward from the plant near the surface. Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. 2,000–4,000 adventitious roots may grow, each about 1 cm (12 in) large. Decayed roots are replaced regularly as the tree grows new ones.[24]

Inflorescence

Coconut inflorescence unfurling

The palm produces both the female and male flowers on the same inflorescence; thus, the palm is monoecious.[23] However, there is some evidence that it may be polygamomonoecious and may occasionally have bisexual flowers.[25] The female flower is much larger than the male flower. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although most dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.[20]

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Small blackened fossil
Fossil "Cocos" zeylanica from the Miocene of New Zealand, approximately the size of a strawberry at 3.5 cm (1+12 in) long

The evolutionary history and fossil distribution of Cocos nucifera and other members of the tribe Cocoseae is more ambiguous than modern-day dispersal and distribution, with its ultimate origin and pre-human dispersal still unclear. There are currently two major viewpoints on the origins of the genus Cocos, one in the Indo-Pacific, and another in South America.[26][27] The vast majority of Cocos-like fossils have been recovered generally from only two regions in the world: New Zealand and west-central India. However, like most palm fossils, Cocos-like fossils are still putative, as they are usually difficult to identify.[27] The earliest Cocos-like fossil to be found was "Cocos" zeylanica, a fossil species described from small fruits, around 3.5 cm (1+12 in) × 1.3 to 2.5 cm (12 to 1 in) in size, recovered from the Miocene (~23 to 5.3 million years ago) of New Zealand in 1926. Since then, numerous other fossils of similar fruits were recovered throughout New Zealand from the Eocene, Oligocene, and possibly the Holocene. But research on them is still ongoing to determine which of them (if any) actually belong to the genus Cocos.[27][28] Endt & Hayward (1997) have noted their resemblance to members of the South American genus Parajubaea, rather than Cocos, and propose a South American origin.[27][29][30] Conran et al. (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal.[28] In west-central India, numerous fossils of Cocos-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the Deccan Traps. They include morphotaxa like Palmoxylon sundaran, Palmoxylon insignae, and Palmocarpon cocoides. Cocos-like fossils of fruits include "Cocos" intertrappeansis, "Cocos" pantii, and "Cocos" sahnii. They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern Cocos nucifera. These includes two specimens named "Cocos" palaeonucifera and "Cocos" binoriensis, both were dated by their authors to the MaastrichtianDanian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). C. binoriensis has been claimed by their authors to be the earliest known fossil of Cocos nucifera.[26][27][31]

Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported Cocos-like fossils, namely Australia and Colombia. In Australia, a Cocos-like fossil fruit, measuring 10 cm × 9.5 cm (3+78 in × 3+34 in), were recovered from the Chinchilla Sand Formation dated to the latest Pliocene or basal Pleistocene. Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern Cocos nucifera based on its size.[26][27] In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation. The fruit however was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro et al. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit.[32]

Further complicating measures to determine the evolutionary history of Cocos is the genetic diversity present within C. nucifera as well as its relatedness to other palms. Phylogenetic evidence supports the closest relatives of Cocos being either Syagrus or Attalea, both of which are found in South America. However, Cocos is not thought to be indigenous to South America, and the highest genetic diversity is present in Asian Cocos, indicating that at least the modern species Cocos nucifera is native to there. In addition, fossils of potential Cocos ancestors have been recovered from both Colombia and India. In order to resolve this enigma, a 2014 study proposed that the ancestors of Cocos had likely originated on the Caribbean coast of what is now Colombia, and during the Eocene the ancestral Cocos performed a long-distance dispersal across the Atlantic Ocean to North Africa. From here, island-hopping via coral atolls lining the Tethys Sea, potentially boosted by the ocean currents at the time, would have proved crucial to dispersal, eventually allowing ancestral coconuts to reach India. The study contended that an adaptation to coral atolls would explain the prehistoric and modern distributions of Cocos, would have provided the necessary evolutionary pressures, and would account for morphological factors such as a thick husk to protect against ocean degradation and provide a moist medium in which to germinate on sparse atolls.[33]

Etymology

Coconut on table
De-husked coconut fruit showing the characteristic three pores resembling a face

The name coconut is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese word coco, meaning 'head' or 'skull' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.[34][35][36][37] Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by Portuguese and Spanish explorers with Pacific Islanders, with the coconut shell reminding them of a ghost or witch in Portuguese folklore called coco (also côca).[37][38] In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it جوز هندي jawz hindī, translating to 'Indian nut'.[39] Thenga, its Tamil/Malayalam name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus.[40]

Carl Linnaeus first wanted to name the coconut genus Coccus from latinizing the Portuguese word coco, because he saw works of other botanists in middle of the 17th century use the name as well. He consulted the catalogue Herbarium Amboinense by Georg Eberhard Rumphius where Rumphius said that coccus was a homonym of coccum and coccus from Greek κόκκος kokkos meaning "grain"[41] or "berry", but Romans identified coccus with "kermes insects"; Rumphius preferred the word cocus as a replacement. However, the word cocus could also mean "cook" like coquus in Latin,[42] so Linnaeus chose Cocos directly from the Portuguese word coco instead.[43]

The specific name nucifera is derived from the Latin words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'.[44]

Distribution and habitat

Coconuts have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution due to human cultivation and dispersal. However their original distribution was in the Central Indo-Pacific, in the regions of Maritime Southeast Asia and Melanesia.[45]

Origin

Map of the Pacific and Indian oceans
Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific[46][47]

Modern genetic studies have identified the center of origin of coconuts as being the Central Indo-Pacific, the region between western Southeast Asia and Melanesia, where it shows greatest genetic diversity.[45][24][48][49] Their cultivation and spread was closely tied to the early migrations of the Austronesian peoples who carried coconuts as canoe plants to islands they settled.[48][49][50][51] The similarities of the local names in the Austronesian region is also cited as evidence that the plant originated in the region. For example, the Polynesian and Melanesian term niu; Tagalog and Chamorro term niyog; and the Malay word nyiur or nyior.[52][53] Other evidence for a Central Indo-Pacific origin is the native range of the coconut crab; and the higher amounts of C. nucifera-specific insect pests in the region (90%) in comparison to the Americas (20%), and Africa (4%).[4]

Geographical distributions of Indo-Atlantic and Pacific coconut subpopulations and their genetic composition (Gunn et al., 2011)[49]
Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the Indian subcontinent and Island Southeast Asia[49][20][51]

A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from Island Southeast Asia (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the Indian subcontinent (the Indo-Atlantic group). The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. The distribution of the Pacific coconuts correspond to the regions settled by Austronesian voyagers indicating that its spread was largely the result of human introductions. It is most strikingly displayed in Madagascar, an island settled by Austronesian sailors at around 2000 to 1500 BP. The coconut populations in the island show genetic admixture between the two subpopulations indicating that Pacific coconuts were brought by the Austronesian settlers that later interbred with the local Indo-Atlantic coconuts.[49][50]

Boat on ocean
A wa'a kaulua (double-hulled canoe) from Hawai'i. Catamarans were one of the early technological innovations of Austronesian peoples that allowed them to colonize the islands of the Indo-Pacific and introduce coconuts and other canoe plants along their migration routes.[54][55][56]

Genetic studies of coconuts have also confirmed pre-Columbian populations of coconuts in Panama in South America. However, it is not native and displays a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect. A study in 2008 showed that the coconuts in the Americas are genetically closest related to coconuts in the Philippines, and not to any other nearby coconut populations (including Polynesia). Such an origin indicates that the coconuts were not introduced naturally, such as by sea currents. The researchers concluded that it was brought by early Austronesian sailors to the Americas from at least 2,250 BP, and may be proof of pre-Columbian contact between Austronesian cultures and South American cultures. It is further strengthened by other similar botanical evidence of contact, like the pre-colonial presence of sweet potato in Oceanian cultures.[48][51][57] During the colonial era, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to Mexico from the Spanish East Indies via the Manila galleons.[49]

In contrast to the Pacific coconuts, Indo-Atlantic coconuts were largely spread by Arab and Persian traders into the East African coast. Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also introduced into the Atlantic Ocean by Portuguese ships from their colonies in coastal India and Sri Lanka; first being introduced to coastal West Africa, then onwards into the Caribbean and the east coast of Brazil. All of these introductions are within the last few centuries, relatively recent in comparison to the spread of Pacific coconuts.[49]

Natural habitat

The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (1,500–2,500 mm [59–98 in] annually), which makes colonizing shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward.[58] Coconuts also need high humidity (at least 70–80%) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity. However, they can be found in humid areas with low annual precipitation such as in Karachi, Pakistan, which receives only about 250 mm (9+34 in) of rainfall per year, but is consistently warm and humid.

Coconut palms require warm conditions for successful growth, and are intolerant of cold weather. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37 °C (82 and 99 °F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12 °C (39–54 °F); they will survive brief drops to 0 °C (32 °F). Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known to recover from temperatures of −4 °C (25 °F).[58] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda.

The conditions required for coconut trees to grow without any care are:

  • Mean daily temperature above 12–13 °C (54–55 °F) every day of the year
  • Mean annual rainfall above 1,000 mm (39 in)
  • No or very little overhead canopy, since even small trees require direct sun

The main limiting factor for most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature requirements is canopy growth, except those locations near coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of most other trees.

Domestication

Wild coconuts are naturally restricted to coastal areas in sandy, saline soils. The fruit is adapted for ocean dispersal. Coconuts could not reach inland locations without human intervention (to carry seednuts, plant seedlings, etc.) and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important.[59]

Coconuts today can be grouped into two highly genetically distinct subpopulations: the Indo-Atlantic group originating from southern India and nearby regions (including Sri Lanka, the Laccadives, and the Maldives); and the Pacific group originating from the region between maritime Southeast Asia and Melanesia. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence all point to the early domestication of Pacific coconuts by the Austronesian peoples in maritime Southeast Asia during the Austronesian expansion (c. 3000 to 1500 BCE). Although archaeological remains dating back to 1000 to 500 BCE also suggest that the Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also later independently cultivated by the Dravidian peoples, only Pacific coconuts show clear signs of domestication traits like dwarf habits, self-pollination, and rounded fruits. Indo-Atlantic coconuts, in contrast, all have the ancestral traits of tall habits and elongated triangular fruits.[49][4][48][60]

Indo-Atlantic coconut from eastern India with the elongated triangular niu kafa-type fruits
Domesticated Pacific coconut from the Philippines with bright yellow rounded niu vai-type fruits and a slow-growing dwarf habit

The coconut played a critical role in the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. They provided a portable source of both food and water, allowing Austronesians to survive long sea voyages to colonize new islands as well as establish long-range trade routes. Based on linguistic evidence, the absence of words for coconut in the Taiwanese Austronesian languages makes it likely that the Austronesian coconut culture developed only after Austronesians started colonizing the Philippines. The importance of the coconut in Austronesian cultures is evidenced by shared terminology of even very specific parts and uses of coconuts, which were carried outwards from the Philippines during the Austronesian migrations.[49][4] Indo-Atlantic type coconuts were also later spread by Arab and South Asian traders along the Indian Ocean basin, resulting in limited admixture with Pacific coconuts introduced earlier to Madagascar and the Comoros via the ancient Austronesian maritime trade network.[49]

Coconuts can be broadly divided into two fruit types – the ancestral niu kafa form with a thick-husked, angular fruit, and the niu vai form with a thin-husked, spherical fruit with a higher proportion of endosperm. The terms are derived from the Samoan language and was adopted into scientific usage by Harries (1978).[49][18][61]

The niu kafa form is the wild ancestral type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. It is the dominant form in the Indo-Atlantic coconuts.[18][49] However, they may have also been partially selected for thicker husks for coir production, which was also important in Austronesian material culture as a source for cordage in building houses and boats.[4]

A coconut plantation in Efate, Vanuatu

The niu vai form is the domesticated form dominant in the Pacific coconuts. They were selected for by the Austronesian peoples for their larger endosperm-to-husk ratio as well as higher coconut water content, making them more useful as food and water reserves for sea voyages. The decreased buoyancy and increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not matter for a species that had started to be dispersed by humans and grown in plantations.[18][19] Niu vai endocarp fragments have been recovered in archaeological sites in the St. Matthias Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. The fragments are dated to approximately 1000 BCE, suggesting that cultivation and artificial selection of coconuts were already practiced by the Austronesian Lapita people.[4]

Coconuts can also be broadly divided into two general types based on habit: the "Tall" (var. typica) and "Dwarf" (var. nana) varieties.[62] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting.[61][63] The tall variety is outcrossing while dwarf palms are self-pollinating, which has led to a much greater degree of genetic diversity within the tall group.[64]

The dwarf coconut cultivars are fully domesticated, in contrast to tall cultivars which display greater diversity in terms of domestication (and lack thereof).[65][64] The fact that all dwarf coconuts share three genetic markers out of thirteen (which are only present in low frequencies in tall cultivars) makes it likely that they all originate from a single domesticated population. Philippine and Malayan dwarf coconuts diverged early into two distinct types. They usually remain genetically isolated when introduced to new regions, making it possible to trace their origins. Numerous other dwarf cultivars also developed as the initial dwarf cultivar was introduced to other regions and hybridized with various tall cultivars. The origin of dwarf varieties is Southeast Asia, which contain the tall cultivars that are genetically closest to dwarf coconuts.[49][11][65][64]

Another ancestral variety is the niu leka of Polynesia (sometimes called the "Compact Dwarfs"). Although it shares similar characteristics to dwarf coconuts (including slow growth), it is genetically distinct and is thus believed to be independently domesticated, likely in Tonga. Other cultivars of niu leka may also exist in other islands of the Pacific, and some are probably descendants of advanced crosses between Compact Dwarfs and Southeast Asian Dwarf types.[11][65]

Dispersal

Coconut trees on a beach in Upolu, Samoa

Coconut fruit in the wild are light, buoyant, and highly water resistant. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents.[66] However, it can also be argued that the placement of the vulnerable eye of the nut (down when floating), and the site of the coir cushion are better positioned to ensure that the water-filled nut does not fracture when dropping on rocky ground, rather than for flotation.

It is also often stated that coconuts can travel 110 days, or 5,000 km (3,000 mi), by sea and still be able to germinate.[67] This figure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size that forms the basis of the paper that makes this claim.[57] Thor Heyerdahl provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki:[68]

The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained edible and capable of germinating the whole way to Polynesia. But we had laid about half among the special provisions below deck, with the waves washing around them. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water. And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a balsa raft moves with the wind behind it.

He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more.[57]

Drift models based on wind and ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted across the Pacific unaided.[57] If they were naturally distributed and had been in the Pacific for a thousand years or so, then we would expect the eastern shore of Australia, with its own islands sheltered by the Great Barrier Reef, to have been thick with coconut palms: the currents were directly into, and down along this coast. However, both James Cook and William Bligh[69] (put adrift after the Bounty mutiny) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000 km (1,200 mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. Nor were there coconuts on the east side of the African coast until Vasco da Gama, nor in the Caribbean when first visited by Christopher Columbus. They were commonly carried by Spanish ships as a source of fresh water.

Sapling on a black sand beach
Coconut germinating on Punaluʻu Beach on the island of Hawaiʻi

These provide substantial circumstantial evidence that deliberate Austronesian voyagers were involved in carrying coconuts across the Pacific Ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (C. nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations.[70]

Given that coconuts are ideally suited for inter-island group ocean dispersal, obviously some natural distribution did take place. However, the locations of the admixture events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa, and exclude the Seychelles. This pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, a genetically distinct subpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut from the Philippines. This, together with their use of the South American sweet potato, suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas.[70] In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers (also Austronesians) from their homelands in the southern islands of Polynesia.[39]

Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway (but it is not known where they entered the water).[71] They have been found in the Caribbean and the Atlantic coasts of Africa and South America for less than 500 years (the Caribbean native inhabitants do not have a dialect term for them, but use the Portuguese name), but evidence of their presence on the Pacific coast of South America antedates Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[45] They are now almost ubiquitous between 26° N and 26° S except for the interiors of Africa and South America.

The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. Over the course of evolutionary time-scales the shifting atolls would have shortened the paths of colonization, meaning that any one coconut would not have to travel very far to find new land.[33]

Ecology

The Pacific flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) feeding on nectar and pollen from coconut flowers in Fiji

Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease, lethal yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, the 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease.[72] Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India, Mexico, the Caribbean and the Pacific Region.[73]

The coconut palm is damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species which feed on it, including the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) and Batrachedra spp.: B. arenosella, B. atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), B. mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), and B. nuciferae.[74]

Brontispa longissima (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young leaves, and damages both seedlings and mature coconut palms. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26 provinces to stop the spread of the pest and protect the Philippine coconut industry managed by some 3.5 million farmers.[75]

The fruit may also be damaged by eriophyid coconut mites (Eriophyes guerreronis). This mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating; it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The immature seeds are infested and desapped by larvae staying in the portion covered by the perianth of the immature seed; the seeds then drop off or survive deformed. Spraying with wettable sulfur 0.4% or with Neem-based pesticides can give some relief, but is cumbersome and labor-intensive.

In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites.

Production and cultivation

In 2020, world production of coconuts was 62 million tonnes, led by Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, with 75% combined of the total (table).[76]

Cultivation

Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. They need year round warmth and moisture to grow well and fruit. Coconut palms are hard to establish in dry climates, and cannot grow there without frequent irrigation; in drought conditions, the new leaves do not open well, and older leaves may become desiccated; fruit also tends to be shed.[58]

The extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as mangroves; an example of such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán.[77]

Cultivars

Coconut has a number of commercial and traditional cultivars. They can be sorted mainly into tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between talls and dwarfs). Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. Some cultivars are more drought resistant such as 'West coast tall' (India) while others such as 'Hainan Tall' (China) are more cold tolerant. Other aspects such as seed size, shape and weight, and copra thickness are also important factors in the selection of new cultivars. Some cultivars such as 'Fiji dwarf' form a large bulb at the lower stem and others are cultivated to produce very sweet coconut water with orange-colored husks (king coconut) used entirely in fruit stalls for drinking (Sri Lanka, India).

Harvesting

Tree with notches cut in it
Left: Harvesting coconuts in the Philippines is done by workers who climb the trees using notches cut into the trunk;
Center: Worker harvesting coconuts in Veracruz, Mexico using ropes and pulleys;
Right: Coconut workers in the Maldives using a loop of cloth around the ankles

The two most common harvesting methods are the climbing method and the pole method. Climbing is the most widespread, but it is also more dangerous and requires skilled workers.[78] Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. Climbers employed in coconut plantations often develop musculoskeletal disorders and risk severe injury or death from falling.[79][80][81]

Worker in the Philippines using a bamboo bridge network to collect sweet coconut sap from cut flower stalks for the production of lambanog, a distilled alcoholic drink

To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and Guam traditionally use bolos tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. This basically turns the trunk of the tree into a ladder, though it reduces the value of coconut timber recovered from the trees and can be an entry point for infection.[82][78][83] Other manual methods to make climbing easier include using a system of pulleys and ropes; using pieces of vine, rope, or cloth tied to both hands or feet; using spikes attached to the feet or legs; or attaching coconut husks to the trunk with ropes.[84] Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders.[85] Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia.[86][87][88][84]

The pole method uses a long pole with a cutting device at the end. In the Philippines, the traditional tool is known as the halabas and is made from a long bamboo pole with a sickle-like blade mounted at the tip. Though safer and faster than the climbing method, its main disadvantage is that it does not allow workers to examine and clean the crown of coconuts for pests and diseases.[89]

Determining whether to harvest is also important. Gatchalian et al 1994 developed a sonometry technique for precisely determining the stage of ripeness of young coconuts.[90]

A system of bamboo bridges and ladders directly connecting the tree canopies are also utilized in the Philippines for coconut plantations that harvest coconut sap (not fruits) for coconut vinegar and palm wine production.[91][85] In other areas, like in Papua New Guinea, coconuts are simply collected when they fall to the ground.[78]

A more controversial method employed by a small number of coconut farmers in Thailand and Malaysia use trained pig-tailed macaques to harvest coconuts. Thailand has been raising and training pig-tailed macaques to pick coconuts for around 400 years.[92][93][94] Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist both in southern Thailand and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan.[95]

The practice of using macaques to harvest coconuts was exposed in Thailand by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 2019, resulting in calls for boycotts on coconut products. PETA later clarified that the use of macaques is not practiced in the Philippines, India, Brazil, Colombia, Hawaii, and other major coconut-producing regions.[85]

Substitutes for cooler climates

In cooler climates (but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in landscaping. Its fruits are similar to the coconut, but smaller. The queen palm was originally classified in the genus Cocos along with the coconut, but was later reclassified in Syagrus. A recently discovered palm, Beccariophoenix alfredii from Madagascar, is nearly identical to the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) and need a daily temperature above 22 °C (72 °F) to produce fruit.

Production by country

Indonesia

Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconuts, with gross production of 15 million tonnes.[96] A sprouting coconut seed is the logo for Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia, the Indonesian scouting organization.[97]

Philippines

Red nata de coco in syrup from the Philippines

The Philippines is the world's second-largest producer of coconuts. It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as typhoon devastation. Indonesia overtook it in 2010. It is still the largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 64% of the global production. The production of coconuts plays an important role in the economy, with 25% of cultivated land (around 3.56 million hectares) used for coconut plantations and approximately 25 to 33% of the population reliant on coconuts for their livelihood.[98][99][100]

Two important coconut products were first developed in the Philippines, macapuno and nata de coco. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. Its meat is sweetened, cut into strands, and sold in glass jars as coconut strings, sometimes labeled as "coconut sport". Nata de coco, also called coconut gel, is another jelly-like coconut product made from fermented coconut water.[101][102]

India

Many stacked coconuts, with man
Coconuts being sold on a street in India

Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and, Gujarat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. As per 2014–15 statistics from Coconut Development Board of Government of India, four southern states combined account for almost 90% of the total production in the country: Tamil Nadu (33.8%), Karnataka (25.2%), Kerala (24.0%), and Andhra Pradesh (7.2%).[103] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Though Kerala has the largest number of coconut trees, in terms of production per hectare, Tamil Nadu leads all other states. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list.[104] The coconut tree is the official state tree of Kerala, India.

In Goa, the coconut tree has been reclassified by the government as a palm (rather than a tree), enabling farmers and developers to clear land with fewer restrictions and without needing permission from the forest department before cutting a coconut tree.[105][106]

Middle East

The main coconut-producing area in the Middle East is the Dhofar region of Oman, but they can be grown all along the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea coasts, because these seas are tropical and provide enough humidity (through seawater evaporation) for coconut trees to grow. The young coconut plants need to be nursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough (stem bulb development) to be irrigated with brackish water or seawater alone, after which they can be replanted on the beaches. In particular, the area around Salalah maintains large coconut plantations similar to those found across the Arabian Sea in Kerala. The reasons why coconut are cultivated only in Yemen's Al Mahrah and Hadramaut governorates and in the Sultanate of Oman, but not in other suitable areas in the Arabian Peninsula, may originate from the fact that Oman and Hadramaut had long dhow trade relations with Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Africa, and Zanzibar, as well as southern India and China. Omani people needed the coir rope from the coconut fiber to stitch together their traditional seagoing dhow vessels in which nails were never used. The know-how of coconut cultivation and necessary soil fixation and irrigation may have found its way into Omani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra culture by people who returned from those overseas areas.

Trees along a road
Coconut trees line the beaches and corniches of Oman

The ancient coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medieval Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta in his writings, known as Al Rihla.[107] The annual rainy season known locally as khareef or monsoon makes coconut cultivation easy on the Arabian east coast.

Coconut trees also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the coasts of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia with the help of irrigation. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils.[108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. It is spread by host insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Therefore, heavy turf grass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees. Traditionally, dessert banana plants and local wild beach flora such as Scaevola taccada and Ipomoea pes-caprae were used as humidity-supplying green undergrowth for coconut trees, mixed with sea almond and sea hibiscus. Due to growing sedentary lifestyles and heavy-handed landscaping, a decline in these traditional farming and soil-fixing techniques has occurred.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is the world's fourth-largest producer of coconuts and is the second-largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 15% of the global production.[109] The production of coconuts is the main source of Sri Lanka economy, with 12% of cultivated land and 409,244 hectares used for coconut growing (2017). Sri Lanka established its Coconut Development Authority and Coconut Cultivation Board and Coconut Research Institute in the early British Ceylon period.[109]

United States

In the United States, coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation in Hawaii, southern and central Florida,[110] and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Coconut palms are also periodically successful in the Lower Rio Grande Valley region of southern Texas and in other microclimates in the southwest.

In Florida, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from Key West to Jupiter Inlet, and up the West Coast from Marco Island to Sarasota. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts that have drifted or been deposited by ocean currents. Coconut palms are cultivated north of south Florida to roughly Cocoa Beach on the East Coast and Clearwater on the West Coast.

Australia

Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. However they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. Australian cities put much effort into de-fruiting decorative coconut trees to ensure that the mature coconuts do not fall and injure people.[111]

Allergens

Food

Coconut oil is increasingly used in the food industry.[112] Proteins from coconut may cause food allergy, including anaphylaxis.[112]

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration declared that coconut must be disclosed as an ingredient on package labels as a "tree nut" with potential allergenicity.[113]

Topical

Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a surfactant manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in personal hygiene products and cosmetics, such as shampoos, liquid soaps, cleansers and antiseptics, among others.[114] CAPB may cause mild skin irritation,[114] but allergic reactions to CAPB are rare[115] and probably related to impurities rendered during the manufacturing process (which include amidoamine and dimethylaminopropylamine) rather than CAPB itself.[114]

Uses

Stack of green coconuts on cart
Immature green coconuts sold in Bangladesh for coconut water and their soft jelly-like flesh

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. Coconuts' versatility is sometimes noted in its naming. In Sanskrit, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the necessities of life"). In the Malay language, it is pokok seribu guna ("the tree of a thousand uses"). In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "tree of life".[116]

It is one of the most useful trees in the world.[16]

Culinary

Nutrition

A 100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of raw coconut flesh supplies 1,480 kilojoules (354 kilocalories) of food energy and a high amount of total fat (33 grams), especially saturated fat (89% of total fat), along with a moderate quantity of carbohydrates (15 g), and protein (3 g). Micronutrients in significant content (more than 10% of the Daily Value) include the dietary minerals, manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc (table). The various parts of the coconut have a number of culinary uses.

Coconut meat

The edible white, fleshy part of the seed (the endosperm) is known as the "coconut meat", "coconut flesh", or "coconut kernel."[117] In the coconut industry, coconut meat can be classified loosely into three different types depending on maturity – namely "Malauhog", "Malakanin" and "Malakatad". The terminology is derived from the Tagalog language. Malauhog (literally "mucus-like") refers to very young coconut meat (around 6 to 7 months old) which has a translucent appearance and a gooey texture that disintegrates easily. Malakanin (literally "cooked rice-like") refers to young coconut meat (around 7–8 months old) which has a more opaque white appearance, a soft texture similar to cooked rice, and can still be easily scraped off the coconut shell. Malakatad (literally "leather-like") refers to fully mature coconut meat (around 8 to 9 months old) with an opaque white appearance, a tough rubbery to leathery texture, and is difficult to separate from the shell.[118][119]

Soft immature coconut meat usually is eaten as is

Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. Based on color and size, younger coconuts tend to be smaller and have brighter colors, while more mature coconuts have browner colors and are larger.[120] They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. Malauhog has a "solid" sound when tapped, while Malakanin and Malakatad produce a "hollow" sound.[118][119] Another method is to shake the coconut. Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not.[121][122]

Both Malauhog and Malakanin coconut meat of immature fruits can be eaten as is or used in salads, drinks, desserts, and pastries such as buko pie and es kelapa muda. Because of their soft textures, they are unsuitable for grating. Mature Malakatad coconut meat has a tough texture and thus are processed before consumption or made into copra. Freshly shredded mature coconut meat, known as "grated coconut", "shredded coconut", or "coconut flakes", is used in the extraction of coconut milk. They are also used as a garnish for various dishes, as in klepon and puto bumbong. They can also be cooked in sugar and eaten as a dessert in the Philippines known as bukayo.[117][123][124][125][126]

Grated coconut that is dehydrated by drying or baking is known as "desiccated coconut." It contains less than 3% of the original moisture content of coconut meat. It is predominantly used in the bakery and confectionary industries (especially in non-coconut-producing countries) because of its longer shelf life compared to freshly grated coconut.[127][128][129] Desiccated coconut are used in confections and desserts such as macaroons. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. Some dried coconut is purely coconut, but others are manufactured with other ingredients, such as sugar, propylene glycol, salt, and sodium metabisulfite.

Coconut meat can also be cut into larger pieces or strips, dried, and salted to make "coconut chips" or "coco chips".[125] These can be toasted or baked to make bacon-like fixings.[130]

Macapuno

A special cultivar of coconut known as macapuno produces a large amount of jelly-like coconut meat. Its meat fills the entire interior of the coconut shell, rather than just the inner surfaces. It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in Philippine cuisine for desserts, drinks, and pastries. It is also popular in Indonesia (where it is known as kopyor) for making beverages.[102]

Coconut milk

Bowl of white liquid
Coconut milk, a widely used ingredient in the cuisines of regions where coconuts are native

Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. It is used for cooking various dishes. Coconut milk contains 5% to 20% fat, while coconut cream contains around 20% to 50% fat.[131][86] Most of the fat is saturated (89%), with lauric acid being the major fatty acid.[132] Coconut milk can be diluted to create coconut milk beverages. These have much lower fat content and are suitable as milk substitutes.[131][86]

Coconut milk powder, a protein-rich powder can be processed from coconut milk following centrifugation, separation, and spray drying.[133]

Coconut milk and coconut cream extracted from grated coconut is frequently added to various dessert and savory dishes, as well as in curries and stews.[134][135] It can also be diluted into a beverage. Various other products made from thickened coconut milk with sugar and/or eggs like coconut jam and coconut custard are also widespread in Southeast Asia.[136][137] In the Philippines, sweetened reduced coconut milk is marketed as coconut syrup and is used for various desserts.[138] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[134][139]

Coconut water

Coconut water serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during its nuclear phase of development. Later, the endosperm matures and deposits onto the coconut rind during the cellular phase.[13] It is consumed throughout the humid tropics, and has been introduced into the retail market as a processed sports drink. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar.

Per 100-gram serving, coconut water contains 19 calories and no significant content of essential nutrients.

Coconut water can be drunk fresh or used in cooking as in binakol.[140][141] It can also be fermented to produce a jelly-like dessert known as nata de coco.[101]

Coconut flour

Coconut flour has also been developed for use in baking, to combat malnutrition.[134]

Sprouted coconut

Newly germinated coconuts contain a spherical edible mass known as the sprouted coconut or coconut sprout. It has a crunchy watery texture and a slightly sweet taste. It is eaten as is or used as an ingredient in various dishes. It is produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. It is a haustorium, a spongy absorbent tissue formed from the distal portion of embryo during coconut germination, facilitates absorption of nutrients for the growing shoot and root.[142]

Heart of palm

Ubod (coconut heart of palm) from the Philippines

Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. They are considered a rare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad".

Toddy and sap

Bahalina, a traditional coconut wine (tubâ) from the Philippines fermented from coconut sap and mangrove bark extracts

The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is drunk as toddy, also known as tubâ in the Philippines (both fermented and fresh), tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia), karewe (fresh and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner) in Kiribati, and neera in South Asia. When left to ferment on its own, it becomes palm wine. Palm wine is distilled to produce arrack. In the Philippines, this alcoholic drink is called lambanog (historically also called vino de coco in Spanish) or "coconut vodka".[143]

The sap can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the Maldives. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar also referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 litres (79 US gallons) of toddy per year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400 L (110 US gal).[144]

Coconut sap, usually extracted from cut inflorescence stalks is sweet when fresh and can be drunk as is such as in tuba fresca of Mexico (derived from the Philippine tubâ).[145] They can also be processed to extract palm sugar.[146] The sap when fermented can also be made into coconut vinegar or various palm wines (which can be further distilled to make arrack).[147][148]

Coconut vinegar

Coconut vinegar, made from fermented coconut water or sap, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the Philippines, where it is known as sukang tuba), as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka, especially Goan cuisine. A cloudy white liquid, it has a particularly sharp, acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note.[149]

Coconut oil

Coconut oil is commonly used in cooking, especially for frying. It can be used in liquid form as would other vegetable oils, or in solid form similar to butter or lard.

Long-term consumption of coconut oil may have negative health effects similar to those from consuming other sources of saturated fats, including butter, beef fat, and palm oil.[150] Its chronic consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising total blood cholesterol levels through elevated blood levels of LDL cholesterol and lauric acid.[151][152]

Coconut butter

Coconut butter is often used to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as an alternate name for creamed coconut, a specialty product made of coconut milk solids or puréed coconut meat and oil.[117]

Copra

Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconut oil, aside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair oil, and massage oil. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre).

It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one tonne of copra.[153]

Husks and shells

Coconut buttons in Dongjiao Town, Hainan, China
Soup in coconuts
Fish curry being served in coconut shell in Thailand
Two men use industrial machinery
Extracting coir, the fiber from the coconut husk, in Sri Lanka

The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal.[154] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. The coconut's obscure origin in foreign lands led to the notion of using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. The cups were frequently engraved and decorated with precious metals.[155]

The husks can be used as flotation devices. As an abrasive,[156] a dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff floors. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a "coconut brush" in Jamaica. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. A coco chocolatero was a cup used to serve small quantities of beverages (such as chocolate drinks) between the 17th and 19th centuries in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela.

In Asia, coconut shells are also used as bowls and in the manufacture of various handicrafts, including buttons carved from dried shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian aloha shirts. Tempurung, as the shell is called in the Malay language, can be used as a soup bowl and – if fixed with a handle – a ladle. In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by ASEAN–Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre in 1986. Fresh husks contain more tannin than old husks. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth.[157] The shell and husk can be burned for smoke to repel mosquitoes[156] and are used in parts of South India for this purpose.

Half coconut shells are used in theatre Foley sound effects work, struck together to create the sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. Dried half shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese yehu and banhu, along with the Vietnamese đàn gáo and Arabo-Turkic rebab. In the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a music instrument in a folk dance called maglalatik.

The shell, freed from the husk, and heated on warm ashes, exudes an oily material that is used to soothe dental pains in traditional medicine of Cambodia.[158]

In World War II, coastwatcher scout Biuku Gasa was the first of two from the Solomon Islands to reach the shipwrecked and wounded crew of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 commanded by future U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a husked coconut shell, reading “Nauru Isl commander / native knows posit / he can pilot / 11 alive need small boat / Kennedy.”[159] This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the John F. Kennedy Library.[160]

Coir

Coir (the fiber from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, doormats, brushes, and sacks, as caulking for boats, and as stuffing fiber for mattresses.[161] It is used in horticulture in potting compost, especially in orchid mix. The coir is used to make brooms in Cambodia.[158]

Leaves

Triangular pouches made of coconut leaves
Pusô, woven pouches of rice in various designs from the Philippines

The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines (walis tingting). The green of the leaves (lamina) is stripped away, leaving the veins (long, thin, woodlike strips) which are tied together to form a broom or brush. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom.

The leaves also provide material for baskets that can draw well water and for roofing thatch; they can be woven into mats, cooking skewers, and kindling arrows as well. Leaves are also woven into small pouches that are filled with rice and cooked to make pusô and ketupat.[162]

Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as dôô:ng.[158]

Timber

Coconut trunk

Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the trunk, and is increasingly being used as an ecologically sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace.

Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form drums, containers, or small canoes. The "branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a switch. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the Solomon Islands in 2005.[163]

Roots

The roots are used as a dye, a mouthwash, and a folk medicine for diarrhea and dysentery.[7] A frayed piece of root can also be used as a toothbrush. In Cambodia, the roots are used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery.[158]

Other uses

Workman in coconut field
Making a rug from coconut fiber

The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. The dried calyx is used as fuel in wood-fired stoves. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture and micropropagation.[164] The smell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as δ-decalactone in the food and fragrance industries.[165]

Tool and shelter for animals

Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed the octopus species Amphioctopus marginatus use tools, specifically coconut shells, for defense and shelter. The discovery of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008.[166][167][168] Amphioctopus marginatus is the first invertebrate known to be able to use tools.[167][169]

A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small birds. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract tits.

In culture

Group of people with palm fronds
Palaspas, woven palm fronds during Palm Sunday celebrations in the Philippines
Coconut carved to look like a monkey
A "coconut monkey" from Mexico, a common souvenir carved from coconut shells

The coconut was a critical food item for the people of Polynesia, and the Polynesians brought it with them as they spread to new islands.[170]

In the Ilocos region of the northern Philippines, the Ilocano people fill two halved coconut shells with diket (cooked sweet rice), and place liningta nga itlog (halved boiled egg) on top of it. This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead).

A canang, an offering of flowers, rice, and incense in woven coconut leaves from Bali, Indonesia

A coconut (Sanskrit: narikela) is an essential element of rituals in Hindu tradition.[171] Often it is decorated with bright metal foils and other symbols of auspiciousness. It is offered during worship to a Hindu god or goddess. Narali Purnima is celebrated on a full moon day which usually signifies the end of monsoon season in India. The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in Marathi. Fishermen give an offering of coconut to the sea to celebrate the beginning of a new fishing season.[172] Irrespective of their religious affiliations, fishermen of India often offer it to the rivers and seas in the hopes of having bountiful catches. Hindus often initiate the beginning of any new activity by breaking a coconut to ensure the blessings of the gods and successful completion of the activity. The Hindu goddess of well-being and wealth, Lakshmi, is often shown holding a coconut.[173] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. Every day, thousands of coconuts are broken, and some devotees break as many as 108 coconuts at a time as per the prayer. They are also used in Hindu weddings as a symbol of prosperity.[174]

The flowers are used sometimes in wedding ceremonies in Cambodia.[158]

The Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club of New Orleans traditionally throws hand-decorated coconuts, one of the most valuable Mardi Gras souvenirs, to parade revelers. The tradition began in the 1910s, and has continued since. In 1987, a "coconut law" was signed by Governor Edwin Edwards exempting from insurance liability any decorated coconut "handed" from a Zulu float.[175]

The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game coconut shy. The player buys some small balls which are then thrown as hard as possible at coconuts balanced on sticks. The aim is to knock a coconut off the stand and win it.[176]

It was the main food of adherents of the now discontinued Vietnamese religion Đạo Dừa.[177]

Myths and legends

Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree.[178] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree.[179] In the story of Sina and the Eel, the origin of the coconut is related as the beautiful woman Sina burying an eel, which eventually became the first coconut.[180]

According to urban legend, more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks annually.[181]

Historical records

Literary evidence from the Ramayana and Sri Lankan chronicles indicates that the coconut was present in the Indian subcontinent before the 1st century BCE.[182] The earliest direct description is given by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia Christiana written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India".[183] Another early mention of the coconut dates back to the "One Thousand and One Nights" story of Sinbad the Sailor wherein he bought and sold a coconut during his fifth voyage.[184]

In March 1521, a description of the coconut was given by Antonio Pigafetta writing in Italian and using the words "cocho"/"cochi", as recorded in his journal after the first European crossing of the Pacific Ocean during the Magellan circumnavigation and meeting the inhabitants of what would become known as Guam and the Philippines. He explained how at Guam "they eat coconuts" ("mangiano cochi") and that the natives there also "anoint the body and the hair with coconut and beniseed oil" ("ongieno el corpo et li capili co oleo de cocho et de giongioli").[185]

In Song

Da Coconut Nut immortalizes "the coconut is not a nut".

See also

References

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Coconut: Brief Summary

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The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The name comes from the old Portuguese word coco, meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics.

The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. Dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – frying in particular – as well as in soaps and cosmetics. Sweet coconut sap can be made into drinks or fermented into palm wine or coconut vinegar. The hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration.

The coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the Western Pacific Austronesian cultures where it features in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. It has also acquired religious significance in South Asian cultures, where it is used in Hindu rituals. It forms the basis of wedding and worship rituals in Hinduism. It also plays a central role in the Coconut Religion of Vietnam. The falling of their mature fruit has led to preoccupation with death by coconut.

Coconuts were first domesticated by the Austronesian peoples in Island Southeast Asia and were spread during the Neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as the Pacific Islands, and as far west as Madagascar and the Comoros. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian outrigger boats. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans by South Asian, Arab, and European sailors. Based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into Pacific coconuts and Indo-Atlantic coconuts, respectively. Coconuts were introduced by Europeans to the Americas during the colonial era in the Columbian exchange, but there is evidence of a possible pre-Columbian introduction of Pacific coconuts to Panama by Austronesian sailors. The evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in Asia, South America, or on Pacific islands.

Trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant to cold and prefer copious precipitation and full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines and India.

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Kokoso ( Esperanto )

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 src=
Kokosonuksoj aǔ simple kokosoj

Kokoso (scienca nomo Cocos) esta genro en la familio arekacoj[1], el kiu estas nur unu specio de arbo (scienca nomo Cocos nucifera) nomata kokospalmokokosujo, kiu devenas de la bordoj kaj insularoj de Pacifiko. Ĝi estas 20—30 metrojn alta, kun 6—8m longaj folioj kaj kun spadika infloresko. Ĝiaj grandaj fruktoj havas tre malmolan ŝelon. Ankaŭ la fruktoj estas nomataj "kokosoj" aŭ, por precizigi, kokosnuksoj.

La kokosnukso estas botanike drupo, peza ĉirkaŭ 1 kg, diverse utiligata. Ĝi servas por produkti oleon, el kiu oni ricevas per rafinado kokosbuteron. La korpon de la nukso oni utiligas por fari kokosraspaĵon. Oni devas distingi du likvaĵojn de kokoso, kokosakvon kaj kokoslakton. La interna kavo de la nukso enhavas dolĉan, helan sukon, kokosakvon. El la muelita kokoskarno kaj akvo (pulpo) oni faras blankan kaj grasan likvaĵon, kokoslakton.

Referencoj

  1. Vidu en NPIV [1]

Vidu ankaŭ

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Kokoso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO
 src= Kokosonuksoj aǔ simple kokosoj

Kokoso (scienca nomo Cocos) esta genro en la familio arekacoj, el kiu estas nur unu specio de arbo (scienca nomo Cocos nucifera) nomata kokospalmo aŭ kokosujo, kiu devenas de la bordoj kaj insularoj de Pacifiko. Ĝi estas 20—30 metrojn alta, kun 6—8m longaj folioj kaj kun spadika infloresko. Ĝiaj grandaj fruktoj havas tre malmolan ŝelon. Ankaŭ la fruktoj estas nomataj "kokosoj" aŭ, por precizigi, kokosnuksoj.

La kokosnukso estas botanike drupo, peza ĉirkaŭ 1 kg, diverse utiligata. Ĝi servas por produkti oleon, el kiu oni ricevas per rafinado kokosbuteron. La korpon de la nukso oni utiligas por fari kokosraspaĵon. Oni devas distingi du likvaĵojn de kokoso, kokosakvon kaj kokoslakton. La interna kavo de la nukso enhavas dolĉan, helan sukon, kokosakvon. El la muelita kokoskarno kaj akvo (pulpo) oni faras blankan kaj grasan likvaĵon, kokoslakton.

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Cocos nucifera ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cocotero (Cocos nucifera) es una especie de palmera de la familia Arecaceae. Es monotípica, siendo su única especie Cocos nucifera. Este género alguna vez tuvo muchas especies que se fueron independizando de este género, algunas hacia el género Syagrus, taxonómicamente hablando, las especies más próximas son Jubaeopsis caffra de Sudáfrica y Voanioala gerardii de Madagascar.[2]​ Crece unos 30 metros o más y su fruto es el coco.

Es el árbol emblemático del estado Zulia (Venezuela).

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Cocotero germinando en la «Playa de Arena Negra», Hawái.

Ubicación

La planta puede encontrarse en la orilla de playas tropicales arenosas[3]​ del mar Caribe, océano Índico y Pacífico. Cultivada se da en otras zonas de clima caliente. Normalmente pueden crecer desde el ecuador hasta los paralelos 28 de ambos hemisferios, con algunas excepciones como las Islas Bermudas y Madeira en el paralelo 32, o Islas Kermadec, entre los paralelos 29 y 31.

Descripción física

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Tronco de coco

Las hojas de esta planta son de gran tamaño (de hasta 5 metros de largo) y su fruto, el coco, es el más grande que existe [cita requerida]. El cocotero es una sola especie con múltiples variedades, diferenciadas básicamente por el color del fruto (amarillo o verde). Las plantas sólo presentan diferencias en el tallo. El rasgo común y característico de todas ellas es el sabor de fruto, cuyas características son que es agradable, dulce, carnoso y jugoso. Su importancia económica ha hecho que se empiece a cultivar en las playas tropicales, su lugar idóneo.

Las flores del cocotero son poligamomonoecias, con las flores masculinas y femeninas en la misma inflorescencia. El florecimiento ocurre continuamente, con las flores femeninas produciendo las semillas.

Origen

El origen de esta planta es muy incierto, discutiéndose si es originaria de las costas tropicales asiáticas o de las americanas. Sea cual sea su origen, hoy se encuentra distribuido por las costas intertropicales de todo el mundo, y es probable que su extensión se haya debido a la gran resistencia de su semilla, adaptada a ser diseminada a gran distancia por las corrientes marinas. No es inusual encontrar cocos que han llegado así a costas muy alejadas de sus poblaciones y que conservan aún su capacidad de germinar si se les proporcionan las condiciones adecuadas.

Etimología

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Nuez de coco con marcas que se asemejan a un rostro.

El nombre le fue dado por los navegantes portugueses durante el primer viaje de Vasco da Gama a India, quienes trajeron por primera vez el coco a Europa. Según Losada, los marineros le dieron el nombre por la semejanza entre la cara que parece tener la nuez —dos ojos y una boca abierta— y el monstruo côco, coca o cuca en el folclore portugués, y coco, cuco o cucuy en el español.[4][5]​ Aparentemente el nombre «coco» vino de los encuentros en 1521 entre los marineros portugueses y los habitantes de las costas del Índico, porque ningún nombre similar se encuentra en cualquiera de las lenguas de la zona, en donde los portugueses encontraron el fruto; de hecho Barbosa, Barros y García, al mencionar el nombre en las lenguas tamil-malayalam y canarés, se denomina temga y narle, respectivamente. Dicen claramente, «les llamamos a esos frutos quoquos», «nuestra gente les dio el nombre de coco» y «al que nosotros llamamos coco y los de Malabar temga».[cita requerida]

Producción

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Espata de Cocos nucifera, aún sin florecer.
 src=
Recolectando coco. Justo tras el cocotero se aprecia un ejemplar joven.

Necesita para crecer y fructificar temperaturas altas, fotoperíodo estable, suelos ligeros y humedad ambiental alta, condiciones que se dan en las costas de la zona intertropical. Soporta suelos con salinidad elevada, lo que le permite crecer donde otras plantas no pueden, evitando de este modo la competencia interespecífica. No necesita unas precipitaciones medias elevadas, pues crece en zonas donde la pluviosidad es de 750 milímetros anuales. No le afectan los vientos fuertes, que además ayudan a la polinización y fecundación de sus flores. La planta no tolera el frío,[3]​ la altitud ni los suelos compactos, y la baja humedad ambiental limita su crecimiento en algunas áreas cálidas donde aparentemente podría crecer: las costas mediterráneas meridionales, las costas del norte de Chile y el sur de Perú, etc. En cambio sí puede crecer en zonas subtropicales como el norte de Argentina, Hawái, Canarias o el sur de Florida donde la humedad relativa es elevada y las temperaturas no suelen bajar de los 13 °C.[6]

Utilidad

El cocotero se encuentra entre plantas útiles más antiguas y es explotado de múltiples maneras. Su pulpa seca se llama copra y contiene un 60-70% de lípidos; de la copra se obtiene aceite, utilizado en la elaboración de margarina y jabón. La madera del cocotero se utiliza para la construcción. Los habitantes de las Filipinas, Polinesia, Kiribati y las Islas Marshall consumen la savia del cocotero fresca; fermentada, puede conservarse y transformarse en un tipo de bebida alcohólica, conocida como vino de coco.

Las fibras que rodea el fruto del coco se utilizan para hacer cepillos, colchones y cuerdas. En las islas del Caribe, es habitual abrir las nueces de coco verdes con un machete para extraer el agua del fruto y consumirla como bebida refrescante. El agua interior puede permanecer hasta ocho meses en el fruto cerrado y conservar todas sus cualidades.

Propiedades

Es usado como diurético, emoliente, vermífugo, discretamente laxante.

La cáscara quemada se emplea como sahumerio en caso de dolor de muelas. Con la pulpa se hace un jarabe pectoral. La decocción del mesocarpo fibroso, en las zonas de origen, se usa como purgante y antihelmíntico.[7]

Producción

Indonesia es líder mundial en su producción (2007) seguido por Filipinas e India. Pollachi y su hinterland es la región cocotera más importante de India. También allí se hallan importantes industrias conexas: Tender Coconut Water, Copra, Coconut Oil, Coconut Cake, Coconut Toddy, Coconut Shell based Products, Coconut Wood based Products, Coconut Leaves, Coir Pith.

Taxonomía

Cocos nucifera fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en 1753.[8]

Sinonimia

Los siguientes nombres se consideran sinónimos de Cocos nucifera:[9][10]

  • Palma cocos Mill. (1768), nom. illeg.
  • Calappa nucifera (L.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Cocos indica Royle (1840).
  • Cocos nana Griff. (1851).

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Sinónimos en Kew Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2009.
  2. José Antonio del Cañizo (2002). Palmeras. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. ISBN 84-7114-989-3.
  3. a b Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry: Cocos nucifera (pdf file)
  4. Losada, Fernando Díez. (2004). La tribuna del idioma. Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 481. ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2.
  5. Figueiredo, Cândido. (1940). Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa. Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa. (en portugués)
  6. Werth, E. 1933. Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm (in periodical: Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges., vol 51, pp. 301–304) (artículp traducido al inglés por el Dr. Child, R. (Director, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwila))
  7. «Cocos nucifera». Plantas útiles: Linneo. Archivado desde el original el 26 de junio de 2013. Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2013.
  8. «Cocos nucifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2013.
  9. Sinónimos en Kew Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2013.
  10. «Cocos nucifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2013.
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Cocos nucifera: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El cocotero (Cocos nucifera) es una especie de palmera de la familia Arecaceae. Es monotípica, siendo su única especie Cocos nucifera. Este género alguna vez tuvo muchas especies que se fueron independizando de este género, algunas hacia el género Syagrus, taxonómicamente hablando, las especies más próximas son Jubaeopsis caffra de Sudáfrica y Voanioala gerardii de Madagascar.​ Crece unos 30 metros o más y su fruto es el coco.

Es el árbol emblemático del estado Zulia (Venezuela).

 src= Cocotero germinando en la «Playa de Arena Negra», Hawái.
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Kookospalm ( Estonian )

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Disambig gray.svg See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Kookospalm (perekond)
 src=
Elevandiluurannikult pärit kookospähkel

Kookospalm ehk harilik kookospalm (Cocos nucifera) on palmilaadsete sugukonna kookospalmi perekonna ainus liik. Kookospalmi vili (täpsemalt luuvili) on kookospähkel.

Kookospalm arvatakse pärinevat Vaikse ookeani keskosast Polüneesia saartelt. Ta on väga soojanõudlik taim; kui pähkel oma rännakul satub ekvaatorist liiga kaugele, siis võib ta küll kasvama minna, kuid viljad ei valmi. Maailma soojade maade parkides tuntakse kookospalmi ilupuuna.

Kookospalm on kuni 30 meetri kõrgune võimsate sulgjate lehtedega puu. Tüve läbimõõt ulatub 60 sentimeetrini. Ladvas kasvab kuni 40 lehte, umbes kolme aasta vanused lehed langevad maha. Leht on 5 meetri pikkune, ligi 2 meetri laiune ja kaalub 10 kuni 15 kg. Nõnda pole palmi vilus sugugi ohutu maagada, kookospähklid kaaluvad ju ka kuni 8 kg.

Ta ei karda soolast vett ja võib kasvada üsna vee piiril. Kookospalmi nimetatakse tüüpiliseks vee kaudu levitajaks ehk hüdrohooriks[viide?]. Vette kukkunud kookospähkel peab 3 kuni 4 kuu jooksul randuma, sest muidu võib idanema hakanud seeme hukkuda. Kui ookeanis kerkib uus saareke, siis saab selle üheks esimeseks asukaks tõenäoliselt kookospalm.

Kookospalmi õitsemisest kuni vilja valmimiseni kulub 9 kuni 11 kuud. Kookospähklite koristamine ei ole kerge töö: tuleb ronida palmi otsa ja luuviljad alla visata. Ühes kobaras on tavaliselt 8 kuni 10 pähklit. Vahel lüüakse tüvesse sälgud, et jalad ronimisel tuge leiaksid. Tulevikus tahetakse käsitöö osa vähendada, selleks annab võimaluse kookospalmide kääbusvormide kasvatamine, mis hakkavad varem vilja kandma ja mille tüved ei kasva kõrgeks.

Kookospalmi kasutamine

Keegi misjonär on kirjutanud:

„Vaevalt küll leiame kookospalmi küljest osakese, mida Lõunamere saarte elanikud kasutada ei saaks. Kirjeldada kõiki neid hüvesid, millega looja seda puud on õnnistanud, võrduks hümniga, mida me tema auks laulame“ – [1]

Juured

Maas suurte pundardena kavavad narmasjuured koosnevad peenikestest niidikestest, millest saab valmistada tantsuseelikuid.

Tüvi

Palmi tüvest saab palmipuitu, millest saab valmistada mitmesuguseid tarbeesemeid. Arvestama peab aga sellega, et palmi tüvi ei koosne ühesuguse kvaliteediga puidust. Tüve välimistes osades on üsna tihe ja tugev puit, kuid tüve keskosa puidu kvaliteet on tunduvalt halvem.[2]

Lehed

Kookospalmi lehtesid on kasutatud mattide ja onnide katuste tegemisel. Noori lehti süüakse salatina, neid nimetatakse ka palmikapsaks.

Pähkel

Next.svg Pikemalt artiklis Kookospähkel

Kookospähklit peetakse kookospalmi kõige väärtuslikumaks osaks.

Viited

Välislingid

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Kookospalm: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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 src= Elevandiluurannikult pärit kookospähkel

Kookospalm ehk harilik kookospalm (Cocos nucifera) on palmilaadsete sugukonna kookospalmi perekonna ainus liik. Kookospalmi vili (täpsemalt luuvili) on kookospähkel.

Kookospalm arvatakse pärinevat Vaikse ookeani keskosast Polüneesia saartelt. Ta on väga soojanõudlik taim; kui pähkel oma rännakul satub ekvaatorist liiga kaugele, siis võib ta küll kasvama minna, kuid viljad ei valmi. Maailma soojade maade parkides tuntakse kookospalmi ilupuuna.

Kookospalm on kuni 30 meetri kõrgune võimsate sulgjate lehtedega puu. Tüve läbimõõt ulatub 60 sentimeetrini. Ladvas kasvab kuni 40 lehte, umbes kolme aasta vanused lehed langevad maha. Leht on 5 meetri pikkune, ligi 2 meetri laiune ja kaalub 10 kuni 15 kg. Nõnda pole palmi vilus sugugi ohutu maagada, kookospähklid kaaluvad ju ka kuni 8 kg.

Ta ei karda soolast vett ja võib kasvada üsna vee piiril. Kookospalmi nimetatakse tüüpiliseks vee kaudu levitajaks ehk hüdrohooriks[viide?]. Vette kukkunud kookospähkel peab 3 kuni 4 kuu jooksul randuma, sest muidu võib idanema hakanud seeme hukkuda. Kui ookeanis kerkib uus saareke, siis saab selle üheks esimeseks asukaks tõenäoliselt kookospalm.

Kookospalmi õitsemisest kuni vilja valmimiseni kulub 9 kuni 11 kuud. Kookospähklite koristamine ei ole kerge töö: tuleb ronida palmi otsa ja luuviljad alla visata. Ühes kobaras on tavaliselt 8 kuni 10 pähklit. Vahel lüüakse tüvesse sälgud, et jalad ronimisel tuge leiaksid. Tulevikus tahetakse käsitöö osa vähendada, selleks annab võimaluse kookospalmide kääbusvormide kasvatamine, mis hakkavad varem vilja kandma ja mille tüved ei kasva kõrgeks.

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Kokondo ( Basque )

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Kokondoa (Cocos nucifera) palmondo handi bat da, bere zurtoina 30 metro izatera irits daiteke. Haren fruitua kokoa deitzen da. Kopra koko lehorra da.

Landare honen jatorria ez dago argi: Afrikaren hegoaldea edo Amerikaren hegoaldea. Gaur egun klima tropikalaren inguru zabal batean lantzen da Asian, Amerikan, Afrikan eta Ozeanian.

Irudiak

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Kokondo: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Kokondoa (Cocos nucifera) palmondo handi bat da, bere zurtoina 30 metro izatera irits daiteke. Haren fruitua kokoa deitzen da. Kopra koko lehorra da.

Landare honen jatorria ez dago argi: Afrikaren hegoaldea edo Amerikaren hegoaldea. Gaur egun klima tropikalaren inguru zabal batean lantzen da Asian, Amerikan, Afrikan eta Ozeanian.

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Kookospalmu ( Finnish )

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Kookospalmu (Cocos nucifera) on palmukasveihin (Arecaceae) kuuluva kasvi. Se on suvun Cocos ainoa laji. Kookospalmu on suuri, jopa 40 metrin pituiseksi kasvava trooppisten seutujen puu, joka on tunnettu hedelmästäänkookospähkinästä.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Kookospalmun runko on haaraton, ja lehdet lähtevät tähtimäisesti yhdestä pisteestä. Lehdet kasvavat 4–5,5 m pitkiksi. Ensimmäisen vuoden ajan ne ovat lehytlaitaisia, sitten niihin muodostuu lehdyköitä, joista tulee 5 cm leveitä ja jopa 150 cm pitkiä. Yksi lehti viheriöi noin 2,5 vuotta, ja lehvästössä on yhtaikaa 30–35 vihreää lehteä. Täysikasvuisessa palmussa jokaiseen lehtihankaan kehittyy kukinto. Hede- ja emikukkia on samassa kukinnossa. Kukinto on 1–1,5 m pitkä tähkä, jossa on 40–60 kukkavartta, jokaisen juuressa on 1–3 emikukkaa ja niiden yläpuolella satoja hedekukkia.[2] Kookospalmun hedelmä on rakenteellisesti luumarja eikä aito pähkinä. Hedelmässä on kova mutta ohut kuori eli eksokarppi, jonka alla on kuituinen mesokarppi ja kova endokarppi eli luumarjan ”kivi”. Kovan endokarpin sisällä on yksi erittäin suuri siemen, jonka keskellä on nestettä ja reunoilla vaalea siemenvalkuainen eli endospermi.[3]

Kookospalmu on 40-vuotiaana tyypillisesti 20 m korkea, ja 80 vuodessa se voi kasvaa 40 m korkeaksi. Lehvästön halkaisija on 8–9 metriä.[2] .

Levinneisyys

Kookospalmu on kotoisin Kaakkois-Aasian rannikoilta (Malesia, Indonesia, Filippiinit ja Melanesia). Uskotaan, että sen luonnonmuodot ovat levinneet merivirtojen mukana jo esihistoriallisena aikana. Nykyisin sitä viljellään laajasti tropiikissa ja subtropiikissa paiväntasaajan molemmin puolin 23. leveyspiirille asti. Sitä tavataan myös tämän vyöhykkeen ulkopuolella, missä se myös kukkii mutta pähkinät eivät kypsy normaalisti.[2]

Historiaa

Kookospalmu on mainittu intialaisissa dokumenteissa jo ennen ajanlaskumme alkua, mutta länsimaissa se pysyi kuitenkin pitkään tuntemattomana. Marco Polo kuvailee tämän faaraonpähkinäksi nimeämänsä kasvin hedelmäksi, joka on täyteläisen makuinen, makeaa kuin sokeri ja valkoinen kuin maito kohdatessaan sen Jaavalla 1200-luvulla. Vasco da Gama mainitsee kookoksen matkakertomuksessaan vuonna 1497 Mosambikin saarella. Luultavasti arabit toivat kookoksen Afrikan pohjoisosiin jo paljon ennen kuin se kotiutui Eurooppaan.1580 peräisin oleva saksalainen kookospähkinäpikari, jossa tyhjäksi koverrettuun kookospähkinän kuoreen (endokarppiin) on laitettu hopeiset vanteet ympärille sekä koristeellinen hopeinen jalka.[4]

Kookospalmu huonekasvina

Kookospalmu on mielenkiintoinen ja tavallisuudesta poikkeava katseenvangitsija joko yksittäiskasvina tai ryhmän korkeimpana kasvina. Kasvin runko kasvaa suoraan osittain mullan sisällä olevasta kookospähkinästä, ja kaartuvat lehdet nousevat kuituisesta, vaaleanruskeasta tupesta.

Multa pidetään jatkuvasti kosteana, ja kasvia lannoitetaan miedolla, nestemäisellä huonekasvilannoitteella kahden viikon välein keväästä kesään. Kookospalmua voi pitää huonekasvina vain rajallisen ajan, sillä kasvaakseen hyvin se tarvitsee paljon lämpöä ja korkean ilmankosteuden, joita on yleensä vaikea järjestää. Kasvia ei kannata yrittää lisätä kotioloissa.[5]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. ITIS
  2. a b c Edward Chan & Craig R. Elevitch: Cocos nucifera (coconut) (PDF) Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. 2006. Viitattu 17.8.2013.
  3. Lim, Tong Kwee: Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits, s. 303–307. Springer, 2012. ISBN 978-90-481-8661-7. (englanniksi)
  4. Tankard V & A Museum. Viitattu 17.8.2013.
  5. Kookospalmu Huonekasvit.fi. Viitattu 17.8.2013.

Aiheesta muualla

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Kookospalmu: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Kookospalmu (Cocos nucifera) on palmukasveihin (Arecaceae) kuuluva kasvi. Se on suvun Cocos ainoa laji. Kookospalmu on suuri, jopa 40 metrin pituiseksi kasvava trooppisten seutujen puu, joka on tunnettu hedelmästäänkookospähkinästä.

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Cocotier ( French )

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Cocos nucifera

Le Cocotier (Cocos nucifera) est une espèce de palmiers de la famille des Arecaceae, décrite par Carl von Linné. Le cocotier n'est donc pas un arbre[a] mais une plante monocotylédone[b].

Son fruit est la noix de coco : ce gros fruit ovale et dur, vert ou jaune, mesure entre 10 et 40 cm de long et entre 10 et 16 cm de large[1], pèse jusqu'à 1,5 kg et apparaît sur une spathe entre les longues feuilles pennées ; sa graine a une enveloppe brune, fibreuse ; sa chair blanche (albumen) fraîche ou séchée (coprah) est comestible, ainsi que l'eau de coco et l'embryon.

Histoire

 src=
Noix de coco décortiquée montrant les trois pores de germination qui évoquent un visage.
 src=
Cocotier portant des noix de coco à différents stades de maturation.

Origine

L'aire d'origine du cocotier a donné lieu à des controverses. On considère généralement que le cocotier est originaire de la Malésie[2] ou de la Mélanésie[3]. Mais son centre d'origine primaire n'a pu être déterminé avec précision car nucifera est la seule espèce du genre Cocos[4],[5],[6] et sa première variété s'est perdue[6]. De plus, des noix de coco fossiles ont été découvertes dans des endroits aussi éloignés que l'Inde et la Nouvelle-Zélande[7].

Le cocotier est connu en Inde depuis le VIe siècle[6], en Chine depuis le IXe[6] et sur les côtes de l'Afrique de l'Est depuis le Xe[6]. Le cocotier était également présent au Panama et en Amérique du Sud avant la conquête espagnole de l'Amérique, ce qui en fait une des rares plantes a avoir été commune à l'ancien et au nouveau mondes avant l'échange colombien[8],[9],[10]. Le cocotier ne devient pantropical[7] qu'au XVIe siècle[7], à la suite de son introduction en Afrique de l'Ouest, aux Caraïbes et sur la côte atlantique de l'Amérique tropicale[7] par les explorateurs espagnols et portugais[6]. Il est aujourd'hui présent dans toute la zone intertropicale[11],[12],[13] humide. Surtout cultivé le long des côtes[13], il n'y reste pas confiné. Il est planté jusqu'à 1 000 m d'altitude[14]. La longévité de la plante dépasse un siècle. Sa durée de vie économique est estimée entre 5 et 80 ans, mais certains cocotiers bien plus âgés sont encore couverts de fruits.

Dénominations et étymologie

Le substantif masculin cocotier est dérivé de coco, avec le suffixe -ier précédé de -t-, consonne d'appui[12]. La première utilisation attestée en anglais du terme coco remonte à 1555[15],[16]. L'épithète spécifique nucifera est un terme de latin botanique signifiant « qui porte des noix ».

On retrouve plusieurs dénominations désignant le coco dans les langues autochtones du Pacifique mélanésien, micronésien et polynésien : ni (Eniwetok, Pohnpei), nui (Nukuoro), niu (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, Fidji, Tonga, Hawaï), niyog (Guam)[17], nu (îles Banyak, Nouvelle-Guinée Occidentale), te ni (Kiribati), ny (Truk), lu (Kosrae), iru et yap (Palau)[2].

Des preuves historiques confortent l'origine européenne du terme « coco » dans « noix de coco », car il n'existe pas de nom similaire dans aucune des langues de l'Inde, où les Portugais ont découvert ce fruit ; et en effet les chroniqueurs portugais Duarte Barbosa, João de Barros et Garcia de Orta, en mentionnant les noms malayalam, tenga, et cannara, narle, disent expressément, « nous appelons ces fruits quoquos », « nos gens lui ont donné le nom de coco », et « ce que nous appelons coco, et les Malabars temga ».

Selon l'Oxford English Dictionary (OED), « les auteurs portugais et espagnols du XVIe siècle s'accordent à identifier ce terme avec le mot portugais et espagnol coco, visage souriant, sourire, grimace, et aussi épouvantail, bête noire », apparenté avec le verbe cocar, sourire, faire une grimace ; le nom est censé se référer à l'apparence d'un visage que donne la base de la coque avec ses trois trous ».

Selon Losada, le nom vient des explorateurs portugais, des marins de Vasco de Gama en Inde, qui les premiers ont rapporté des noix de coco en Europe. La noix de coco leur rappelait un fantôme ou sorcier du folklore portugais, appelé coco (aujourd'hui plus fréquent au féminin, coca)[18],[19].

Mentions historiques

Une des premières mentions de la noix de coco remonte au conte des Mille et Une Nuits de Sinbad le Marin ; on sait qu'il a acheté et vendu des noix de coco au cours de son cinquième voyage[20]. Il figure également dans la Topologie chrétienne de Cosmas Indicopleustès au VIe siècle.

Thenga, son nom malayalam et tamoul, est employé dans la description détaillée de la noix de coco qui figure dans l'Itinerario du voyageur italien Ludovico di Varthema, publié en 1510, ainsi que dans l'Hortus Indicus Malabaricus (en) publié ultérieurement[21]. Auparavant, il est évoqué sous la forme portugaise « coquos » par Vasco de Gama (voyages de 1498 et de 1502-1503). C'est de cette forme que viendra le mot espagnol, italien, français puis anglais[22].

Antérieurement, elle était appelée nux indica, nom employé par Marco Polo en 1280 alors qu'il voyageait à Sumatra, emprunté aux Arabes qui l'appelaient جوز هندي, jawz hindī. Les deux noms ont été traduits en « noix indienne »[23]. Dans la première description connue du cocotier, due à Cosmas d'Alexandrie dans sa Topographie chrétienne (en) écrite vers 545 apr. J.-C., il y a une référence à l'arbre d'Argell et à sa drupe, la « grande noix d'Inde »[21],[24].

Description

 src=
Cocotiers sur la plage de Puerto Vallarta, Mexique.
 src=
Stipe d'un cocotier.

Le cocotier est formé d'un stipe (ou faux-tronc) surmonté d'une large couronne de feuilles. Il mesure jusqu'à 30 m de haut[25]. À l'aisselle de chaque feuille se trouve généralement une inflorescence qui se développe en un régime chargé de noix de coco. Le feuillage du cocotier est persistant.

Le stipe s'élargit quelquefois à la base et forme un bulbe qui augmente sa résistance, notamment aux cyclones tropicaux. D'aspect relativement lisse et de couleur claire, le stipe porte des marques régulières : chaque feuille produite par la plante laisse une cicatrice en forme de croissant. L'écart entre ces cicatrices permet de distinguer les deux types de cocotier : les Grands et les Nains. Chez les Grands, l'écart entre deux cicatrices foliaires est supérieur à 5 cm. Chez les Nains, il ne dépasse pas 2,5 cm.

Dans le sol, le stipe prend l'aspect d'un cône renversé, dénommé bulbe radiculaire. De toute la surface du bulbe partent plusieurs milliers de racines assez fines qui forment un matelas dense, réparti essentiellement dans le premier mètre du sol. Certaines racines atteignent cependant 4 à 5 mètres de profondeur.

La couronne foliaire compte une trentaine de feuilles, dépassant quelquefois six mètres de long. Un bourgeon unique fabrique l'ensemble des feuilles et des fleurs. Ce bourgeon fonctionne en continu : le cocotier pousse donc inexorablement, et cela jusqu’à sa mort. Bien que le bourgeon soit très protégé, son unicité donne à la plante une certaine fragilité. Lorsqu'un insecte réussit à pénétrer dans le cœur et dévore le bourgeon, le cocotier est condamné.

À l'aisselle de chaque feuille apparaît généralement une spathe pointue qui grandit et finit souvent par dépasser un mètre de longueur. Arrivée à terme, la spathe se fend et libère l'inflorescence. Cette dernière est formée d'un axe sur lequel s'insèrent des épillets. Les fleurs femelles, situées au bas des épillets, sont des globules de deux à trois centimètres de diamètre. Leur nombre est généralement de 20 à 30, mais peut atteindre plusieurs centaines. Les fleurs mâles, plus nombreuses, occupent la partie supérieure des épillets. Encore fermées, leur forme rappelle celle d'un grain de riz.

Pour toutes les variétés de cocotier, l'organisation des fruits est similaire. Un épiderme, d'abord coloré, puis gris-brun à maturité, entoure une enveloppe coriace et fibreuse appelée « bourre ». Les noix vendues sur les marchés ont déjà été débourrées pour réduire leur poids et leur volume.

Ensuite vient la coque, brun sombre et très résistante, qui adhère fortement à la bourre. De forme oblongue à sphérique, elle se renforce de trois côtes longitudinales plus ou moins marquées. Une fine pellicule d'un brun rougeâtre, le tégument séminal, forme un lien entre la coque et un albumen blanc, brillant, de 10 à 15 mm d'épaisseur.

L’albumen est communément désigné sous le terme d'amande. Inséré sous l'un des trois pores germinatifs, se trouve un embryon d'environ 5 mm de long.

Un liquide opalescent et sucré occupe jusqu'aux trois quarts de la cavité interne. On l'appelle communément « eau de coco », le terme « lait de coco » étant de préférence réservé à des préparations à base d'amande broyée.

Origine et distribution

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Zone d'habitat du cocotier, délimitée par les lignes rouges (basé sur les travaux de Werth[26]).
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Diversité des fruits du cocotier dans la collection internationale de Côte d'Ivoire
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Plantation de cocotiers en Inde à l'intérieur des terres

L’histoire du cocotier au cours des millénaires reste encore mystérieuse. Nul ne sait précisément dans quelle région est apparu le premier cocotier. À partir de l’océan Pacifique ou de l’Extrême-Orient, le cocotier s'est disséminé dans l’océan Indien et jusqu’en Afrique. Sa présence en Amérique est due à une double introduction plus récente, à la fois par l’est et par l’ouest.

La dissémination du cocotier est due à la flottaison des fruits au gré des courants marins et, beaucoup plus tardivement, aux voyages et migrations humaines. Les fruits, disséminés par la mer ou apportés par des marins, furent probablement introduits de lieu en lieu en nombre très réduit. De nombreuses cocoteraies se sont constituées à partir de seulement un ou deux fruits apportés par la mer, et qui ont réussi à se fixer sur une île. Les marins Austronésiens (dont les Polynésiens) ont colonisé la plupart des îles tropicales du Pacifique. Diverses découvertes archéologiques permettent de dater certaines étapes de leur voyage. Vraisemblablement partis du Sud-Est asiatique, on les retrouve aux Fidji vers 2500 avant notre ère, et environ un millénaire plus tard aux Tonga et dans les Samoa. Puis, au IVe siècle ils s'installent aux îles Marquises, au siècle suivant à l’île de Pâques et 100 ans plus tard à Hawaï. Sur les canoës, des noix de coco étaient toujours emportées. Transportées par la mer ou par les marins, ces noix ont atteint la côte ouest du Panama, en Amérique centrale. La première mention du cocotier sur ce continent date de la période 1514-1525. Le cocotier était déjà connu en Inde au VIe siècle, en Chine au IXe siècle et sur la côte Est de l’Afrique au Xe siècle. À partir du XVIe siècle, les navigateurs portugais et espagnols l'ont introduit en Afrique de l'ouest et en Amérique. En 1569, des cocotiers en provenance des îles Salomon sont plantés à Colima, sur la côte est du Mexique. D'autres cocotiers, originaires cette fois des Philippines, sont introduits au Mexique entre 1571 et 1816. Dans la Caraïbe, les premières noix originaires du Cap-Vert sont plantées à Puerto Rico en 1625, par un père espagnol nommé Diego Lorenzo.

Une seule théorie botanique tente d’expliquer l’histoire de la diversification du cocotier en la multitude de formes et de couleurs que l’on observe parmi les variétés actuelles. Elle repose sur l'observation de la forme et de la composition des fruits. Selon cette théorie, l'ensemble des cocotiers dériverait de deux grands types :

  • le type ancestral « Niu Kafa » résulte d'une évolution liée à la dissémination naturelle par voie marine. Ses fruits, allongés et riches en bourre, flottent et dérivent facilement au gré des courants marins. Une germination tardive leur permet de supporter de longs séjours dans l'eau, avant de trouver un lieu où se fixer ;
  • le type « Niu Vaï » a été sélectionné par l'homme en Asie ou dans le Pacifique. Ses gros fruits ronds sont riches en eau et germent plus rapidement. Des marins voyageant d'îles en îles auraient sélectionné ces fruits, emportés comme boisson sur l'océan.

Des mélanges répétés entre cocotiers de type « Niu Kafa » (présents avant l'arrivée des humains) et cocotiers de type « Niu Vaï » (créés et importés par les humains) auraient abouti à la diversité actuelle. Cette théorie est probablement en grande partie exacte. Mais elle ne suffit pas à résumer l'histoire du cocotier qui a sans doute connu nombre d’autres péripéties. Toute la diversité actuelle du cocotier ne se résume pas à ces deux types, Niu Kafa » et« Niu Vaï », et à des mélanges ponctuels entre ces deux types. Cependant, à l'heure actuelle, personne n'a été en mesure de proposer un autre modèle de diversification pour le cocotier.

Biologie de la reproduction

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Les deux modes d'autofécondation possibles chez le cocotier, Côte d'Ivoire.

Le cocotier est monoïque et produit des inflorescences avec des fleurs femelles et des fleurs mâles. Il peut donc se féconder lui-même ; la plupart des cocotiers nains se reproduisent d’ailleurs de cette façon.

Chez les grands cocotiers, les mécanismes de la fécondation sont plus complexes. Pour les décrire, il faut commencer par deux définitions : la phase femelle d'une inflorescence correspond à la période pendant laquelle les fleurs femelles sont réceptives ; la phase mâle commence dès l'ouverture de l'inflorescence et s'achève à la chute de la dernière fleur mâle. Chez certaines variétés, toutes les fleurs mâles mûrissent et tombent avant que les fleurs femelles ne soient réceptives. Dans ce cas, la fécondation est croisée : elle fait nécessairement intervenir deux parents différents. Mais un autre phénomène complique encore ce mécanisme. Il existe aussi des possibilités de fécondation entre les deux inflorescences successives d'une même plante. La phase femelle d'une inflorescence donnée peut coïncider partiellement avec la phase mâle de l'inflorescence suivante. Le cocotier est donc une espèce où coexistent différents modes de reproduction.

Culture

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Cocos nucifera, illustration extraite de Flora de Filipinas de Francisco Manuel Blanco.

Le cocotier est l'une des plantes cultivées les plus importantes des régions tropicales, où leur répartition originelle est peut-être le résultat d'une dissémination naturelle par les fruits flottant en mer (la plante germant lorsque la noix de coco n'est plus en mouvement)[27].

Ils sont cultivés dans plus de 90 pays du monde, avec une production totale de 62 millions de tonnes par an[28]. La culture est très difficiles dans les pays à climats sec, elle y nécessite une irrigation fréquente. Dans des conditions de sécheresse, les nouvelles feuilles ne s'ouvrent pas bien, les feuilles les plus âgées peuvent se dessécher et la chute des noix de coco est accélérée. L'étendue de la culture des cocotiers dans les régions tropicales menace un certain nombre d'habitats, notamment les mangroves.

Les principales régions de culture du cocotier se trouvent en Asie du Sud-Est, mais on trouve de vastes plantations (cocoteraies) dans l'espace caraïbe notamment en Jamaïque, dans le Yucatan au Mexique et dans les îles de la Caraïbe orientale. Sur la seule île Christmas, le plus grand atoll terrestre au monde, 800 000 cocotiers ont été plantés entre les deux guerres.

Les cocotiers donnent des fruits au bout d'environ six ans et pendant environ 70 ans. La récolte se fait environ tous les deux mois, un cocotier donnant en moyenne 150 à 200 noix de coco par an[29]. Il est sensible à l'alternance biennale avec une intensité moyenne faible [30].

Après le débourrage (extraction à l'aide d'un pieu ou d'un trépied de la bourre, l'enveloppe fibreuse, favorisée par la présence d'un sillon équatorial) et le décoquage, chaque noix est coupée en morceaux, qui sont ensuite râpés ou séchés dans un four à coprah (nom de la pulpe séchée)[31].

Certaines pratiques culturales (tels les cocos nains à croissance rapide) augmentent la vulnérabilité aux ravageurs du cocotier et maladies particulières.

Variétés

Variétés traditionnelles du cocotier

Getting the coconut the Timorese way.jpg

Il existe deux types de variétés traditionnelles : le type « Grand » et le type « Nain » :

  • les cocotiers « Grands » (95 % des cocotiers plantés) fleurissent souvent après cinq à sept ans. Le cocotier sélectionné pour la reproduction se croise sans contrôle avec n’importe lequel de ses voisins ; bien souvent, à moins d’avoir de la chance, les caractéristiques recherchées ne se retrouvent pas dans la descendance. Malgré ces difficultés, grâce à ce travail réalisé au fil des siècles, plusieurs centaines de variétés ont été créées en Asie et dans le Pacifique. Les principaux cultivars sont le « Grand de Malaisie », le « Grand de l’île Rennell », le « Grand du Vanuatu », le « Grand de Jamaïque », le « Grand Ouest Africain » (variété GOA) et le « Grand Est Africain » ;
  • les cocotiers « Nains » se caractérisent par une floraison précoce (2 ans), une faible croissance en hauteur, mais aussi une tendance à l'autofécondation, une sensibilité à la sécheresse et aux attaques d'insectes. Parmi les variétés les plus courantes, on peut citer le « Nain jaune de Malaisie », le « Nain Vert du Brésil », le « Nain Jaune Ghana » et le « Nain Vert Guinée Equatoriale ».

Variétés hybrides du cocotier

À la fin du XIXe siècle, les grandes plantations étaient réalisées en important des noix de coco d'un endroit réputé pour sa production. Dans la plupart des cas, ces semences étaient sélectionnées selon leur aspect : certains préféraient des fruits gros et lourds, d'autres des fruits de taille moyenne et de forme plutôt sphérique.

Les recherches scientifiques sur le cocotier ont débuté vers 1920, d'abord en Inde, puis aux Fidji, au Sri Lanka et en Indonésie. Les premiers travaux de génétique ont surtout porté sur l'amélioration des variétés de cocotiers Grands présents autour des stations de recherche. Les premières fécondations contrôlées ont été réalisées en Inde. La paternité des premiers hybrides de cocotier est attribuée à M. Marechal qui, dès 1926, croisa le Nain Rouge de Malaisie et le Nain Niu Leka, aux îles Fidji. En Inde, en 1938, M. Patel créa les premiers hybrides entre cocotiers Grands et Nains. Ces hybrides, bien que plantés dans de mauvaises conditions, s'avérèrent plus précoces et productifs que leur parent Grand.

Presque tous ces programmes de recherches ont été interrompus soit par l'une des guerres mondiales, soit par la crise économique de 1929. La plupart des stations expérimentales furent laissées à l'abandon et les généalogies des cocotiers sélectionnés furent perdues. L'amélioration « moderne » du cocotier n’a vraiment repris qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, avec les premières collectes et l'étude systématique des variétés de cocotiers cultivées dans le monde. Ces recherches ont fourni une première approche de la diversité génétique de l'espèce.

De nombreux tests d’hybrides de cocotier ont été mis en place dans les années 1945 à 1960. Ils consistaient à croiser entre elles diverses variétés locales, de type Nain ou Grand. Ces travaux se caractérisent en général par des effectifs expérimentaux faibles.

Ces études restèrent longtemps essentiellement théoriques. Même si les hybrides de cocotiers présentaient un potentiel de production élevé, on ne savait pas comment les reproduire à grande échelle. L’absence de technique fiable de production de semences empêchait la vulgarisation de ces hybrides auprès des planteurs. Certains pays se détournèrent même de cette voie de recherche qui ne semblait pas déboucher sur des applications pratiques. La mise au point des techniques de production de semences date des années 1970. En offrant des semences à coût raisonnable et de bonne légitimité, ces techniques ont permis l’avènement des hybrides de cocotier bien supérieurs à leurs parents. Certains hybrides comme le PB 121 (hybride de « Nain jaune de Malaisie » x « Grand Ouest Africain ») qui a été largement implanté en Asie du Sud-Est sont deux fois plus productifs que l'ancienne variété de référence "Grand Ouest Africain". On peut aussi citer les séries « KB » et « KINA » d’Indonésie, la série « PCA 15 » des Philippines et la série « PB » (comme « PB 121 ») de Côte d’Ivoire.

Usages

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Beurre de coco
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Grelin en fibre de coco.

Le cocotier compte parmi les plus anciennes plantes utiles qui procure à l'homme de très nombreux produits, aussi est-il parfois appelé « l'arbre aux cent usages » ou « l'arbre de vie »[32]. On l'exploite de multiples façons

Alimentation

La pulpe de la noix de coco est comestible. Elle peut également être râpée puis pressée pour en extraire le lait de coco ou bien de la crème de coco.

Les noix de coco immatures contiennent un liquide sucré, l'eau de coco, qui est une boisson rafraîchissante. L'extraction de la sève du cocotier et de certaines espèces de palmier donne une boisson plus ou mois sucrée appelée vin de palme. La distillation de ce dernier permet d'obtenir un spiritueux (Koutoukou ou Gbêlê en Côte D'Ivoire).

Dans le Pacifique, la pulpe molle est utilisée comme aliment de sevrage pour les bébés[33].

La pulpe séchée, se composant à 60-70 % de lipides, est appelée coprah. Celui-ci sert à la fabrication d'huile (l'huile de coco) utilisée dans la confection de margarine, et assez couramment employé comme huile de cuisson dans certains pays d'Asie (Philippines, Malaisie, Sri Lanka, Sud-ouest de l'Inde notamment)[34],[35].

La sève est consommée fraîche ou sous forme de sirop[36] (respectivement kareve et kaimaimai aux Kiribati) par les habitants des Kiribati, du littoral ivoirien et des îles Marshall. Fermentée, elle peut se conserver et devenir une sorte d'alcool, appelé en anglais toddy. La sève concentrée et séchée est utilisée pour produire un sucre appelé jaggery en Inde, ou sucre de coco.

Le bourgeon terminal ou « chou » du cocotier est également comestible.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, il est dit que les amandes de cocos germées peuvent aider les jeunes garçons à devenir forts et séduisants[37].

Artisanat

La fibre de coco, ou bourre de coco, fibres entourant la coque de la noix de coco, est utilisé pour faire des brosses, des paillassons, des matelas et des cordes.

Le fruit est parfois coupé transversalement, poli et entièrement laqué pour servir de cendrier, bac à glaçon ou petit accessoire de rangement décoratif. On utilise les également en Afrique subsaharienne comme verre à vin de palme.

Divers objets peuvent être tressés à partir de la palme de cocotier : chapeaux, sacs, ou servir de décoration de fête.

La tige centrale de la feuille est séparée et séchée, appelée niau par les polynésiens, elle sert notamment à la confection de balais ou de décorations.

Construction

Le « bois » de la tige (ce n'est pas du vrai bois comme pour tout Monocotylédone angiosperme) est utilisé pour la construction, il présente un grain très fin et présente un aspect marbré décoratif.

La palme de cocotier, tressée et plongée dans l'eau de mer salée pour la conserver, puis séchée au soleil, servait comme matériau de construction en Océanie, pour les murs et les toits d'habitations.

Hygiène

Le coprah permet également la fabrication de savon et de monoï.

Habillement

La fibre au sommet du cocotier, appelée kere en paumotu, est utilisé comme le tapa pour la confection de costume, de même que la tige centrale de la feuille.

La noix de coco débourrée, coupée en deux demi-sphères et laquée, sert de soutien-gorge aux danseuses polynésiennes.

Ornement

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, dans les tribus, des cocotiers bordent l'allée qui mène à la grande case[37].

Pharmacopée

A Hienghène, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, le bouillon de racines de cocotier est traditionnellement utilisé comme remède contre la diarrhée[37].

Noms vernaculaires

La première mention écrite connue dans une langue occidentale est en portugais. Le mot apparaît chez Vasco de Gama en 1498, lors de son arrivée à Calicut le 22 septembre. Pour être exact, la mention des noix de cocos s'écrit equos sur la copie du manuscrit (original perdu) mais il s'agit d'une faute de transcription pour coquos et le mot se répand vite au retour du voyage de Gama. On le trouve bien orthographié dès le second voyage (1502-1503). Duarte Barbosa est le premier à en faire une longue description vers 1516[38].

  • Ajië (langue kanak) : nu
  • Allemand : Kokospalme
  • Anglais : coconut palm
  • Canarais : ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರ, teṅgina mara (cocotier), ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ, teṅgina kāyi (noix de coco)
  • Chinois : 椰果, Yēguǒ
  • Comorien : mnadzi (cocotier), nadzi (coco)
  • Créole antillais (créole guadeloupéen et martiniquais) : pyé-koko
  • Créole haïtien : pye kokoye
  • Créole guyanais : pyé-koko
  • Créole réunionnais / créole mauricien : pied coco
  • Drehu (langue kanak) : nu
  • Drubea (langue kanak) : nyi
  • Espagnol : cocotero
  • Fagauvea (langue kanak) : niu
  • Fidjien, niuéen, samoan et tongan : niu
  • Français : cocotier
  • Gilbertin : ni
  • Italien : palma da cocco
  • Konkani : माड्डो, maddo (cocotier), नार्लु, naarlu (noix de coco)
  • Mahorais : nadzi
  • Malais et indonésien : kelapa
  • Malayalam : തെങ്ങ്, tenn (cocotier), തേങ്ങ, tenga (noix de coco)
  • Malgache : voanio (littéralement fruit du cocotier, voa-nio)
  • Marathe : माड, māḍa (cocotier), नारळ, nāraḷa (noix de coco)
  • Nemi (langue kanak) : thep
  • Nengone (langue kanak) : nu
  • Paicî (langue kanak) : nû
  • Persan : نارگیل
  • Portugais : coqueiro,
  • Tahitien (reo tahiti) : niu ou tumu ha'ari
  • Tamoul : தென்னை மரம், tennai maram (cocotier), தேங்காய், tenkay (noix de coco)
  • Télougou : కొబ్బరి చెట్టు, kobbari ceṭṭu,(cocotier), కొబ్బరి, kobbari (noix de coco)
  • Thaïlandais : มะพร้าว, ma phraao
  • Toulou : ತಾರೆ, taarϵ (cocotier), ತಾರಗೆ, taaragϵ (noix de coco)
  • Turc : Hindistan cevizi (noix de l'Inde)
  • Xàràcùù (langue kanak) : nu

Notes et références

Notes

  1. Les arbres sont tous des gymnospermes ou bien des angiospermes de la classe des Magnoliopsida (dicotylédones).
  2. Les monocotylédones (angiospermes de la classe des Liliopsida) comportent des plantes ressemblant à des arbres ou des arbustes (palmiers et bananiers), mais qui n'en sont pas réellement.

Références

  1. Nathalie Vidal, Le grand livre des graines voyageuses sur les trois océans Atlantique, océan Indien et Pacifique, Éditions Orphie, 2020, 240 p. (ISBN 979-10-298-0444-1), Famille : Arecaceae : Cocos nucifera pages 75 et 76
  2. a et b APA Ahuja, S. C., Ahuja, U., & Ahuja, S. (2014). Coconut-History, Uses, and Folklore. Asian Agri-History, 18(3).
  3. (en) Hugh HarriesEngland Dorset, « Malesian origin for a domestic Cocos nucifera », janvier 1990
  4. Entrée « cocotier » dans Mémento de l'agronome, Paris, Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) et Groupe de recherche et d'échanges technologiques (GRET), 2002, 1691 p., 25 cm (ISBN 2-86844-129-7 et 2-87614-522-7, BNF ), p. 893 [lire en ligne (page consultée le 30 mai 2016)].
  5. H.A.M. van der Vossen et G.S. Mkamilo (éd.), Oléagineux, Wageningen, Fondation PROTA, coll. « Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale » (no 14), 2007, 260 p., 24 cm (ISBN 978-90-5782-195-0, 90-5782-195-8 et 90-5782-196-6, OCLC , BNF , lire en ligne), p. 65 [lire en ligne (page consultée le 30 mai 2016)].
  6. a b c d e et f Entrée « Noix de coco » dans Nicole Tonelli et François Gallouin (ouvrage couronné du prix P.J. Redouté 2014 – mention botanique), Des fruits et des graines comestibles du monde entier (encyclopédie), Paris, Lavoisier, octobre 2013 1re éd., VIII-726 p., 19,5 × 25,5 cm (ISBN 978-2-7430-1481-0 et 2-7430-1481-4, OCLC , BNF , présentation en ligne), p. 517 [lire en ligne (page consultée le 30 mai 2016)].
  7. a b c et d « Cocos nucifera L. », sur prota4u.org, Fondation PROTA (consulté le 31 mai 2016).
  8. (en) Luc Baudouin et Patricia Lebrun, « Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) DNA studies support the hypothesis of an ancient Austronesian migration from Southeast Asia to America », Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 56, no 2,‎ mars 2009, p. 257–262 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 28 mars 2022)
  9. Gunn BF, Baudouin L et Olsen KM, « Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics. », PloS one, vol. 6, no 6,‎ 2011 (lire en ligne, consulté le 28 mars 2022)
  10. R. Gerard Ward et Muriel Brookfield, « Special Paper: The Dispersal of the Coconut: Did It Float or Was It Carried to Panama? », Journal of Biogeography, vol. 19, no 5,‎ septembre 1992, p. 467 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 28 mars 2022)
  11. « Cocotier », dans le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, sur Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales [consulté le 30 mai 2016].
  12. a et b Définitions lexicographiques et étymologiques de « cocotier » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales et étymologiques de « cocotier » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales et étymologiques de « cocotier » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales [consulté le 30 mai 2016].
  13. a et b Entrée « cocotier » [html], sur Dictionnaires de français (en ligne), Larousse (consulté le 30 mai 2016).
  14. « Cocotier et palmier à huile, arbre de vie, culture d'avenir », sur agritop.ciraf.fr (consulté le 27 novembre 2021)
  15. (en) « Coco », Merriam-Webster (consulté le 9 juillet 2014).
  16. (en) « Coco », Online Etymology Dictionary (consulté le 9 juillet 2014).
  17. (en) Subhash Chander Ahuja, S. Ahuja et U. Ahuja, « Coconut - History, uses, and folklore », Asian Agri-History, vol. 18, no 3,‎ janvier 2014, p. 221-248 (lire en ligne, consulté le 27 octobre 2020).
  18. (es) Losada, Fernando Díez. (2004). La tribuna del idioma. Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 481. (ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2).
  19. (pt) Figueiredo, Cândido. (1940). Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa. Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa.
  20. (en) « The Fifth Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator », Classiclit.about.com, 2 novembre 2009 (consulté le 9 juillet 2014).
  21. a et b Grimwood 1975, p. 1.
  22. Le Voyage des plantes & les Grandes Découvertes, José E. Mendes Ferrão, Chandeigne, 2015.
  23. (en) Elzebroek, A.T.G. and Koop Wind (Eds.). (2008). Guide to Cultivated Plants. CABI. pp. 186–192. (ISBN 978-1-84593-356-2).
  24. (en) Rosengarten, Frederic, Jr. (2004). The Book of Edible Nuts. Dover Publications. pp. 65–93. (ISBN 978-0-486-43499-5).
  25. Collectif (trad. Michel Beauvais, Marcel Guedj, Salem Issad), Histoire naturelle [« The Natural History Book »], Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), p. Cocotier page 142
  26. (en) Werth, E. (1933). Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges., vol 51, pp. 301–304. (article traduit en anglais par Dr. R. Child, Directeur, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka).
  27. Peter Hamilton Raven, Ray Franklin Evert, Susan E. Eichhorn, Biologie végétale, De Boeck Supérieur, 2000, p. 834
  28. (en) And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Economic And Social Department. Statistics Division. (2 septembre 2010). FAOSTAT – Production – Crops
  29. Oléagineux, PROTA, 2007, p. 67-68
  30. (en) V. ABEYWARDENA, « STUDIES ON BIENNIAL BEARING TENDENCY IN COCONUT », Coconut Research Institute Repository (Ceylan),‎ 1963, p. 6 pages (lire en ligne)
  31. Yan Frémond et Robert Ziller, Le Cocotier, G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1966, p. 13
  32. Joël Bonnemaison, L'arbre et la pirogue, Editions de l'ORSTOM, 1986, p. 261
  33. Bernard Suprin, Stars du caillou - Les arbres, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Editions Grain de sable, collection Faune & Flore, juin 1996, 54 p. (ISBN 9782841700073), p. 15
  34. SHANKAR, Padmini, AHUJA, Suman, et TRACCHIO, Alexandra. Coconut oil: a review. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 2013, vol. 24, no 5, p. 62-64.
  35. Renan da Silva Lima, Jane Mara Block, Coconut oil: what do we really know about it so far?, Food Quality and Safety, Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2019, Pages 61–72,
  36. FAO Fiche N° 8 - 1983 - La noix de coco. Commission du Pacifique Sud - Services de santé publique - Aliments du Pacifique Sud. 1983-1995 South Pacific Commission. (ISBN 982-203-391-5)
  37. a b et c Emmanuel Kasarhérou, Béalo Wedoye, Roger Boulay, Claire Merleau-Ponty, Guide des plantes du chemin kanak, Nouméa, Agence de développement de la culture kanak, 1998, 77 p. (ISBN 978-2-909407-76-0), p. 34-35
  38. Le Voyage des plantes & les Grandes Découvertes, José E. Mendes Ferrão, Chandeigne, 2015, monographie « Cocotier », p. 261 et suivantes.

Voir aussi

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Jeunes cocotiers dans le port de Puerto de Tazacorte, île de la Palma, (îles Canaries)

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Cocotier: Brief Summary ( French )

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Cocos nucifera

Le Cocotier (Cocos nucifera) est une espèce de palmiers de la famille des Arecaceae, décrite par Carl von Linné. Le cocotier n'est donc pas un arbre mais une plante monocotylédone.

Son fruit est la noix de coco : ce gros fruit ovale et dur, vert ou jaune, mesure entre 10 et 40 cm de long et entre 10 et 16 cm de large, pèse jusqu'à 1,5 kg et apparaît sur une spathe entre les longues feuilles pennées ; sa graine a une enveloppe brune, fibreuse ; sa chair blanche (albumen) fraîche ou séchée (coprah) est comestible, ainsi que l'eau de coco et l'embryon.

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Cnó cócó ( Irish )

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Crann le stoc cuartha go sainiúil a fhásann 30 m ar airde le duilleoga clúmhacha suas le 6 m ar fhad. Crotal snáithíneach seachtrach ar an toradh mór (an cnó cócó) is síol amháin ann, agus blaosc chrua inmheánach ag imchlúdach ciseal bia bháin is cuais lárnaigh lán de shreabhán bainniúil. Ag bun an toraidh bíonn 3 mharc cruinn a fhreagraíonn do 3 sheomra an ubhagáin, a bhfuil an suth faoi cheann acu. Is dócha go bhfuil an crann seo dúchasach don Pholainéis. Fásann sé go maith gar don fharraige. Is féidir leis an toradh buacach snámh thar fhaid mhóra sa sáile gan damaíste, agus mar sin is crann sainiúil d'oileáin aigéanacha é. Saothraítear le fada ar fud na dtrópaicí é. Cosúil le pailmeacha eile, táirgeann sé raon suntasach táirgí. Soláthraíonn an stoc adhmad. Fítear na duilleoga ina mataí is a gciseáin, agus úsáidtear iad i ndéanamh díonta. Bíonn na duilleghais láidir a ndóthain chun fálta páirce a dhéanamh. Itear an bhachlóg ag barr an ghais mar ghlasra. Is féidir an bláthra óg a bhearnú chun leacht siúcrúil a fháil ar féidir a choipeadh is a dhriogadh i ndeochanna alcólacha is fínéagar. Tá na cnónna cócó bunúsach do gheilleagair chuid mhaith oileán trópaiceach. Is annamh a fheictear na cnónna ina bhfoirm nádúrtha taobh amuigh de na réigiúin ina bhfásann siad, de bhrí go mbaintear an bhlaosc sheachtrach díobh roimh easpórtáil na gcnónna chun an choighir a fháil, snáithín láidir a úsáidtear chun mataí a dhéanamh. Is deoch fionnuaraithe bainne an chnó chócó, itear an bia bán amh nó cócaráilte, díoltar an bia triomaithe i bhfoirm copra, an phríomhfhoinse saille plandúla ar Domhan. Úsáidtear an ola a fhaightear ó chopra comhbhrúite le margairín a dhéanamh, agus is bia luachmhar ainmhithe an cáca iarmharach.

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Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Coco ( Galician )

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O coco ou coqueiro[2] (Cocos nucifera) é unha palmeira duns 30 m de altura da familia Arecaceae. É a única especie do xénero Cocos. Chámase tamén coco ao seu froito.[3].

O nome da planta: coco, empregado en todas as linguas occidentais, vén do galego-portugués: côco (cranio, cabeza), e á súa vez do potocelta. Está tamén relacionado co personaxe mitolóxico do coco.

Localización

 src=
Coco a xermolar nunha praia de Hawai.

A planta pódese atopar nos areais da beiramar tropical [4] do Mar Caribe, Océano Índico e Pacífico. Cultivada dáse noutras zonas de clima quente. Adoita medrar dende o ecuador até paralelos 28º de ambos os dous hemisferios, con algunhas excepcións como as illas Bermudas ou o arquipélago de Madeira no paralelo 32º, ou Illas Kermadec, entre os paralelos 29º e 31º.

Descrición

As follas desta planta son de gran tamaño ata os 3 m de longo e o seu froito, a noz de coco, contén a semente máis grande que existe. O coqueiro é unha soa especie con múltiples variedades, diferenciadas basicamente pola cor do froito (amarelo ou verde). As plantas só presentan diferenzas no talo. A característica común de todas elas é o sabor do froito: agradábel, doce, carnoso e zumarento. A importancia económica fixo que se comezase a cultivar nas praias tropicais, o lugar máis axeitado.

As flores do coco son poligamomonoecias, coas flores masculinas e femininas na mesma inflorescencia. O florecemento ocorre arreo, coas flores femininas producindo as sementes.

Etilmoloxía

A etimoloxía da palabra coco é galego-portuguesa, cunha antiga orixe celta *krowkā-[5]. O nome do froito veulle dado polos navegantes portugueses durante a primeira viaxe de Vasco da Gama á India, cando trouxeron por vez primeira o coco a Europa. Segundo Losada, os mariñeiros déranlle o nome pola semellanza a unha cabeza ou coco (en galego e portugués) xa que semella unha face con dous ollos e unha boca aberta, moi semellante ao monstro 'côco', 'coca' ou 'cuca' do folclore galegoportugués (tamén a bugallo do carballo chámase coca en galego).[6][7] Aparentemente o nome 'coco' veu dos encontros en 1521 entre os mariñeiros portugueses e os moradores das costas do Índico, porque ningún nome semellante se atopa en calquera das linguas da zona, onde os portugueses apañaron o froito; de feito Barbosa, Barros e García, ao mencionaren o nome na lingua Tamil/Malaya tenga e Canarés narle, din claramente, "les llamamos a esos frutos quoquos", "nuestra gente les dio el nombre de coco" e "al que nosotros llamamos coco y los de Malabar temga".

Orixes

 src=
A apañar cocos. Xusto tralo coco apréciase un exemplar novo.

A orixe da planta é descoñecida, para algúns botanistas é de orixe asiática e para outros do Caribe. Sen ter en conta a súa orixe, os cocos téñense espallado a través de moitas das zonas tropicais do mundo, axudado probabelmente en moitos casos polo factor humano. O coco como é unha semente rexa, propágase a grandes distancias polas correntes mariñas, acadando a beiramar norueguesa.

Cultivo

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Cocos aínda sen florear.
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Exportacións de noz de coco en 2005.

A planta non atura o frío,[4] as grandes alturas, o afastamento do mar, os solos duros e escasos de sal. Pola contra axéitase a zonas con forte vento (que ademais é imprescindíbel para que as flores polinicen) e ao sal. Prefire áreas asolladas (do tipo tropical) e de precipitación regular (750 a 2.000 milímetros anualmente). Os cocos tamén necesitan de alta humidade ambiental (70-80%+) para o crecemento óptimo, polo tanto o coco non se desenvolve axeitadamente en áreas cálidas con humidade baixa (o Mar Mediterráneo, as costas do norte de Chile e no Perú), incluso onde estas sexan temperaturas altas, sendo difícil que medren en climas secos. Porén si pode medrar en zonas subtropicais como as Illas Canarias, Hawai, Cabo Verde ou a Florida onde a humidade relativa é elevada e as temperaturas non acostuman baixar dos 10 °C.[8]

Utilidade

Artigo principal: coco (drupa).

O coco fica entre as máis antigas plantas útiles e se explota de múltiples maneiras. Á polpa seca chámanlle copra e contén un 60-70% de lípidos; da copra obtense aceite, utilizado na elaboración de margarina e xabrón. A madeira do coco emprégase para a construción. Os habitantes das Filipinas, Polinesia, Kiribati e as Illas Marshall consomen o zume to tronco do coco fresco; fermentado, pode se conservar e transformar nun tipo de bebida alcohólica, coñecida coma viño de coco.

As fibras que arrodean a noz de coco utilízanse para facer cepillos, colchóns e cordas. Nas illas do Caribe, adóitanse abrir as noces de coco non chegadas cun machado para extraer a auga do froito que é unha bebida refrixerante. Esta auga pode ficar até oito meses no froito pechado e conservar todas as súas cualidades.

Produción

Indonesia lidera a produción mundial de cocos no ano 2012, seguida de Filipinas e India. Pollachi é a rexión coqueira máis salientábel da India. Tamén áchanse alí importantes industrias relacionadas: Tender Coconut Water, Copra, Coconut Oil, Coconut Cake, Coconut Toddy, Coconut Shell based Products, Coconut Wood based Products, Coconut Leaves, ou Coir Pith.

Sinonimia

Os nomes a seguir considéranse sinónimos de Cocos nucifera:[9]

  • Palma cocos Mill. (1768), nom. illeg.
  • Calappa nucifera (L.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Cocos indica Royle (1840).
  • Cocos nana Griff. (1851).

Notas

  1. Sinónimos en Kew Consultado o 1 de agosto de 2009.
  2. Ambos os dous nomes vulgares recollidos en Termos esenciais de botánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2004 e Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, A Coruña, RAG, 2012
  3. Dicionario da Real Academia Galega Coco
  4. 4,0 4,1 Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry: Cocos nucifera (pdf file)
  5. Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911). Romanisches etymologisches wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 183., s.v. crūca
  6. Losada, Fernando Díez. (2004). La tribuna del idioma. Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 481. ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2.
  7. Figueiredo, Cândido. (1940). Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa. Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa. (en portugués)
  8. Werth, E. 1933. Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm (in periodical: Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges., vol 51, pp. 301–304) (artículp traducido al inglés por el Dr. Child, R. (Director, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwila))
  9. Sinónimos en Kew Consultado o 1º de agosto de 2009.

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

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Coco: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O coco ou coqueiro (Cocos nucifera) é unha palmeira duns 30 m de altura da familia Arecaceae. É a única especie do xénero Cocos. Chámase tamén coco ao seu froito..

O nome da planta: coco, empregado en todas as linguas occidentais, vén do galego-portugués: côco (cranio, cabeza), e á súa vez do potocelta. Está tamén relacionado co personaxe mitolóxico do coco.

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Kokosova palma ( Croatian )

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Kokosova palma (kokos, kokosovac, lat. Cocos nucifera) je drvenasta biljka iz porodice palmi koja je rasprostranjena u tropskim krajevima, pogotovu na obalama i otocima Tihog i Indijskog oceana. Njeno ime potječe od grčke riječi сосо (zrno, plod). Pod tim imenom, kokosova palma je poznata svuda u svijetu, a svuda u svijetu se i koristi. Ona je višenamjenska - služi i kao hrana, i kao piće, kao odjeća, građevinski materijal i sirovina za mnoge proizvode suvremene industrije.

Opis

Alexander von Humboldt iznio je prva stručna zapažanja zasnovana na izgledu drveta - visokog i plemenitog u usporedbi sa svim dotad viđenim raslinjem, tankog stabla koje strši uvis 25 do 30 metara i na čijem se vrhu nalazi gusta krošnja od tridesetak perasto razdijeljenih listova dugačkih četiri metra. Znanstvenici su kasnije otkrili da je cvast kokosove palme razgranata, u početku obavijena čvrstom ovojnicom i sastavljena od muških i malobrojnih ženskih cvjetova. Iz nje nastaje plod koji se sastoji od tankog i nepropusnog vanjskog omotača, egzokarpa, i čvrstog i tvrdog unutrašnjeg sloja, endokarpa. Između se nalazi debeli sloj lakog i rastresitog tkiva, mezokarpa, u čijem je središtu bijelo sjeme s vrlo razvijenim endospermom u obliku kugle, s debelom mesnatom ovojnicom u kojoj je mliječna tekućina.

Visoko stablo u promjeru ima 30 cm, ali je izuzetno čvrsto i odolijeva vjetrovima jer ga za pješčano tlo, u dubini od 8 m, drži oko 800 korijenova, ne debljih od jednog centimetra. Sjeme je nepropusno za morsku vodu u kojoj može plivati i do 4500 kilometara i potom, neoštećeno, isklijati na tlu. Poslije sedam godina palma rađa prvi plod, a između petnaeste i pedesete godine života donese od 60 do 80 oraha svake godine. S osamdeset godina prestaje rađati i najčešće umire. Samo malobrojni primjerci dožive i do 150 godina.

Podrijetlo

Postojbina kokosove palme ne može se sa sigurnošću utvrditi. Legenda kaže da je ponikla na tlu Polinezije iz sjemena u koje se pretvorila neostvarena ljubav lijepe poglavičine kćeri po imenu Hina i siromašnog, neuglednog mladića Aala. Ne mogavši živjeti bez voljene, mladić je umro, a iz njegovog groba koji je Hina natapala suzama izniklo je neobično drvo: tanko, vitko i toliko visoko da je nadmašilo okolno raslinje. Krošnjom je dodirivalo nebo uzdižući ljubav u vječne, božanske visine. Da bi ga Hina mogla gledati, orah je dobio Aalov lik. Može ga vidjeti svatko tko oljušti kokos, kažu i danas Polinežani. Na čvrstoj opni postoje tri tanja djela koja se mogu probiti. To su oči i usta mladog Aala. Na ovu legendu nadovezuje se i druga, urezana na jednoj kamenoj ploči nađenoj na Filipinima. Po njoj, kokosova palma je nebesko drvo nastalo od zvijezde, na koju svojim oblikom krošnja i podsjeća. Darovano je ljudima voljom božanskih sila i toči iz sebe "napitak života".

Upotreba

 src=
Plodovi kokosove palme.

Plod se može najbolje iskoristiti. Dok je zelen, nezrele jezgre, daje zdrav mliječni napitak bogat kalijem i mineralnim sastojcima, a svaki ga orah sadrži oko litre. Mesnati dio zrelog endosperma upije ga i sačuva. Jednako je zdrav i svjež, ali i pomiješan s prokuhanom vodom kao kokosovo mlijeko. Osušen i nariban poznat je pod nazivom korpa i koristi se kao brašno za kruh kakav spremaju žene iz Šri Lanke ili kao osnova za keks i pecivo, ulje, maslac. Koristi se i u kemijskoj industriji za fine kreme, sapune, emulzije, kao i za proizvodnju eksploziva. Od vlaknastih dijelova dobivaju se čvrste niti od kojih je nekoć upredana užad, tkani tepisi i pravljene četke, a danas služe i za izradu izolacijskog materijala i automobilska sjedala koja se ugrađuju u vozila marke "Daimler Chrysler". Čvrste drvenaste ljuske nisu više samo posuđe za domaćinstvo i ukrasni predmeti, već i materijal od koga se oblikuje dugmad i nakit. Lišće se od davnina upotrebljavalo za pokrivanje krovova i izradu pletenih rukotvorina, odlična je zaštita od komaraca, pa se prerađuje u insekticide. Debla su našla široku primjenu kao građevinski materijal. Pored greda, od njih se prave i sve vrste zidnih obloga, namještaj, a kora se prerađuje u gumu.

Kao prava znamenitost, kokosova palma našla se 1904. godine na poštanskoj marki Francuske Gvajane, a potom i Samoe i Liberije. Brazilski glazbenik Ari Baroso u veljači 1939. godine posvetio joj je sambu „Brazil", himnu koja se i danas izvodi na Copacabani. Nedavno je jedan kokosov orah prodat za 1,14 milijuna eura. Ubraja se u vrednije eksponate ugledne aukcijske kuće "Christie's" u Londonu, a nalazio se na brodu "Bounty" kapetana Williama Bligha (1754-1817) te preživio poznatu pobunu.

Drugi projekti

Commons-logo.svgU Wikimedijinu spremniku nalazi se još gradiva na temu: kokosova palmaWikispecies-logo.svgWikivrste imaju podatke o: kokosovoj palmi
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Kokosova palma: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Kokosova palma (kokos, kokosovac, lat. Cocos nucifera) je drvenasta biljka iz porodice palmi koja je rasprostranjena u tropskim krajevima, pogotovu na obalama i otocima Tihog i Indijskog oceana. Njeno ime potječe od grčke riječi сосо (zrno, plod). Pod tim imenom, kokosova palma je poznata svuda u svijetu, a svuda u svijetu se i koristi. Ona je višenamjenska - služi i kao hrana, i kao piće, kao odjeća, građevinski materijal i sirovina za mnoge proizvode suvremene industrije.

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Kokosowa palma ( Upper Sorbian )

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Kokosowa palma (Cocos) je ród ze swójby palmowych rostlinow (Arecaceae).

Wobsahuje sćěhowace družiny:

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Kelapa ( Indonesian )

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Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Kelapa (disambiguasi).

Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) adalah anggota tunggal dalam marga Cocos dari suku aren-arenan atau Arecaceae.[1] Arti kata kelapa (atau coconut, dalam bahasa Inggris)[2] dapat merujuk pada keseluruhan pohon kelapa, biji, atau buah, yang secara botani adalah pohon berbuah, bukan pohon kacang-kacangan. Istilah ini berasal dari kata Portugis dan Spanyol abad ke-16, coco yang berarti "kepala" atau "tengkorak" setelah tiga lekukan pada tempurung kelapa yang menyerupai fitur wajah. Tumbuhan ini dimanfaatkan hampir semua bagiannya oleh manusia sehingga dianggap sebagai tumbuhan serbaguna, terutama bagi masyarakat pesisir. Kelapa juga adalah sebutan untuk buah yang dihasilkan tumbuhan ini.[3]

Kelapa dikenal karena kegunaannya yang beragam, mulai dari makanan hingga kosmetik.[4] Daging bagian dalam dari benih matang membentuk bagian yang secara teratur menjadi sumber makanan bagi banyak orang di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Kelapa berbeda dari buah-buahan lain karena endosperma mereka mengandung sejumlah besar cairan bening,[4] disebut "santan" dalam literatur,[5] dan ketika belum matang, dapat dipanen untuk diminum sebagai "air kelapa", atau juga disebut "jus kelapa".

Tumbuhan ini diperkirakan berasal dari pesisir Samudra Hindia di sisi Asia, tetapi kini telah menyebar luas di seluruh pantai tropika dunia.

Pemerian botani

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Kelapa
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Skema bagian-bagian buah kelapa.
Berkas:Kebun Kelapa identik dengan Indragiri Hilir.jpg
Kebun kelapa di lahan basah rawa payau mangrove bakau berparit. Kebun Kelapa identik dengan Indragiri Hilir.

Pohon dengan batang tunggal atau kadang-kadang bercabang. Akar serabut, tebal dan berkayu, berkerumun membentuk bonggol, adaptif pada lahan berpasir pantai. Batang beruas-ruas namun bila sudah tua tidak terlalu tampak, khas tipe monokotil dengan pembuluh menyebar (tidak konsentrik), berkayu. Kayunya kurang baik digunakan untuk bangunan. Daun merupakan daun tunggal dengan pertulangan menyirip, daun bertoreh sangat dalam sehingga tampak seperti daun majemuk. Bunga tersusun majemuk pada rangkaian yang dilindungi oleh bractea; terdapat bunga jantan dan betina, berumah satu, bunga betina terletak di pangkal karangan, sedangkan bunga jantan di bagian yang jauh dari pangkal. Buah besar, diameter 10 cm sampai 20 cm atau bahkan lebih, berwarna kuning, hijau, atau cokelat; buah tersusun dari mesokarp berupa serat yang berlignin, disebut sabut, melindungi bagian endokarp yang keras (disebut batok) dan kedap air; endokarp melindungi biji yang hanya dilindungi oleh membran yang melekat pada sisi dalam endokarp. Endospermium berupa cairan yang mengandung banyak enzim, dan fase padatannya mengendap pada dinding endokarp seiring dengan semakin tuanya buah; embrio kecil dan baru membesar ketika buah siap untuk berkecambah (disebut kentos).

Kelapa secara alami tumbuh di pantai dan pohonnya mencapai ketinggian 30 m. Ia berasal dari pesisir Samudra Hindia, tetapi kini telah tersebar di seluruh daerah tropika. Tumbuhan ini dapat tumbuh hingga ketinggian 1.000 m dari permukaan laut, tetapi seiring dengan meningkatnya ketinggian, ia akan mengalami pelambatan pertumbuhan.

Persyaratan tumbuh tanaman kelapa

Tanaman kelapa dapat tumbuh dengan optimal pada daerah dengan curah hujan 1.300 sampai dengan 2.300 mm per-tahun, tetapi tanaman tetap dapat tumbuh meski curah hujan di daerah penanaman mencapai 3.800 mm per-tahun asalkan drainase tanah baik. Angin berperan penting pada penyerbukan bunga (untuk penyerbukannya bersilang) dan transpirasi. Lama penyinaran minimum kelapa adalah 120 jam/bulan sebagai sumber energi fotosintesis. Bila ternaungi, pertumbuhan tanaman muda dan buah akan terhambat. Kelapa tumbuh optimal pada suhu 20-27 derajat C dan sangat peka pada suhu rendah. Pada suhu < 15 derajat C, perubahan fisiologis dan morfologis akan terjadi pada tanaman kelapa. Kelapa akan tumbuh dengan baik pada kelembapan (rH) bulanan rata-rata 70-80%, dan rH minimumnya 65%. Bila rH udara rendah atau evapotranspirasi tinggi, tanaman akan kekeringan dan buah jatuh lebih awal (sebelum masak), tetapi bila rH terlalu tinggi hama dan penyakit tanaman akan mudah timbul. Tanaman kelapa tumbuh optimal di dataran rendah atau pada ketinggian 0-450 m dpl. Pada ketinggian 450-1000 m dpl kelapa akan berbuah lebih lambat, produksi sedikit, serta kadar minyaknya rendah.

Tanaman kelapa tumbuh pada beberapa jenis tanah seperti aluvial, vulkanis, laterit, berpasir, tanah liat, ataupun tanah berbatu, tetapi tanah yang paling baik untuk pertumbuhan kelapa adalah pada endapan aluvial. Kelapa dapat tumbuh baik pada pH 5-8, dan optimumnya pada pH 5.5-6,5. Pada tanah dengan pH di atas 7.5 dan tidak terdapat keseimbangan unsur hara, tanaman kelapa sering menunjukkan gejala-gejala defisiensi, seperti defisiensi besi atau mangan. Kelapa membutuhkan kandungan air tanah yang sama dengan laju evapotranspirasirasi atau dalam bahasa lainnya air tanah cukup tersedia. Keseimbangan air tanah dipengaruhi oleh sifat fisik tanah terutama struktur, kandungan bahan organik dan keadaan penutup tanah. Kedalaman solum tanah yang dikehendaki minimal 80-100 cm. Tanaman kelapa membutuhkan lahan yang datar dengan tingkat kemiringan 0-3%. Pada lahan yang tingkat kemiringannya tinggi yakni antara 3-50%, areal tanaman kelapa harus dibuat berteras, tujuannya adalah untuk mencegah erosi, mempertahankan kesuburan tanah, serta memperbaiki tanah yang mengalami erosi. [6]

Pemanfaatan

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Glugu
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Memetik kelapa

Kelapa adalah pohon serba guna bagi masyarakat tropika. Hampir semua bagiannya dapat dimanfaatkan orang. Akar kelapa menginspirasi penemuan teknologi penyangga bangunan Cakar Ayam (dipakai misalnya pada Bandar Udara Soekarno Hatta) oleh Sedijatmo.

Kayu dari batangnya, yang disebut kayu glugu, dipakai orang sebagai kayu dengan mutu menengah, dan dapat dipakai sebagai papan untuk rumah.

Daunnya dipakai sebagai atap rumah setelah dikeringkan. Daun muda kelapa, disebut janur, dipakai sebagai bahan anyaman dalam pembuatan ketupat atau berbagai bentuk hiasan yang sangat menarik, terutama oleh masyarakat Jawa dan Bali dalam berbagai upacara, dan menjadi bentuk kerajinan tangan yang berdiri sendiri (seni merangkai janur). Tangkai anak daun yang sudah dikeringkan, disebut lidi, dihimpun menjadi satu menjadi sapu.

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Mayang kelapa, dengan seludang bunga (spatha).

Tandan bunga yang masih muda, yang disebut mayang (sebetulnya nama ini umum bagi semua bunga palma) atau manggar dalam bahasa Jawa, dipakai orang untuk hiasan dalam upacara perkawinan dengan simbol tertentu. Mayang oleh orang Jawa-Mataraman dipakai sebagai bahan pengganti gori dalam pembuatan gudeg dan disebut gudeg manggar. Bunga betina atau buah mudanya, disebut bluluk dalam bahasa Jawa, dapat dimakan. Cairan manis yang keluar dari tangkai bunga, disebut (air) nira atau legèn (bhs. Jawa), dapat diminum sebagai penyegar atau difermentasi menjadi tuak. Gula kelapa juga dibuat dari nira ini.

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Buah kelapa muda, air di dalamnya dapat diminum.
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Bagian dalam tempurung kelapa, memperlihatkan "daging" buah kelapa, bahan baku kopra.

Buah kelapa adalah bagian paling bernilai ekonomi. Sabut, bagian mesokarp yang berupa serat-serat kasar, diperdagangkan sebagai bahan bakar, pengisi jok kursi, anyaman tali, keset, serta media tanam bagi anggrek. Tempurung atau batok, yang sebetulnya adalah bagian endokarp, dipakai sebagai bahan bakar, pengganti gayung, wadah minuman, dan bahan baku berbagai kerajinan tangan.

Endosperma buah kelapa yang berupa cairan serta endapannya yang melekat di dinding dalam batok ("daging buah kelapa") adalah sumber penyegar populer. Daging buah muda berwarna putih dan lunak serta biasa disajikan sebagai es kelapa muda atau es degan. Cairan ini mengandung beraneka enzim dan memilki khasiat penetral racun dan efek penyegar/penenang. Beberapa kelapa bermutasi sehingga endapannya tidak melekat pada dinding batok melainkan tercampur dengan cairan endosperma. Mutasi ini disebut (kelapa) kopyor. Daging buah tua kelapa berwarna putih dan mengeras. Sarinya diperas dan cairannya dinamakan santan. Daging buah tua ini juga dapat diambil dan dikeringkan serta menjadi komoditi perdagangan bernilai ekonomis, yang disebut kopra. Kopra adalah bahan baku pembuatan minyak kelapa dan turunannya. Cairan buah tua biasanya tidak menjadi bahan minuman penyegar dan merupakan limbah industri kopra. Namun, cairan ini dapat dimanfaatkan lagi untuk dibuat menjadi bahan semacam jelly yang disebut nata de coco dan merupakan bahan campuran minuman penyegar. Daging buah kelapa juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai penambah aroma pada masakan daging serta dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat rambut yang rontok dan mudah patah.[7]

Produksi kelapa Indonesia

Kelapa banyak terdapat di negara Asia dan Pasifik yang menghasilkan 5,3 juta ton (82%) produksi dunia yang meliputi 12 negara, sedangkan sisanya oleh negara di Afrika dan Amerika Selatan. Indonesia merupakan negara perkelapaan terluas yang tersebar di Riau, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Jambi, Aceh, Sumatra Utara, Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Selatan, Maluku.

Indonesia menempati posisi produsen kelapa terbesar di dunia dengan jumlah produksi 183 juta ton per tahun pada tahun 2018. Sebagian besar kelapa Indonesia diproduksi di provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Berikut merupakan grafik perbandingan produksi kelapa di negara-negara produsen kelapa.

Referensi

  1. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cocos. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
  2. ^ J. Pearsall, ed. (1999). "Coconut". Concise Oxford Dictionary (edisi ke-10th). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-860287-1.
  3. ^ Dalgado, Sebastião. "Glossário luso-asiático". google.com. hlm. 291. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 2, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Cocos nucifera L. (Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops; unpublished)". Purdue University, NewCROP – New Crop Resource. 1983. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 3, 2015. Diakses tanggal June 4, 2015.
  5. ^ "Coconut botany". Agritech Portal, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. December 2014. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2017.
  6. ^ Tamil Nandu Agricultural University. 2010. Coconut Planting Seasons and Climate. [online]. http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/coconut/coconut/coconut_planting_seasons.html. Diakses 3 April 2019 pukul 4.54
  7. ^ Burton, James. 2018. The World Leaders in Coconut Production. [online]. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-leaders-in-coconut-production.html. Diakses Jumat, 5 April 2019 pukul 12.13

Pranala luar

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Kelapa: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Kelapa (disambiguasi).

Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) adalah anggota tunggal dalam marga Cocos dari suku aren-arenan atau Arecaceae. Arti kata kelapa (atau coconut, dalam bahasa Inggris) dapat merujuk pada keseluruhan pohon kelapa, biji, atau buah, yang secara botani adalah pohon berbuah, bukan pohon kacang-kacangan. Istilah ini berasal dari kata Portugis dan Spanyol abad ke-16, coco yang berarti "kepala" atau "tengkorak" setelah tiga lekukan pada tempurung kelapa yang menyerupai fitur wajah. Tumbuhan ini dimanfaatkan hampir semua bagiannya oleh manusia sehingga dianggap sebagai tumbuhan serbaguna, terutama bagi masyarakat pesisir. Kelapa juga adalah sebutan untuk buah yang dihasilkan tumbuhan ini.

Kelapa dikenal karena kegunaannya yang beragam, mulai dari makanan hingga kosmetik. Daging bagian dalam dari benih matang membentuk bagian yang secara teratur menjadi sumber makanan bagi banyak orang di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Kelapa berbeda dari buah-buahan lain karena endosperma mereka mengandung sejumlah besar cairan bening, disebut "santan" dalam literatur, dan ketika belum matang, dapat dipanen untuk diminum sebagai "air kelapa", atau juga disebut "jus kelapa".

Tumbuhan ini diperkirakan berasal dari pesisir Samudra Hindia di sisi Asia, tetapi kini telah menyebar luas di seluruh pantai tropika dunia.

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Kókoshneta ( Icelandic )

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Kókoshneta (fræðiheiti: Cocos nucifera) er aldin kókóspálma, afar stór hneta með harðri skurn. Kókóspálmi er stórvaxin pálmategund sem verður allt að 30 m með 4–6 m metra laufblöðum með nálum sem verða 60–90 sm langar. Gömul laufblöð brotna af stofninum og bolurinn verður sléttur. Kókóspálmi er ræktaður í hitabeltinu bæði til skrauts og til ýmis konar nytja. Ræktun kókospálma ógna sums staðar vistkerfi t.d. fenjatrjám (mangroves). Í kaldari loftslagsbeltum er svipaður pálmi Syagrus romanzoffiana ræktaður til skrauts.

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Cocos nucifera ( Italian )

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Il cocco[1] o palma da cocco (Cocos nucifera L., 1753) è una pianta della famiglia delle Arecacee (sottofamiglia Arecoideae, tribù Cocoseae[2]). È l'unica specie riconosciuta del genere Cocos.[3]

La specie è originaria delle isole con clima tropicale del Sud-est asiatico, soprattutto delle isole delle Filippine e delle aree costiere dell'India.

Etimologia

La parola cocco deriva dalla portoghese coco, che significa testa.

I marinai di Vasco da Gama, durante il viaggio nelle Indie, hanno dato il nome alla pianta in base alla forma del frutto che ha una vaga somiglianza con la testa a forma di zucca intagliata del Coco, mostro della mitologia ispanica molto simile all'uomo nero[4].

Descrizione

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Palma da cocco con le noci (drupe) in evidenza
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Tronco di cocco

Fusto

Il fusto è colonnare e slanciato, alto dai 20 ai 40 m, con un diametro di 50–70 cm alla base e di 25–35 cm in alto, con la superficie di colore grigio, segnata dalle cicatrici a forma di anello lasciate dalle foglie e dai racemi caduti, termina all'apice con una corona di grandi foglie paripennate.

Radici

Le radici sono fascicolate, cilindriche, di diametro uniforme, di notevole sviluppo, ma dalla vita breve, sostituite dalle radici avventizie che si sviluppano dalla base della pianta e che si estendono negli strati superficiali del terreno; le radici aeree avventizie si sviluppano dal colletto della pianta fino a 1 m di altezza con particolari formazioni lenticellari.

Foglie

Le foglie sono paripennate, lunghe 4–5 m, con la base dilatata a formare una larga guaina, erette nei primi due anni di vita e successivamente cadenti, formate da leggerissime foglioline, allungate e brevemente piccole, divise in due, molto striate e leggermente arcuate.

Fiori

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Fiori
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Fiori

I fiori sono piccoli e giallastri, riuniti in infiorescenze a spadice, ramificate in circa 50 rami secondari, protette esternamente da una grande spata concava. Ogni pianta porta annualmente da 6 a 12 infiorescenze, prodotte in tempi diversi.

Nella parte basale dei rami dello spadice si trovano generalmente 5 fiori femminili formati da un perigonio di 6 tepali, a lobi inspessiti, disposti su 2 verticilli embricati, formati da 3 elementi, i 6 stami sono disposti su due verticilli da tre elementi ciascuno e sono rudimentali, l'ovario è formato da 3 carpelli di cui solo uno verrà fecondato. La palma non è dioica come molte altre palme, ma monoica a fiori diclini: la parte maschile e la parte femminile sono sulla stessa pianta.

I fiori maschili sono molto numerosi, circa 300 per ogni ramo dello spadice con un perigonio di 6 elementi, hanno 6 stami, un pistillo rudimentale che nella parte apicale ha 3 denti provvisti di ghiandole nettarifere per attirare gli insetti pronubi. L'impollinazione è mista, sia anemofila sia entomofila.

Frutti

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Noci in maturazione su una palma

I frutti sono drupe voluminose, dette comunemente noci di cocco, di circa 1 kg di peso. Si formano dopo 2 settimane dalla fioritura e crescono rapidamente per circa 6 mesi. Hanno esocarpo (buccia) liscio e sottile generalmente di colore rosso-brunastro, mesocarpo fibroso e leggero a maturità che è strettamente unito all'endocarpo (guscio) legnoso e durissimo il quale presenta alla base 3 pori a minore spessore chiaramente visibili, detti anche "occhi". Il guscio è strettamente aderente al tegumento del seme che racchiude. Occorrono 12-13 mesi perché da una spata aperta si passi ad un frutto maturo e in alcune varietà serve anche più tempo.[5]

Per la commercializzazione della noce la buccia e il mesocarpo fibroso sono rimossi.

Il mesocarpo fibroso, dotato di fibre legnose leggere appressate, costituisce la parte che sostiene il galleggiamento della noce. Questo materiale è un'importante fibra vegetale commerciale detta fibra di cocco o fibra coir, è estremamente resistente all'acqua e una delle poche resistente all'acqua salata.

Semi

Il seme è costituito dalla polpa della noce; ha un tegumento sottilissimo di colore bruno, strettamente aderente all'endosperma ricco di grassi (copra), formato da uno strato spesso 1–3 cm che forma una cavità contenente un liquido lattiginoso, detto "acqua di cocco", che poi si addensa; l'embrione è avvolto dall'endosperma a un'estremità del frutto. La germinazione avviene con la produzione di un austorio che si sviluppa all'interno del seme formando un tessuto carnoso detto pomo, e dalla parte opposta si forma il cotiledone che fuoriesce dal guscio da uno dei pori (occhi), dando origine alla gemma da cui si sviluppa il fusto con le foglie e le radici.

Distribuzione e habitat

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L'area della distribuzione della palma da cocco è indicato dalla linea rossa (basato su informazioni di Werth (1933),[6] leggermente modificato da Niklas Jonsson)
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Noce di cocco in germinazione sulla spiaggia della sabbia nera, isola di Hawaii

I marittimi austronesiani delle Filippine hanno successivamente introdotto le noci di cocco sulla costa del Pacifico del Centro America. Le palme da cocco che furono addomesticate in India si diffusero verso ovest. Dopo che furono introdotte nell'Africa orientale, gli europei portarono le noci di cocco sulla costa atlantica dell'Africa e successivamente in Sud America.[7]

Oggigiorno le principali zone di diffusione della palma da cocco sono situate tra il ventiduesimo parallelo nord e il ventiduesimo parallelo sud[5]. La palma è coltivabile anche oltre questi limiti di latitudine, ma le coltivazioni perdono importanza commerciale[5]. Generalmente le palme vengono coltivate sulla costa, ma la loro crescita non è limitata agli ambienti costieri. È possibile trovare palme anche a centinaia di chilometri dalla costa quando le condizioni climatiche lo permettono[5]. In ogni caso l'influenza marina ha sicuramente un effetto positivo sul raccolto dei frutti[5].

Generalmente la capacità delle noci di cocco di galleggiare sull'acqua marina è un metodo di diffusione naturale della specie. Le noci di cocco sono in grado di germogliare dopo 110 giorni di immersione nell'acqua di mare, periodo in cui possono percorrere fino a 5000 chilometri[5]. La diffusione attuale è avvenuta ad opera dell'uomo sia in epoca storica, come documentato, sia in epoca precedente ad opera delle popolazioni indigene dei settori geografici interessati.[5].

L'habitat ottimale è quello delle coste di regioni tropicali con precipitazioni annue tra 1.300 e 2.000 mm, fino ad altitudini di 600 m s.l.m.

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende una sola specie, Cocos nucifera.[3]

Alcune specie già attribuite a Cocos hanno avuto attribuzione diversa:

  • Cocos capitata Mart. 1826 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)
  • Cocos elegantissima Chabaud 1905 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)
  • Cocos erythrospatha Mart. ex Drude 1881 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)
  • Cocos lilaceiflora Chabaud 1916 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)
  • Cocos odorata Barb. Rodr. 1891 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)
  • Cocos plumosa Lodd. ex Hook. 1860 (= Syagrus romanzoffianum (Cham.) Glassman)
  • Cocos pulposa Barb. Rodr. 1891 (= Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.)

Varietà

La specie presenta oltre 80 varietà descritte.[5] Fondamentalmente le varietà si dividono in due grandi categorie, piuttosto omogenee per caratteristiche, le alte e la nane. Questa divisione non è rigida e vi sono varietà che non ricadono in nessuna delle due categorie. Le varietà alte sono generalmente allogame, mentre le varietà nane sono generalmente autogame.[5]

Varietà "alte"

Sono piante generalmente molto longeve che raggiungono con facilità gli 80 anni di vita.[5] Fruttificano relativamente tardi dall'impianto, fino a 10 anni dopo la semina[5], e ancora più tardi raggiungono il picco di produzione.

Varietà "nane"

L'altezza massima è minore delle varietà alte, ma le palme possono ancora risultare imponenti, con altezze fino a 12 metri[5]. Questo genere di palme è anche estremamente rapido nel raggiungere la maturità riproduttiva i primi frutti possono essere raccolti anche a soli 4 anni dall'impianto[5], con noci che toccano il suolo. La varietà più famosa tra le nane è la Malayan Dwarf[5] che ha tre sottotipi: la regia, l'eburnea e la pumila[5] che differiscono per il colore della noce. Le noci delle varietà nane sono più piccole in genere di quelle delle varietà alte[5].

Altre varietà

Vi sono altre varietà dalle caratteristiche intermedie. Inoltre esistono varietà dalle noci particolarmente grandi o particolarmente piccole. Ci sono anche alcune varietà che hanno l'involucro della noce commestibile[5], altre con l'esocarpo rosa[5] o con la noce che contiene sostanze viscose o profumate[5]. Queste varietà quando sono commerciate lo sono solo su base locale e non hanno importanza economica[5].

Produzione

Coltivazione

Le condizioni fondamentali per la coltivazione commerciale della palma sono state indicate da Frémond e altri nei seguenti 4 punti[5]:

  • Almeno 130 millimetri di pioggia al mese. Se è presente una stagione secca i mesi con meno di 50 millimetri di pioggia non devono essere più di tre consecutivi.
  • La temperatura ottimale si attesta su una media annuale di 27 °C. Temperature sotto i 20 °C devono essere infrequenti.
  • Almeno 2000 ore di luce solare diretta annua.
  • Un'umidità relativa sempre dell'80-90%, con nessun mese sotto il 60%.
  • I venti devono essere frequenti in quanto favoriscono l'impollinazione.

Le palme da cocco non sono molto esigenti per quanto riguarda la natura del suolo, mentre l'umidità e l'aerazione sono fondamentali. In caso di piogge abbondanti si adattano anche a suoli relativamente pesanti, a patto che le piogge continue evitino un eccessivo indurimento del terreno[5]. Ovviamente i suoli sabbiosi sono i migliori, specie se ricchi di materia organica[5]. Comunque l'esteso apparato radicale della pianta è in grado di estrarre nutrienti anche da suoli relativamente poveri, sebbene questi influenzino la qualità e la quantità del raccolto di noci di cocco[5]. Una profondità di suolo smosso di almeno un metro è fondamentale per fornire sia ancoraggio sia nutrimento[5]. Il pH del suolo può variare da 5 a 8, anche se sopra il 7,5 si creano squilibri nutrizionali[5]. La pianta tollera senza grandi problemi alte concentrazioni di sodio e potassio[5] (suoli salmastri o venti salini).

Usi

 src=
Copra, Essiccazione della polpa delle noci per la produzione di copra; Isole Fiji
 src=
Margarina di cocco
  • Come pianta ornamentale in giardino nei climi adatti, in serra o in appartamento nelle regioni a clima sfavorevole, piante i cui fusti eretti crescono direttamente dalla noce appoggiata al terreno, nei climi temperati viene generalmente coltivata in vaso in ambienti confinati a temperatura ed umidità controllata.
  • Nei paesi d'origine, per la produzione di noci di cocco utilizzate per il consumo fresco.
  • Per ricavare la copra per la produzione della margarina di cocco, un olio vegetale ad alto punto di fusione utilizzato in pasticceria come succedaneo del burro; per la fabbricazione di saponi, colle e appretti. I sottoprodotti della lavorazione industriale della copra, come il panello di copra, vengono utilizzati come mangime per gli animali. Dalla copra ridotta in polvere si ricava una farina utilizzata a fini alimentari.
  • Dalle fibre del mesocarpo si ricava il coir, una fibra utilizzata per lavori di intreccio, tappeti e cordami. Etichettatura tessile sigla CC.
  • Con la linfa estratta incidendo le giovani infiorescenze si ricava il 'vino' di palma (linfa fermentata), l'aceto di palma, lo zucchero di palma e l'acquavite di palma. La linfa fresca è di consumo comune nelle Kiribati: chiamata karewe, viene raccolta due volte al giorno e poi viene cotta per fare uno sciroppo chiamato kamaimai.
  • Le giovani gemme sono commestibili (cavoli di palma).
  • Dagli stipiti si ricava il legno di cocco, utilizzato per la facilità di lavorazione per mobili, manici d'ombrello, o abitazioni rurali.
  • Le fronde vengono utilizzate come fibre per intrecciare cappelli, stuoie e tetti per le capanne.
  • Le donne tamil in Sri Lanka utilizzano l'olio ottenuto da una prolungata bollitura del latte di cocco come idratante per alleviare le smagliature del parto e per rendere morbidi i capelli. Queste popolazioni bevono anche il latte di cocco mescolato a foglie di pepe finemente tritate come cura dei disturbi della vista.[9].
  • L'olio è utilizzato comunemente nei prodotti per rasatura (crema, sapone e schiuma da barba) e anche negli abbronzanti.
  • Nelle Filippine dalla fermentazione dell'acqua di cocco viene prodotto il dolce noto come nata de coco.

Proprietà medicinali

La noce di cocco è composta al 50% d'acqua. Il restante è formato da fibre, carboidrati, zuccheri e lipidi. Ferro, potassio, rame, zinco, magnesio, fosforo e sodio sono i sali minerali presenti in maggior quantità dentro il frutto.

L'Isoleucina, serina, treonina, acido glutammico, arginina, acido aspartico, fenilalanina, glicinae cistina, sono invece gli amminoacidi più abbondanti. L'abbondanza di vitamine B e C aiuta negli stati di debolezza, stanchezza e allevia lo stress.

L'acqua della noce di cocco, oltre che essere dissetante, dolce e rinfrescante, proprietà che l'hanno reso molto popolare nella stagione estiva, ha pochissimi grassi e calorie ed è priva di colesterolo e ha abbondanti quantità di sodio, potassio, magnesio e calcio. Tutte queste caratteristiche la rendono un ottimo integratore dopo un'intensa attività fisica.

L'olio di cocco è uno dei pochi oli alimentari vegetali naturali completamente saturi per cui l'uso abituale in dieta, anche dei suoi derivati, deve essere attentamente controllato.

Metodi di coltivazione

Nel clima mediterraneo è possibile la coltivazione in serra calda, con aria confinata ed elevata umidità ambientale, luce solare filtrata, concimando 2 volte al mese nella bella stagione, con fertilizzante liquido medio, frequenti annaffiature senza eccedere nelle quantità e spruzzature alla chioma, evitando il ristagno d'acqua, rinterrando annualmente, sostituendo la terra superficiale dei vasi con terriccio di bosco misto ad erica, arricchito con terricciato organico e alleggerito con sabbia.

In condizioni ottimali nella coltivazione in vaso può superare facilmente i 2 m.

Avversità

Pianta molto delicata, negli appartamenti raramente sopravvive più di 2-3 anni, l'apparato radicale è soggetto facilmente al marciume, favorito dal ristagno idrico, e soprattutto dalle basse temperature del substrato, gli ambienti con scarsa umidità, le correnti d'aria e la luce solare diretta, provocano il disseccamento delle foglie ad iniziare dai margini, vengono inoltre attaccati da numerosi parassiti.

Spesso le piante in vendita hanno subito colpi di freddo durante il trasporto o vengono vendute già talmente debilitate da rendere impossibile la sopravvivenza dopo l'acquisto, nonostante appaiano di aspetto vitale.

Uno dei più temibili parassiti di questa pianta è il Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, noto come punteruolo rosso delle palme. Si tratta di un coleottero curculionide originario dell'Asia, recentemente propagatosi in Medio Oriente e successivamente a tutto il bacino del Mediterraneo e rivelatosi resistente a tutti i mezzi di controllo convenzionali.

Note

  1. ^ cocco nell'Enciclopedia Treccani, su treccani.it. URL consultato il 30 dicembre 2021.
  2. ^ (EN) Baker W.J., Dransfield J., Beyond Genera Palmarum : progress and prospects in palm systematics, in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 182, n. 2, 2016, DOI:10.1111/boj.12401.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Cocos nucifera, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 31 gennaio 2021.
  4. ^ (EN) El Cuco or El Coco - Hispanic Culture | Latino Culture | Latin American Culture, su hispanic-culture-online.com, 14 luglio 2013. URL consultato il 28 agosto 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 settembre 2016).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Grimwood, Brian E., F. Ashman, D.A.V. Dendy, C.G. Jarman, E.C.S. Little, and W.H. Timmins. (1975). Coconut Palm Products – Their processing in developing countries. Rome: FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-100853-9
  6. ^ Werth, E. (1933). Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges., vol 51, pp. 301–304. (article translated into English by Dr. R. Child, Director, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka).
  7. ^ Lucas Brouwers, Baudouin L e Olsen KM, Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics., in PloS one, vol. 6, n. 6, 2011. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2020.
  8. ^ (EN) Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, FAOSTAT, su fao.org. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2020.
  9. ^ Lentini F., Venza F., 1999 - Osservazioni etnobotaniche su alcune specie utilizzate dai Tamil nella medicina popolare dello Sri Lanka (India). Quad.Bot. Amb. Appl. 10:17-27.

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Cocos nucifera: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il cocco o palma da cocco (Cocos nucifera L., 1753) è una pianta della famiglia delle Arecacee (sottofamiglia Arecoideae, tribù Cocoseae). È l'unica specie riconosciuta del genere Cocos.

La specie è originaria delle isole con clima tropicale del Sud-est asiatico, soprattutto delle isole delle Filippine e delle aree costiere dell'India.

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Cocos nucifera ( Latin )

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Cocos nucifera[1] (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo statutum) est utilissima familiae Arecacearum planta, sola generis Cocois species, magna palma, quae ad 30 metra alta crescit, foliis pinnatis 4–6 metra longis, pinnis 60–90 centimetra longis. Foliis veteribus se defringentibus, truncus manet levis quasi rasilis. Nucem Indicam producit.

Cocos nucifera per tropicas colitur pro multis usibus, culinariis et non culinariis, et aliquando est pro ornamento. Paene omnis eius pars usus humanos habet. In caelis frigidioribus (sed non minus quam USDA Zona 9), cocois similis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, in architectura terrestri adhibetur. Eius fructus sunt "nucum" cocois similes, sed multum minores. Olim classificatus est in genere Cocois, sed deinde ad genus Syagrum motus est. Beccariophoenix alfredii, palma in Madagascaria recentius inventa, est cocois similior Syagru romanzoffiana.

Cocos per paene omnibus terras tropicas viget, partim ab hominibus maritimis adiuta. Fructus est levis, aquam magnopere resistens, unde se fluctibus marinis trans spatia ampla dispergere potest.[2] Fructus mari conlectus tam septentrionalis quam Norvegia potest vivere. In Havaiis, cocos habetur introductio Polynesia, ad insulas a nautis Polynesiis primum adlata a patriis in Oceania Australi. Adsunt in paene omnibus locis inter 26°N et 26°S, interioribus Africae Americaeque Australis partibus exceptis.

 src=
Naturalis Cocois nuciferae habitatio.

Plantae flores sunt polygamomonoecii, masculinos femineosque partes in eadem inflorescentia habentes. Florescentia perpetuo agitur. Plurimae plantae habentur vicissim transpollinare,? sed aliquae varietates nanae se pollen dant. Plantae nux revera est endospermium edule, in interiore putaminis superficie situm. Intra stratum endospermii, nux ius cocois continet, perlucidum dulce salsumve, aut dulce salsumque liquidum.

Distributio

 src=
Plantatio cocotum in La Digue Insularum Seychelles
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Flores
 src=
Proventus nucum Indicarum et coprae anno 2005
 src=
Arbor cocois in Cuba.
 src=
Strata fructus cocois.
 src=
Arbores Goae in India.

Cocos in solis harenosis viget, et salinitatem valde tolerat.

Notae

  1. Genetivo Cocois nuciferae, e.g. Ioannes Christianus Felix Baehr, coll., Ctesiae Cnidii operum reliquiae (Francofurti ad Moenum: 1824), p. 327; rarius Cocotis, e.g. Henricus Fridericus Link, Elementa Philosophiae Botanicae (Berolini: 1824), p. 321.
  2. Foale, M. "The Coconut Odyssey: the bounteous possibilities of the tree of life." Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2003

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores
Eruditio recentior


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Cocos nucifera: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Cocos nucifera (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo statutum) est utilissima familiae Arecacearum planta, sola generis Cocois species, magna palma, quae ad 30 metra alta crescit, foliis pinnatis 4–6 metra longis, pinnis 60–90 centimetra longis. Foliis veteribus se defringentibus, truncus manet levis quasi rasilis. Nucem Indicam producit.

 src= Nux in Ora Harenae Atrae Insulae Hawaiorum germinat.

Cocos nucifera per tropicas colitur pro multis usibus, culinariis et non culinariis, et aliquando est pro ornamento. Paene omnis eius pars usus humanos habet. In caelis frigidioribus (sed non minus quam USDA Zona 9), cocois similis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, in architectura terrestri adhibetur. Eius fructus sunt "nucum" cocois similes, sed multum minores. Olim classificatus est in genere Cocois, sed deinde ad genus Syagrum motus est. Beccariophoenix alfredii, palma in Madagascaria recentius inventa, est cocois similior Syagru romanzoffiana.

Cocos per paene omnibus terras tropicas viget, partim ab hominibus maritimis adiuta. Fructus est levis, aquam magnopere resistens, unde se fluctibus marinis trans spatia ampla dispergere potest. Fructus mari conlectus tam septentrionalis quam Norvegia potest vivere. In Havaiis, cocos habetur introductio Polynesia, ad insulas a nautis Polynesiis primum adlata a patriis in Oceania Australi. Adsunt in paene omnibus locis inter 26°N et 26°S, interioribus Africae Americaeque Australis partibus exceptis.

 src= Naturalis Cocois nuciferae habitatio.

Plantae flores sunt polygamomonoecii, masculinos femineosque partes in eadem inflorescentia habentes. Florescentia perpetuo agitur. Plurimae plantae habentur vicissim transpollinare,? sed aliquae varietates nanae se pollen dant. Plantae nux revera est endospermium edule, in interiore putaminis superficie situm. Intra stratum endospermii, nux ius cocois continet, perlucidum dulce salsumve, aut dulce salsumque liquidum.

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Riešutinė kokospalmė ( Lithuanian )

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Riešutinė kokospalmė (lot. Cocos nucifera) – arekinių (Arecaceae) šeimos augalas, aptinkamas tropinio klimato sričių jūrų pakrantėse, beveik prie pat vandens linijos.

Morfologija

Riešutinė kokospalmė užauga iki 30 m aukščio, dažnai kreivu, palinkusiu liemeniu. Turi stiprias šaknis, kuriomis įsitvirtina žemėje, todėl geba atlaikyti stiprius pajūrio vėjus. Lapai plunksniški, 4-6 m ilgio, juos sudarančių lapelių ilgis 60–90 cm. Augalas vienanamis, sudaro šluotelės formos gelsvą ar oranžinį žiedyną. Po apvaisinimo iš moteriškųjų žiedų užauga didelės kokoso riešutų kekės.

Vaisius

Vaisiuskokosas, paprastai vadinamas kokoso riešutu. Botaniškai jis ne riešutas, bet kaulavaisis. Jo egzokarpą sudaro stora, tvirta, žalios spalvos žievė. Toliau yra mezokarpas – rudas, tvirtas, plaušingas kevalas. Jo viduje yra sėkla – ją dengia endokarpas – plona, ruda odelė. Vidinę „riešuto“ dalį sudaro baltas, maistingas endospermo sluoksnis. Jo storis priklauso nuo vaisiaus amžiaus – kuo senesnis, tuo sluoksnis storesnis. Endospermo suformuotoje vidinėje ertmėje susidaro saldokas kokosinis vanduo. Kuo jaunesnis riešutas, tuo skysčio daugiau (vėliau jis virsta endospermu). Viename vaisiuje gali būti 300–1000 ml kokosinio vandens.

Kokoso endospermo (baltojo sluoksnio) maistinė sudėtis 100 g: sotieji riebalai – 29,70 g, angliavandeniai – 15,23 g (tame tarpe cukrūs – 6,23 g), baltymai – 3,3 g. Turi geležies, fosforo, cinko, folio rūgšties, vitaminų B1, B2, B6 ir kt.

Paplitimas

Riešutinė kokospalmė paplitusi visose pasaulio tropinio klimato sričių jūrų pakrantėse. Nėra sutarta, kur yra šio augalo tėvynė, spėjama, kad jis kilęs iš Okeanijos ar Indijos vandenyno. Riešuto kevalas tvirtas, tačiau lengvas – jis išlieka nesužalotas ir padeda sėklai nuplaukti didelius atstumus. Išplautas bangų ant paplūdimio, riešutas netrukus išleidžia lapus ir kuokštines šaknis. Vietomis šios palmės įveistos žmonių. Dabar ši palmė auga daugiau nei 80 pasaulio valstybių.

Riešutinė kokospalmė auga smėlingoje dirvoje, pakenčia druskingą vandenį. Augalui reikia pakankamai saulės šviesos, kritulių (1500–2500 mm per metus), aukštos oro temperatūros (~27 °C) bei didelio oro drėgnumo (>70-80 %).

Istorija ir panaudojimas

Seniausias žinomas kokoso paminėjimas rastas VI a. kūrinyje Topographia Christiana. Kokosai minimi „Tūkstančio ir vienos nakties“ pasakose. Markas Polas jį vadino „indišku riešutu“ (nux indica). XVI a. europiečiai riešutą vadino indišku žodžiu Tenga, tačiau vėliau prigijo portugalų kalbos žodis coco, reiškiantis „besivaipantis veidas, grimasa“.

Riešutinė kokospalmė plačiai panaudojama. Kokoso riešutų minkštimas naudojamas maistui, iš džiovintų branduolių gaminama kopra. Kokosinis vanduo geriamas, naudojamas alkoholinių gėrimų, acto gamyboje. Iš fermentuotos kokosų sulos gaminamas alkoholinis gėrimas arakas bei kokosų cukrus. Kokospalmės ūgliai valgomi. Iš kokosų minkštimo spaudžiamas kokosų aliejus, daromas kokosų pienas. Kokosų plaušai (koiras), naudojami tinklų, demblių, gultų, kilimų, šepečių gamybai. Palmės lapai naudojami pastatų stogų dengimui, maisto kepimui ar patiekimui, krepšių pynimui. Kevalai naudojami kaip medžio anglies šaltinis, kaip indas, muzikos instrumentų (rebabo, jehu, banhu) gamybai. Kokoso mediena naudojama pastatų statybai, baldų, apdailos dirbinių gamybai. Šaknys naudojamos kaip dažas, vaistas nuo diarėjos ir dizinterijos. Riešutinė kokospalmė taip sodinama tropikų parkuose, soduose kaip dekoratyvinis augalas.

Dėl savo plataus panaudojimo Filipinuose ir vietomis Okeanijoje riešutinė kokospalmė vadinama gyvybės medžiu. Indijoje riešutai naudojami religiniams ritualams.

Produkcija

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Pagrindiniai kokosų ir kopros eksportuotojai

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Susiję straipsniai

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Riešutinė kokospalmė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Riešutinė kokospalmė (lot. Cocos nucifera) – arekinių (Arecaceae) šeimos augalas, aptinkamas tropinio klimato sričių jūrų pakrantėse, beveik prie pat vandens linijos.

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Kokospalma ( Latvian )

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Kokospalma (latīņu: Cocos nucifera) ir areku dzimtas augi, kuri parasti aug tropu joslas piekrastes zonā. Kokospalma ir vienīgā suga kokospalmu ģintī (Cocos). Kokospalmas ir nozīmīgi kultūraugi tropu apgabalos. Tās augļus kokosriekstus cilvēki izmanto pārtikā. Kokospalmas aug līdz pat 25 metru augstumam. Tai ir spēcīga sakņu sistēma, kas neļauj spēcīgajiem jūras vējiem to izraut vai apgāzt.

Marko Polo bija pirmais eiropietis, kas aprakstīja kokosriekstus. Ik gadu kokosriekstus visvairāk ievāc Filipīnās, Indonēzijā un Indijā. Bez kokosriekstiem cilvēki no kokospalmām savām vajadzībām iegūst arī citus produktus, piemēram, kokosriekstu eļļu un kopru.

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Karambia ( Minangkabau )

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 src=
Iko adolah tumbuahan karambia.

Karambia adolah bahaso Minang dari kelapa. Karambia atau juo dikenal jo namo tumbuahan (takstonomi) jo sabutan Cocos Nuciera Lineaeus marupokan tumbuahan tahunan nan kareh juo dikenal jo monopodi (indak bacabang) dan mampunyoi aka nan sarabuik. Tumbuahan karambia ko iolah tumbuahan nan sarba guno, sabab sadoalah nan ado pado karambia dapek mambari manpaaik. Contohnyo batangnyo dan baguno untuak pembuek bangunan, pasak, jumbatan, bahan baka, dan lain sabagainyo. Daun karambia nan baguno untuak pambuatan hiasan rumah tradisional, dapek juo untuak pambuek makanan tradisional contonhyo katupek, tusuak sate dan lain sabagainyo. Buah karambia nan banyak manpaiknyo, aianyo bakeh ka diminum baik ka untuak palapeh auih maupun untuak ubek, isi buahnyo untuak makanan jo bahan makanan, kulik karambia (tampuruang) untuak bahan baka jo hiasan, jo banyak lai kagunoan karamabia iko. Salain baguno untuak pribadi, karambia iko baguno juo untuak industri-industri nan ado di Indonesia ataupun di lua Indonesia.[1]

Faktor Lingkungan Nan Mampangaruhi Patumbuahan Karambia

Faktor lingkungan sangaik mampangaruhi patumbuahan karambia iolah iklim jo tanah. Karambia ko biasonyo tumbuah elok pado iklim paneh nan lambab nan ado pado umumnyo tadapek di wilayah tropis. Tipe tanah nan elok untuak tumbuahan karambia iolah tanah Aluvial, Latosol, tanah pasir dan lain sabagainyo.[1]

Maso Tumbuah Karambia

Karambia biasonyo malewati maso tanam tigo sampai anam tahun. sasudah itu tumbuahan iko dapek dipanen dan dipagunoan.[1]

Rujuakan

  1. a b c Mardiatmoko, Gun, Mira Ariyanti. Produksi Tanaman Kelapa. Ambon: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Patimura. ISBN 9786028403245.

Eksternal Link

Tarahap Media

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Karambia: Brief Summary ( Minangkabau )

provided by wikipedia MIN
 src= Iko adolah tumbuahan karambia.

Karambia adolah bahaso Minang dari kelapa. Karambia atau juo dikenal jo namo tumbuahan (takstonomi) jo sabutan Cocos Nuciera Lineaeus marupokan tumbuahan tahunan nan kareh juo dikenal jo monopodi (indak bacabang) dan mampunyoi aka nan sarabuik. Tumbuahan karambia ko iolah tumbuahan nan sarba guno, sabab sadoalah nan ado pado karambia dapek mambari manpaaik. Contohnyo batangnyo dan baguno untuak pembuek bangunan, pasak, jumbatan, bahan baka, dan lain sabagainyo. Daun karambia nan baguno untuak pambuatan hiasan rumah tradisional, dapek juo untuak pambuek makanan tradisional contonhyo katupek, tusuak sate dan lain sabagainyo. Buah karambia nan banyak manpaiknyo, aianyo bakeh ka diminum baik ka untuak palapeh auih maupun untuak ubek, isi buahnyo untuak makanan jo bahan makanan, kulik karambia (tampuruang) untuak bahan baka jo hiasan, jo banyak lai kagunoan karamabia iko. Salain baguno untuak pribadi, karambia iko baguno juo untuak industri-industri nan ado di Indonesia ataupun di lua Indonesia.

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Kelapa ( Malay )

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Kelapa (bahasa Inggeris: coconut) atau juga lebih dikenali sebagai nyiur adalah tumbuhan saka, tempoh ekonomi adalah melebihi 25 tahun. Pokoknya boleh mencapai ketinggian 6 hingga 30 meter bergantung kepada variasi. Ia didapati di semua kawasan tropika. Keseluruhan pokok kelapa dapat dimanfaatkan kepada pelbagai guna.

Pokok kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) adalah ahli keluarga Arecaceae (keluarga palma). Ia merupakan spesies tunggal yang dikelaskan dalam genus Cocos dan merupakan pokok palma yang besar, tumbuh setinggi 30 meter, dengan pelepah daun pinnate sepanjang 4-6 meter, dengan helaian daun pinnae sepanjang 60-90 cm; pelepah tua luruh meninggalkan batang pokok yang licin.

Asal

Asal pokok kelapa telah menjadi perbahasan dengan sesetengah pihak berkuasa mendakwa bahawa ia berasal dari semenanjung Asia Tenggara sementara yang lain pula mendakwa bahawa ia berasal di barat laut Amerika Selatan.

Rekod fosil di New Zealand menunjukkan pokok kecil seperti kelapa tumbuh di situ semenjak 15 juta tahun dahulu. Fosil yang lebih tua telah dijumpai di Rajasthan, India. Walau dari manapun asal pokok kelapa, ia telah tersebar disebahagian besar kawasan tropika, terutamanya sepanjang persisiran pantai. Oleh kerana buah kelapa ringan dan timbul, pokok kelapa mudah tersebar oleh arus laut yang mampu membawa buah kelapa pada jarak yang jauh. Pokok kelapa hidup subur di tanah berpasir, paya dengan banyak cahaya matahari dan hujan yang tetap (75-100 cm setahun), yang menjadikan koloni di pantai agak mudah. Buah yang dikumpulkan dari laut jauh ke utara seperti Norway telah di dapati masih utuh dan mampu tumbuh setelah diberikan keadaan yang sesuai. Bagaimanapun di Kepulauan Hawaii, pokok kelapa dianggap diperkenalkan oleh orang Polinesia, pertama diperkenalkan ke kepulauan oleh pelayar Polinesia dari tanah asal mereka di Pasifik Selatan.

Varieti

 src=
Varieti kelapa jantong.

Varieti-varieti kelapa yang terdapat di Malaysia ialah:-

  1. Kelapa Tinggi Malaya (Malayan Tall )
  2. Kelapa Rendah Merah Malaya (Malayan Red Dwarf, MRD)
  3. Kelapa Rendah Kuning Malaya (Malayan Yellow Dwarf, MYD)
  4. Kelapa Rendah Hijau Malaya (Malayan Green Dwarf, MGD)
  5. Kelapa MAWA (Malayan Dwarf X West Afrcan Tall)
  6. Kelapa MATAG (MYD/MRD X Tagnanan Tall)
  7. Kelapa Tinggi Afrika Barat
  8. Kelapa Tinggi Tagnanan
  9. Kelapa Tinggi Rennel
  10. Kelapa Wangi (Aromatic Dwarf)
  11. Kelapa MAREN (MYD.MRD X Rennel Tall)
  12. Kelapa MAMA (MYD/MRD X Malayan Tall)

Penanaman

Buah kelapa tua dibiarkan bercambah dan ditanam di tapak tetap dan turut ditanam pindah sebagai pokok hiasan dalam lanskap. Bagi kelapa yang tinggi ia selalunya lambat matang dan berbunga semasa usia 6-10 tahun. Kelapa tinggi boleh hidup sampai 100 tahun dan tahan lasak iaitu boleh tumbuh dalam pelbagai keadaan dan jenis tanah. Bagi kelapa rendah, ia berbunga 3 tahun selepas ditanam dengan ketinggian tidak melebihi 1 meter. Kelapa rendah mungkin memberi hasil sehingga berusia 70 tahun.

Penyakit dan perosak

Pokoknya boleh dijangkiti penyakit yang disebabkan kulat, bakteria dan virus yang boleh menyebabkan paksi tengah pokok menjadi busuk, batang menjadi reput dan berdaun kuning. Kulat juga boleh membunuh pokok kelapa. Perosak yang paling besar adalah kumbang badak dan kumbang hitam. Buah kelapa dimakan tupai dan di sesetengah tempat buahnya dimakan ketam kelapa.

Buah

Secara botani, buah kelapa merupakan "buah kering" yang dikenali sebagai pepauh (ataupun drup) bergentian (bukannya "kacang"). Mesokarpa terdiri daripada gentian yang dikenali sebagai sabut dan terdapat tempurung (endokarpa). Tempurung keras mempunyai tiga liang percambahan yang jelas kelihatan di permukaan luar apabila sabutnya dibuang. Melalui salah satu darinya pucuk keluar apabila embrionya bercambah. Apabila dilihat dari satu bahagian, tempurung dan liang percambahan kelihatan seperti muka monyet yang merupakan istilah bahasa Portugis iaitu coco.

 src=
Susunan varieti kelapa di Malaysia semasa di MAHA.

Kegunaan

Kesemua bahagian pokok kelapa berguna kecuali kemungkinannya bahagian akar dan pokok kelapa mampu menghasilkan sehingga 75 biji kelapa setahun; dengan itu, ia mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Malah, nama pokok kelapa dalam bahasa Sanskrit adalah kalpa vriksha, yang diterjemahkan sebagai "pokok yang membekalkan semua keperluan kehidupan". Kegunaan pelbagai bahagian kelapa termasuk:

  • batang kelapa boleh dibuat titi serta bahan pembinaan untuk rumah seperti papan, dinding dan lantai
  • daun kelapa boleh dibuat pembalut makanan
  • lidi kelapa boleh dibuat penyapu
  • sabut kelapa boleh dibuat tali
  • tempurung kelapa boleh diproses menjadi ubat nyamuk dan barangan kraftangan
  • serbut sabut boleh dibuat bahan reput dan kompos dalam pertanian
  • minyaknya sebagai minyak masak, minyak pelita dan sabun

Khasiat

Buah

Air daripada buah kelapa boleh diminum dan isi kelapa yang lembut boleh dimakan mentah. Kelapa muda juga dikukus, direbus atau dipanggang sebelum airnya diminum dan isinya dimakan. Dalam masyarakat Melayu terutamanya, kelapa tua diproses untuk dijadikan kelapa parut, santan dan minyak masak seharian.

Galeri

Lihat juga

Pautan luar

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Kelapa: Brief Summary ( Malay )

provided by wikipedia MS

Kelapa (bahasa Inggeris: coconut) atau juga lebih dikenali sebagai nyiur adalah tumbuhan saka, tempoh ekonomi adalah melebihi 25 tahun. Pokoknya boleh mencapai ketinggian 6 hingga 30 meter bergantung kepada variasi. Ia didapati di semua kawasan tropika. Keseluruhan pokok kelapa dapat dimanfaatkan kepada pelbagai guna.

Pokok kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) adalah ahli keluarga Arecaceae (keluarga palma). Ia merupakan spesies tunggal yang dikelaskan dalam genus Cocos dan merupakan pokok palma yang besar, tumbuh setinggi 30 meter, dengan pelepah daun pinnate sepanjang 4-6 meter, dengan helaian daun pinnae sepanjang 60-90 cm; pelepah tua luruh meninggalkan batang pokok yang licin.

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wikipedia MS

Kokospalm ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De kokospalm of klapperboom (Cocos nucifera) behoort tot de palmenfamilie (Palmae of Arecaceae). Het is de enige soort in het geslacht Cocos, een zogeheten monotypisch geslacht. Het endocarp van de vrucht, met de kiemopeningen, lijkt op het gezicht van een aap, die in het Portugees coco wordt genoemd. De palm kan tot 30 m hoog worden en heeft 4–6 m lange bladeren. De oude bladeren vallen af, maar de bladvoeten blijven zitten en vormen zo de stam. De stam is een schijnstam, omdat deze niet op de gewone wijze gevormd wordt zoals bij een boom, maar door stapeling van de bladvoeten.

Verspreiding

De palm komt volgens sommigen[bron?] van nature voor in India, terwijl anderen[bron?] het noordwesten van Zuid-Amerika aangeven als oorsprongsgebied. Uit fossiele vondsten in Nieuw-Zeeland van op kokospalm lijkende planten blijkt dat deze daar al meer dan 15 miljoen jaar geleden groeiden. Zelfs nog oudere vondsten zijn gedaan in Rajasthan (India). De kokospalm komt in bijna alle tropische gebieden voor. De verspreiding is zowel natuurlijk als door zeevarenden gebeurd. De vruchten kunnen drijvend grote afstanden afleggen en zijn zelfs gevonden voor de kust van Noorwegen. In Hawaï is de kokospalm waarschijnlijk[bron?] geïntroduceerd door Polynesiërs uit het Zuidelijk Pacifisch gebied.

Groei

De kokospalm groeit op zandgrond en is zeer tolerant voor zout. De palm groeit bij voorkeur in de volle zon. De regenval dient jaarlijks 750–2000 mm te bedragen, wat zeer fors is. Ook is voor optimale groei een relatieve luchtvochtigheid van 70-80% noodzakelijk.

De palm bloeit het hele jaar door. In de bloeiwijze komen zowel vrouwelijke als mannelijke bloemen voor. In het algemeen is de kokospalm een kruisbevruchter, maar er komen ook zelfbevruchtende dwergrassen voor.

Vrucht

De kokosnoot, ook bekend als 'klapper', wat een vernederlandsing is van het Maleise kelapa, is eigenlijk geen noot maar een steenvrucht, waarvan het mesocarp niet vlezig maar vezelig is. Daarbinnen zit het harde endocarp, dat het zaad omgeeft met drie duidelijk zichtbare kiemopeningen. Bij de kieming komt de kiem door een van deze openingen naar buiten. De drie kiemopeningen zijn de overblijfselen van de in aanleg uit drie vruchtbladen bestaande vrucht.

De palm is een eenzaadlobbige en het zaad bestaat uit één kiemlob, dat het transport van het reservevoedsel naar de kiemende plant verzorgt. Het reservevoedsel in het zaad bestaat uit wit, vet, vezelig kiemwit (endosperm), de kokos die onder andere gedroogd als kokosmeel in de handel komt, en een half troebele vloeistof, het klapperwater (het vloeibare kiemwit, vaak ten onrechte klappermelk of kokosmelk[1] genoemd). Bij een volledig rijpe vrucht bestaat al het kiemwit uit het vezelige kiemwit.

Toepassingen

De vrucht, de kokosnoot, wordt voor verschillende doeleinden gebruikt. In sommige delen van de wereld worden de vruchten geoogst door getrainde apen. In het zuiden van Thailand komen nog opleidingsscholen voor en worden elk jaar wedstrijden gehouden wie het snelst kan oogsten.

In diverse landen in onder andere Zuidoost-Azië en Oost-Afrika wordt de kokosnoot vers en jong verkocht, vaak op straat. Men kan dan bij een stalletje een hele vrucht kopen waar men eerst met een rietje het klapperwater uit kan drinken. Vervolgens wordt het vaak jonge, malse vruchtvlees voor de klant uit de schil gehaald door de verkoper.

 src=
Toepassingen van kokosvezel: kokosmat, -tapijt, touw; noot en bast. Lade textielwarenkast, TextielMuseum Tilburg
  • Kokos wordt vers of gedroogd gebruikt in de keuken.
  • In de Oosterse keuken wordt 'kokosmelk' gebruikt. Dat is een vloeistof die wordt verkregen door geraspte kokos te mengen met warm water en vervolgens uit te knijpen. In de toko is dit te koop in kleine, geconcentreerde blokken, soms onder de naam "creamed coconut" of santen (de Indonesische naam). Ook is kokosmelk en -room te koop in blikken.
  • Uit het vruchtvlees wordt kokosolie gewonnen. Dit is een laurinezuurrijke olie.
  • Het klapperwater kan worden gedronken. Het is een veilige drank die gewoonlijk geen ziekteverwekkers bevat in tegenstelling tot veel waterbronnen in Azië. Het wordt ook gebruikt als ingrediënt voor Piña Colada. In sommige Aziatische landen is het vrij gebruikelijk om de gehele noot in ijs te koelen en na opening leeg te drinken en het jonge, zachte vruchtvlees uit de kokosnoot te lepelen.
  • Van kokosvezels worden onder andere touw, matten, borstels gemaakt. Ook wordt het gebruikt als filter rond drainagepijpen.
  • Het kokoshout wordt sinds enkele jaren toegepast als parket. Hiervoor worden oude, niet-productieve plantagebomen gekapt. De oude palmen (met een te lage notenproductie en het mooiste hout) worden verwerkt tot planken.
  • Het restant van de vezelindustrie (celrestanten en korte vezels) wordt opgeslagen en gecomposteerd. Het product (cocopeat) wordt gebruikt als hernieuwbaar alternatief voor veen en turf in de tuinbouw.
  • Kokos werkt laxerend.
  • Uit de palm kan ook suiker worden gewonnen.
  • Indien in Thailand een kokospalm wordt omgehakt, wordt uit de kern van de top een delicatesse gewonnen die in het eten verwerkt kan worden.

Bouwplaten van kokosvezels

Onderzoekers bij de Universiteit Wageningen hebben een methode ontwikkeld om de bruine bolster, die om de kokosnoot groeit, nuttig te gebruiken. De bolsters bestaan voor een derde uit kokosvezels en voor de rest is het een merg dat veel lignine bevat.

Tot nu toe werd van dit materiaal weinig nuttig gebruikgemaakt en werd het vooral als organisch afval beschouwd. Onderzoek en experimenten hebben geleid tot ontwikkeling van een commercieel uitvoerbaar proces waarbij de vezels onder hoge druk en temperatuur samengeperst worden. De hechtende eigenschappen van de lignine en de sterke vezels zorgen voor platen van hoge kwaliteit. Dankzij de lignine is er geen lijm nodig, hetgeen de kosten met een derde doet afnemen.

De fijngemalen vezels worden gedroogd (tot relatieve vochtigheid 10 %). Bij een temperatuur va 160 °C en een druk van 120 - 150 bar worden platen geperst. Platen van verschillende kwaliteit kunnen worden gemaakt. Ze zijn twee tot drie keer zo sterk als platen van andersoortige vezels. Door de hoge dichtheid is de waterafstotende factor tweemaal die van Medium-Density Fibreboard (MDF) platen. Het materiaal zou goed scoren op brandveiligheid. Zagen, boren, schuren, en verven geven geen problemen. Door de hoge dichtheid en hardheid is het materiaal termietbestendig. De platen kunnen bijvoorbeeld gebruikt worden in de bouw of voor meubels.

Vooralsnog gaat productie beginnen in Maleisië en Indonesië, en mogelijk ook in Mozambique, Niger, Colombia en Suriname. Verwacht wordt dat de vezelafvalberg hierdoor kan verdwijnen.

Noten
  1. Met klapper'melk' bedoelt men dus hetzelfde als met klapper'water', namelijk het vloeibare kiemwit van de kokosnoot. 'Kokosmelk' is een ambachtelijk begrip, een 'melk' verkregen door geraspte kokos te mengen met warm water en dit mengsel vervolgens uit te knijpen.
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Cocos nucifera op Wikimedia Commons.
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Kokospalm: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De kokospalm of klapperboom (Cocos nucifera) behoort tot de palmenfamilie (Palmae of Arecaceae). Het is de enige soort in het geslacht Cocos, een zogeheten monotypisch geslacht. Het endocarp van de vrucht, met de kiemopeningen, lijkt op het gezicht van een aap, die in het Portugees coco wordt genoemd. De palm kan tot 30 m hoog worden en heeft 4–6 m lange bladeren. De oude bladeren vallen af, maar de bladvoeten blijven zitten en vormen zo de stam. De stam is een schijnstam, omdat deze niet op de gewone wijze gevormd wordt zoals bij een boom, maar door stapeling van de bladvoeten.

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Kokospalme ( Norwegian )

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Kokospalme (Cocos nucifera) er ein palmeart kjend for å produsera kokosnøtter. Kokospalmen stammar frå Malaysia og Polynesia, men har spreidd seg til heile det tropiske området, delvis naturleg og delvis med menneskehjelp.

Palmen kan bli opptil 25 m høg og har ein rik dusk av 2–3 meter lange fjøra blad på toppen av den slanke, ugreina stammen. Frå treet er 5 år ber det blomar og frukter, som sit i bladhjørnene. Blomsterstanden er ein greine kolbe der hannblomane sit i greinspissane medan eit fåtal hoblomar sit ved grunnen. Eit fullvakse tre gjev 5–10 frukter kvar månad.

 src=
Plansjeteikning frå 1800-talet av kokosnøtt og palme.

Ulike produkt frå kokosnøtt, blad og stammen er særs viktige i mange kulturar. Dei blir brukte som næringsmiddel, materiale og som indsutriråvare, i form av mellom anna kokosfeitt, kokosfiber og kokosmasse.

Kokospalmen er ein saltplante som kan vatnast med havvatn og elles krev tilførsel av klor og natrium. Ofte dyrkar ein plamen saman med andre vekstar som ananas, mais, solsikke, kaffi, kakao, banan og sitrusfrukt.

Kjelder

  • «Kokospalme» (14. februar 2009), Store norske leksikon. Fri artikkel henta 18. januar 2015.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Kokospalme
Spire Denne biologiartikkelen er ei spire. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han.
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Kokospalme: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NN

Kokospalme (Cocos nucifera) er ein palmeart kjend for å produsera kokosnøtter. Kokospalmen stammar frå Malaysia og Polynesia, men har spreidd seg til heile det tropiske området, delvis naturleg og delvis med menneskehjelp.

Palmen kan bli opptil 25 m høg og har ein rik dusk av 2–3 meter lange fjøra blad på toppen av den slanke, ugreina stammen. Frå treet er 5 år ber det blomar og frukter, som sit i bladhjørnene. Blomsterstanden er ein greine kolbe der hannblomane sit i greinspissane medan eit fåtal hoblomar sit ved grunnen. Eit fullvakse tre gjev 5–10 frukter kvar månad.

 src= Plansjeteikning frå 1800-talet av kokosnøtt og palme.

Ulike produkt frå kokosnøtt, blad og stammen er særs viktige i mange kulturar. Dei blir brukte som næringsmiddel, materiale og som indsutriråvare, i form av mellom anna kokosfeitt, kokosfiber og kokosmasse.

Kokospalmen er ein saltplante som kan vatnast med havvatn og elles krev tilførsel av klor og natrium. Ofte dyrkar ein plamen saman med andre vekstar som ananas, mais, solsikke, kaffi, kakao, banan og sitrusfrukt.

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wikipedia NN

Kokospalme ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO
Question book-new.svg
Denne artikkelen mangler kildehenvisninger, og opplysningene i den kan dermed være vanskelige å verifisere. Kildeløst materiale kan bli fjernet. Helt uten kilder. (10. okt. 2015)
 src=
Plansjetegning fra 1800-tallet av kokosnøtt og palme.

Kokospalme (Cocos nucifera) er et palmetre i Arecaceae (palmefamilien). Det er den eneste arten i slekten Cocos. Navnet Cocos kommer fra portugisisk coco, som er navnet på en ape.

Treet

Palmen kan bli opptil 30 meter høy. Stammen, som kan bli 25 – 30 cm. i diameter, er uten grener. I toppen er det en samling på opptil 6m. lange fjærformede blader. Røttene er meget kraftige, og kan trenge 5 m. ned i jorden. Både palmen, blomstene og frukten (kokosnøtten) blir anvendt til mange formål. Kokospalmen krever tilførsel av klor og natrium (koksalt) og kan vannes med havvann.

Utbredelse

Kokospalmen finnes i hele verden i kystnære tropiske strøk.

Blomster og frukter

De grenede blomsterstandene sitter mellom bladene. På den øvre del sitter flere tusen hannblomster som faller av etter blomstring, og kan dekke bakken under treet, og på den nedre del, vesentlig inntil stammen, sitter 20-40 hunnblomster. Frukten kalles kokosnøtt, og kan veie opptil 3 kilo. Blomstring og modning av fruktene skjer hele året.

Anvendelse

Palmen er svært anvendelig til mange formål:

  • Stammen brukes som tømmer til matrialer.
  • Bladene brukes bl.a. til taktekking.
  • Av blomstene utvinnes søt nektar som brukes til palmevin og palmesukker.
  • Palmevin lages også av treets sevje.
  • Av den opptil 5 cm. tykke fibermassen som omgir kokosnøtten blir det laget matter, børster og tauverk.
  • Nøtteskallet brukes til skåler og kunstverk av ulike slag.
  • Fruktkjøttet er meget næringsrikt og kan spises direkte, eller tørkes og knuses til kopra, og brukes til matlaging (kokosmasse). Av kokosmassen blir det utvunnet kokosolje, som igjen er en viktig ingrediens i margarin, såpe, shampoo og ulike salver og kremer.
  • Fruktvæsken er farveløs og søt på umoden frukt, og er en velsmakende drikke. På moden frukt er væsken melkehvit med en noe strammere smak og kalles for kokosmelk.
  • Av både fruktkjøtt og fruktvæske lages brennevin (arrak).

Se også

Eksterne lenker

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wikipedia NO

Kokospalme: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO
 src= Plansjetegning fra 1800-tallet av kokosnøtt og palme.

Kokospalme (Cocos nucifera) er et palmetre i Arecaceae (palmefamilien). Det er den eneste arten i slekten Cocos. Navnet Cocos kommer fra portugisisk coco, som er navnet på en ape.

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Kokos właściwy ( Polish )

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Cocos nucifera - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-188.jpg
 src=
Palma kokosowa na Martynice

Kokos właściwy, palma kokosowa (Cocos nucifera L.) – jedyny gatunek z monotypowego rodzaju kokos (Cocos L.), należącego do rodziny arekowatych.

Nazwa palmy kokosowej w sanskrycie to kalpa wryksza, co tłumaczy się jako „drzewo, które zaspokaja wszystkie potrzeby życia”. W języku malajskim nazywa się pokok seribu guna, „drzewo o tysiącu zastosowań”.

Palma kokosowa pochodzi z południowo-wschodniej Azji lub z północno-zachodniej Ameryki Południowej. Kopalne szczątki z Nowej Zelandii wskazują, że rośliny o małych orzechach kokosowych rosły tam już przed 15 milionami lat. Najstarsze skamieniałości były znajdowane w Radżastanie w Indiach. Jej owoce wyrzucone przez morze i zdolne do kiełkowania znajdowano w Norwegii. Obecnie jest najczęściej występującą palmą, gdyż rośnie wzdłuż wszystkich tropikalnych brzegów morskich.

Morfologia

Pień
Dorasta do 30 m wysokości.
Liście
Pierzaste, 4-6 m długości i szerokości 60-90 cm.
Owoce
Owoc palmy kokosowej jest jednonasiennym pestkowcem, zrośniętym z trzech owocolistków. Owocnia składa się ze stosunkowo cienkiego egzokarpu (skórki), mezokarpu stanowiącego grubą warstwę brązowych włókien (tzw. koira) i zdrewniałego endokarpu tworzącego pestkę (tzw. orzech kokosowy), w której znajduje się pojedyncze nasiono. U podstawy owocu znajdują się trzy otwory kiełkowe, ale tylko jeden pokryty jest tak miękką skorupą, że może się przez nią przebić kiełkujący pęd. Wewnętrzną ścianę nasienia wyścieła gruba warstwa stałego bielma, po wysuszeniu nazywana koprą. Wnętrze nasienia wypełnia płynna postać bielma – woda kokosowa.

Biologia i ekologia

  • Owoce palmy kokosowej mogą ważyć do 2,5 kg. Mają zdolność utrzymywania się na powierzchni wody i są łatwo przenoszone przez morskie prądy (hydrochoria) na znaczne odległości.
  • Wymagania: Piaszczyste, słone plaże. Roślina światłolubna. Regularne opady (75-100 cm rocznie). Dla optymalnego wzrostu potrzebuje dużej wilgotności (70-80%) i średnich dziennych temperatur powyżej 12-13 °C w każdy dzień roku. Toleruje niektóre zmiany sezonowe, z dobrym wzrostem, kiedy letnie temperatury wynoszą pomiędzy 28 a 37 °C, a przetrwać może tak długo, jak długo w zimie temperatury wynoszą powyżej 4 °C; przeżywa krótki spadek do 0 °C. Mróz jest zazwyczaj dla niej zabójczy, choć były znane przypadki przetrwania pomimo temperatury –4 °C[2]. Na obszarach o niedostatecznej ilości ciepła, takich jak Bermudy, może ona rosnąć, ale nie wydaje owoców. Głównym czynnikiem ograniczającym wzrost palm kokosowych na obszarach, które spełniają wymogi opadów i temperatury, jest zbytnie zacienienie.

Systematyka

Pozycja systematyczna według Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2001...)[1]

Należy do rodziny arekowatych (Arecaceae), rzędu arekowce (Arecales), kladu jednoliścienne (monocots) w obrębie kladu okrytonasiennych. W obrębie arekowatych należy do podrodziny Arecoideae, plemienia Cocoeae i podplemienia Butiinae[3].

Pozycja w systemie Reveala (1993-1999)

Gromada okrytonasienne (Magnoliophyta Cronquist), podgromada Magnoliophytina, klasa jednoliścienne (Liliopsida Brongn.), podklasa liliowe (Liliidae J.H. Schaffn.), podklasa arekowe (Arecidae Takht.), nadrząd Arecanae Takht., rząd arekowce (Arecales Bromhead), rodzina arekowate (Arecaceae Schultz Sch.), podrodzina Cocosoideae Beilschm., plemię Cocoseae Mart. ex Dumort., podplemię Cocosinae Benth. & Hook.f., rodzaj kokos (Cocos L.)[4].

Zastosowanie

Wszystkie części palmy kokosowej są użyteczne. Z jednego drzewa można uzyskać do 75 „orzechów” rocznie, co stanowi znaczącą wartość ekonomiczną[potrzebny przypis].

Owoc zawiera dużo nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych i cukrów oraz stanowi bogate źródło żelaza i witaminy C, jak i potasu. Kopra zawiera do 70% tłuszczu, 14% cukrów i 7% białka. W 100 g orzecha kokosu właściwego znajduje się duża ilość kwasu laurynowego (15,3 g), jak również występuje 5,06 g kwasu mirystynowego. Orzechy bogate są w naturalne aminokwasy (dane na 100 g)[5]: izoleucyna - 121 mg, leucyna - 233 mg, lizyna - 140 mg, fenyloalanina - 158 mg, walina - 186 mg, arginina - 513 mg, alanina - 158 mg, kwas asparaginowy - 308 mg, kwas glutaminowy - 708 mg, glicyna - 149 mg, prolina - 130 mg, seryna 158 mg.

Wartość energetyczna 1475 kJ (352 kcal) Białka 3,4 g szczegółowe informacje RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 7,4% 7,4% 7,4% 7,4% M 6,1% 6,1% 6,1% 6,1% Węglowodany 15,2 g szczegółowe informacje Przyswajalne 6,2 g RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 4,8% 4,8% 4,8% 4,8% M 4,8% 4,8% 4,8% 4,8% Dwucukry Sacharoza 3,7 g Laktoza 0,00 g Skrobia 0,00 g Błonnik 9,0 g AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 36% 36% 43% 43% M 24% 24% 30% 30% Tłuszcze 33,5 g szczegółowe informacje Kwasy tł. nasycone 29,23 g Kwasy tł. nienasycone Jednonienasycone 2,24 g Wielonienasycone 0,58 g omega-3 0,00 g α-Linolenowy (ALA) 0,00 g AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% M 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% omega-6 0,58 g Linolowy (LA) 0,58 g AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 4,8% 4,8% 5,3% 5,3% M 3,4% 3,4% 4,1% 4,1% Woda 46,9 g szczegółowe informacje AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 1,7% 1,7% 1,7% 1,7% M 1,3% 1,3% 1,3% 1,3% Witaminy Witamina C 3,00 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 4,0% 4,0% 4,0% 4,0% M 3,3% 3,3% 3,3% 3,3% Tiamina (B1) 0,07 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 6,4% 6,4% 6,4% 6,4% M 5,8% 5,8% 5,8% 5,8% Ryboflawina (B2) 0,02 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 1,8% 1,8% 1,8% 1,8% M 1,5% 1,5% 1,5% 1,5% Niacyna (B3) 0,5 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 3,6% 3,6% 3,6% 3,6% M 3,1% 3,1% 3,1% 3,1% Witamina B6 0,05 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 3,8% 3,8% 3,3% 3,3% M 3,8% 3,8% 2,9% 2,9% Foliany 0,026 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 6,5% 6,5% 6,5% 6,5% M 6,5% 6,5% 6,5% 6,5% Kobalamina (B12) 0,00 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% M 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Witamina A 0,00 mg RAE RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% M 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Witamina D 0,00 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% M 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Witamina E 0,73 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 4,9% 4,9% 4,9% 4,9% M 4,9% 4,9% 4,9% 4,9% Makroelementy Fosfor 94 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 13% 13% 13% 13% M 13% 13% 13% 13% Wapń 14 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 1,4% 1,4% 1,2% 1,2% M 1,4% 1,4% 1,4% 1,2% Magnez 43 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 14% 13% 13% 13% M 11% 10% 10% 10% Potas 355 mg AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 7,6% 7,6% 7,6% 7,6% M 7,6% 7,6% 7,6% 7,6% Sód 20 mg AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 1,3% 1,3% 1,5% 1,7% M 1,3% 1,3% 1,5% 1,7% Mikroelementy Jod ,0012 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 0,8% 0,8% 0,8% 0,8% M 0,8% 0,8% 0,8% 0,8% Żelazo 1,8 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 10% 10% 23% 23% M 23% 23% 23% 23% Miedź 0,44 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 49% 49% 49% 49% M 49% 49% 49% 49% Cynk 0,5 mg RDA 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 6,3% 6,3% 6,3% 6,3% M 4,5% 4,5% 4,5% 4,5% Mangan 1,00 mg AI 19–30 31–50 51–70 70+ K 56% 56% 56% 56% M 43% 43% 43% 43% Dane liczbowe na podstawie: [5]
Wartości RDA i AI wyznaczone na podstawie danych Institute of Health[6]

Miąższ orzecha jest biały i mięsisty, jadalny na surowo lub wysuszony po ugotowaniu. Starty na wiórki używany jest w cukiernictwie. W Azji używany jest do produkcji dżemu kokosowego. Używa się go również przy produkcji kosmetyków – wygładza i rozjaśnia skórę. Wnętrze młodego orzecha kokosowego wypełnia przezroczysty płyn, tzw. „woda kokosowa”, która używana jest jako napój chłodzący i izotoniczny ze względu na dużą zawartość elektrolitów oraz po fermentacji do wyrobu galaretowatego deseru nata de coco. Dobrze gasi pragnienie. Podaje się ją także w przypadkach biegunki, wymiotów i problemów żołądkowych. Dojrzałe owoce mają znacznie mniej płynu niż młode okazy. Woda orzecha kokosowego jest zbliżona do osocza krwi i może być używana w awaryjnych przypadkach jako dożylne uwodnienie płynne, kiedy brak innego płynu. Jest bogata w potas, wapń i chlorki. Woda jest sterylna aż do chwili kiedy orzech kokosowy zostanie otwarty (chyba że jest popsuty). Kopra jest wysuszonym miąższem, stosowanym jako składnik ciast. Można z niego wytłoczyć gorszej jakości olej kokosowy. Skorupy orzechów mogą być używane jako paliwo i są dobrym źródłem węgla drzewnego. Połówki skorupy orzecha kokosowego są używane w teatrach i przy udźwiękowieniach filmów. Uderzanie ich o siebie imituje tętent końskich kopyt. Wysuszone połówki skorupy orzecha kokosowego są używane do polerowania podłóg. Wydrążone skorupy orzecha kokosowego są używane w domowej hodowli zwierząt jako domki dla gryzoni i małych ptaków, albo elementy ozdobne w akwariach z rybkami.

Mleko orzecha kokosowego lub „mleko palmowe”[7], zawierające w przybliżeniu 17% tłuszczu, wytwarza się przecierając utarty miąższ orzechów kokosowych z gorącą wodą[8] albo gorącym mlekiem, które wyciąga olej i aromatyczne związki z włókien. Używa się go do drinków, jest też składnikiem kuchni tajskiej i indyjskiej. Śmietanka orzecha kokosowego zbiera się na powierzchni ochłodzonego mleka orzecha kokosowego. Można z niej uzyskać wysokiej jakości olej kokosowy. Pozostałe po ekstrakcji oleju włókniste wytłoki zawierają około 20% białka i stanowią doskonałą paszę dla zwierząt hodowlanych.

Z soku z naciętych kwiatostanów orzecha kokosowego robi się wino palmowe, zwane na Filipinach tuba, a południowych Indiach kallu. Młode listki są jadane na surowo, gotowane lub marynowane jako jarzyna (tzw. kapusta palmowa). Pąk szczytowy kłodziny zwany sercem palmy – białawy pęd o długości 30-40 cm, jest rzadkim delikatnym przysmakiem, bez niego roślina obumiera. Serca palmy są zjadane w sałatce, zwanej czasami „sałatką milionera”. Z włókna kokosowego wytwarza się liny, pędzle, szczotki, maty zastępujące dywany, uszczelnia się nim łodzie. Jest też używane szeroko w ogrodnictwie do robienia kompostu jako substytut torfu.

Kłodzinę palmy kokosowej wykorzystuje się w budownictwie i rzeźbiarstwie. Liście służą do wyrobu koszy i przykrywania dachów, budowy płotów czy ścian budynków. Mieszkańcy Hawajów wydrążali pnie aby robić bębny, pojemniki, lub nawet małe kajaki. Drewna używa się do budowy mebli i, z uwagi na wytrzymałość, kładek. Z korzeni przyrządza się farbę, płyn do płukania ust i lek przeciw dyzenterii. Zgniecionych w miotełkę używa się do mycia zębów.

Przodujący producenci i importerzy orzechów palmy kokosowej

W produkcji towarowej kokosów przodują wyspy Azji Południowo-Wschodniej. Największym producentem są Filipiny:2,1 mln t- ponad 40% światowej rocznej produkcji, która wynosi 5,2 mln t kopry. Kolejnym producentem jest Indonezja- ponad 21% produkcji światowej, dalej Indie (0,7 mln t), Sri Lanka, Malezja i Nowa Gwinea. Oprócz tych krajów, poważniejszymi producentami wśród wysp Pacyfiku są: Wyspy Salomona, Nowe Hebrydy, Fidżi oraz Polinezja Francuska. W Ameryce najważniejszym producentem jest Meksyk, produkujący rocznie 0,2 mln t. Filipiny eksportują koprę głównie do Stanów Zjednoczonych; Indonezja, Malezja, Sri Lanka i wyspy Pacyfiku- do zachodniej Europy. Część produkcji Sri Lanki i Malezji jest eksportowana do Indii i Pakistanu. Palma kokosowa jest obecnie najważniejszym źródłem oleju roślinnego pod względem produkcji, a także eksportu[9].

Znaczenie w kulcie hinduistycznym

Przykłady wykorzystania owoców orzecha kokosowego w hinduizmie
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Orzech umieszczony na tradycyjnym metalowym naczyniu, obwiązany nićmi, przygotowany do rytuału wedyjskiego
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Żywność ofiarowana na domowym ołtarzu
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Domowy ołtarz bogini Saraswati

Orzechy kokosowe (hindi नारियल) wykorzystywane są w rytuałach wedyjskich, jak również w nowożytnych postaciach kultu hinduistycznego. Stanowią również, pojedynczo, jak i z innym pożywieniem, dary przynoszone dla pobłogosławienia do świątyń. W kultach saptasindhawy stanowią ofiarę, którą Hindusi wrzucają w nurt rzeki. Ofiara orzecha kokosowego bywa postrzegana jako ofiara (będąca substytutem) ludzkiej głowy[10].

Przypisy

  1. a b P.F. Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-02-15].
  2. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. 2006. Cocos nucifera (coconut) (version 2.1). W: C.R. Elevitch (red.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
  3. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-02-05].
  4. James L. Reveal System of Classification. PBIO 250 Lecture Notes: Plant Taxonomy. Department of Plant Biology, University of Maryland, 1999 Systematyka rodzaju Cocos według Reveala.
  5. a b Hanna Kunachowicz; Beata Przygoda; Irena Nadolna; Krystyna Iwanow: Tabele składu i wartości odżywczej żywności. Wyd. wydanie II zmienione. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2017, s. 667. ISBN 978-83-200-5311-1.
  6. Dietary Reference Intakes Tables and Application. Institute of Health. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (ang.)
  7. palmowe mleko – Encyklopedia PWN. [dostęp 2010-03-22].
  8. Jens G. Rohwer: Atlas roślin tropikalnych. Wyd. 1. Warszawa: Horyzont, 2002, s. 32. ISBN 83-7311-378-9.
  9. Falkowski J., Kostrowicki J. 2001. Geografia rolnictwa świata. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
  10. Premila D Dhunpath, Kalash -The womb of Creation, ​ISBN 0-620-42804-X​, 9780620428040, [1]
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Kokos właściwy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Cocos nucifera - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-188.jpg  src= Palma kokosowa na Martynice

Kokos właściwy, palma kokosowa (Cocos nucifera L.) – jedyny gatunek z monotypowego rodzaju kokos (Cocos L.), należącego do rodziny arekowatych.

Nazwa palmy kokosowej w sanskrycie to kalpa wryksza, co tłumaczy się jako „drzewo, które zaspokaja wszystkie potrzeby życia”. W języku malajskim nazywa się pokok seribu guna, „drzewo o tysiącu zastosowań”.

Palma kokosowa pochodzi z południowo-wschodniej Azji lub z północno-zachodniej Ameryki Południowej. Kopalne szczątki z Nowej Zelandii wskazują, że rośliny o małych orzechach kokosowych rosły tam już przed 15 milionami lat. Najstarsze skamieniałości były znajdowane w Radżastanie w Indiach. Jej owoce wyrzucone przez morze i zdolne do kiełkowania znajdowano w Norwegii. Obecnie jest najczęściej występującą palmą, gdyż rośnie wzdłuż wszystkich tropikalnych brzegów morskich.

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Coqueiro ( Portuguese )

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O coqueiro (Cocos nucifera), é um membro da família Arecaceae (família das palmeiras). É a única espécie classificada no gênero Cocos.

É uma planta que pode crescer até 30 metros de altura, com folhas pinadas de 4–6 m de comprimento, com pinas de 60–90 cm. As folhas caem completamente, deixando o tronco liso.

Distribuição

O coqueiro tem origem no Sudeste da Ásia. No século XVI, a planta foi introduzida no Brasil por Duarte Coelho, primeiro capitão-donatário da Capitania de Pernambuco, disseminando-se por muitas regiões, principalmente pelo litoral nordestino.[1][2]

Os cocos espalharam-se através dos trópicos, em particular ao longo da linha costeira tropical.

Como o seu fruto é pouco denso e flutua, a planta é espalhada prontamente pelas correntes marinhas que podem carregar os cocos a distâncias significativas. A palmeira do coco prospera em solos arenosos e salinos nas áreas com luz solar abundante e pancadas de chuva regulares (75–100 cm anualmente).

Já foram encontrados cocos transportados pelo mar tão ao norte como na Noruega em estado viável, que germinaram subsequentemente em circunstâncias apropriadas. Entretanto, nas ilhas do Havaí, o coco é considerado como introdução, trazida primeiramente às ilhas há muito tempo por viajantes polinésios de sua terra natal no Sul do Pacífico.

Fruto

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Coco
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Tronco de coco

Botanicamente falando, um coco é um fruto seco simples classificado como drupa[3] fibrosa (não uma noz). A casca (mesocarpo) é fibrosa e envolve um caroço (o endocarpo lenhoso). Este endocarpo duro tem três poros de germinação, visíveis ao remover a casca. É através de um destes que o embrião e a radícula rompem o tegumento do endocarpo.

Origem do nome

O termo coco foi atribuído pelos portugueses no território asiático de Malabar, durante a viagem de Vasco da Gama à Índia (1497-1498), a partir da associação da aparência do fruto, visto da extremidade, em que o endocarpo e os poros de germinação assemelham-se à face de uma coca (masculino, coco), monstro imaginário com que se assustam as crianças (o mesmo que papão; ogro), conforme conta o historiador João de Barros no seu livro Décadas da Ásia (1563)

"[...]por razão da qual figura, sem ser figura, os nossos lhe chamaram coco, nome imposto pelas mulheres a qualquer coisa, com que querem fazer medo às crianças, o qual nome assim lhe ficou, que ninguém lhe sabe outro, [...]".[4]

Produção mundial de coco

País Produção em 2018
(milhões de toneladas anuais)  src= Indonésia 18,5  src= Filipinas 14,7  src= Índia 11,7  src= Sri Lanka 2,6  src= Brasil 2,3  src= Vietnã 1,5  src= Papua-Nova Guiné 1,2  src= México 1,1  src= Tailândia 0,8  src= Mianmar 0,5 Total mundial 61,8 Fonte: Food and Agriculture Organization[5]

Produção no Brasil

 src=
Principais estados produtores de coco no Brasil.

Em 2017, a Região Nordeste foi a maior produtora de coco do país, com 74,0% da produção nacional. A Bahia produziu 351 milhões de frutos, o Sergipe, 234 milhões, e o Ceará 187 milhões. Porém, o setor vem sofrendo forte concorrência e perdendo mercado para Indonésia, Filipinas e Índia, os maiores produtores mundiais, que chegam a exportar água de coco para o Brasil. Além dos problemas climáticos, a baixa produtividade dos coqueiros na Região Nordeste é o resultado de fatores relacionados à variedade de coco explorada e ao nível tecnológico empregado nas regiões litorâneas. Nessas áreas, ainda predomina o sistema de cultivo semiextrativista, com baixa fertilidade e sem adoção de práticas de manejo cultural. Os três estados que possuem as maiores produções, Bahia, Sergipe e Ceará, apresentam rendimento três vezes menor que o de Pernambuco, que está em 5º na produção nacional. Isso porque grande parte dos coqueirais desses três estados estão localizados em zonas litorâneas e cultivados em sistemas semiextrativistas. Em 2019, o Pará era o 3° maior produtor do país, com 191,8 milhões de frutos, perdendo apenas para a Bahia e o Ceará.[6]

Uso

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Coqueirais na área metropolitana do Recife, em Pernambuco, Brasil.
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Coqueiros em Morro de São Paulo, no estado brasileiro da Bahia.
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Coqueiros em Barra de Punaú, no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

Todas as partes do coco, salvo talvez as raízes, são úteis e as árvores têm comparativamente um alto rendimento (até 75 cocos por ano); ele então possui significativo valor econômico. De fato em Sânscrito o nome para o coqueiro é kalpa vriksha, o qual se traduz como "a árvore que fornece todas as necessidades da vida". Os usos das várias peças da palma incluem:

  1. O branco, parte gorda da semente, é comestível (fresco) e usado (seco e dissecado) em culinária;
  2. A cavidade é cheia de "água de coco", líquido que contém os açúcares que são usados como uma bebida refrescante, e na composição da sobremesa gelatinosa nata de coco;
  3. Leite de coco (que tem aproximadamente 17% de gordura) é feito processando o coco ralado com água quente que extrai o óleo e os compostos aromáticos;
  4. O Vinho de palma, obtido da fermentação da seiva obtido pela incisão da base das inflorescências do coqueiro forma uma bebida conhecida em inglês por "toddy", nas Filipinas chamada tuba e em Moçambique, sura;[7]
  5. Os botões da ponta de plantas adultas são comestíveis e são conhecidos como "cabaço de coco" (embora a colheita desta mate a árvore);
  6. O interior da ponta crescente é chamado coração-da-palma ou "palmito" e comido em saladas, chamadas às vezes "salada do milionário" (isto também mata a árvore);
  7. Copra é a carne seca da semente, usada para preparar o óleo de coco;
  8. A torta de coco, ou resíduo, ou farelo de coco, é o resíduo que fica depois de preparar o óleo é usado como ração para animais;[8][9]
  9. O tronco fornece madeira para construção;
  10. As folhas fornecem materiais para cestas e palha de telhado;
  11. A casca e a fibra de coco podem ser usados para combustível e são uma fonte boa do carvão de lenha;
  12. Servem ainda em artesanato no fabrico de joias, utensílios domésticos, objetos decorativos entre outros;
  13. Nos teatros, usavam-se metades de casca de coco que, batidas, davam o som de cascos de cavalo;
  14. A fibra pode ainda ser usada para a fabricação de cordas e tapetes, para enchimento de estofos e para o cultivo de orquídeas e outras plantas;
  15. Havaianos usam o tronco oco para dar forma a um cilindro, que pode servir como recipiente, ou mesmo canoas pequenas.
  16. A água do coco tem componentes presentes no plasma do sangue e é conhecida por ter sido usada como um líquido endovenoso de hidratação no passado quando havia uma falta de líquido próprio para transfusão de sangue. A água do coco tem teores elevados de potássio, cloreto e cálcio, porém sua osmolaridade média é de cerca de 500mOsm, contra 300mOsm do plasma sanguíneo. Já foi indicada em situações emergenciais em que se pretendia o aumento destes eletrólitos , porém, sabe-se hoje que seu uso endovenoso deve ser proscrito visto que além de haver diferença nas osmolaridades, os antígenos ali presentes podem desencadear choque por anafilaxia ou hemólise autoimune.
  17. As raízes do coqueiro são flexíveis e eram empregadas para confecção de cestos conhecidos como samburás, utilizados por pescadores para guardar os peixes, enquanto pescavam em canoas ou jangadas.

Coco no folclore

A lenda popular da Indonésia denominada Hainuwele ("A rapariga do coco") conta a história da introdução do coqueiro em Seram.[carece de fontes?]

Referências

  1. Lúcia Gaspar. «Brites de Albuquerque». Fundação Joaquim Nabuco. Consultado em 5 de janeiro de 2020
  2. Semira Adler Vainsencher. «Coco». Fundação Joaquim Nabuco. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2019
  3. Antonieta Barreira Cravo. frutas & ervas que curam. Hemus; ISBN 978-85-289-0489-5. p. 80.
  4. Barros, João de. Da Ásia de João de Barros Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizeram no Descubrimento, e conquista dos Mares, e Terras do Oriente. Década Terceira. Lisboa : Na Régia Officina Typografica, 1777-1788 (Biblioteca Nacional Digital)
  5. fao.org (FAOSTAT). «Coconut production in 2018, Crops/World regions/Production quantity (from pick lists)». Consultado em 29 de agosto de 2020
  6. PRODUÇÃO DE COCO: O NORDESTE É DESTAQUE NACIONAL
  7. Rundel, Philip W. The Chilean Wine Palm Arquivado em 4 de janeiro de 2006, no Wayback Machine. no Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden Newsletter, Fall 2002, Volume 5(4). Retrieved 2008-08-31
  8. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/30484/1/AvaliacaoValorNutr.pdf
  9. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/5222/1/Dissertacao_ValorNutritivoFarelo.pdf

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Coqueiro: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O coqueiro (Cocos nucifera), é um membro da família Arecaceae (família das palmeiras). É a única espécie classificada no gênero Cocos.

É uma planta que pode crescer até 30 metros de altura, com folhas pinadas de 4–6 m de comprimento, com pinas de 60–90 cm. As folhas caem completamente, deixando o tronco liso.

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Cocotier ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Cocotierul (Cocos nucifera) este o plantă care face parte din familia arecaceae (familia palmierilor). Este singura specie din genul cocos, și este un palmier mare, cu înălțimi de până la 30 metri, cu frunze penate, cu lungime de 4–6 m; frunzele bătrâne se desprind, lăsând trunchiul neted. Termenul nucă de cocos se referă la fructul cocotierului.

Cocotierul este cultivat în regiunile tropicale, ca plantă decorativă, dar și pentru diferite utilizări culinare sau neculinare; aproape toate părțile unui cocotier pot fi folosite.

Note


Vezi și

Legături externe


Nuvola apps khangman.svg Acest articol din domeniul botanicii este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui.
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Cocotier: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Cocotierul (Cocos nucifera) este o plantă care face parte din familia arecaceae (familia palmierilor). Este singura specie din genul cocos, și este un palmier mare, cu înălțimi de până la 30 metri, cu frunze penate, cu lungime de 4–6 m; frunzele bătrâne se desprind, lăsând trunchiul neted. Termenul nucă de cocos se referă la fructul cocotierului.

Cocotierul este cultivat în regiunile tropicale, ca plantă decorativă, dar și pentru diferite utilizări culinare sau neculinare; aproape toate părțile unui cocotier pot fi folosite.

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Kokosovník ( Slovak )

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Kokosovník (lat. Cocos) je rod paliem (čeľaď: arekovité). Jeho jediný druh je kokosovník obyčajný (iné názvy: palma kokosová, kokosovník orechoplodový, ľudovo kokosová palma, lat. Cocos nucifera). Je pestovaný pre svoje plody, respektíve semená, nazývané kokosový orech alebo kokos. Pochádza pravdepodobne z juhovýchodnej Ázie, pestuje sa v tropických oblastiach na morských pobrežiach a pobrežiach veľkých riek.

Opis

10 najväčších producentov kokosu
19. december 2009 Štát Produkcia (v tonách) Poznámka Filipíny 19 500 000 * Indonézia 15 319 500 India 10 894 000 Brazília 2 759 044 Srí Lanka 2 200 000 F Thajsko 1 721 640 F Mexiko 1 246 400 F Vietnam 1 086 000 A Papua-Nová Guinea 677 000 F Malajzia 555 120 Tanzánia 370 000 F Svet 54 716 444 A žiadny symbol = oficiálne čísla
P = oficiálne čísla, F = FAO odhad
* = neoficiálne/polooficiálne/zrkadlové údaje
C = vypočítané údaje,
A = Celkové (môže obsahovať oficiálne, polooficiálne
alebo približné);

Zdroj: Organizácia pre výživu a poľnohospodárstvo

Kokosová palma je až 30 metrov vysoká palma, v kmeni často prehnutá. Kmeň je pokrytý hustými kruhovými jazvami. Listy pozdĺžneho tvaru vyrastajú na vrchole palmy a sú dlhé až 6 metrov a majú silnú tenkú žilku uprostred. Stonka listu dosahuje dĺžku až 1 m. Kvety, vyrastajú v dlhých latách z listov a majú žltú farbu, sú samčia aj samičie, rastlina je samoopelivá.

Plod

Plodom kokosovej palmy je veľká kôstkovica vajcového tvaru s priemerom približne 30 cm. Povrch je zelenej až žltozelenej farby. Konzumuje sa semeno (kokosový orech), z ktorého sa odlupuje vláknitý obal, ktorý kokosu umožňuje rašiť a plávanie na hladine vody, čo umožňuje rozšírenie kokosovníka do mnohých častí tropického pásu. Jedna palma má úrodu približne 50 – 60 plodov.

Vnútri nezrelých semien je vrstva bielkoviny, ktorá vytvára vo vode emulziu – kokosová voda. Pri zretí sa podiel kokosovej vody zmenšuje, ale úplne nezmizne. Pri usušení dužiny vzniká priemyselne využiteľná kopra. Kokosová palma sa rozmnožuje výhradne semenami, ktorých klíčivosť sa pohybuje v rozmedzí niekoľkých mesiacov až rokov.

Rozšírenie

Pestuje sa vo väčšine tropického pásu, na brehoch veľkých riek a morí, vyhovuje mu piesčitá a piesčito-hlinitá pôda s väčším podielom rašeliny.

Pestovanie v domácnosti

Ovocie zakúpené v bežných obchodoch je zbavené vláknitej vrstvy, ktorá podporuje klíčenie a preto sa z neho nedá vypestovať rastlina. Rastlina vyžaduje vyššiu vlhkosť vzduchu, v lete teploty v rozmedzí 25 – 30 °C, v zime by teploty nemali klesnúť pod 18 °C. Pravidelná zálievka je nutnosťou, ale rastlina neznesie premočenie. V období vegetačného rastu sa rastlina hnojí 1× týždenne normálnym hnojivom pre izbové rastliny.

Obsahové látky

Kokos obsahuje 60 – 67 % tuku, 20 % glycidov, 8 % proteínov a 6 % vody. Lisovaním alebo extrakciou sa získava kokosový olej s teplotou topenia 23 – 26 °C.

Využitie

Kokosová palma a jej plody má široké využitie a to nielen priemyselné ale aj kultúrne.

  • potravinárstvo – zo žltých kvetov sa vyrába sladká šťava, ktorá môže byť ďalej spracovaná na cukor a palmové víno. Z kokosu sa získava kokosový olej a kokosová múčka. Zo kvaseného kokosového mlieka sa vyrába liehovina zvaná arak. Z mladých listov sa pripravuje šalát.
  • textilný priemysel – z vláknitej vrstvy z oplodia sa pletú rohože a vrecia, spriadajú sa z nej motúzy
  • stavebníctvo – listy používa domorodé obyvateľstvo tropických oblastí ako strešnú krytinu
  • záhradníctvo – z kokosových vlákien sa vyrábajú kvetináče, disky proti burinám

Dejiny

Kokosová palma sa pestuje už viac ako 3 tisíc rokov, napr. v Indii sú prvé záznamy o jej pestovaní datované už približne roku 1000 pred Kr. Skôr sa z škrupín sústružili gombíky a misky. Stredná Európa sa o kokosovej palme dozvedela v 16. storočí z antických spisov a herbárov.

Galéria

Iné projekty

  • Spolupracuj na Commons Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Kokosovník
  • Spolupracuj na Wikidruhoch Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Kokosovník

Zdroje

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Kokosovník: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

provided by wikipedia SK

Kokosovník (lat. Cocos) je rod paliem (čeľaď: arekovité). Jeho jediný druh je kokosovník obyčajný (iné názvy: palma kokosová, kokosovník orechoplodový, ľudovo kokosová palma, lat. Cocos nucifera). Je pestovaný pre svoje plody, respektíve semená, nazývané kokosový orech alebo kokos. Pochádza pravdepodobne z juhovýchodnej Ázie, pestuje sa v tropických oblastiach na morských pobrežiach a pobrežiach veľkých riek.

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Kokosova palma ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Kokosova palma (znanstveno ime Cocos nucifera) je najpomembnejša kulturna rastlina v tropskem pasu.

Kokos je najpomembnejša kulturna rastlina v tropskem pasu. Domnevno izvira iz otočij v jugozahodnem Tihem oceanu. V Indiji mu pravijo drevo, ki nudi vse, kar rabimo za življenje, v Mezopotaniji drevo tisočih rab, na Filipinih pa drevo življenja. Najbolj uspeva na peščenih ali celo zasoljenih tleh v bližini morske obale. Kokosovi orehi rastejo na palmah, ki dosežejo v višino do 30 metrov in imajo 5 metrov dolge liste. Od cvetenja do končne kalitve kokosovega oreha včasih traja tudi do 2 leti in pol. Dočaka lahko tudi do 100 let, najbolj pa obrodi med 10 in 50 letom. Na enkrat lahko obrodi 75 orehov, ki so veliki kot otroška glava in tehtajo do 3 kilograme. Zrel kokosov oreh sestavlja trdna lupina, kokosovo meso in kokosova voda ali kokosovo mleko.

Veliko kokosovih palm najdete na domačem vrtu.

Kokosova vsestranskost

Meso sadeža lahko posušimo in to moko imenujemo kopra. V industriji se ta moka uporablja za kosmiče. Iz svežega mesa pa iztisnejo kokosovo maščobo. Domačini uporabljajo rastlino za prekrivanje hiš, pletenje klobukov in košar. Korenine se uporablja v zdravilstvu in za naravna barvila. Rastlina je vir vitamina B, vitamina E, železa, cinka, selena in tudi bakra. Vsebuje tudi veliko maščob, beljakovin in ogljikovih hidratov, zato je zelo hranilna.


Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Kokosova palma
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Kokosova palma: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Kokosova palma (znanstveno ime Cocos nucifera) je najpomembnejša kulturna rastlina v tropskem pasu.

Kokos je najpomembnejša kulturna rastlina v tropskem pasu. Domnevno izvira iz otočij v jugozahodnem Tihem oceanu. V Indiji mu pravijo drevo, ki nudi vse, kar rabimo za življenje, v Mezopotaniji drevo tisočih rab, na Filipinih pa drevo življenja. Najbolj uspeva na peščenih ali celo zasoljenih tleh v bližini morske obale. Kokosovi orehi rastejo na palmah, ki dosežejo v višino do 30 metrov in imajo 5 metrov dolge liste. Od cvetenja do končne kalitve kokosovega oreha včasih traja tudi do 2 leti in pol. Dočaka lahko tudi do 100 let, najbolj pa obrodi med 10 in 50 letom. Na enkrat lahko obrodi 75 orehov, ki so veliki kot otroška glava in tehtajo do 3 kilograme. Zrel kokosov oreh sestavlja trdna lupina, kokosovo meso in kokosova voda ali kokosovo mleko.

Veliko kokosovih palm najdete na domačem vrtu.

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Kokospalm ( Swedish )

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Kokospalm (Cocos nucifera) är ett 20–30 meter högt träd som växer i tropikerna, främst längs kuster. Kokospalmen tillhör familjen palmer och är den enda arten i släktet Cocos. Frukten, kokosnöt, utvecklas i grupper om 10–20 stycken i palmens topp och mognar under hela året.

Etymologi

Namnet kommer från portugisiskans coco, som är namnet på en apa. Detta som en association till att nötens ena ände påminner om ett aphuvud. Namnet skulle även kunna komma av latinets coccum kärna eller grekiskans kokkos för bär eller frukt. Nucifera betyder ’som bär nötter’.

Förekomst

Kokospalmen är antagligen inhemsk i Sydamerika och södra Afrika som var sammanlänkade i superkontinenten Gondwana[1], men är nu utbredd jorden runt i områden med tropiskt eller varmt subtropiskt klimat utmed havsstränder, floder och vattensamlingar, särskilt på korallöar. Den blev känd i Europa redan på 500-talet genom den alexandrinske resanden Kosmas Indikopleustes skildringar.[2]

Odling

För att plantera nya kokospalmer låter man den skrumpna nöten ligga tills det skjuter ut skott från den. Då planterar man den på lämplig plats. Det tar cirka tio år innan den nya kokospalmen bär frukt, men sedan kan den producera en stor mängd nötter i upp till hundra år.

Man kan varken räkna med frukt eller blommor på den i rumsmiljö, men det är en ganska gracil växt och lite speciell där den växer upp från den stora kokosnöten. Däremot kan man inte räkna med att den ska bli så gammal som krukväxt. Kokospalmen kräver mycket solljus och är hjälpt av extra växtbelysning under vinterhalvåret om den odlas på nordliga breddgrader i till exempel växthus.

Under sommaren, från maj till september, är det viktigt att vattna så att jorden aldrig torkar ut, men den får heller inte vara genomblöt för jämnan. Under den mörkare delen av året är det däremot viktigt att jorden hinner torka upp mellan vattningarna. Detta innebär bara att det översta jordlagret ska vara torrt, inte hela rotklumpen. Man bör duscha växten så ofta som möjligt med ljumt vatten med hjälp av en duschflaska. Näring bör man ge den varannan vecka året runt. Lämplig temperatur under sommarhalvåret är 20–23 °C, men under vintern är det bara bra om den är lite lägre, bara den inte kryper ner under 18 °C. Kyla tillsammans med drag är en kombination som kokospalmen inte mår bra av.

Användning

Stammen används som virke, och av bladen flätar man tak och väggar till hyddor. Av blommorna får man söt nektar, som används som råvara till palmvin och palmsocker. Av fiberhöljet runt kokosnöten gör man exempelvis borstar, mattor och rep. Av själva nötskalet kan man tillverka skålar, skedar, smycken och andra konstföremål. I Asien är de vanligt att skalet förkolnas och används vid grillning. Frövitan i nöten är mycket näringsrik och ur torkad frövita, kopra, pressar man kokosnötsolja och pressåterstoden används som kreatursfoder. Oljan används för tillverkning av tvål, margarin, ljus eller det vi kallar kokosfett. I nöten finns också en läskande vätska, inte att förväxla med kokosmjölk. Palmvin kan jäsas av trädets sav.

Kokosnöt

 src=
Mognande kokosnötter på en kokospalm.

En kokosnöt är den upp till tre kilogram tunga kärnan från kokospalmen. Kokosnöten plockas från kokospalmen i tillståndet grön då den används som dricknöt. Den har då ett mycket tunt lager av den vita, mjuka, söta kokosen i kärnan och resten är cirka en halv liter kokosvatten som vanligtvis dricks kyld.

Om frukten istället får hänga på palmen tills den ramlar ner av sig själv och därefter får ligga och torka och skrumpna tills det finns mycket lite vatten kvar kallas den torr kokosnöt. Det skrumpna träiga ytterhöljet skalas av så att bara den hårda innernöten är kvar (det som i dagligt tal kallas kokosnöt). Man knäcker kokosnöten genom att slå runt mitten på den med baksidan av en stor tung kniv, den spricker då i två halvor och man kan lätt skrapa ur den vita, mjuka kokosen.

Kokosmjölk

Kokosmjölk framställs av det rivna fruktköttet som pressas. Beroende på önskad konsistens kan vatten tillsättas. Kokosmjölk kan användas i många recept som ersättning för mjölk eller grädde.

Mindre mängder kokosmjölk kan man själv framställa genom att blanda den skrapade kokosen med vatten och köra blandningen i en mixer. Silar man sedan bort fruktköttet får man den vita kokosmjölken som används i matlagning.

Den vätska som finns i en kokosnöt används således inte i kokosmjölk.

Kokosvatten

Kokosvattnet i de yngre kokosnötterna används som läskande dryck. Av kokosvattnet tillverkas kokosvinäger genom att vattnet hälls på glasflaskor och får stå ute i sol och värme tills jäsningsprocessen är klar.

Medicinsk användning

Hudkräm innehållande kokos sägs vara bra mot eksem och psoriasis, dessutom innehåller kokosfett laurinsyra som påstås stärka immunförsvaret och vara gynnsamt för tarmens bakterieflora.[3]

Produktion

Världens 10 största kokosnötproducenter Nr Område Produktion
(ton) Andel (%) 1 Indonesien Indonesien &&&&&&&018300000.&&&&&018 300 000 30,09 % 2 Filippinerna Filippinerna &&&&&&&014696298.&&&&&014 696 298 24,16 % 3 Indien Indien &&&&&&&011078873.&&&&&011 078 873 18,22 % 4 Brasilien Brasilien &&&&&&&&02919110.&&&&&02 919 110 4,80 % 5 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka &&&&&&&&02395266.&&&&&02 395 266 3,94 % 6 Vietnam Vietnam &&&&&&&&01374404.&&&&&01 374 404 2,26 % 7 Papua Nya Guinea Papua Nya Guinea &&&&&&&&01168768.&&&&&01 168 768 1,92 % 8 Mexiko Mexiko &&&&&&&&01168176.&&&&&01 168 176 1,92 % 9 Thailand Thailand &&&&&&&&01000320.&&&&&01 000 320 1,64 % 10 Malaysia Malaysia &&&&&&&&&0595097.&&&&&0595 097 0,98 % Total världsproduktion &&&&&&&060819447.&&&&&060 819 447 100,00 % Källa:
FN:s livsmedels- och jordbruksorganisation:s data för år 2014[4]

Populärkultur

Kokosnöten är besjungen i bland annat Far, jag kan inte få upp min kokosnöt av Povel Ramel (1950), som bygger på engelska originalet I’ve Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts, Coconut Tree av Mohombi (2011) och Papaya Coconut av Kikki Danielsson (1986).

Referenser

  1. ^ Jules Janick,Robert E. Paull, red (2008). ”Coconut”. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. Cambridge University Press. sid. 107-115. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7
  2. ^ Kokospalm i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1911)
  3. ^ Iliste, Linda (2012). ”Magisk mat” (PDF). Mathem (Stockholm: A Perfect Guide Scandinavia AB) (1): sid. 30. http://static.mathem.se/shared/mattidning/2012/magazine-mathem-1-12.pdf.
  4. ^ ”Crops” (på engelska). FAOSTAT. FN:s livsmedels- och jordbruksorganisation. 13 februari 2017. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Läst 15 februari 2017.

Se även

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Kokospalm: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kokospalm (Cocos nucifera) är ett 20–30 meter högt träd som växer i tropikerna, främst längs kuster. Kokospalmen tillhör familjen palmer och är den enda arten i släktet Cocos. Frukten, kokosnöt, utvecklas i grupper om 10–20 stycken i palmens topp och mognar under hela året.

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Hindistan cevizi ( Turkish )

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Hindistan cevizi (Cocos nucifera), palmiyegiller (Arecaceae) familyasından tropik bölgelerde yetişen meyvesi yenen bir palmiye türü.

Tropikal bölgelerde yetişir. Meyvesi yenir. Hindistan cevizi lifi elde edilir. Ayrıca beyaz tanecikler halinde kek ve pastayı süslemek ve tat katmak amacıyla da kullanılmaktadır.

Boyu 20 metreyi aşan Hindistan cevizinin özsuyu mayalanarak bir tür "palmiye şarabı" üretilir. Meyvesinden elde edilen bir sıvı da tıpta kullanılmaktadır. Hindistan cevizi 7-13 yaşları arası meyve vermeye başlar. 60 yıl kadar ürün verir. 90-100 yıl kadar yaşar. Genellikle toz hâlinde satılır, sert kabuğunun altında hindistan cevizi suyu denen yoğun sıvı bulunur.

Hindistan cevizi çok besleyici, güçlendirici ve şişmanlatıcı bir besindir. Yüksek oranda fakat kolayca sindirilebilen yağ içerir. Vücut bu yağdan diğer yağlara nazaran daha kolay yararlanır. Bu yağ hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal özelliği bakımından tereyağına çok benzer. Hindistan cevizi bütün amino asitleri içeren yüksek kalitede protein içeriğine sahiptir. Potasyum, sodyum, magnezyum, ve kükürt açısından da zengin bir besindir.

Kurutulmuş hindistan cevizinin enerji değerleri oldukça yüksektir. Olgunlaşmış kuru bir hindistan cevizi midedeki fazla asit problemlerinin tedavisinde de etkilidir ve hastada rahatlama sağlar. Hindistan cevizinin özü sindirim sistemi rahatsızlıklarının tedavisinde oldukça etkilidir. Hazımsızlık, kolit, mide ülseri, ishal, kusma, gaz, dizanteri gibi rahatsızlıklara karşı da oldukça değerli bir besindir. Kusmayı yatıştırmak için diğer metotlar başarısız kaldığında hindistan cevizi kullanılabilir.

Dış bağlantılar

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Hindistan cevizi: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Hindistan cevizi (Cocos nucifera), palmiyegiller (Arecaceae) familyasından tropik bölgelerde yetişen meyvesi yenen bir palmiye türü.

Tropikal bölgelerde yetişir. Meyvesi yenir. Hindistan cevizi lifi elde edilir. Ayrıca beyaz tanecikler halinde kek ve pastayı süslemek ve tat katmak amacıyla da kullanılmaktadır.

Boyu 20 metreyi aşan Hindistan cevizinin özsuyu mayalanarak bir tür "palmiye şarabı" üretilir. Meyvesinden elde edilen bir sıvı da tıpta kullanılmaktadır. Hindistan cevizi 7-13 yaşları arası meyve vermeye başlar. 60 yıl kadar ürün verir. 90-100 yıl kadar yaşar. Genellikle toz hâlinde satılır, sert kabuğunun altında hindistan cevizi suyu denen yoğun sıvı bulunur.

Hindistan cevizi çok besleyici, güçlendirici ve şişmanlatıcı bir besindir. Yüksek oranda fakat kolayca sindirilebilen yağ içerir. Vücut bu yağdan diğer yağlara nazaran daha kolay yararlanır. Bu yağ hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal özelliği bakımından tereyağına çok benzer. Hindistan cevizi bütün amino asitleri içeren yüksek kalitede protein içeriğine sahiptir. Potasyum, sodyum, magnezyum, ve kükürt açısından da zengin bir besindir.

Kurutulmuş hindistan cevizinin enerji değerleri oldukça yüksektir. Olgunlaşmış kuru bir hindistan cevizi midedeki fazla asit problemlerinin tedavisinde de etkilidir ve hastada rahatlama sağlar. Hindistan cevizinin özü sindirim sistemi rahatsızlıklarının tedavisinde oldukça etkilidir. Hazımsızlık, kolit, mide ülseri, ishal, kusma, gaz, dizanteri gibi rahatsızlıklara karşı da oldukça değerli bir besindir. Kusmayı yatıştırmak için diğer metotlar başarısız kaldığında hindistan cevizi kullanılabilir.

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Кокосова пальма ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Висока струнка пальма може досягати висоти до 30 метрів. Стовбур — 15-45 см в діаметрі, гладкий, в кільцях від опалого листя, злегка нахилений і розширений біля основи. Бічних гілок немає, але внизу часто розвивається коріння для опори. Листя перисте, щільне, завдовжки 3-6 м. Дрібні жовтуваті одностатеві квітки зібрані в колоски.

Плід

 src=
Плід кокосового дерева

Плід, він же кокосовий горіх, — це кістянка, 15—30 см в довжину, порівняно округлий, масою 1,5—2,5 кг. Зовнішня оболонка плоду (екзокарп) пронизана волокнами (койр); внутрішня (ендокарп) — тверда «шкаралупа», з 3 порами, що ведуть до 3 насінин, з яких тільки одна розвивається в сі́м'я. Сі́м'я складається з м'ясистого поверхневого шару білого кольору товщиною близько 12 мм (м'якоть або копра) і ендосперму.

Ендосперм, спершу рідкий і прозорий (кокосова вода), з появою в ньому крапель олії, що виділяються копрою, поступово перетворюється на емульсію молочного кольору (кокосове молоко), потім густіє і твердне.

Плоди ростуть групами по 15—20 штук, повністю дозріваючи протягом 8—10 місяців. У культурному вирощуванні, дерево починає плодоносити з 7—9 років і продовжує близько 50 років. Одне дерево щорічно дає від 60 до 120 горіхів. Горіхи збирають повністю доспілими (на копру і інші продукти) або за місяць до дозрівання (на койр).

Поширення та середовище існування

Батьківщина кокосової пальми точно невідома — ймовірно, вона родом з Південно-Східної Азії (Малайзії). Зараз вона повсюдно поширена в тропіках обох півкуль, як в культурному, так і в дикорослому вигляді. На Філіппінах, Малайському архіпелазі, півострові Малакка, в Індії і на Шрі-ланці її розводять з доісторичних часів.

Кокос — рослина морського узбережжя, що надає перевагу піщаним ґрунтам. Вона чудово росте на прибережних коралових смугах, атолах та у місцях, де не можуть вижити інші рослини. Розширення ареалу її зростання відбувалося за допомогою людини і природним чином: кокосові горіхи водонепроникні і вільно тримаються на воді, далеко розносячись океанічними течіями і зберігаючи при цьому життєздатність.

В Європі

В Європі ростуть на півдні середземноморського острова Мальта, Лампедузі та Лінозі, це єдині місця в Європі, які мають сприятливий клімат для їх зростання. Кокоси ростуть на території Іспанії, на Канарських островах і на території Португалії — на архіпелазі Мадейра, обидва з яких належать географічно до Африканського континенту.

Практичне використання

Чи знаєте ви, що…
  • Кокосова пальма здатна розмножуватись цікавим чином: кокосові горіхи водонепроникні і вільно тримаються на воді, далеко розносячись океанічними течіями і зберігаючи при цьому життєздатність.

Кокосова пальма — одна з десяти найцінніших для людини рослин. Так або інакше використовуються майже всі її частини.

Зрілий ендосперм (м'якоть) містить олії, мінеральні речовини, вітаміни; його їдять сирим або висушують, додаючи потім в кондитерські вироби і каррі. Копра також є цінною сировиною для отримання жирної кокосової олії, що йде на виготовлення мила, свічок і маргарину. Копру традиційно отримують, розкладаючи розколені кокосові горіхи на освітлених сонцем місцях для просушування. Копру, що через деякий час підсохнула, відокремлюють і подрібнюють потім в стружку. Макуха, що залишається, йде на корм худобі. Також кокосову стружку використовують для цукерок «Раффаелло».

Ендосперм незрілих горіхів — кислувато-солодке кокосове молоко (хоча правильніше за нього називати кокосовою водою) — використовується для пиття і в кулінарії. Воно добре угамовує спрагу і містить велику кількість вітамінів, мінералів та інвертованого цукру. Кокосова вода, ізольована усередині горіха настільки стерильна, що під час Другої світової війни її в екстрених випадках використовували замість фізіологічного розчину внутрішньоведення. Проте, її не можна довго зберігати — вона не піддається пастеризації і згортається при нагріванні.

 src=
Кокосова стружка, розкладена на газеті

Важливим продуктом, що готується з кокоса, є справжнє кокосове молоко. Його роблять, витримуючи терту м'якоть в гарячій воді, щоб отримати олію і ароматичні компоненти. В результаті виходить молочно-біла непрозора емульсія (17-20 % жирності) з солодким кокосовим запахом. Через деякий час жир і вода розділяються (за аналогією з коров'ячим молоком), виходять кокосові вершки. Кокосове молоко — важливий елемент в багатьох азійських кухнях, з нього наприклад виготовляють відомий тайський суп «том ка».

Верхівкові бруньки, що звуться «кокосова капуста», вживаються у салатах.[1]

Виробництво пальмових серцевин дуже дороге, тому що пальма після збору урожаю гине.

З волокна оболонок плодів (койр), а також з волокон листя виготовляють канати, рогожі, щітки тощо. Стовбури — прекрасний будівельний матеріал. Листя йде на плетіння і служить покрівельним матеріалом. З шкаралупи горіхів роблять посуд. Крім того, кокосові горіхи, особливо кокосова олія, застосовуються в традиційній медицині, як протизапальний, протицинговий, сечогінний засіб.

Кокосова олія містить 84 % насичених жирів. Її виробляють шляхом віджиму білого м'якуша плодів.[2]

Алкогольні напої

З соку пуп'янків і молодих стовбурів варивом отримують сироп, який кристалізується в темно-коричневий пальмовий цукор, схожий на кленовий. За іншими джерелами сироп отримують з надрізаних квітконосів.[1] Сік, що заграв, перетворюється на слабкоалкогольний (8 %) напій, який в Індії і на Шрі-Ланці називається тодді, на Філіппінах і в Мексицітуба, а в Індонезіїтувак. Подальше бродіння тодді дає пальмовий оцет. Дистиляція тодді дає високоградусний напій — аррак, прозору рідину з високим вмістом алкоголю і приємним горіховим присмаком.

Галерея

Примітки

  1. а б coconut palm | tree. Encyclopedia Britannica (en). Процитовано 2017-06-05.
  2. The Truth About Coconut Oil. WebMD (en-US). Процитовано 2017-06-05.

Джерела

  • Ліс. — К.Махаон-Україна, 2008. — 304 с., іл. — С. 140
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Кокосова пальма: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Кокос (значення).
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Dừa ( Vietnamese )

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Dừa, hay cọ dừa, (danh pháp hai phần: Cocos nucifera), là một loài cây trong họ Cau (Arecaceae). Nó cũng là thành viên duy nhất trong chi Cocos và là một loại cây lớn, thân đơn trục (nhiều khi gọi là nhóm thân cau dừa) có thể cao tới 30 m, với các lá đơn xẻ thùy lông chim 1 lần, cuống và gân chính dài 4–6 m các thùy với gân cấp 2 có thể dài 60–90 cm; lá kèm thường biến thành bẹ dạng lưới ôm lấy thân; các lá già khi rụng để lại vết sẹo trên thân.

Nguồn gốc và canh tác

 src=
Hàng dừa và hoa Tagetes erecta xen nhau tại Kerala, Ấn Độ

.

Nguồn gốc của loài thực vật này là chủ đề gây tranh cãi, trong đó một số học giả cho rằng nó có nguồn gốc ở khu vực đông nam châu Á trong khi những người khác cho rằng nó có nguồn gốc ở miền tây bắc Nam Mỹ. Các mẫu hóa thạch tìm thấy ở New Zealand chỉ ra rằng các loại thực vật nhỏ tương tự như cây dừa đã mọc ở khu vực này từ khoảng 15 triệu năm trước. Thậm chí những hóa thạch có niên đại sớm hơn cũng đã được phát hiện tại RajasthanMaharashtra, Ấn Độ. Không phụ thuộc vào nguồn gốc của nó, dừa đã phổ biến khắp vùng nhiệt đới, có lẽ nhờ có sự trợ giúp của những người đi biển trong nhiều trường hợp. Quả của nó nhẹ và nổi trên mặt nước và có lẽ đã được phát tán rộng khắp nhờ các dòng hải lưu: quả thậm chí được thu nhặt trên biển tới tận Na Uy cũng còn khả năng nảy mầm được (trong các điều kiện thích hợp). Tại khu vực quần đảo Hawaii, người ta cho rằng dừa được đưa vào từ Polynesia, lần đầu tiên do những người đi biển gốc Polynesia đem từ quê hương của họ ở khu vực miền nam Thái Bình Dương tới đây.

Dừa phát triển tốt trên đất pha cát và có khả năng chống chịu mặn tốt cũng như nó ưa thích các nơi sinh sống có nhiều nắng và lượng mưa bình thường (750–2.000 mm hàng năm), điều này giúp nó trở thành loại cây định cư bên các bờ biển nhiệt đới một cách tương đối dễ dàng. Dừa cần độ ẩm cao (70–80%+) để có thể phát triển một cách tối ưu, điều này lý giải tại sao nó rất ít khi được tìm thấy trong các khu vực có độ ẩm thấp (ví dụ khu vực Địa Trung Hải), thậm chí cả khi các khu vực này có nhiệt độ đủ cao, do đó Dừa chỉ có thể trồng từ tới cuối tháng 11 hoặc đầu tháng 12. Nó rất khó trồng và phát triển trong các khu vực khô cằn.

Hoa của dừa là loại tạp tính (có cả hoa đực lẫn hoa cái và hoa lưỡng tính), với cả hoa đực và hoa cái trên cùng một cụm hoa. Dừa ra hoa liên tục với hoa cái tạo ra hạt. Người ta cho rằng dừa là loại cây thụ phấn chéo là chủ yếu, mặc dù một vài giống lùn lại là tự thụ phấn.

Mô tả cọ dừa

Cây dừa

Cây cọ dừa (coconut palm) thường được phân loại thành hai giống cây trồng nói chung:[1]

  • Dừa cao, hay dừa thường (tall coconut). Trên đất màu mỡ (fertile soil), cây cọ dừa cao có năng suất lên đến 75 quả mỗi năm, nhưng thường sản lượng ít hơn 30, chủ yếu là do các hoạt động văn hóa kém.[2][3][4]. Được chăm sóc và điều kiện phát triển thích hợp, cây dừa sản xuất lứa quả đầu tiên trong sáu đến mười năm, và phải mất 15-20 năm để đạt sản lượng cao nhất.[5]
  • Dừa lùn (dwarf coconut): giống phổ biến hiện nay là 'dừa lùn Mã Lai' (Malayan dwarf). Một số giống như 'dừa lùn Fiji' (Fiji dwarf) tạo thành một bầu lớn ở thân dưới (lower stem) và những giống khác được trồng (cultivated) để sản xuất nước dừa rất ngọt ngào với vỏ màu cam (orange-coloured husks), được mệnh danh là vua dừa, sử dụng hoàn toàn tại quầy hàng hoa quả (fruit stalls) để uống tại Sri Lanka, Ấn Độ.

Quả dừa

 src=
Quả dừa trên cây

Về mặt thực vật học, dừa là loại quả khô đơn độc được biết đến như là quả hạch có xơ. Vỏ quả ngoài thường cứng, nhẵn, nổi rõ 3 gờ, lớp vỏ quả giữa là các sợi xơ gọi là xơ dừa và bên trong nó là lớp vỏ quả trong hay gáo dừa hoặc sọ dừa, lớp vỏ quả trong hóa gỗ, khá cứng, có ba lỗ mầm có thể nhìn thấy rất rõ từ phía mặt ngoài khi bóc hết lớp vỏ ngoài và vỏ giữa (gọi là các mắt dừa). Thông qua một trong các lỗ này thì rễ mầm sẽ thò ra khi phôi nảy mầm. Bám vào thành phía trong của lớp vỏ quả trong là vỏ ngoài của hạt với nội nhũ dạng anbumin dày, là lớp cùi thịt, gọi là cùi dừa, nó có màu trắng và là phần ăn được của hạt.

Khi nhìn từ một đầu, vỏ quả trong và các lỗ mầm trông giống như mặt của khỉ, từ trong tiếng Bồ Đào Nha để gọi nó là macaco, đôi khi được viết tắt thành coco, từ đây mà có tên gọi khoa học của dừa. Nucifera là từ trong tiếng Latinh để chỉ mang theo hột.

Khi quả dừa còn non, nội nhũ bên trong còn mỏng và mềm và có thể nạo dễ dàng. Nhưng lý do chính để hái dừa vào giai đoạn này là để lấy nước dừa làm thức uống; những quả to có thể chứa tới 1 lít nước uống bổ dưỡng. Khi quả đã già và lớp vỏ ngoài chuyển thành màu nâu (khoảng vài tháng sau) thì nó sẽ rụng từ trên cây xuống. Vào thời điểm đó nội nhũ đã dày và cứng hơn, trong khi nước dừa sẽ có vị nồng hơn. Khi đó nếu uống nhiều có thể bị tiêu chảy, chỉ sau khoảng 15 phút.

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Vị trí gân chính
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Dừa được bổ đôi đúng cách

Để lấy nước của quả dừa cần loại bỏ lớp vỏ ngoài và lớp xơ dừa sau đó dùng đũa/que chọc vào mắt lớn nhất của quả rồi đặt ống hút vào. Người ta có thể lấy nước bằng cách chặt bỏ một phần vỏ ở phần đối diện với cuống dừa để phần vỏ cứng bên trong phơi ra, sau đó vạt đi phần của lớp vỏ cứng đó và rót nước dừa vào vật chứa (cốc, chén, bát, v.v.). Ngày nay, người ta còn dùng dao/máy bào bớt đi lớp vỏ bên ngoài làm gần lộ ra phần vỏ cứng phía đối diện cuống dừa, rồi cũng vạt bỏ đi phần này khi muốn lấy nước. Do quả dừa có điểm rạn tự nhiên nên có thể bổ quả dừa bằng các loại dao to, chẳng hạn dao mác, dao phay hay các loại tuốc vít bản bẹt và búa. Trên quả dừa đã lột bỏ vỏ có 3 lằn gân ứng với 3 mắt, kinh nghiệm cho thấy khi dùng sống dao hoặc lưỡi dao hơi cùn đập vuông góc vào gân chính (ứng với mắt lớn nhất - như chỉ bởi mũi tên đỏ trong hình) thì quả dừa sẽ bể đôi dễ dàng, đường bể thường thẳng và đều. Các nông dân ở Bến Tre thường dùng một loại dao đặc biệt lưỡi không bén (sắc)lắm gọi là cái rựa để bổ dừa.

Khi quả còn non thì lớp vỏ rất cứng, nhưng quả dừa non hiếm khi rụng, ngoại trừ khi bị bệnh như nấm chẳng hạn hoặc do chuột, dơi... phá hoại. Trong thời gian quả rụng tự nhiên, lớp vỏ trở thành màu nâu và xơ dừa trở nên mềm và khô hơn, như thế quả sẽ ít bị hư hại khi rụng. Có một vài trường hợp quả dừa rụng đột ngột và có thể gây thương vong cho người. Đây là chủ đề của bài báo ấn hành năm 1984 và đã được trao giải Ig Nobel năm 2001. Số lượng tử vong do dừa rơi được dùng để so sánh với số lượng các vụ tấn công của cá mập, với kết quả đưa ra là người ta bị chết do dừa rụng nhiều hơn là do bị cá mập tấn công. Tuy nhiên, chưa có chứng cứ nào cho thấy người ta bị tử vong theo kiểu này. [1] Tuy nhiên, William Wyatt Gill, một nhà truyền giáo của Hiệp hội truyền giáo Luân Đôn (LMS) tới Mangaia đã ghi lại một chuyện trong đó Kaiara, người thiếp yêu của vua Tetui, đã bị chết do một quả dừa non bị rụng. Cây "tội phạm" này đã bị chặt bỏ ngay lập tức. Điều này xảy ra vào khoảng năm 1777, cùng thời gian viếng thăm của thuyền trưởng Cook.

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Hoa dừa

Tại một số khu vực trên thế giới, những con khỉ đã huấn luyện được dùng vào việc hái dừa. Các trường huấn luyện khỉ vẫn tồn tại ở miền nam Thái Lan. Các cuộc thi được tổ chức hàng năm để tìm ra con khỉ hái dừa nhanh nhất.

Tại Việt Nam, dừa được trồng nhiều ở nhiều nơi từ Bắc chí Nam, nhất là các vùng duyên hải. Tỉnh Bến Tre có diện tích trồng dừa lớn nhất được mệnh danh là "xứ dừa". Cây dừa đã trở thành biếu tượng tại đây.

Sử dụng

Tất cả các phần của quả dừa và cây dừa đều có thể được sử dụng. Dừa còn là loại cây cho quả tương đối nhiều (tới 75 quả mỗi năm); vì thế nó có giá trị kinh tế đáng kể. Tên gọi của dừa trong tiếng Phạnkalpa vriksha, có thể dịch thành "cây đem lại mọi thứ cần thiết cho cuộc sống". Trong tiếng Mã Lai, dừa được gọi là pokok seribu guna tức là "cây có cả ngàn công dụng". Tại Philippines, nói chung dừa được gọi là "Cây của sự sống".

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Cây dừa nhìn từ dưới lên

Công dụng của các phần khác nhau của cây dừa bao gồm:

  • Phần cùi (cơm) dừa trắng ăn được và được sử dụng ở dạng tươi hay sấy khô trong một số món ăn. Cơm dừa khô là nguyên liệu sản xuất dầu dừa.
  • Nước dừa nằm trong khoang bên trong quả dừa có chứa các chất như đường, đạm, chất chống ôxi hóa, các vitamin và khoáng chất, là nguồn cung cấp và tạo ra cân bằng điện giải đẳng trương tốt cũng như là nguồn thực phẩm bổ dưỡng. Nước dừa được dùng làm nước giải khát tại nhiều vùng nhiệt đới. Nước dừa là vô trùng khi quả dừa chưa bị bổ ra, và có thể dùng làm dung dịch truyền ven (xem PMID 10674546). Nó cũng được dùng để sản xuất món tráng miệng dạng sệt có tên gọi thạch dừa (nata de coco). Đôi khi, nước dừa khô cũng được cô cạn thành chất có màu nâu đen được gọi là nước màu dừa, dùng làm chất tạo màu cho thức ăn thay cho nước màu được làm từ đường (gluco).
  • Cây cảnh: Những cây dừa lạ (do biến dị) được trồng làm cảnh, chủ yếu tại Philippines, tại đây nó được gọi là macapuno.
  • Nước cốt dừa, hay còn gọi là sữa dừa, (chứa khoảng 17% chất béo) được tạo ra từ cơm dừa đã nạo nhỏ hòa với nước nóng hay sữa nóng. Nước cốt dừa là thành phần chủ yếu của các món ăn vùng Đông Nam Á và Việt Nam. Các bã sợi cơm dừa còn lại từ việc sản xuất sữa dừa được dùng làm thức ăn cho gia súc.
  • Kẹo dừa là món đồ ngọt thông dụng tại Việt Nam, nguyên liệu chính là nước cốt dừa cô đặc pha hương vị lá dứa, Sầu riêng hoặc Sôcôla.
  • Mứt dừa được làm từ cơm dừa được cắt sợi và sên với đường cát để khô dùng trong ngày tết ở việt Nam.
  • Kem dừa là lớp chất nổi lên trên khi sữa dừa bị làm lạnh.
  • Nhựa dừa thu được từ việc rạch các cụm hoa dừa được lên men để sản xuất rượu vang dừa (ở Philippines gọi là tuba).
  • Gáo dừa khô bổ đôi được dùng làm bộ phận trong một số loại nhạc cụ như gia hồbản hồ của Trung Quốc hay đàn gáo của Việt Nam, chúng được đập vào nhau để tạo ra hiệu ứng âm thanh tựa như tiếng vó ngựa. Gáo dừa còn được dùng làm gáo múc nước và là nguyên liệu làm đồ thủ công mỹ nghệ.
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Dừa xiêm lửa
  • Xơ dừa được dùng làm dây thừng, chão, thảm, bàn chải, khảm thuyền cũng như làm vật liệu lèn; nó còn được dùng rộng rãi trong nghề làm vườn để làm chất độn trong phân bón.
  • Vỏ và xơ dừa có thể làm nguồn nhiên liệu hay để sản xuất than củi. Một loại dừa hiếm tại Nam bộ có xơ dừa tươi cho nước khá ngọt khi nhai, trong khi các loài khác cho vị chát.Vỏ dừa bện dây rất tốt đối với người đành cá vì nó mềm dẻo chịu mưa nắng
  • Lá là nguồn cung cấp vật liệu làm mái che, làm một số loại giỏ đựng đồ và làm chổi dừa.Lá làm tranh
  • Các gân giữa của các lá (chét) có độ cứng thích hợp cho việc làm các que xiên (để nướng thịt chẳng hạn) trong nấu ăn.
  • Các chồi non trên ngọn cây dừa có thể ăn được và nó đôi khi được thu hái để làm rau ăn (mặc dù kiểu thu hái này sẽ làm chết cây dừa).
  • Phần bên trong của lá non đang lớn cũng có thể thu hoạch làm tim dừa và nó được coi là một loại đặc sản. Kiểu thu hái này cũng làm chết cây dừa. Tim dừa thường được ăn trong các món rau trộn; các món rau trộn như thế đôi khi được gọi là "salad triệu phú".
  • Gỗ dừa có thể dùng làm đồ mỹ nghệ hoặc làm vật liệu cho một số công trình xây dựng đặc biệt (nổi tiếng nhất là cung điện Dừa tại Manila). Người Hawaii còn đục rỗng thân cây dừa để làm trống, thùng chứa hay các loại xuồng nhỏ. Còn có thể làm máng.Cọng lá làm vách
  • Rễ dừa có thể dùng làm thuốc nhuộm, thuốc sát trùng để súc miệng hay chữa trị bệnh lỵ. Nó còn được dùng để đánh răng.
  • Củ hũ dừa là phần lõi trong thân cây dừa, đôi khi cũng được dùng làm món ăn.
  • gốc dừa già làm chõ đồ xôi

Lợi ích sức khỏe

Dừa, chưa chế biếnGiá trị dinh dưỡng cho mỗi 100 g (3,5 oz)Năng lượng354 kcal (1.480 kJ)
15.23 g
Đường6.23 gChất xơ9.0 g
33.49 g
Chất béo bão hòa29.698 gChất béo không bão hòa đơn1.425 gChất béo không bão hòa đa0.366 g
3.33 g
Tryptophan0.039 gThreonine0.121 gIsoleucine0.131 gLeucine0.247 gLysine0.147 gMethionine0.062 gCystine0.066 gPhenylalanine0.169 gTyrosine0.103 gValine0.202 gArginine0.546 gHistidine0.077 gAlanine0.170 gAspartic acid0.325 gGlutamic acid0.761 gGlycine0.158 gProline0.138 gSerine0.172 g VitaminThiamine (B1)
(6%)
0.066 mgRiboflavin (B2)
(2%)
0.020 mgNiacin (B3)
(4%)
0.540 mgPantothenic acid (B5)
(6%)
0.300 mgVitamin B6
(4%)
0.054 mgFolate (B9)
(7%)
26 μgVitamin C
(4%)
3.3 mgVitamin E
(2%)
0.24 mgVitamin K
(0%)
0.2 μg Chất khoángCanxi
(1%)
14 mgSắt
(19%)
2.43 mgMagiê
(9%)
32 mgMangan
(71%)
1.500 mgPhốt pho
(16%)
113 mgKali
(8%)
356 mgNatri
(1%)
20 mgKẽm
(12%)
1.10 mg Thành phần khácNước46.99 g
Tỷ lệ phần trăm xấp xỉ gần đúng sử dụng lượng hấp thụ thực phẩm tham chiếu (Khuyến cáo của Hoa Kỳ) cho người trưởng thành.
Nguồn: CSDL Dinh dưỡng của USDA

Trong nước dừa có gần như toàn bộ dưỡng chất cần cho cơ thể, nhiều vitamin nhóm B và chất khoáng. Hàm lượng kalimagiê trong nước dừa tương tự như dịch tế bào của người nên nó thường được dùng cho bệnh nhân bị tiêu chảy, thậm chí làm dịch truyền.

Trẻ bị tiêu chảy được khuyến khích uống nước dừa pha muối. Nước dừa làm đẹp da, đen mượt tóc. Nhân dừa non (mềm như thạch) chứa nhiều enzym tốt cho tiêu hóa, dùng chữa các bệnh viêm loét dạ dày, viêm gan, đái tháo đường, lỵ, trĩ, viêm ruột kết. Polysacharit của nước dừa kích thích miễn dịch đối với bệnh lao phổi.

Nước quả dừa xanh còn non được các nhà khoa học gọi là "nước khoáng thực vật" vì chứa nhiều vi lượng khoáng cần thiết cho cơ thể và đường ở dạng dễ tiêu hóa, lượng vitamin C đủ cho nhu cầu 1 ngày. Nước trong trái dừa 6-7 tuần tuổi là ngon và bổ nhất. Nước dừa từng được dùng làm dịch truyền trong Thế chiến thứ haiChiến tranh Việt Nam.

Các nhà khoa học Peru dùng dừa chống sốt rét: Khoét vỏ, đưa thân cây bông vải có tẩm một loại vi khuẩn thích ăn ấu trùng của muỗi anophèle vào, đậy kín lại rồi thả vào nước muối 2-3 ngày để vi khuẩn ăn chất dinh dưỡng của dừa mà sinh sôi nảy nở. Đổ nước những quả dừa đó xuống ao hồ, đầm lầy, vi khuẩn sẽ diệt ấu trùng muỗi truyền sốt rét bằng cách ăn no chúng.

Ở Philippines, dừa được xem là món ăn trường xuân (có tên gọi Nata). Nata dừa gồm có nước dừa, đường, giấm và "nước cái" (chứa vi khuẩn giúp lên men). Cựu tổng thống Philippines Fidel Ramos cho rằng, nhờ ăn hằng ngày món này mà ông trẻ lại như ở tuổi 20. Nata đã trở thành món tráng miệng cao cấp ở Nhật và được xem là có tác dụng ngừa ung thư.

Nước dừa còn có công dụng bảo quản tinh trùng của người và động vật trong trạng thái "sức khỏe dồi dào", tránh phải đông lạnh gây giảm khả năng thụ tinh.

Các phần khác của cây dừa như vỏ xanh, xơ ở ngoài được dùng rửa vết thương, bỏng, chàm, lở. Vỏ cứng (sọ dừa) đốt thành than cầm tiêu chảy, chống phóng xạ. Cùi non ăn bổ tâm tì. Cùi già ép lấy dầu, bó chữa gãy xương, chế mĩ phẩm. Rễ dừa cầm máu, lợi tiểu và chữa được nhiều chứng bệnh thông thường khác.

Y học truyền thống

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Những thông tin y khoa của Wikipedia tiếng Việt chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo và không thể thay thế ý kiến chuyên môn. Trước khi sử dụng những thông tin này, đề nghị liên hệ và nhận sự tư vấn của các bác sĩ chuyên môn.

Theo Đông y, nước dừa ngọt ấm, không độc, giúp tăng cường khí lực, tươi nhuận nhan sắc, giải nhiệt, cầm máu nên rất tốt khi điều trị cảm nắng, thổ huyết, máu cam. Một số cách dùng nước dừa chữa bệnh:

  • Khản tiếng: Nước dừa non 1 cốc, rau má 8 g. Giã rau má, vắt lấy nước cốt pha với nước dừa uống.
  • Kiết lỵ cấp tính: Rau má 50 g, nước dừa tươi một quả. Rửa sạch rau má, giã nhỏ, vắt lấy nước, pha với nước dừa uống. Mỗi ngày một quả.
  • Nôn mửa: Nước dừa 2 chén, rượu nho 1 chén, nước gừng 10 giọt trộn đều uống.
  • Lợi tiểu giải độc: Nước dừa non có tác dụng lợi tiểu trong các bệnh tim mạch, thận.
  • Viêm thận phù nề: Nước dừa, nước rễ cỏ tranh, nước rễ cỏ lau mỗi thứ 30 g. Trộn đều uống.
  • Tẩy sán lá: Có tác dụng an toàn và hiệu lực hơn hạt cau. Không cần thuốc tẩy. Buổi sáng chưa ăn, lấy 1/2 quả dừa, uống nước và ăn cho hết cùi dừa. Sau 3 giờ, ăn uống bình thường (thức ăn lỏng).

Canh dừa khử độc hại của rượu, "bôi trơn" các khớp: Những người thường xuyên uống bia rượu hay đau nhức khớp, hoặc khi hoạt động các khớp có tiếng kêu. Lấy một quả dừa cắt ngang phần trên làm nắp, cho 20 g đậu đen vo sạch vào trong rồi đậy p lại, đặt lên một cái đĩa, chưng trong 4 giờ. Sau đó có thể cho ít muối tùy ý để uống canh dừa. Mỗi tháng chỉ cần uống 1-2 lần thì chứng đau khớp sẽ hết, các khớp sẽ hoạt động linh hoạt,mềm mại trở lại.

Nước dừa non trị chứng cam (bụng ỏng, đít teo, suy dinh dưỡng) cho trẻ: Nước dừa dùng nấu xôi, luộc gà… làm tăng vị thơm ngon và bổ dưỡng, thích hợp cho người gầy yếu. Người khỏe mạnh buổi sáng uống 1 quả nước dừa xiêm cũng rất tốt.

Hoại tử ruột do bệnh thương hàn: Dừa tươi một trái, trứng gà 1 quả, gừng tươi 100 g, cam thảo 15 g. Cùi dừa tán nhuyễn với gừng và cam thảo, cho nước dừa và lòng đỏ trứng gà vào, khuấy đều, chưng hơi khô, vắt nước uống. Đây là bài thuốc dân gian Kê khương đường nổi tiếng.

Lưu ý

Nước dừa lấy ra khỏi quả sẽ bị mất khí vị, cho nên cứ để nguyên quả mà uống, tốt nhất là nên uống ngay tại gốc vừa chặt, tránh thả dừa xuống đất.

Nếu uống từ ba trái dừa trở lên mỗi ngày và uống liên tục trong nhiều ngày sẽ rất có hại cho sức khỏe, nhất là đối với các bệnh nhân suy nhược, huyết áp thấp, người hay lạnh. Những người bị bệnh trĩ, huyết áp thấp, nhức đầu do huyết áp thấp, cảm lạnh, thấp khớp, mệt tim không nên uống nước dừa. Hàm lượng chất béo trong nước dừa rất cao, uống nhiều sẽ bị gây đầy bụng, khó tiêu. Khi mới đi nắng về không nên uống nước dừa. Không nên uống nước dừa với nước đá vào buổi tối. Trước khi tập luyện, thi đấu thể dục thể thao không nên uống nước dừa.[6] Phụ nữ mang thai không nên uống nước dừa trong ba tháng đầu kể từ khi có thai.[7]

Khía cạnh văn hóa

Dừa được sử dụng rộng rãi trong các nghi lễ tôn giáo của đạo Hindu. Các quả dừa được dâng lên các vị thần, và quả dừa thường được đập ra thành nhiều mảnh trên mặt đất hay trên một vật nào đó như là một phần của lễ khai mạc hay khánh thành một công trình xây dựng, nhà cửa, tàu bè, v.v.

Truyện cổ tích Indonesia về Hainuwele đề cập tới việc đưa cây dừa vào Seram.

Người dân bang Kerala ở miền nam Ấn Độ coi nó là "Quê hương của Dừa" (nalikerathinte nattil).

Tại Mỹ, từ "Coconut" (dừa) đôi khi được dùng như một từ lóng mang tính xúc phạm vừa phải để chỉ những người gốc châu Mỹ La tinh hay Ấn Độ. "Coconut" cũng là từ lóng tại Australia để chỉ những người gốc Tonga hay "Polynesia", nhưng lại không dùng để chỉ người Maori.

Tại Việt Nam, từ "làng dừa" trong một số ngữ cảnh được dùng để chỉ những người kém hiểu biết về lĩnh vực mà họ đang nói tới.

Trái dừa là một trong năm loại trái trong mâm ngũ quả tiêu biểu tại các tỉnh phía nam Việt Nam.

Dừa trong nghệ thuật

Văn học dân gian

- Thấy dừa thì nhớ Bến Tre.

Thấy bông sen nhớ đồng quê Tháp Mười.

- Trả ơn ai có cây dừa

Cho tôi nghỉ mát đợi chờ người thương.

- Mài dừa đạp bã cho nhanh

Nấu dầu mà chải tóc anh tóc nàng

Mài dừa dưới ánh trăng vàng

Ép dầu mà chải tóc nàng tóc anh

- Trồng dừa ra đọt chặt tàu

Sợ em đổi dạ tham giàu bỏ anh

- Kìa vườn dừa cây cao cây thấp

Gió quặt quà cành lá xác xơ

Thương anh em vẫn đợi chờ

  • Câu đố:[8]

- Một mẹ nuôi chín mười con

Không ăn, không uống no tròn vo vo

(là cái gì?)

- Nước sông không đến

Nước bến không vào

Vậy mà có nước

(là trái gì?)

Văn thơ cận đại và hiện đại

Âm nhạc

  • Bài hát Dáng đứng Bến Tre

Xem thêm

Nguồn tham khảo

  1. ^ T. Pradeepkumar, B. Sumajyothibhaskar, and K.N. Satheesan. (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops (Horticulture Science Series Vol.11, 2nd of 2 Parts). New India Publishing. pp. 539–587. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3.
  2. ^ Grimwood BE, Ashman F (1975). Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. tr. 1.
  3. ^ Sarian, Zac B. (August 18, 2010). New coconut yields high. The Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  4. ^ Ravi, Rajesh. (March 16, 2009). Rise in coconut yield, farming area put India on top. The Financial Express. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  5. ^ “How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts?”. Home Guides - SF Gate.
  6. ^ “Những người không nên uống nước dừa”. Báo Điện tử Tiền Phong. Truy cập 12 tháng 2 năm 2015.
  7. ^ "Phụ nữ mang thai dưới ba tháng có thể bị sảy thai nếu uống nước dừa?," Giadinh.net.vn, truy cập ngày 25 tháng 5 năm 2014, http://giadinh.net.vn/nuoi-day-con/phu-nu-mang-thai-duoi-ba-thang-co-the-bi-say-thai-neu-uong-nuoc-dua-20140417040735950.htm; "3 tháng đầu uống nước dừa: Không nên!," Giadinh.net.vn, truy cập ngày 25 tháng 5 năm 2014, http://giadinh.net.vn/nuoi-day-con/3-thang-dau-uong-nuoc-dua-khong-nen-20140113094233841.htm.
  8. ^ a ă “Cây dừa nguồn cảm hứng sáng tác văn học nghệ thuật”.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Dừa  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Dừa


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wikipedia VI

Dừa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Dừa, hay cọ dừa, (danh pháp hai phần: Cocos nucifera), là một loài cây trong họ Cau (Arecaceae). Nó cũng là thành viên duy nhất trong chi Cocos và là một loại cây lớn, thân đơn trục (nhiều khi gọi là nhóm thân cau dừa) có thể cao tới 30 m, với các lá đơn xẻ thùy lông chim 1 lần, cuống và gân chính dài 4–6 m các thùy với gân cấp 2 có thể dài 60–90 cm; lá kèm thường biến thành bẹ dạng lưới ôm lấy thân; các lá già khi rụng để lại vết sẹo trên thân.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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wikipedia VI

Кокосовая пальма ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. кокос (значения).
 src=
Карта естественного распространения кокосовой пальмы на 2004 год

Ботаническое описание

Высокая (до 27—30 м) стройная пальма. Ствол — 15—45 см в диаметре, гладкий, в кольцах от опавших листьев, слегка наклонён и расширен у основания. Боковых ветвей нет, но внизу часто развиваются опорные корни.

Листья перисторассечённые, плотные, длиной 3—6 м. Листьев в кроне от 20 до 35.

Мелкие желтоватые однополые цветки собраны в колоски, а те, в свою очередь, — в пазушные метёлки (длиной 1,2—2 м), свешивающиеся с вершины дерева.

Плод

 src=
Испорченный кокосовый орех. Стал розовым спустя несколько часов после вскрытия. Жидкость была нетипичного для кокоса вкуса

Плод — костянка (бытовое название кокосовый орех[2] не соответствует биологической классификации[3][неавторитетный источник?]), 15—30 см в длину, сравнительно округлый, весом 1,5—2,5 кг. Наружная оболочка плода (экзокарп) пронизана волокнами (койр); внутренняя (эндокарп) — твёрдая «скорлупа» с тремя порами, ведущими к трём семяпочкам, из которых только одна развивается в семя. Семя состоит из мясистого поверхностного слоя белого цвета толщиной около 12 мм (мякоть, или копра) и эндосперма. Эндосперм, сперва жидкий и прозрачный (кокосовая вода), с созреванием кокоса в нем появляются капли масла, выделяемого копрой, и он становится слегка желтоватым и маслянистым на вид. Добавлением воды в эндосперм получают кокосовое молоко.

Плоды растут группами по 15—20 штук, полностью созревая в течение восьми — десяти месяцев. В культуре дерево начинает плодоносить с семи — девяти лет и продолжает около 50 лет. Одно дерево ежегодно даёт от 60 до 200 плодов. «Орехи» собирают полностью созревшими (на копру и другие продукты) или за месяц до созревания (на койр). Койр применяется в мебельной промышленности (волокна соединяются латексом — отсюда стойкий запах «резины») в таких изделиях, как матрацы.

Кокосовый субстрат

 src=
Завязывающиеся кокосовые орехи

Кокосовый субстрат — продукт промышленной переработки измельчённой кожуры и волокна кокосового ореха. Используется в садоводстве.

Производство

 src=
Кокосовая пальма изображена на гербе Мальдив, а с 25 июля 1985 года является официальным государственным деревом-символом Мальдив
Топ 20 стран-производителей кокосовых плодов — 2007 Страна тысяч тонн кокосовых плодов Флаг Индонезии Индонезия 19 625 Флаг Филиппин Филиппины 14 852 Флаг Индии Индия 11 769 Флаг Папуа — Новой Гвинеи Папуа — Новая Гвинея 6770 Флаг Малайзии Малайзия 5800 Флаг Мьянмы Мьянма 3700 Флаг Танзании Танзания 3700 Флаг Ганы Гана 3160 Флаг Ямайки Ямайка 3110 Флаг Вануату Вануату 3077 Флаг Китайской Народной Республики Китай 2843 Флаг Бразилии Бразилия 2831 Флаг Соломоновых островов Соломоновы Острова 2760 Флаг Мозамбика Мозамбик 2650 Флаг Нигерии Нигерия 2250 Флаг Шри-Ланки Шри-Ланка 2180 Флаг Венесуэлы Венесуэла 1936 Флаг Таиланда Таиланд 1721 Флаг Мексики Мексика 1157 Флаг Вьетнама Вьетнам 1046 источник:
Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация ООН (FAO)

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. [http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word=орех&all=x Большой толковый словарь русского языка под ред. Кузнецова
  3. Можно ли кокос назвать орехом?
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Кокосовая пальма: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. кокос (значения).  src= Карта естественного распространения кокосовой пальмы на 2004 год
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( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
Tango-nosources.svg
本条目需要补充更多来源(2009年10月27日)
请协助添加多方面可靠来源改善这篇条目无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除。
椰子每100 g(3.5 oz)食物營養值
354 kJ(85 kcal)
12.76 g
10.1 g膳食纖維 1.3 g
0.13 g
飽和脂肪 0.021 g單元不飽和脂肪 0.005 g多元不飽和脂肪 0.037 g
0.27 g
色氨酸 0.001 g蘇氨酸 0.006 g異亮氨酸 0.006 g亮氨酸 0.014 g賴氨酸 0.013 g蛋氨酸 0.001 g胱氨酸 0.001 g苯丙氨酸 0.007 g酪氨酸 0.001 g纈氨酸 0.012 g精氨酸 0.006 g組氨酸 0.005 g丙氨酸 0.012 g天冬氨酸 0.074 g穀氨酸 0.026 g甘氨酸 0.009 g脯氨酸 0.006 g絲氨酸 0.011 g 維生素維生素A equiv.
(0%)
2 μg
(0%)
17 μg
18 μg
硫胺(維生素B1
(2%)
0.019 mg核黃素(維生素B2
(2%)
0.028 mg菸鹼酸(維生素B3
(1%)
0.091 mg
(1%)
0.071 mg吡哆醇維生素B6
(3%)
0.037 mg葉酸(維生素B9
(0%)
0 μg維生素B12
(0%)
0 μg膽鹼
(1%)
3.4 mg維生素C
(5%)
4 mg維生素D
(0%)
0 IU維生素E
(0%)
0.05 mg維生素K
(1%)
0.6 μg 膳食礦物質
(1%)
5 mg
(1%)
0.07 mg
(1%)
4 mg
(2%)
0.038 mg
(2%)
11 mg
(2%)
90 mg
(0%)
0 mg
(1%)
0.05 mg 其他成分 86.67 g
參照美國標準的相對百分比
成人每日的膳食營養素參考攝取量英语Dietary Reference Intakes(RDI)
來源:(英文)美國農業部營養数据库

学名Cocos nucifera)是棕榈科椰属的唯一种大型植物,椰子是椰树的果实,是一种在热带地区很普及的果实。椰子树的普及也在于其果实椰子可以在海中随风浪漂流上千公里后落地生根在离母树非常远的地方。一般商业卖出来的椰子在收割时还是绿色的,未成熟的果实,它有点三角形状,足球大小。在泰国南部人们也利用训练好的猕猴来採摘椰子。而在中国的海南岛,人们宣称爬椰子树最快的人在海南文昌市东郊椰林[2]

一般在原产地以外出售的“椰子”实际上是椰子的棕色的核,也叫作「椰仁」,是椰子的种子。在这个核外面实际上还有一层很厚的纤维质和一个硬的、绿色的果皮壳层。为了节省运输占用的地方,核外的部分一般在运输前就被去掉了。核内含约一升清甜的、几乎清晰的汁和白色的、清香的果肉。

特征

椰树是一种常綠乔木,树身可高达30米;羽状复叶长4-6米,每叶有180-250片小叶,小叶线形革质,长60-90厘米;叶子集中在树干顶端,单干无分支,枯叶会从树干彻底脱落;单性花,雌雄同株;圆或椭圆形的核果,顶端三棱得,直径20-30厘米,成熟时为褐色..。

用途

食品

在椰子产地未熟椰子(嫩椰)的椰子汁是重要的饮料。椰子汁可以直接喝,也可发酵为椰子酒饮用。由于摘下後的椰子汁水會渐渐减少,可以通过椰子汁的多少来判决它已存放多久了,椰子存放得越久其汁就越少。

椰子水是清甜爽口的消暑聖品;嫩椰的果肉似果冻,可生食,但越老的椰肉越硬。成熟椰子的椰肉高度纤维化,一般刨取出来晒干后可制成椰丝,也可用来榨取椰浆(即椰奶)或提炼椰子油,椰丝、椰浆都可以在烹调中使用。

椰子油

椰奶是将成熟椰子(老椰)的椰肉放在热水中捣烂后通过一块纱布绞出后得到的。它是一种粘稠、芳香及奶状的液体。剩下的含纤维的渣一般被用作饲料。在椰子产地地方人使用小工业来制作椰奶。加热消毒后的椰奶被出口。在烹饪、汤、汁和鸡尾酒使用椰奶。

椰子油能保護皮膚免受陽光的傷害,因此被用在化妆品中,比如参在香皂、洗髮精中更有清潔的功效。

1999年美國營養學家Bruce Fife出版《The Coconut Oil Miracle》一書指出,東南亞地區居民之所以很少患有心臟病,是因為椰子油所含的月桂酸雖然屬於飽和脂肪酸,但其化學結構與有害血管的動物性飽和脂肪酸並不相同,前者屬於中鏈脂肪酸(medium-chain fatty acids),後者屬於長鏈脂肪酸

過去的研究認為椰子油會大幅增加心血管疾病風險,但目前認為此數據是因為採用部分氫化椰子油來做實驗(產生反式脂肪)。

但是在另一方面,椰子油仍含有高量长链飽和脂肪酸。

服用椰子油要注意:必須是純的、非氫化的(non-hydrogenated),氫化的油多為含有反式脂肪的油。買油的時候,要仔細檢查瓶子後的標籤,如果上面注明hydrogenated则不要買。注明是「精煉油」的,也不好,精煉油的加工工藝普遍是化學精煉法,它只能提供能量,但失去了營養價值。

由于椰子油对心脏和血管会造成危害,世界卫生组织美国国家医学研究院英语Institute of Medicine美国心脏协会英语American Heart Association等,都把椰子油列入应该避免食用的饱和脂肪之列[3][4][5]

醫藥用途

Star of life caution.svg 维基百科中的醫療相关内容仅供参考,詳見醫學聲明。如需专业意见请咨询专业人士。

椰子汁的成分与人的体液类似,而且在椰子未打开前几乎是无菌的,因此在紧急情况下假如病人失血过多而没有血清的情况下可以将椰子汁如同无菌的盐水一样直接注入病人的静脉,此況在電影《我是誰》劇中便有使用,但風險仍然比注射生理食鹽水大。腹泻病人喝椰子汁也有好处,因为人体很容易吸收椰子汁。

原材料

包围椰子核的坚韧的、硬的纤维可用来织席、地毯,填在垫子中和用作隔热材料。椰子壳可以用作杯子,也可製作樂器椰胡,此外亦是非常好的燃料,椰子壳制的炭是很好的木炭。椰子壳烧制的木炭是制造活性炭的原料,在所有果壳活性炭里,椰壳活性炭的品质最好。

打开椰子核

主条目:椰子核

用榔头和一根没有锈的钉子在核上打开两到三个孔。让汁流出到一个容器内或直接用吸管吸出。

开硬核最好的方法是将它放在200度的烤炉中放15到20分钟,核自然打开。用锤轻敲后核分为两半。

或者用刀的柄沿椰核的两半的缝重击数次。

  •  src=

    椰油

  •  src=

    椰汁

  •  src=

    椰皇甜品

其它

有报道,每年被掉下来的椰子砸死的人数(约150人)远高于因鲨鱼攻击死亡的人数(约10人),但这一统计数字的可靠性有待证实。[6]

世界上最大的寄居蟹椰子蟹,它也喜欢吃椰子。大的椰子蟹能够用它们的螯夹开椰子。

由于馬蹄的声音相当轻,因此电影中马蹄的声音一般是后来配进去的,往往通过敲击椰子壳。在蒙提·派森的电影《蒙提·派森和圣杯英语Monty Python and the Holy Grail》中艺术家以此搞笑,骑士都不骑马而是做骑马的样子,而他们的持盾侍者則跟在他们后面敲椰子壳。

參考資料

  1. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 16 June 2016.
  2. ^ iFeng.com. 挑战“爬椰树”. http://news.ifeng.com. [2018-12-14]. 外部链接存在于|website= (帮助)
  3. ^ 椰子油真的是“好油”吗? 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2016-03-04.,广州日报,2011-11-1
  4. ^ 椰子油無助延緩失智 反增心血管疾病風險,健康醫療網,2013/11/07
  5. ^ 椰油飽和脂肪高 無益心血管,Yahoo奇摩新聞,2014年6月25日
  6. ^ Michael Perkins. Surviving Paradise. Lulu.com. 1 October 2006: 241. ISBN 978-1-84728-935-3.
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椰: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

椰(学名:Cocos nucifera)是棕榈科椰属的唯一种大型植物,椰子是椰树的果实,是一种在热带地区很普及的果实。椰子树的普及也在于其果实椰子可以在海中随风浪漂流上千公里后落地生根在离母树非常远的地方。一般商业卖出来的椰子在收割时还是绿色的,未成熟的果实,它有点三角形状,足球大小。在泰国南部人们也利用训练好的猕猴来採摘椰子。而在中国的海南岛,人们宣称爬椰子树最快的人在海南文昌市东郊椰林

一般在原产地以外出售的“椰子”实际上是椰子的棕色的核,也叫作「椰仁」,是椰子的种子。在这个核外面实际上还有一层很厚的纤维质和一个硬的、绿色的果皮壳层。为了节省运输占用的地方,核外的部分一般在运输前就被去掉了。核内含约一升清甜的、几乎清晰的汁和白色的、清香的果肉。

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ココナッツ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
曖昧さ回避 映画については「ココナッツ (映画)」を、DEENの楽曲については「Coconuts (DEENの曲)」をご覧ください。
 src=
熟果の断面。白い部分が固形胚乳。
ココナッツパウダー[1] 100 gあたりの栄養価 エネルギー 食物繊維 飽和脂肪酸 一価不飽和 多価不飽和 ビタミン ビタミンA相当量 チアミン (B1) リボフラビン (B2) ビタミンB6 葉酸 (B9) ビタミンB12 ビタミンC ビタミンD ビタミンE ビタミンK ミネラル ナトリウム カリウム カルシウム マグネシウム リン 鉄分 亜鉛 マンガン 他の成分 水分 水溶性食物繊維 不溶性食物繊維 マイクログラム • mg = ミリグラム
  • IU = 国際単位
  • %はアメリカ合衆国における
    成人栄養摂取目標 (RDI) の割合。

    ココナッツ英語: coconut)はヤシ科単子葉植物ココヤシ果実である。ココナツあるいは、単に椰子の実ともいう。

    概要[編集]

    果実は繊維質の厚い殻に包まれ、その中に固い殻に包まれた大きな種子がある。種子の内部は大きな胚乳に占められ、周縁部の固形胚乳と中心部の液状胚乳に分かれる。

    未熟果はこりこりした固形胚乳を生食するほか、液状胚乳をココナッツジュースとして飲用する。

    成熟果の胚乳を削りとって乾燥させたものはコプラと呼ばれ、ヤシ油の原料として重要である。洋菓子の材料とされるココナッツはコプラを細かくおろしたもので、甘味をつけて使用することもある。生の成熟果の胚乳やコプラを水に浸して浸出液を揉み出したものはココナッツミルクと呼ばれ、白色で脂肪分を多く含み、熱帯各地で様々な料理の素材として重要な位置を占めている。

    なお、植物の組織培養の培地に使うココナッツミルク(ココナッツジュース)は未熟果実の液状胚乳のことであり、料理に使うコプラ由来のココナッツミルクとは異なる。

    外皮からはココナッツファイバーと呼ばれる強靭な天然繊維が得られ、ロープマットなどに加工される。

    殻は加工して食器や工芸品、あるいは未加工のまま燃料として利用される。

    栄養[編集]

    ココナッツには水溶性食物繊維が多いとする記述を見かけることがあるが、ココナッツチップやココナッツパウダーの水溶性食物繊維量はとても少なく、ほとんどは不溶性食物繊維である。[1] その多くはセルロースが占めている。[2]

    画像[編集]

    •  src=

      木になった状態

    •  src=

      収穫された未熟果

    •  src=

      ジュースとして飲用される未熟果

    •  src=

      陳列された成熟果

    •  src=

      ペルーの小さいココナッツ 手前はサイズ比較用のマッチ

    脚注[編集]

    1. ^ a b 5 種実類」『日本食品標準成分表』 編:文部科学省科学技術・学術審議会資源調査分科会、ISBN 978-4-86458-118-9。^ “Extraction and characterization of dietary fiber from coconut residue”. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 8 (2). (2010). https://www.wflpublisher.com/Abstract/1596.

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ココナッツに関連するカテゴリがあります。

    外部リンク[編集]

    執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。 執筆の途中です この項目は、果物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:果物)。
     title=
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    wikipedia 日本語

    ココナッツ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語

    ココナッツ(英語: coconut)はヤシ科単子葉植物ココヤシ果実である。ココナツあるいは、単に椰子の実ともいう。

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    wikipedia 日本語

    코코넛 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

     src= 다른 뜻에 대해서는 코코넛 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.
     src=
    코트디부아르산 코코넛
     src=
    코코넛 나무
     src=
    코코넛 트렁크

    코코야자(coco椰子)는 종려과에 속하는 상록 교목이며, 그 열매는 코코넛(영어: coconut)으로 부른다. 코코야자속에서 유일한 활엽수로 30미터 크기까지 자라며, 4~6 미터 길이의 날개 모양의 잎사귀와 각 작은 잎사귀들은 60에서 90센티미터 길이이다. 수명이 다해 떨어진 나뭇잎들은 나무 주위에 흩어져 코코야자 나무에게 영양분을 준다. 바다에 가까운 열대 지방 전역에 분포한다.

    역사

    유전체 분석에 따르면 동남아시아멜라네시아의 코코야자가 유전적 다양성이 높아, 그곳이 원산이라고 추정된다.[1][2][3][4] 코코넛은 오스트로네시아인들의 이주와 함께 인도-태평양 연안으로 전파되었다.[3][4][5][6]

    이용

    코코넛 열매 자체는 식용으로 사용되며, 팜유 등의 유지로도 사용된다.

    장식이나 요리 등 실제로 코코야자의 모든 부분을 인간이 사용한다.

    또한 캄보디아 등 일부 국가에서는 코코넛 껍질을 일반 나무를 대체할 신 재생 대체 연료로 매우 유용하게 쓰고 있다.[10]

    코코넛야자의 잎은 연료나 바닥에 까는 바닥재로 이용된다.

    같이 보기

    각주

    1. Perera, Lalith, Suriya A.C.N. Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. (2009). "Chapter 12 – Coconut". In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.). Oil Crops. Springer. pp. 370–372 Archived April 20, 2016, - 웨이백 머신.. ISBN 978-0-387-77593-7.
    2. Elevitch, C.R., 편집. (April 2006). Cocos nucifera (coconut), version 2.1” (PDF). In: Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. October 20, 2013에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. December 22, 2016에 확인함.
    3. Baudouin, Luc; Lebrun, Patricia (2008년 7월 26일). “Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) DNA studies support the hypothesis of an ancient Austronesian migration from Southeast Asia to America”. 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》 56 (2): 257–262. doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9362-6. 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |s2cid= (도움말)
    4. Gunn, Bee F.; Baudouin, Luc; Olsen, Kenneth M.; Ingvarsson, Pär K. (2011년 6월 22일). “Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics”. 《PLOS ONE》 6 (6): e21143. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621143G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143. PMC 3120816. PMID 21731660.
    5. Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (2016년 6월 14일). “Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 113 (24): 6635–6640. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. PMID 27247383.
    6. Brouwers, Lucas (2011년 8월 1일). “Coconuts: not indigenous, but quite at home nevertheless”. 《Scientific American》. 2019년 1월 10일에 확인함.
    7. Chambers, Geoff (2013). 〈Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians〉. 《eLS》. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2. ISBN 978-0470016176.
    8. Blench, Roger (2009). 〈Remapping the Austronesian expansion〉 (PDF). Evans, Bethwyn. 《Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross》. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 9780858836051.
    9. Lutz, Diana (2011년 6월 24일). “Deep history of coconuts decoded”. 《The Source》. 2019년 1월 10일에 확인함.
    10. YTN (2011년 10월 31일). “환경도 지키고 경제도 살리고...”. YTN. 2011년 11월 7일에 확인함.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
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