With more information on and more observations of C. fuliginosus, information such as their life span, reproductive behaviors, and their positive and negative impacts on humans can be determined. This information can also help make decisions determining their conservation status, as well as future research possibilities.
These animals have poor sight, but well-developed senses of smell and hearing, as well as sensitive and long vibrissae. They most likely use their well-developed senses to locate their prey in the evening and at night. However, because of their sensitive hearing, they most likely communicate with each other through sound, and identify each other through their unique sense of smell.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; infrared/heat ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
The conservation status of this species is unknown, mainly because of the inaccessible and rugged habitat it lives in, the fact that not many specimens have been captured, and that little is known about its life span and environmental interactions. It was once considered rare, but more recent studies have started suggesting otherwise.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
No substantially negative impacts to humans have been discovered from this animal.
These animals have little effect on humans, and live in a completely different habitat. However, in human’s search for cures, some research has started to take place in this family, Caenolestidae. The breast cancer BRCA1 protein is being studied in many marsupials, including C. fuliginosus.
Positive Impacts: research and education
The full effects these animals have on their ecosystems are still mostly unknown. However, they do impact the animals they prey on (insects and worms), as well as the animals that prey on them, but the extent of this impact is still not fully understood.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Silky shrew opossums are mainly insectivorous, and can use their incisors to probe in search of insects. However, they are also known to hunt and kill other small vertebrates and earthworms for food. Even small seeds have been found in the digestive tracts. They hunt in the early evening and at night; they are mostly nocturnal. They use their long vibrissae (whiskers) and well-developed sense of hearing to locate their prey.
Animal Foods: mammals; insects; terrestrial worms
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Silky shrew opossums, Caenolestes fuliginosus, live in the Andes, at altitudes ranging from 1,500 to 4,000 m. Their range is distributed throughout western Venezuela, north and west Columbia, and Ecuador.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
This species lives in the alpine forests and meadows of the Andes. These are cool, wet, heavy vegetation areas, where they can build tunnels in surface vegetation for travel.
Range elevation: 1,500 to 4,000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: mountains
Information does not exist on the lifespan of C. fuliginosus, partly because of the inaccessible and rugged habitat in which they live. Given their small size, it is not likely that they live many years.
Caenolestes fuliginosus is sexually dimorphic. The mass of females ranges from 16.5 to 22.4 g, and the mass of males ranges from 25 to 40.8 g. The head and body length is between 90 and 135 mm; including the tail, their length ranges from 93 to 139 mm. Pelage contains hairs with different textures, which creates an uneven appearance. The fur is soft and thick, with dark brown to almost black dorsally, and noticeably lighter fur on the ventrum. The non-prehensile tail is the same color as the dorsal pelage and is almost naked. The head is elongated (similar to that of a rat), with small eyes, and ears extending above the fur line. Upper and lower lip flaps are present. Feet each have five digits. On the forefeet, the two outer digits have blunt claws, and the inner three digits have sharp curved nails. Digits on the hind feet display curved claws except for the inner digit. The inner digit on both hind feet is small with a small nail.
Range mass: 16.5 to 40.8 g.
Range length: 93 to 139 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Any larger animal living in the Andes that has access to C. fuliginosus terrain could be a possible predator. To protect themselves, silky shrew opossums are cryptically colored, and their keen sense of hearing and smell allow them a chance to quickly run for safety.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Not much is known about the mating system of silky shrew opossums other than the fact that these animals reproduce sexually. Females are predicted to be reproductively active only in the summer, because all female Rhyncholestes (another genus of shrew opossum in the family Caenolestidae) captured in the spring had unperforated vaginae and showed no signs of pregnancy or lactation. The extreme sexual dimorphism suggests that these animals may be polygynous.
Females are reproductively active only in the summer. August has been the only time of year when suckling young have been captured. However, male shrew opossums are capable of breeding all year long, based on the position of their testes. Because silky shrew opossums have two pairs of mammae, it is predicted that they could have between 1 and 6 offspring in a litter, based on the pattern of lactating female teat development. However, no actual observations of litters have been reported.
Breeding interval: Breeding is predicted to occur once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding is likely to take place in early July, although males may be capable of breeding year round.
Average gestation period: 1 to 1.5 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Observations of maternal behavior have not been made directly. It is predicted that females utilize a form of nesting during the reproductive season based on the fact that few or no females have been trapped anytime soon after giving birth, and no attached offspring have been found. The marsupium in this species is confined to juveniles. Offspring in marsupials are always altricial, because the lack of placentation does not allow complete development of the young prior to birth.
In the genus Rhynolestes, also in the family Caenolestidae, there have been suspected "family groups" captured. In four consecutive nights one adult male, one adult female, and two juveniles were captured in the same trap in the same location that had not been washed between captures. If this in fact was a family group, it could suggest both male and female parental care.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The dusky caenolestid (Caenolestes fuliginosus), also known as Tate's shrew opossum,[2] is a shrew opossum from South America. The dusky caenolestid is characterized by a dark brown coat with a lighter underbelly, soft and thick fur, and a loosely haired tail. A nocturnal animal (active mainly at night), the dusky caenolestid lives on trees and feeds on insects and small invertebrates and vertebrates. It occurs in alpine and páramo forests in northern and western Colombia, Ecuador, and western Venezuela. The IUCN classifies this shrew opossum as least concern.
The dusky caenolestid is one of the five members of Caenolestes, and is placed in the family Caenolestidae (shrew opossums). It was first described by English zoologist Robert Fisher Tomes as Hyracodon fuliginosus in 1863.[3] It was given its present binomial name by English zoologist Oldfield Thomas in 1895.[4] In the latter part of 20th century, scientists believed that Caenolestes is closely related to Lestoros (the Incan caenolestid).[5][6] Over the years, it became clear that Lestoros is morphologically different from Caenolestes.[4] A 2013 morphological and mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenetic study showed that the Incan caenolestid and the long-nosed caenolestid (Rhyncholestes raphanurus) form a clade sister to Caenolestes. The cladogram below is based on this study.[7]
Gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
Brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus)
Incan caenolestid (Lestoros inca)
Long-nosed caenolestid (Rhyncholestes raphanurus)
CaenolestesNorthern caenolestid (C. convelatus)
Dusky caenolestid (C. fuliginosus)
Andean caenolestid (C. condorensis)
Gray-bellied caenolestid (C. caniventer)
Eastern caenolestid (C. sangay)
Three subspecies are recognized:[4]
Caenolestid fossils date to as early as the early Eocene (nearly 55 mya). The generic name Caenolestes derives from the Greek words kainos ("new") and lestes ("robber", "pirate").[8]
The dusky caenolestid is characterized by a dark brown coat with a lighter underbelly, soft and thick fur, and a loosely haired tail. The head-and-body length is between 9.3 and 13.5 centimetres (3.7 and 5.3 in), the tail measures 9.3 to 12.7 centimetres (3.7 to 5.0 in) and hindfeet are 2.2 centimetres (0.87 in) long. The ears and eyes are smaller and the rostrum is longer than in other caenolestids.[9] The forefeet have five digits each; while two of them are blunt, the other three digits bear sharp claws. The toes of the hindfeet bear sharp claws as well, except for the biggest toe. There are four teats and no pouch.[10] A 2007 study recorded dental anomalies such as missing teeth and supernumerary teeth.[11]
The dusky caenolestid is nocturnal (active mainly at night), and lives on trees. It can be a fast runner, like the Incan caenolestid, though it does not move in leaps and jumps. The dusky caenolestid is reported to have a poor vision, though its sense of smell and hearing are good.[10] Diet consists of lepidopteran larvae, insects, rodents, arachnids and centipedes; plant material may be eaten as well.[9] The tail, though prehensile, may not be able to support the animal when it hangs down a branch.[12]
The dusky caenolestid inhabits alpine and páramo forests in northern and western Colombia, Ecuador, and western Venezuela. It can occur in an altitudinal range of 1,600–4,000 metres (5,200–13,100 ft) above the sea level. The IUCN classifies it as least concern given its wide distribution and presumably large numbers. The caenolestid faces competition from the wandering small-eared shrew, and is thus rare, in montane regions of Ecuador. Cattle grazing is a major factor in habitat degradation.[1]
The dusky caenolestid (Caenolestes fuliginosus), also known as Tate's shrew opossum, is a shrew opossum from South America. The dusky caenolestid is characterized by a dark brown coat with a lighter underbelly, soft and thick fur, and a loosely haired tail. A nocturnal animal (active mainly at night), the dusky caenolestid lives on trees and feeds on insects and small invertebrates and vertebrates. It occurs in alpine and páramo forests in northern and western Colombia, Ecuador, and western Venezuela. The IUCN classifies this shrew opossum as least concern.
